最近在从 Emerald 下载文章时发现,它的每篇论文都有“结构性文摘”( Emerald 使用指南 上的提法 ),我倾向叫结构性摘要。摘要通常包括:研究目的、研究(设计)方法、研究结果、研究局限性、论文的应用性、原创性这些内容。国内许多期刊论文都有摘要,这些内容有些也能表达出来,但总觉得没有这样设计表达的清晰。 通过这种摘要可以让我们很快对文章的整体有一个了解。在学术论文阅读的过程中,如果一篇论文的没有这样的摘要,如果我们能够从这些角度去理解文章,并从文章中把些内容提炼出来,那么一篇文章就基本可以说看懂了。在定文章时如果能够把这些内容表述清楚,文章是否有价值也可以比较清楚地表达出来。 下面是一个实际的例子,供参考。 题名:Measuring the visibility of the university’s scientific production through scientometric methods: an exploratory study at the Transilvania University ofBrasov, Romania 作者:Angela Repanovici Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania 本文来源:Performance Measurement and Metrics, Volume 12 issue 2 ,2011 以下是本文摘要: Purpose The measurement of the quality of science is difficult. In this paper, we define the scientific production and productivity, and present the main indicatorsfor the measurement of the scientific activity. The impact of the research is measured and analyzed through citation analysis. The number of citationssuggests the quality of the university and the statistical evaluation of an individual’s scientific research results. Google Scholar, a freely availablescientometric database, indexes academic papers from open access repositories and commercial sources, and also identifies referenced citations. The freePublish or Perish software can be used as an analysis instrument for the impact of the research. Design/methodology We present an exploratory study made at the Transilvania University of Brasov to evaluate the research output of the faculty. We analyzed their 2008 researchperformances as documented in their annual evaluation that states the number of papers, books, and research contracts. Using Publish or Perish, we calculatedthe H-index, Gindex, HC-index and HI norm, of the 60 more-productive professors. We present correlation indicators and discuss the importance of open accesstools and repositories for increasing the impact of scientific research. Findings The Publish or Perish software is an easy to use instrument for analyzing the impact of research. It calculates the impact of the researchers using the veryvisible resource, Google Scholar. The data source provides a more comprehensive coverage of citations than ISI Web of Science, including citations in books,conference proceedings, working papers and non-ISI indexed journals. So, some consideration is needed about which scientometic tool to use depending on thefield of research. Google Scholar has better indexing of proceedings and non-English language material than ISI Web of Science, still does not perform sowell tracking citations from books and chapters of books. The natural sciences and those related to health are well covered in ISI Web of Science givenits journal coverage, and as a result Google Scholar fewer citations in these fields. Research implications Authors’ impact analysis and citations are not an assessment tool in Romanian universities, but it is commonly accepted that increasing research impactthrough more citations is one qualitative indicator. ISI Web of Science and Google Scholar are scientometric databases that can generate an individual’s H-index. The academic community is not familiar with these instruments and their potential role in describing the impact of one’s science. Practical implications This exploratory study was presented to academic community to illustrate the utility of these tools and to inform faculty of challenges with assessing theirimpact. We showed that professors with high H-index calculated using Publish or Perish are those with papers indexed in ISI Web of Science. This is notcorrelated with the number of research points garnered by faculty. We suggested to the faculty that all professors have to be analysed with the sameindicator. Further, we recommended that Google Scholar and the