MDPI (Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute)

Reference list and citations style guide for MDPI journals

MDPI’s style for citations and references lists are widely based on style used by the American chemical society.

MDPI的引用文献和参考文献模式广泛取用于ACS的风格。

Please refer the ACS style guide, or enquire with a journal’s editorial office, if you have any questions regarding preparation of citations and references lists.

请参考ACS的风格指导，或者询问期刊编辑办公室，如果你有任何关于引用和参考文献的问题。

引用文献体现在文中，参考文献体现在正文的后面。

Citations

Reference citation numbers should be placed in square brackets, i.e. [], and placed inside the punctuation, for example[4]. Or [1-3], and all the references should be listed separately and as the last section at the end of the manuscript.

引用文献的序号应当使用方括号，并且放在标点符号的前面，所有的参考文献应当作为一个单独的部分放在文章的最后。

Reference list

参考文献列表

General considerations

通用关切

To allow automated treatment of bibliographic information, references and citations must be prepared according to the following general rules.

为了使书目信息处理自动化，参考文献和引用必须按照下列通用规则准备。

Avoid using nested references

避免使用嵌套的参考文献格式

Instead use single reference

要使用单个的参考文献

And cite as in the test

在文本中进行引用

Avoid including notes with the references, e.g. do not use

不要对参考文献进行评注

And add the note to the text together with the citation

在文本中对（参考文献）进行评注，与引用序号放在一块。

Rules applying to all types of references

所有类型文献的使用规则

Author information

Author must be listed in the same order as they appear in the original document.

作者出现的顺序应与原始文献中出现的顺序一致。

Different authors are separated with semicolons

不同的作者使用分号分隔开。

For every author, list the last name first, then the first letter of the first name and, if available, the first letter of the middle name.

对于每一个作者，首先给出他的姓，然后给出他的首名的首字母，如果有的话，给出中间名的首字母。

Last name should be separated from first and middle name by a comma, first and middle names should end with a period.

姓应当用逗号与首名和中间名隔开，首名和中间名结束后应当空格。

Special cases “van”, “von”, “de” and others:

Von Lastname, F.M.; van Lastname, F.M.; etc.

Author names with suffixes “Jr.”, “Sr.”, “ll”, etc.:

Lastname, F.M., Jr.; Lastname, F.M., Sr.; etc.

For documents co-authored by a large number of persons(more than 10 authors), you can either cite all authors, or cite the first ten authors, then add a semicolon and add ‘et al.’ at the end.

Author 1; Author 2; … Author 10; et al.

Editor information

List editors’ names in the same way as authors’ names, except that multiple editors are separated by commas instead of semicolons:

Editor 1, Editor 2, Editor 3, etc.

Add ‘Ed’ (one editor) or ‘Eds.’ (multiple editors) at the end of the list:

Editor 1, Ed.

Or

Editor 1, Editor 2, Editor 3, Eds.

Common types of references

Journal/periodical articles

Books

With editors

Without editors

Conferences or meetings

Proceedings

Orcal presentations without published material

Websites/online resouces

For more reference types refer to the ACS style guide.

Format:

  Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of the article. Journal abbreviation year, volume, firstpage-lastpage, doi:prefix/suffix.

Example:

Journal abbreviation field:

Use ISO4 abbreviated titles for journals. A list of abbreviations is available from:

PubMed/MEDLINE, see ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pubmed/J_Medline.txt

MDPI journals that use one word titles such as Sensors, Molecules, Entropy, Energies, etc. are not abbreviated.

Abbreviations for other MDPI journals can be found from the latest articles on the journal homepage, e.g.

Pagination field 标记页码部分

Use inclusive pagination, with starting and ending page numbers

使用起讫页码，有起始和结束页的页码

For single page articles(abstracts), only add one number

对于单页文章，只增加一个数字

Some online-only publishes(e.g. Biomed Central) recently started to use article numbers instead of page numbers.

最近有一些只在线文章开始仅使用文章序号来替代文章在杂志中的页数。

For such articles without page numbers, reference the article number and the number of pages in the PDF version.

像这样的文章没有杂志页数，只有文献本身在PDF文件中的页数序号。

Articlenumber: 1-articlenumber:number of pages

e.g., for an article numbered ‘43’ and containing 13 pages in the PDF version, use:

43:1-43:13

一个编号为43的文章有13页，应该按照如上方法引用。

Avoiding citing only the article number, as this reference will look like a one-page abstract.

避免仅使用文章的序号，这样会看似文章是只有一页的摘要。

Books without editors

Format:

Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of the book, edition(if available); publisher: city, country, year; chapter (optional), pp. page range(optional), ISBN XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-X.

Example:

Desiraju, G.R.; Steiner, T. the weak hydrogen bond in structural chemistry and biology, 2^nd ed.; oxford university press: New York, NY, USA, 1999; pp. 10-25, ISBN 978-01-9850-970-7.

Title and edition field:

Unlike journal article titles, book titles are in italic.

与期刊文章的标题不同，书的标题使用意大利斜体。

The edition number is appended at the end of the title, separated with by a comma, with the edition number as an ordinal number(1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th, etc) followed by ‘ed.’.

版本序号跟在书的标题后面，使用一个逗号隔开，版本号使用序数词，后面跟上’ed.’ 表示edition。

The letters in the ordinal number should not be put in superscript. ‘ed.’ Should not be capitalized to avoid confusion with the abbreviation for editors(that is ‘Ed.’ or ‘Eds.’)

表示序数的字母（如st, nd, rd, th等）不应当使用上标，‘ed’不应使用大写字母，以免与表示编辑的Ed相混淆。

Year

For books, year information is not in boldface（黑体）

书中的年份信息不使用黑体

Pagination:

Use pp. to refer to a page range or multiple pages, e.g. pp. 25-67 or pp. 5,110-123,185

还是用 pp. 表示页码范围，或者多页。

Use p. to refer to one single page

使用 p. 表示单页。

Omit pagination information if the whole book is the reference

如果整本书是参考文献则省略页码信息。

Place of publication

出版地信息

Use the publisher’s headquarters’ city name or, if the book is published by a subsidiary, use the subsidiary’s city name

使用出版商的总部所在城市名称，如果书籍被分公司出版，则使用分公司所在地名称。

For cities in the USA, add the city name, the abbreviation of the state, and ‘USA’:

Springfield, IL, USA

如果是美国的城市，则使用城市名+州名的缩写+USA

For all other countries, add the city name, and the country name:

London, UK

其他国家，使用城市名+国家名称缩写。

Books with editors

Format

Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of the contribution. In title of the book, edition(if available); Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds.; Publisher: City, Country, Year; Volume(optional), pp. Pages(optional), ISBN XXX-XXX-XXX-XXX-X.

Example:

Dodd, J.S.; Solla, L.; Berard, P.M. Reference. In The ACS Style Guide, 3rd ed.; Coghill, A., Garson, L., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; Volume 1, pp. 292-325, ISBN 978-0-8412-3999-9.

Title and edition field:

Unlike journal article titles, book titles are in italic.

The edition number is appended at the end of the title, separated with by a comma, with the edition number as an ordinal number(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.) followed by ‘ed.’. the letters in the ordinal number should not be put in superscript. ‘ed.’ Should not be capitalized to avoid confusion with the abbreviation for editors(that is ‘Ed.’ Or ‘Eds.’).

Editor Field:

Note that multiple editors are separated by commas(unlike authors, which are separated by semicolons).

多个编辑使用逗号分隔开，这与多个作者使用分号分隔开不同。

Year:

For books, year information is not in boldface（黑体）.

Pagination:

Use pp. to refer to a page range or multiple pages,

Use p. to refer to one single page.

Omit pagination information if the whole book is the reference.

Place of publication

Use the publisher’s headquarters’ city name or, if the book is published by a subsidiary, use the subsidiary’s city name

For cities in the USA, add the city name, the abbreviation of the state, and ‘USA’:

Springfield, IL, USA

For all other countries, add the city name, and the country name:

London, UK

Proceedings

Format（无编辑）

Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of presentation. In proceedings of the Name of the conference, location of conference, country, date of conference(day month year); abstract number(optional), pagination(optional).

作者，墙报名称，会议名称，会议地点，国家，会议日期，墙报摘要序号，页码。

中间使用逗号分隔开。

Format(有编辑)

Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of presentation. In title of the collected work, proceedings of the name of the conference, location of conference, country, date of conference(day month year); Editor 1, Editor 2, Eds. (if available); publisher: City, Country, Year; Abstract Number(optional), Pagination(optional).

作者. 墙报标题. 会议论文集名称，会议名称，会议地点，国家，会议日期（日，月，年）;编辑 .; 出版社: 城市, 国家，年；摘要序号，页码.

Oral presentations without published material

口头汇报（无书面材料）

Format:

Author 1; Author 2; Author 3; etc. title of presentation(if any). Presented at the Name of conference, location of conference, country, date of conference; paper number(if available).

作者，汇报标题. 会议名称，会议地点，国家，会议日期，文章序号.

Website and online resources

Format:

Author(if available). Title of the webpage(if available). Available online: http://... (accessed on date).

作者. 网站名称. 网站地址（日期）