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地震地热说原理—20中地中海地震地幔柱

已有 3324 次阅读 2011-6-6 16:14 |系统分类:科研笔记|关键词:学者| style, 地震地幔柱, 中地中海

 

地 震 地 热 说 原 理

20 中地中海地震地幔柱简介

Seisman

 

地震地幔柱各论

20  中地中海地震地幔柱

中地中海地震地幔柱位于地中海（20°～50°N，3°～39°E）。

中地中海地震地幔柱的基础资料见图1～图3、表1、表2.和表3.

图1是地震地幔柱在地表的投影，包含1963年至2011年5月14日M≥4.0的地震和大于7级的壳内强震（表1），还包括近50年来有过喷发、且最大喷发指数VEI≥2的1座活火山即意大利埃特纳火山（Etna，表2），以及1座历史火山即著名的意大利维苏威（Vesuvius）火山。图2是地震地幔柱内M≥4.0地震的三维图像。

由图1和图2可以看到，中地中海地震地幔柱是单树型构造，只有一个树根和树干，但有多个树枝构成树冠，最大震源深度可达514km。

由图1和图2还可以看到，中地中海地震地幔柱的树冠之下，在深度50～250km的壳幔过渡层，具有中深源地震密集的熔岩囊。

这些熔岩囊呈杆状向下延伸，好像是某种高热物质的管道，或许就是人们通常所称的熔岩通道（http://kbs.cnki.net/forums/78929/showThread.aspx）。

图1清楚地表明，壳内7级以上的壳内强震活动和现代的活火山喷发多分布在这个熔岩囊的边缘部位。

图1中地震空间分布图像与所罗门地震的分布图像十分相似，都有一个大漩涡，什么原因造成的尚值得研究。

图3是中地中海地震地幔柱M≥4.5地震的震源深度时序图。图上标示了Etna火山的历次喷发（表3），还有7级以上的壳内强震。这里分布地域较宽，似乎拟将意大利和土耳其分为两部分来分析较为合适。

意大利部分详见博文《地震地热说应用：火山成因之1——意大利的火山研究》。土耳其部分待发。

 

本文所采用的地震资料取自http://www.ncedc.org/ 网页的ANSS地震目录，火山资料取自http://www.volcano.si.edu/网页的GVP火山月报，谨此致谢。

 

（2011.6.6 初稿）

 

 

 

 

图1  中地中海地震地幔柱的地表平面投影

 

 

 

图2  中地中海地震地幔柱的立体三维图像

 

 

 

图3  中地中海地震地幔柱的时间进程

 

 

表1  中地中海地震地幔柱M≥7地震目录（1963-2011.5.14）

 

地震年月日

纬  度

经  度

震  级

震源深度

19700328

39.18

29.48

7.1

20

19900530

45.84

26.66

7.1

89

19951122

28.82

34.79

7.2

10

19990817

40.74

29.86

7.7

17

19991112

40.75

31.16

7.2

10

 

 

表2  中地中海地震地幔柱1963年以来喷发过的火山（VEI≥2）

 

Volcano

Country

Coordinate

Last Known Eruption

Max VEI

Etna

Italy

37.734°N, 15.004°E

2011

3

Vesuvius

Italy

40.821°N, 14.426°E

1944

5

 

 

表3  意大利Etna火山1963年以来的喷发记录

 

Volcano

Country

Coordinate

Etna

Italy

37.734°N, 15.004°E

More recent eruptive activity has been reported during 2011. Details can be found in the Monthly or Weekly Reports.

Start Date: 2010  Aug 25 

Stop Date: 2011 Jan 1 (continuing)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova, NE and SE Craters

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2010  Apr 8 

Stop Date: 2010 Apr 8 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Area of Activity: SE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2008  May 13 

Stop Date: 2009 Jul 4 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: East base of NE Crater (3000-2650 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 2007  Mar 19 

Stop Date: 2008 May (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova, SE Crater and flank vents

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 2006  Jul 14 

Stop Date: 2006 Dec 15 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  1.8  ±  0.3  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater & flank vents; NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Pyroclastic flow(s) 
    Phreatic explosion(s) 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 2005  Dec 16 

Stop Date: 2005 Dec 22 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: Bocca Nuova

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2004  Sep 7 

Stop Date: 2005 Mar 8 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  4.0  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE flank (3000-2320 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Debris avalanche(s)

Start Date: 2004  Feb 12 

Stop Date: 2004 Feb 14 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1?

Area of Activity: Central Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2003  Mar 8 ± 3 days

Stop Date: 2003 Nov 9 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2002  Oct 26 

Stop Date: 2003 Jan 28 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  3.9  ±  0.7  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  4.5  ±  0.5  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: NE Rift (3100-1900 m), S flank (2850-2600 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.) 
    Evacuation

Start Date: 2001  Dec (?)