H-index obtained using Publish or Perish offer tools for assessing scientific research inuniversity and evaluating professors. Social implications Open access to scientific information through institutional digital repositories presents today’s world information environment and the transformationsimposed by information society. The first Romanian institutional repository was implemented at Transilvania University of Brasov. As part of the undertakenresearch, the visibility and the impact of the university's scientific production was measured using the scientific methods of scientometry, as a fundamentalinstrument for determining the international value of an university as well as for the statistical evaluation of scientific research results. The resultsshowed that an open access institutional repository would significantly add to the visibility of the university's scientific production. Originality/value We present the methodology and the results of an exploratory study made at the Transilvania University of Brasov regarding the h-index of the academic staff.H-index was calculated by using “Publish or Perish” software, comparing the number of ISI indexed published articles and the number of citations from “ISI Web of Science”. Using “Publish or Perish”, we calculated h-index, g-index, hc-index and HI norm. We analyzed the research performances achieved by Brasovacademic community in 2008, as realised in their annual evaluation -number of papers, books, research contracts, etc- by comparing the four indexes of those60 professors with the best results. We will present correlation indicators and the importance of open access for increasingthe impact of scientificresearch by using institutional repositories.
一、文摘的目的(Purpose) 世界范围科技文献的快速增加,给科技工作者查找科技资料带来了很大的困难。为 方便科技文献的检索,有关情报部门将原始文献的主要内容摘录出来做成文献并出版检 索期刊。由于文摘种类不同、编辑方式不同、检索方法不同,因此国内外检索期刊种类 亦是多种多样,并形成情报检索 (Information etrieval) 这一新的学科。 文摘是原始文献的代表,它提供了原始文献的信息内容,但不能代替原始文献(即一 次文献),因为其内容已大大简化。文摘本身给读者一个信息,即该篇文献所包含的主要 概念和讨论的主要问题。帮助科技人员决定这篇文献对自己的工作是否有用。 二、文摘的种类(Types of Abstracts) 按美国工程信息公司编辑部(Ei编辑部)的分类,文摘分为指示性文摘与信息性文 摘,或者两者结合。 指示性文摘(Indicated Abstracts)仅指出文献的综合内容, 适用于综述性文献、图 书介绍及编辑加工过的专著等。综述性文献最常见于某技术在某时期的发展情况综述; 或某技术在目前发展的技术水平,及未来展望等。总之这种文献是综述情况而不是某个 技术工艺、某产品、或某设备的研究过程。 信息性文摘多用于科技杂志或科技期刊的文章,也用于会议中的会议论文及各种专 题技术报告。信息文摘(Information Abstracts) 一般包括了原始文献的某些重要梗概 , 主要由以下三部分组成。 ⒈目的: 主要说明作者写此文章的目的,或说明本文主要要解决的问题。 ⒉过程及方法:主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也包括边界条件、使用的主 要设备和仪器。 ⒊结果:作者在此工作过程最后得出的结果和结论,如有可能,尽量提一句作者结论和 结果的应用范围 和应用情况。 三、写文摘( Preparation of Abstracts ) 由于文摘只有写得正确、写的好才能起作用,因此如何才能写好文摘是至关重要的 问题。为此,正确全面地掌握一篇文献的主题概念是写好文摘的前提。因此必须对每篇 文献进行认真的主题分析,找出文献的主题概念(有时有几个主题概念,经常还存在着上 下位概念)。在找出主题概念后,还需注意文献中是否存在着隐含概念,如有也需要根据 其重要性在文摘中点出,其它常见的如作者研究过程中使用的重要仪器设备、某种数学 手段、计算机的应用等,以上这些在Ei规则中都附加在主题概念的分析中。 找全主题概念后,正确地组织好这些主题内容,简明地写出来。尤其是信息性文摘 ,希望在可能条件下按前述的三部分组成写出来。 四、文摘长度(Length of the Abstracts) 文摘长度一般不超过150words,不少于100words。少数情况下允许例外,视原始文 献而定。但主题概念不得遗漏。据统计如根据前述三个组成部分写文摘一般都不会小于 100words。 一般缩短文摘方法如下: 1.取消不必要的字句:如It is reportde Extensive investigations show t han The author discusses This paper concerned with 应取消; 2.对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化; 3.取消或减少背景情况(Background Information); 4.限制文摘只表示新情况、新内容,过去的研究细节可以取消; 5.不说废话,如本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进等切不 可进入文摘; 6.作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘; 7.尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元,如: 不 用 而 用 at a temperature of 250 oC to 300oC at 250 oC ~300 oC at a high pressure of 2000 Pa at 2000 Pa at a high temperature of 1500 oC at 1500 oC specially designed or fomulated nothing 此外请注意:文摘第一句切不可与题目(Title)重复。