Alpha

Increased ～50%

Increased

Susceptible

Beta

Increased ～25%

Increased

Susceptible

Reduced

Delta

Increased ～100%

Increased

AY.1 and AY.2 lineages are not   susceptible to some clinically used monoclonal antibodies

Reduced

Epsilon

Unknown

Gamma

Increased ～30%

Possibly increased

Not susceptible to some clinically   used monoclonal antibodies

Modest reduction

Kappa

Increased

Unknown

Susceptible

Reduced

Mu

Increased

Unknown

Susceptible

Reduced

Omicron

Increased >100%

Decreased for BA.1 and BA.2

Not susceptible to most, but not all   clinically used monoclonal antibodies

Greatly reduced

Universal Vaccine

Viral analogue Spike and Accessory proteins

(Du et al., 2009; Rockx et al., 2010)

ACE2 receptor blocking

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS),Type I Ang II receptor

(Glowacka et al., 2010; Wu, 2020)

Monoclonal antibody

Spike proteins of virus

(Zhai et al., 2020)

Filibustering HR1 and HR2 receptor

S2 domain of Spike protein, HR1 and HR2 receptor

(Zhu et al., 2004;Xia et al., 2020a,2020b)

Use of Inhibitors

Various interactions sites of SARS-CoV-2

(Wang et al., 2020a, 2020b)

Antiviral drug therapies

RNA dependent polymerase (RdRp),Type II trans membrane   serine protease (TMPRSS2),Viral glycoproteins, Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi   intermediate compartment (ERGIC)

(Savarino et al., 2003; Sheahan et al., 2017; Hoffmann et al., 2020),(Hu et al., 2020)

Blocking viral endocytic pathway

Protein kinases 1 (AAK1),cyclin G-associated kinase

(Richardson et al., 2020)

Anti-parasitic agents

Reticence of IMPα1/ β1 mediated nuclear import of viral   proteins

(Caly et al., 2020)

Targeted immunotherapy

Dendritic cells, B, T cells, release of cytokines and   chemokines

(Li et al., 2020a, 2020b)

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Amplified number of peripheral lymphocytes, the decline   in the C-reactive protein, and waning of over-activated cytokine-secreting   immune cells (CXCR3+CD4+ T cells, CXCR3+CD8+ T cells, and CXCR3 + NK cells)   and CD14+CD11c + CD11bmid regulatory dendritic cell (DC)

(Leng et al., 2020; Liang et al., 2020)

CRISPR-CAS based study

Application of Cas13a based assay to inhibit   replication of SARS-related coronaviruses

(Abbott et al., 2020)

CoronaVac/PiCoVacc

Sinovac, National Institute for Communicable Disease   Control and Prevention, China

Whole virus (CN2 strain)

Inactivated virus

[160]

BBIBP‐CorV

Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Sinopharm and   Institute of Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China

Whole virus (HB02 strain)

Inactivated virus

[161]

Covaxin/BBV152

Bharat Biotech and Indian Council of Medical Research

Whole virus (NIV‐2020‐770)

Inactivated virus

[90]

BNT16B2

BioNTech, Fosun Pharma, and Pfizer, Germany

S‐2P

LNP‐mRNA

[162]

mRNA‐1273

Moderna, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious   Diseases, USA

S‐2P

LNP‐mRNA

[163, 164]

ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19/AZD1222

The University of Oxford, and AstraZeneca, UK

Full‐length S

Nonreplicating viral vector

[165, 166]

Convidecia™ Ad5‐ CoV

CanSino Biological Inc. and Beijing Institute of   Biotechnology, China

Full‐length S

Nonreplicating viral vector

[167, 168]

Ad26. COV2‐S

Johnson & Johnson, USA

S‐2P

Nonreplicating viral vector

[169, 170]

NVX‐CoV2373

Novavax, USA

S‐2P

Protein‐ased

[171]