Ice Rule

(Pauling 1935)

1.    M >> H:  spin ice, O-adsorption, metal oxide

2.    C, N, F >> O:  N, C, F reaction

3.    Bond-band-barrier correlation (Phys Chem)

4.    O-H : O segmentation: H2O & NTE

Atomic CN-R

(Pauling 1947; Goldschmidt 1927)

1.    BOLS (E): under CN (Surf, defect, nano, etc)

2.    Local entrapment & polarization

3.    Hetero-CN: (impurity, interf, alloy, comp.)

4.    Local bond average

STM/S & VLEED

Atomic valency; 4-stage bonding kinetics

Raman

d, E, q_D, E_z, b, E_den, etc

PES/ZPS

(UPS, XPS, AES)

 (surf & interf): E_n(0), DE_n(12), E_den, E_z, etc