在最近基于海尔集团的一项案例研究中，研究人员提出了人本生态系统的全新概念，以突出商业生态系统中尚未关注的人的价值，并强调人的价值将对人类发展以及商业绩效产生重要影响。研究者定义了人本生态系统的七个尺度，对未来的商业和组织设计提出指导。同时，他们旨在广泛地定义人本生态系统，以期待未来更多的跨学科对话。

近期刊载于Journal of Digital Economy期刊的论文"The human ecosystem"发表了这项研究。

随着全球人口向80亿人迈进，我们正面临着地球和人类的危机。我们如何协调自然环境和工业发展？我们如何让这80亿人与我们一起共同创造美好的未来？我们如何在这个过程中促进人们最深刻和最宝贵的东西？

为了应对这些挑战，研究者建议拓展现有管理学研究对生态系统的范围，并提出 "人本生态系统"的新定义。经过长达三年的研究，詹姆斯·穆尔博士、戎珂博士与海尔集团创始人、董事局名誉主席张瑞敏先生在科爱Journal of Digital Economy期刊上发表的案例研究中，强调了人类价值的重要作用，并提出了“人本生态系统”的新概念，这是海尔首创并开启实践的全新商业模式，为理解如何将人类视角嵌入未来发展提供了未来方向，促进生态系统理论的不断演进与更新。

Image: Haier ecosystem and dynamic capability by James F. Moore, Ke Rong and Ruimin Zhang

这三位作者一直致力于商业生态系统的研究。穆尔博士在1993年提出了商业生态系统的概念，在本文中，他强调了将人引入生态系统研究的重要性：“正如商业领袖和学者们在过去几十年里重新关注技术一样，我们现在至少需要对人类的潜力进行同等的重新定位。然而，社会对如何促进人类发展和个人潜力的理解仍然滞后，而这正是成功的生态系统的命脉。”

海尔集团张瑞敏首席作为集团创始人，基于对海尔的创新管理经验，为本文的研究提供扎实的管理实践基础。海尔的多个商业生态系统不是基于传统的控制式管理，而是基于分布式组织和信息技术平台。因此，海尔的案例提供了独特的理念和实践，在促进人类广泛发展，以及生态系统的巨大市场和商业成功方面取得了成功，将为学术研究带来重要的启示。研究者发现，海尔集团假定每个人都有一个无限的、不可知的、开放的形象，以及一个增强个人创造力和与他人共同进化的平台的管理理念。

基于生态学，研究者提出了一个新的定义-人本生态系统，以强调人类的价值。人本生态系统被定义为一个以人的价值为特征的商业和创新生态系统。穆尔博士解释说："人本生态系统所依托的人的概念是一个无边界的人的版本。也就是说，每个人都是自主的个体，具有探索共创价值的无限可能性，展现全新的现实"。

研究人员还发现，人本生态系统的思想将指导未来商业和组织设计的进步。他们把人本生态系统中的实体总结为七个尺度：从体现人类创造性自由的个人承诺，到为社会带来持久变化的生态系统品牌。他们指出，一种前所未有的、全新的组织形式正在成长起来。

同时，作者们旨在广泛地定义人本生态系统，并鼓励更多学者能加入、共同开发人本生态系统。穆尔博士强调说："我们对人本生态系统的工作定义旨在简单、包容和开放。我们的目的是为了帮助生态系统研究变得比现在更加跨学科和多因果。我们旨在提出问题，而不是提供答案"。

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文章信息

The human ecosystem

James F. Moore, Ke Rong, Ruimin Zhang

作者简介

James F. Moore

商业生态系统理论创始人，Geopartner Research Inc.创始人。曾任哈佛大学法学院伯克曼互联网与社会研究中心高级研究员，研究领域为商业、创新和人类发展生态系统。其商业生态理论的开创性论文《Predators & Prey: A New Ecology of Competition》获得麦肯锡年度最佳文章奖，开创性著作《The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems》作为畅销书已被翻译为多种语言版本。

Ke Rong (戎珂)

