http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In philosophy, ontology is the study of being or existence.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)

Ontology (computer science)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In both computer science and information science, an ontology is a data model that represents a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the objects within that domain.

http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html

What is an Ontology?

Short answer: An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization.

http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/

The subject of ontology is the study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain. The product of such a study, called an ontology, is a catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about D.

http://www.formalontology.it/

Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. Ontology provides criteria for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract, existent and non-existent, real and ideal, independent and dependent) and their ties (relations, dependences and predication).

http://ontology.buffalo.edu/

State University of New York at Buffalo

Department of Philosophy; Ontology

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11258a.htm

Ontology is not a subjective science as Kant describes it (Ub. d. Fortschr. d. Met., 98) nor "an inferential Psychology", as Hamilton regards it (Metaphysics, Lect. VII); nor yet a knowledge of the absolute (theology); nor of some ultimate reality whether conceived as matter or as spirit, which Monists suppose to underlie and produce individual real beings and their manifestations.

http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ONTOLI.html

Ontology (the "science of being") is a word, like metaphysics, that is used in many different senses. It is sometimes considered to be identical to metaphysics, but we prefer to use it in a more specific sense, as that part of metaphysics that specifies the most fundamental categories of existence, the elementary substances or structures out of which the world is made.

http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/ontol.html

"Ontological analysis clarifies the structure of knowledge. Given a domain, its ontology forms the heart of any system of knowledge representation for that domain. Without ontologies, or the conceptualizations that underlie knowledge, there cannot be a vocabulary for representing knowledge....Second, ontologies enable knowledge sharing."

-from What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them?
B. Chandrasekaran, Jorn R. Josephson, V. and Richard Benjamins

http://www.daml.org/ontologies/

DAML Ontology Library

http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontologies.htm

Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of the objects, properties and relations in every area of reality. ‘Ontology’ in this sense is often used in such a way as to be synonymous with ‘metaphysics’. In simple terms it seeks the classification of entities.

In the field of information processing there arises what we might call the Tower of Babel problem.

http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/

The GOLD Community is a vision to bring together those interested in the best-practice encoding of linguistic data.

http://emeld.org/documents/GLOT-LinguisticOntology.pdf

A linguistic ontology for the semantic web

http://www.formalontology.it/linguistic-relativity.htm

Language and Thought: Ontological Problems

Ontology and the Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf) Hypothesis

http://ontology.teknowledge.com/

This site contains information about the SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology).  This ontology is being created as part of the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology Working Group.  The goal of this Working Group is to develop a standard upper ontology that will promote data interoperability, information search and retrieval, automated inferencing, and natural language processing.  The SUMO has been translated into various representation formats, but the language of development is a variant of KIF (a version of the first-order predicate calculus). 

http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/webspace/jb/info-pages/

ontology/ontology-root.htm

This page is a collection of starting points for information on ontologies gathered together for ease of reference for our own ontology-related projects. It is made available as is in case it is of use to anyone else.

http://www.cs.vu.nl/~guus/papers/Hage05a.pdf

A Method to Combine Linguistic

Ontology-Mapping Techniques

We discuss four linguistic ontology-mapping techniques and

evaluate them on real-life ontologies in the domain of food. Furthermore

we propose a method to combine ontology-mapping techniques with high

Precision and Recall to reduce the necessary amount of manual labor and

computation.

http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD.html

Data-Driven Linguistic Ontology Development

Universität Bremen

The intent of the DDLOD project is to semi-automatically capture a picture of the semantic space of the field of linguistics, and use this "snapshot" to make the Generalized Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD) as complete and comprehensive as possible. 

http://linguistlist.org/emeld/tools/ontology.cfm

Markup: Linguistic Ontology

Traditionally markup has been defined as systematic annotation designed to reveal a text's typographical and informational structure. Linguistic markup might be broadly described as annotation representing: (a) the grammatical structure of text couched in the focus language and (b) the structure of documents presenting a linguistic description or analysis of such text.

http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/pci/annotation.pdf

Ontology-based linguistic annotation

Institute AIFB; University of Karlsruhe

http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD-overview.html

The World Wide Web has become a primary source for disseminating data on the world’s languages, with a variety of language data regularly posted to the Web, including large numbers of scholarly papers on language.  Often embedded in these documents are enriched language data encoded in the form of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT).  IGT is a standard method for presenting linguistic data, and consists of a line of language data, usually broken down by morpheme, a line of grammatical and gloss information aligned with the text in the first line, and a line representing the translation.

http://cogprints.org/4009/

The ontology of signs as linguistic and non-linguistic entities: a cognitive perspective

http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing:

Software:Ontology+Engineering

Linguistics Links Database

Computing > Software > Ontology Engineering

JATKE (unified platform for ontology learning)

OntoLT (middleware for ontology extraction from text)

Protégé (ontology editor and knowledge-base editor)

Text2Onto (framework for ontology learning from text)

TextToOnto (ontology construction using text mining techniques)

http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing:Software

Linguistics Links Database

Department of General Linguistics at the University of Passau.

http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/related.html

Some Ongoing KBS/Ontology Projects and Groups

Knowledge-Base Projects, Groups, and Related Material

http://sigart.acm.org/ai/ontology.html

A lot of stuff for linguistics, networks and computers.

http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/other_sites/index_1.html

A lot of links for linguistics, networks and computers. No longer maintained.

http://www.sim.hcuge.ch/ontology/03_MedicalLinguistics.htm

The Service d'Informatique Médicale (SIM) is part of the Radiology and Medical Informatics Department of the University Hospitals of Geneva, This entity is in charge of development of medical applications like patient record, medical orders and other knowledge based applications.