Stop Date: 2002 Oct 30 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 2001  Jul 17 

Stop Date: 2001 Aug 9 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  2.5  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  7.5  ±  0.3  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: S to NE flanks (3100-2100 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1994  Jun 17 

Stop Date: 2001 Jul 17 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  9.4  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  > 1  x  108 m3

Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater, SE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Pyroclastic flow(s) 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Lava dome extrusion 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1993  Aug 3 

Stop Date: 1993 Oct 13 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: Central Crater, NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 1993  Feb 3 

Stop Date: 1993 Feb 3 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Phreatic explosion(s)

Start Date: 1991  Dec 14 

Stop Date: 1993 Mar 30 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  2.3  ±  0.3  x  108 m3

Area of Activity: SE flank (3100-2800 m and 2400-2100 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1989  Dec 16 

Stop Date: 1992 May 23 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  2.2  x  106 m3

Tephra Volume:  2  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: SE and NE Craters

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1989  Sep 11 

Stop Date: 1989 Oct 9 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  3.8  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE and NE flanks

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Lava lake eruption 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1988  Oct 2 

Stop Date: 1989 Jun 30 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Area of Activity: SE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1987  Mar 8 ± 8 days

Stop Date: 1987 May 16 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Area of Activity: NE and SE Craters

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Phreatic explosion(s) 
    Fatalities

Start Date: 1986  Oct 30 

Stop Date: 1987 Mar 1 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  6  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  2.4  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: Valle del Bove (3050-2180 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1986  Mar 

Stop Date: 1986 Oct 31 (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2?

Area of Activity: SE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1985  Dec 19 

Stop Date: 1985 Dec 31 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  8  x  105 m3

Tephra Volume:  9  x  104 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater and SE flank (2750-2420 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Fatalities

Start Date: 1985  Mar 8 

Stop Date: 1985 Jul 13 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  3  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  3  x  104 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater, south flank (2620-2480 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Phreatic explosion(s) 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.) 
    Mudflow(s) (lahars)

Start Date: 1984  Jul 20 

Stop Date: 1986 Sep 24 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  4  x  105 m3

Tephra Volume:  7  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Pyroclastic flow(s) 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Fatalities 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1984  Apr 28 

Stop Date: 1984 Oct 18 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  1.0  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  2.2  x  105 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1983  Mar 28 

Stop Date: 1983 Aug 6 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  7.9  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  1.5  x  105 m3

Area of Activity: South flank (2680-2250 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Phreatic explosion(s) 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1981  Nov 26 

Stop Date: 1981 Nov 26 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 1981  Mar 17 

Stop Date: 1981 Mar 23 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  1.8  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  3.3  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: NNW flank (2550-1140 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.) 
    Evacuation

Start Date: 1981  Jan 26 ± 5 days

Stop Date: 1981 Mar 5 ± 4 days

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  1.7  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1980  Jul 8 

Stop Date: 1980 Sep 26 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3

Lava Volume:  2.6  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1979  Jul 16 

Stop Date: 1980 Sep 1 ± 5 days

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  3?

Lava Volume:  7.5  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE, E and NE flanks

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1979  Jul 3 

Stop Date: 1992 Dec 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Area of Activity: Central Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Phreatic explosion(s) 
    Fatalities 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1978  Apr 29 

Stop Date: 1978 Nov 30 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  3.0  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: SE Crater, SE and ENE flanks (3050-1675 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1975  Feb 24 

Stop Date: 1975 Aug 29 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  1

Lava Volume:  6  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: North flank (2625 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1974  Sep 29 (?)

Stop Date: 1978 Mar 29 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  4.9  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: NE Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1974  Jan 30 

Stop Date: 1974 Mar 29 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  4.5  x  106 m3

Tephra Volume:  3.1  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: West flank (1670 m and 1650 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1971  Sep 19 

Stop Date: 1979 Mar (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  8  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: Central Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption

Start Date: 1971  Apr 5 

Stop Date: 1971 Jun 12 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  4.5  x  107 m3

Tephra Volume:  2  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: SE flank (3050 m), E flank (2880-1800 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Regional fissure eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s) 
    Damage (land, property, etc.)

Start Date: 1968  Jan 7 

Stop Date: 1968 May 4 

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  0

Lava Volume:  1.0  x  106 m3

Area of Activity: SE flank (2550 m)

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Radial fissure eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

Start Date: 1966  Jan 10 

Stop Date: 1971 Mar (?)

Dating Technique: Historical Records

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):  2

Lava Volume:  > 1.2  x  107 m3

Area of Activity: NE Crater, Central Crater

Eruptive Characteristics: 
    Central vent eruption 
    Explosive eruption 
    Lava flow(s)

表3资料摘自： http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-06=

 



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