清华大学社科学院经济学研究所长聘教授、副所长、博士生导师。研究方向为商业/创新生态系统、数字经济和数据生态。

Ruimin Zhang（张瑞敏）

生态品牌创立者、人单合一缔造者、全球50大管理思想家、海尔集团创始人、董事局名誉主席。

期刊简介

工业革命将人类从早期的农业社会转变为工业化时代，而21世纪则见证了数字文明的崛起。Journal of Digital Economy (JDE)由清华大学社会科学学院经济学研究所与科爱共同创办，致力于阐明这个数字时代是如何扩展、重组和挑战现有知识和传统方法的。JDE是一个多学科的平台，包括但不限于经济学、管理学、社会学、政治经济学，计算机科学和环境科学。JDE研究如何在数字时代提高经济福祉、社会公平和环境可持续性。JDE欢迎以实践和政策为导向的研究，以应对我们这个时代特有的挑战和利用机遇。

主编

戎珂

清华大学社科学院经济学所

清华大学长聘教授、博导

研究方向为商业/创新生态系统、数字经济和数据生态

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Introducing human value to ecosystem development: the human ecosystem

Summary:  In a recent case study on the Haier Group, researchers proposed the concept of human ecosystem, to highlight human values on which business ecosystems can vary, with important consequences for human development as well as business performance. They also defined seven scales of the human ecosystem to unfold the insights to guide advances in business and organization design. The human ecosystem term is defined broadly and is intended to encourage more interdisciplinary conversations.

As the global population is moving toward nine billion people, we are facing a crisis of planet and people. How do we harmonize the nature and industrial development? How do we engage these nine billion people as co-creators with us of a better future? How do we promote what is deepest and most precious in people for this process?

To address these challenges, researchers suggest broadening the agenda of management research in ecosystems to encompass what we call the “human ecosystem.”  In a case study published in KeAi’s Journal of Digital Economy, Dr. James F. Moore and Dr. Ke Rong, highlighted the important role of human values, and proposed a new concept of human ecosystem to provide a future direction to understand how to embed human perspective into future development.

The authors have dedicated themselves to the study of business ecosystems. Dr. Moore, who proposed the concept of business ecosystem in 1993, emphasizes the importance of bringing human into ecosystem research: “Just as business leaders and scholars refocused on technology these past few decades, we now need at least an equivalent reorientation toward human potential. However, society continues to lag in the understanding of how to promote the human development and individual potential that is the lifeblood of successful ecosystems.”

This research is based on a case study on the Haier Group, whose multiple business ecosystems are based not on traditional management control, but rather on distributed organizational and information technology platforms. The case will be of interest to scholars because of the unique philosophy and practice, and the success of the approach at promoting both human development on a wide scale, and dramatic marketplace and business success of the ecosystem. The authors find that Haier Group presumes an unlimited, unknowable, and open image of each person, and a management philosophy of augmented personal creativity and platform-enabled coevolution with others.

The authors provide a new term adapted from ecology, human ecosystem, to highlight human values. Human ecosystem is defined as a business and innovation ecosystem characterized by human values encouraged by its philosophies, actions, and ethos. Dr. Moore explains: “The conception of an individual person upon which the ecosystem is built is an unbounded version of the person. That is, a person is envisioned as exercising human creative freedom, exploring possibilities to jointly create value, and manifesting new realities.”

The researchers also find the potential of human ecosystem to guide advances in business and organization design. In the paper, they portray the entities in human ecosystems as functioning at seven scales: from personal commitment to manifest creative human freedom, to Ecosystem Brands that make lasting changes in society. They pointed out that an entirely new, qualitatively new organizational form is growing out of the trend of technology-enabled individuals, magnified by billions of individuals in combinations and ensembles.

Meanwhile, the authors intend to define the human ecosystem broadly and encourage others to join them in co-developing it. Dr. Moore emphasizes: “our working definition of the human ecosystem is intended to be simple, inclusive, and open. Our purpose in invoking it is to help ecosystems studies become even more interdisciplinary and multi-causal than they are today. We are introducing questions, not providing answers.”

Image: Haier ecosystem and dynamic capability

Contact the corresponding author: Ke Rong, r@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn Tsinghua University

The publisher KeAi was established by Elsevier and China Science Publishing & Media Ltd to unfold quality research globally. In 2013, our focus shifted to open access publishing. We now proudly publish more than 100 world-class, open access, English language journals, spanning all scientific disciplines. Many of these are titles we publish in partnership with prestigious societies and academic institutions, such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

Journal: Journal of Digital Economy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2022.08.002

Article title: The human ecosystem

Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.