矿山与岩土工程领域内的个人浅见，欢迎讨论！

1. 中文名词辨析：

震：常用于指地质材料的振动波；

微震：地震学概念，大陆主要指里氏三级以下的地震。

声：常用于物体振动时所产生的波；

声发射：声学概念，指材料在内部缺陷活动时，内部积聚的能量以应变波的形式释放的现象。

可以认为微震是声发射的一种。

2. 加拿大蔡明博士写了一篇文章，针对Hardy教授的较早分类进行了补充完善，供参考！

3. 加拿大的Paul Young教授等在URL项目对二者给出了自己的界定：

The definition of AE/MS varies across the scientific/engineering literature but is defined here as it applies to the URL. The AE term is used for that frequency spectrum of induced seismicity which is recorded by ultrasonic transducers in the range 50-5000 kHz and is typically used for monitoring rock volumes smaller than 1000 m3 in granite. The MS term is used for that spectrum of induced seismicity which is recorded by accelerometers in the range 0.1-50 kHz and is typically used for monitoring rock volumes less than 100,000 m3 in granite. In both AE and MS monitoring the objective is to monitor brittle deformation remotely by recording the sounds emitted when rock cracks or fractures slip. The frequencies used in AE/MS monitoring are usually considerably higher than those used for earthquake monitoring  (typically  less than 0.1 kHz) and although the seismic principles are the same for AE/MS and earthquake studies, the nature and magnitude of the seismicity maybe very different. For example, in the case of large global earthquakes the predominant mechanism of failure is shear along pre-existing fractures but in the case of low-magnitude induced seismicity, crack initiation and other modes of failure are also typical. 

Young教授的界定涉及到了频率和尺度的问题。个人理解是，不同尺度的岩体稳定性（有时是渗透性等）的敏感裂纹尺度不同，从而导致了观测的目标频率（裂纹尺寸和裂纹的主频之间有负指数关系）不同，为了监测的科学合理有效，我们会在目标频率的基础上向上向下扩展。从而确定传感器带宽。进而根据测量和信号处理的基本原则确定整个监测系统的性能参数。

4. 多数国外文献一般微震和声发射（AE/MS）并举。不会刻意区分开这两个名词。

5. 从常见的硬件软件来看：

以常见的声发射设备为代表，传感器一般叫探头、换能器等，因为高频信号的失真，无法获得准确的位移、速度、加速度等参数，进而无法将监测成果与力学理论、波动理论有效结合。大多时候进行参数分析。进行源机制分析时一般采用了简化的格林函数，只能利用波形的开始部分的少量信息。

 

常见的微震监测设备来看，由于频率较低，传感器直接采用了位移计、速度计、和加速度计等，为全波分析和力学理论、波动理论的运用奠定了基础。定量地震学的研究成果可以大量应用。矩张量分析等成为常规的工具。

 

微震研究与天然地震研究形成了良好的互动。