因为Ei 工程索引中 每篇文摘记录都是与题目连排的,只是题目用黑体排印,因此可以认为题目便是文摘的 第一句话,例如: 不用WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE H CENTER IN LiF. A wave function for the H center in LiF is proposed assuming a linear combin ation of appropriate molecularorbitals. The 而用WAVE FUNCTION FOR THE h CENTER IN LIF. A linear combinationof appropriate molecular orbitals in assumed. The 五、文体风格(styles) ⒈文摘叙述要简明,逻辑性强; ⒉句子结构严谨完整,尽量用短句子; ⒊技术术语尽量用工程领域的通用标准; ⒋用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论; 如The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-b eam electron microscopy. The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley p artials with separations of (8010) A and (4010) A in the pure edge and s crew cases respectively. ⒌可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式; 如用 Thickness of plastic sheets was measured. 不用 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made. ⒍注意冠词用法,分清 a 是泛指,the 是专指; 如 Pressure is a function of tem perature 而不应是 Pressure is a function of the temperature. The refinery op erates 而不应是Refinery operates ⒎避免使用长系列形容词或名词来修饰名词,可用预置短语分开或用连字符( hyphen)断 开名词组,作为单 个形容词(一个形容词)。 如应用 The choloring-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld ind ex. 代替 The cholorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer. ⒏不使用俚语外语表达概念,应该用标准英语; ⒐尽量应用主动语态代替被动语态;如 A exceeds B 比 B is exceeded by A好. ⒑语言要简炼,但不得使用电报型语言; 如 Adsorption nitrobenzene on copper chronite investigation. 应为 Adsorp tion of nitrobenzene on copper chronite was investigated. ⒒文词要纯朴无华,不要用多姿多彩的文学性描述手法; 如 Working against time on hot slag and spilled metal in condition of ch oking dust and blinding steam, are conditions no maker would choose for his machines to operate in. ⒓组织好句子,使动词尽量靠近主语; 例如不用:The decolorazation in solutions of the pigment in dioxane ,whi ch were exposed to 10 hr. of UV irradiation, was no longer irreversible. 而用 When the pigment was dissolved in dioxane, decolorization was irrev ersible after 10hr. of UV irradiation. ⒔用重要的事实开头, 尽力避免用辅助从句开头; 例如用: Power consumption of telephone suitching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally. 而不用: From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephon e switching systems was determined. 删繁从简; 如用 increased 代替 has been found to increase ⒖文摘中涉及其他人的工作或研究成果时,尽量列出他们的名字; ⒗文摘词语的拼写用英美拼法都可,但在每一篇中须保持一致。 六、文摘中的特殊字符(Special Characters) 特殊字符主要指各种数学符号及希腊字母,它们无法直接输入计算机,因此都需转 成键盘上有的字母和符号,Ei对此有专门规定。按规定的表达方式输入计算机后,通过 软件识别并在印刷刊物上印出正确的特殊字符。希望在文摘中尽量少用特殊字符及由特 殊字符组成的数学表达式。因为它们的输入极为麻烦,而且极易出错,影响文摘本身的 准确性,应尽力取消,或改用文字表达和叙述。更复杂的表达式几乎难以输入,应设法 用文字指引读者去看原始文献。 七、缩写字及首字母缩写词(Abbreviations and Acronyms) Ei有自己的常用工程领域的缩写词及常见的组织单位的缩写词,由于我们不经常用 而未附上。 我们可以自己扩展缩略词,但必须是本专业范围内常用的、几乎是众所周知的,而 且在第一次出现的缩写词后面必须用括号将全称括在里面。 八、英文文摘题目(Title) 即原始文献的题目,力求简单明了直接反应文献的主题。 ⒈英文题目开头第一字不得用 The 、And 、An 和 A ; ⒉英文题目第一个字母大写其余小写,下列情况除外: ⑴专用名?首字母大写; ⑵首字母缩略词全大写; ⑶德语名词第一个字母应大写; ⑷句号(即.)后任何首字母均大写。 ⒊文献的主副标题(题目)必须用句号分开, 不得用分号或破折号; ⒋题目中尽量少用缩略词, 必用时亦需在括号中注明全称( 尽管中文文献题目中常用英 文缩略字或汉语拼音首字母缩略字); ⒌特殊字符即数学符号和希腊字母在题目中尽量不用 或少用。 九、给出文献的主题概念词(Subject Concept Terms) 文献检索就是文献查找,每篇文献作出文摘后,情报工作者编成检索期刊。但科技 工作者从检索期刊上查到自己所需要的文摘也是不容易的,因此应对每篇文摘给出一些 检索标识(这个过程叫标引)。这些检索标识用更简单的方式表达每篇文献的主题概念, 帮助科技工作者从检索期刊上迅速查到所想要的文摘。检索标识可以是文字(词或词组) 、代码、符号、数码等。每种检索标识都是由为数众多的检索标识符(即文字、数码、代 码等)组成一种检索标识系统,称之为检索语言。用文字表示的检索语言通称主题词语言 ,它又分为几类。国内常用于标引与检索的是主题词语言中的一种为叙词语言,而美国 工程索引(Ei)目前所用的检索语言是主题词语言中的标题词语言加数码表示的一种混合 语言。标引的基础是每篇文献的主题概念,因此希望在做完文摘后给出每篇文献的主题 概念词。 每篇文献的主题概念词包罗了该文献的所有的主题概念,实际代表了文献所讨论的 主要内容,包括产品、工艺、所用的手段方法、仪器、设备、材料等,手段方法还包括 了各种数学方法、计算机模拟及有关模型等。当然给出的是以上所述内容的英语代表词 。可以根据文献内容自由给定,毫无约束,你觉得用什么词好就用什么词,当然不能太 复杂,希望尽量给词全一些,专指度高一些。 所谓专指度高,一般是说给出的词所指示的范围尽量窄一些,尽量对准文献的主题 概念。 例如:一篇讲述汽车齿轮材料的文献只给出 Automobile, Gear, Material是不 够的,要尽量根据文献内容指明是什么汽车,齿轮是那种齿轮,材料又是什么具体材料 。指示越是具体,专指度就越高,就更有利于标引与检索。 主题概念词可以从标题(Title)、文摘、文献正文的导言及结论中去找, 也可以凭 专业知识及文献内容去确定词。需特别注意的是,给出概念词后,再给出一些重要词的 流行同义术语,重要的缩略词、关键产品或工艺的专用名、牌号与商标、独特的工程项 目名、计算机程序名、特殊化学物品、金属及材料的名字,例如某文献讨论了一种树脂 ,就应给出其商品名--XENOY Resine作为检索的参考, 再如NESR Software of Packa ge 及316L Stainless steel等。