A group of SIM has been long specialized for Natural Language Processing.

http://linguistlist.org/emeld/school/classroom/ontology/index.html

E-MELD school of best practices in digital language documentation

http://linguistlist.org/emeld/workshop/2005/papers/saulwick-paper.doc.

Semantic relations in ontology mediated linguistic data integration

http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/suppl_1/29

Oxford Journals

Literary and Linguistic Computing

Designing and Implementing an Ontology for Logic and Linguistics

http://www.legenden.dk/blog/2003/12/links.html

Online Philosophy

List of philosophers with online papers about: Language, Linguistics, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic and Mathematics

http://www.let.uu.nl/linguistics/log/

EBoLi  - an E-Book for Linguistics

http://suo.ieee.org/email/msg12240.html

Multi-Source Ontology (MSO) Draft Ballot Question

http://xml.coverpages.org/xml.html

Extensible Markup Language (XML) and links for ontology.

http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=287&articleID=10

A GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF RICOEUR'S PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
Furnishing Ricoeur's theory of language with an ontology that is consistent with his own assumptions

http://www.clres.com/dict.html

ACL SIGLEX Resource Links

http://swik.net/ontology?index

ontology Pages

Filter by Tag related to ontology

http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~jamesp/arda/time/readings.html

The site contains References and Links; General References; Ontology WG; Corpus WG; TimeML WG

http://nlp.shef.ac.uk/links.html

Natural language processing group

http://www.imi.uni-luebeck.de/~ingenerf/terminology/Term-oth.html

Materials about Basic Sciences and; Terminology; Ontology; Artificial Intelligence; Knowledge Representation; Computational Linguistics; Information Retrieval

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/704251.html

Introduction The World Wide Web has the potential to become a primary source for storing and accessing linguistic data, including data of the sort that are routinely collected by field linguists. Having large amounts of linguistic data on the Web will give linguists, indigenous communities, and language learners access to resources that have hitherto been difficult to obtain. For linguists, scientific data from the world's languages will be just as accessible as information in on-line

http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/760180.html

Class Relation Predicate GrammaticalRelation Aspect Tense Case Agreement Attribute GrammaticalAttribute Gender Person Number 7 4.2 Details of the Ontology As much as possible we tried to use existing elements of the SUMO. First of all SUMO already includes a good semiotics architecture for the representation and the communication of information in general. Expanded from the original SUMO somewhat are the basic segments of language, which are classified as LinguisticExpressions

http://www.loa-cnr.it/Files/SOIA.pdf

SOIA

Semantics and Ontology of InterAction

Joint project ISTC - IRIT (CNRS-UPS, Toulouse, France)

http://opim-sun.wharton.upenn.edu/~asa28//useful_semiotics_research_links.htm

Useful Semiotics, linguistics, semantics, syntactics,

controlled language, domain-specific language, etc.

Research Links

http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507(198309)59%3A3%3C708%3AEILO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L

Essays in Linguistic Ontology

http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/lexicon.htm

The lexicon is the bridge between a language and the knowledge expressed in that language. Every language has a different vocabulary, but every language provides the grammatical mechanisms for combining its stock of words to express an open-ended range of concepts. Different languages, however, differ in the grammar, the words, and the concepts they express.

http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~erayo/ontology/html/bookmarks/Ontologies/

Linguistics_Oriented/index.html

Annotated Ontology Resources: Linguistics Oriented

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V0N-47TFMYT-5&

_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_

sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5

=85bb0f32be97f1d75abcbd7652951834

Linguistic kleptomania in computer science

Department of Informatics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece

http://www.fi.muni.cz/gwc2004/proc/118.pdf

One Dead Armadillo

on WordNet's Speedway to Ontology

Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science, University of Leipzig

http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/research/index.htm

Research in Computational Linguistics at SU

http://xml.coverpages.org/muleco.html

Multilingual Upper-Level Electronic Commerce Ontology (MULECO)

http://xml.coverpages.org/oil.html

Ontology Interchange Language (OIL)

http://xml.coverpages.org/owl.html

OWL Web Ontology Language

http://xml.coverpages.org/oml.html

Ontology and Conceptual Knowledge Markup Languages

http://xml.coverpages.org/shoe.html

Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE)

http://xml.coverpages.org/xol.html

XOL - XML-Based Ontology Exchange Language

http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/

University of Edinburgh

The Centre for Speech Technology Research

http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/nl/index.html

Natural Language and

Information Processing Group

University of Cambridge; Computer Laboratory; NLIP Group

Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge