Science：新型多材料太阳能电池树立了新的效率标准 诸平 Fig. 1 Left to right: Postdoctoral fellows Erkan Aydin (KAUST), Yi Hou (University of Toronto) and Michele De Bastiani (KAUST) are part of an international team that has designed a new type of tandem solar cell. The device combines industry standard silicon manuf 据加拿大 多伦多大学 ( University of Toronto )2020 年 3 月 5 日提供的消息，多伦多工程大学 ( University of Toronto Engineering ) 和阿卜杜拉国王科技大学（ King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST ）的研究人员克服了将钙钛矿 (perovskites) 新兴的太阳能收集技术与商业金标准硅太阳能电池相结合的主要障碍。结果得到高效、稳定的串联太阳能电池，这是迄今为止报道的性能最好的串联太阳能电池之一。图 1 是 KAUST 提供的照片，从左到右：博士后研究员 埃尔坎 ·艾丁（ Erkan Aydin ， KAUST ），多伦多大学 侯毅（ Yi Hou 音译， University of Toronto ）和 米歇尔 ·德巴斯蒂尼（ MicheleDe Bastiani , KAUST ）是设计新型串联太阳能电池的国际团队的部分成员。该设备将行业标准的硅制造太阳能电池与新的钙钛矿技术（ perovskite technology ）结合在一起。 相关研究结果于 2020 年 3 月 6 日已经在《科学》（ Science ）杂志网站发表 —— Jixian Xu,Caleb C. Boyd,Zhengshan J. Yu,Axel F. Palmstrom, Daniel J. Witter, Bryon W. Larson, Ryan M. France, Jérémie Werner, Steven P. Harvey, Eli J. Wolf, William Weigand, Salman Manzoor, Maikel F. A. M. van Hest, Joseph J. Berry, Joseph M. Luther, Zachary C. Holman, Michael D. McGehee . Triple-halide wide–band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems . Science , 06 Mar 2020: Vol. 367, Issue 6482, pp. 1097-1104 . DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5074 参与此研究的除了中国科学技术大学材料科学与工程系，中科院能量转化材料重点实验室（ CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China ）的研究人员之外，还有来自美国科罗拉多大学（ University of Colorado ）、美国国家可再生能源实验室（ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden ）、美国斯坦福大学（ Stanford University ）以及美国亚丽桑那州立大学（ Arizona State University ）的研究人员。作者署名中未见加拿大的研究人员。 在《 科学 》杂志上发表的一篇新论文的资深作者泰德 · 萨金特（ Ted Sargent ）教授说 ： “ 今天， 硅 太阳能电池比以往任何时候都更高效，更便宜。但是，单靠硅的效率是有限的。我们致力于使用串联（两层）方法来克服这些限制。 ” 与硅一样， 钙钛矿晶体 也可以吸收 太阳能 来激发电子，这些电子可以被引导到电路中。但是与硅不同，钙钛矿可以与液体混合以产生可以在表面上印刷的 “ 太阳能油墨 ” 。基于墨水的制造方法（称为溶液处理）已经在 印刷行业中广为采用 ，因此有可能降低制造太阳能电池的成本。 新论文的主要作者，博士后研究员侯毅 说： “ 在有纹理的硅上添加一层 钙钛矿 晶体来制造串联太阳能电池是提高其性能的好方法。 ”“ 但是当前的行业标准是基于晶圆（结晶硅薄板）而设计的，这种晶圆并未考虑到这种方法。 ” 尽管它们看上去很光滑，但用于太阳能电池的标准硅晶片具有约 2 μ m 高的微小锥体结构。不平整的表面使从硅表面反射的光量最小化，并提高了整体效率，但也使得难以在其上涂覆均匀的钙钛矿层。 侯毅 说： “ 以前的大多数串联电池都是通过先抛光硅表面使其光滑然后再添加钙钛矿层而制成的。 ”“ 这行得通，但要额外付费。 ” 侯毅 和团队的其他成员，包括泰德 · 萨金特和 KAUST 教授斯特凡 · 德 · 沃尔夫 （ Stefaan De Wolf ），采取了不同的方法。他们增加了钙钛矿层的厚度，使其高到足以覆盖由金字塔结构产生的峰和谷。 研究小组发现，山谷中的钙钛矿产生了一个电场，该电场将钙钛矿层中产生的电子与硅层中产生的电子分开。这种类型的电荷分离是有益的，因为它增加了激发的电荷将流入电路而不是电池其他部分的机会。 该团队通过将钙钛矿晶体涂覆在由 1- 丁烷硫醇（ 1-butanethiol ，一种常见的工业化学品）制成的 “ 钝化层（ passivation layer ） ” 中，进一步增强了电荷分离。 经过德国弗劳恩霍夫太阳能研究所（ Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy in Freiburg, Germany ）的独立外部实验室 检验，串联太阳能 电池 的效率达到了 25.7 ％。这是有史以来针对此类设计的最高效率之一。它们也很稳定，可以承受高达 85 ℃ 的温度超过 400 小时，而不会 显著降低性能。 侯毅 说： “ 事实上，我们可以在不修改硅片的情况下完成所有这些工作，这是一个即插即用的解决方案。 ”“ 行业可以应用此方法，而不必对其现有流程进行昂贵的更改。 ” 侯毅 和团队正在继续改进设计，包括将稳定性提高到 1,000 小时 ，这是一项行业基准。 侯毅 说： “ 我们为这项合作取得的创纪录业绩感到非常自豪，但这仅仅是个开始。 ”“ 通过克服串联 太阳能电池 的关键限制，我们为更大的收益奠定了基础。 ” 斯特凡 · 德 · 沃尔夫说： “ 我们的方法为硅光伏产业打开了一扇大门，可以充分利用钙钛矿技术迄今取得的巨大进步。 ”“ 这可以以较低的成本将性能更高的光伏面板推向市场。 ” 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 石墨烯，钙钛矿和硅 - 高效太阳能电池的理想串联 （ Graphene, perovskites, and silicon—an ideal tandem for efficient solar cells ）等。 Tuning band gaps with three halides Tandem solar cells can boost solar cell efficiency by using two active layers to absorb the solar spectrum more completely, provided that the two cells are current-matched. Inorganic-organic perovskites tuned to the appropriate wide band gap (～1.7 electron volts) as top cells that contained iodine and bromine or bromine and chlorine have short carrier diffusion lengths and undergo photo-induced phase segregation. Xuet al.now report a method for incorporating chloride that allows for fabrication of stable triple-halide perovskites with a band gap of 1.67 electron volts. Two-terminal tandem silicon solar cells made with this material had a power conversion efficiency of 27%. Science, this issue p. 1097 Abstract Wide–band gap metal halide perovskites are promising semiconductors to pair with silicon in tandem solar cells to pursue the goal of achieving power conversion efficiency (PCE) greater than 30% at low cost. However, wide–band gap perovskite solar cells have been fundamentally limited by photoinduced phase segregation and low open-circuit voltage. We report efficient 1.67–electron volt wide–band gap perovskite top cells using triple-halide alloys (chlorine, bromine, iodine) to tailor the band gap and stabilize the semiconductor under illumination. We show a factor of 2 increase in photocarrier lifetime and charge-carrier mobility that resulted from enhancing the solubility of chlorine by replacing some of the iodine with bromine to shrink the lattice parameter. We observed a suppression of light-induced phase segregation in films even at 100-sun illumination intensity and less than 4% degradation in semitransparent top cells after 1000 hours of maximum power point (MPP) operation at 60 ℃ . By integrating these top cells with silicon bottom cells, we achieved a PCE of 27% in two-terminal monolithic tandems with an area of 1 square centimeter.
光电转换效率达 44.5% 的太阳能电池 诸平 据 乔治华盛顿大学 ( George Washington University ) 2017 年 7 月 12 日所提供的 消息，该大学的研究人员设计出几乎可以捕获所有太阳 光 的锑化镓 （ GaSb ） 基太阳能电池 ，光电转化效率达到 44.5% 。 相关研究结果于 2017 年 7 月 10 日在《先进能源材料》（ Advanced Energy Materials ）杂志网站发表 —— Matthew P. Lumb, Shawn Mack, Kenneth J. Schmieder, María González, Mitchell F. Bennett, David Scheiman, Matthew Meitl, Brent Fisher, Scott Burroughs, Kyu-Tae Lee, John A. Rogers, Robert J. Walters. GaSb-Based Solar Cells for Full Solar Spectrum Energy Harvesting . Advanced Energy Materials ， 10 July 2017. DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201700345 Credit: George Washington University 乔治华盛顿大学 的 科学家们设计和建造 了 一 种 新 型 太阳能电池 ，它 集成多个 太阳能电池，将其 堆积成一 种 能够捕获太阳光谱中几乎所有 不同波长光线 。新设计 的太阳能电池其 直接 将 光 能转化为 电 能的效率达到 44.5% 的效率 , 使其可能成为世界上最高效的太阳能电池。 这种方法不同于 人们在 屋顶上或 田野里 可以看到 的 一般太阳能电池板。新设备使用 了 聚光光伏 ( C oncentrator P hoto v oltaic 简称 CPV ) 太阳能电池板 , 这种太阳能电池板 使用镜头 以便 将太阳光聚集很小 , 形成 微尺度的太阳能电池。因为 它 们的 大小尺度 不超过 1 mm 2 , 使用 更复杂 材料 开发 这样小规模的太阳能电池 ， 可以 有效降低 开发成本。 多层 叠放在一起的太阳能电池其作用就像是一种太阳光的 筛 子 , 每一层使用的特殊 材料 可以 吸收一组特定波长 太阳光线 的能量 。 太阳光 通过 入射口到达 堆 叠层 时 , 已有近 一半的可用能源转换成电能。相比之下 , 当今 最常见的太阳能电池只有四分之一的可用能源转换成电能。 乔治华盛顿大学 工程和应用科学学院的研究科学家 、也是此研究成果的 第一作者马修 ·卢姆（ Matthew Lumb ） 说 ： “ 太阳光 大约 99% 的直接照射 到 地球表面 的能量，其 波长 在 250 nm 和 2500 nm 之间 , 但 对于 高效多结太阳能电池 而言， 传统材料不能捕获 太阳投射到地球表面的 整个光谱范围 内的能量 。我们的新设备能解 决 长波长光子 的 能源 存储 问题 , 这部分 长波长 的光线 在传统的太阳能电池 中无法加以利用而白白被浪费 , 因此 ，通过多结太阳能电池为解决提高太阳能利用效率 提供了一个最终实现的途径。 ” 虽然科学家多年来 一直在向着 更高效的太阳能电池 方向进行不断研究 , 但是 这种方法有两个方面的 新奇 。 其一， 它使用一 种以 锑化镓 (GaSb) 为 底物材料 家族 , 而 GaSb 底物 材料 通常是在红外激光和光电探测器应用 中会 发现。 新的以 GaSb 作为基础的 太阳能电池 被 组装成多层结构和效率高 太阳能电池 ，就是由 捕获太阳短波长光子的传统基质 材料衍生的 。此外 , 堆垛过程使用一个被称为转印技术 （ transfer-printing ） , 使这些小设备的三维装配 具有 高精度。 这 种 特殊的太阳能电池非常昂贵 , 但是研究人员认为 其光电转化效率的大幅度提高 是 非常 重要的。尽管目前所涉及的材料成本 问题 , 但是 这项技术用于创建 太阳能电池依然大有前途 。最终类似的产品 有 可能 投放 市场 , 通过 高效光电转化效率获得的电能来补偿可循环使用的 昂贵的生长基质。 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道： Abstract In this work, a multijunction solar cell is developed on a GaSb substrate that can efficiently convert the long-wavelength photons typically lost in a multijunction solar cell into electricity. A combination of modeling and experimental device development is used to optimize the performance of a dual junction GaSb/InGaAsSb concentrator solar cell. Using transfer printing, a commercially available GaAs-based triple junction cell is stacked mechanically with the GaSb-based materials to create a four-terminal, five junction cell with a spectral response range covering the region containing 99% of the available direct-beam power from the Sun reaching the surface of the Earth. The cell is assembled in a mini-module with a geometric concentration ratio of 744 suns on a two-axis tracking system and demonstrated a combined module efficiency of 41.2%, measured outdoors in Durham, NC. Taking into account the measured transmission of the optics gives an implied cell efficiency of 44.5%. Solar cell design with over 50% energy-conversion efficiency Scientists design solar cell that captures nearly all energy of solar spectrum
新技术利用太阳能制双氧水净化污水 诸平 现代的废水处理方法主要分为物理处理法、化学处理法和生物处理法三 大 类。物理处理法通过物理作用分离、回收废水中不解的呈悬浮状态的污染物 ( 包括油膜和油珠 ) 的废水 处理方法 ， 又 可分为重力分离法、离心分离法和筛滤截留法等。属于重力分离法的处理单元有 : 沉淀、上浮 ( 气浮 ) 等，相应使用的处理设备是沉砂池、沉淀池、隔油池、气池及其附属装置等。 关于废水处理方法的表述可以参考下表： 1 物理处理法 2 预处理工艺 3 化学处理法 4 生物处理法 5 接触氧化法 6 电镀废水处理 7 分级 8 废水处理制剂 9 废水处理工艺 通过化学反应和传质作用来分离、去除废水中呈溶解、胶体状态的污染物或将其转化为无害物质的废水处理法 被称之为化学处理法 。在化学处理法中，以投加药剂产生化学反应为基础的处理单元是 : 混凝、中和、氧化还原等 ; 而以传质作用为基础的处理单元则有 : 萃取、汽提、吹脱、吸附、离子交换以及电渗析和反渗透等。后两种处理单元又合称为膜分离技术。其中运用传质作用的处理单元既具有化学作用，又有与之相关的物理作用，所以也可从化学处理法中分出来，成为另一类处理方法，称为物理化学法。 不论何种处理方法，其目的都是为了水的净化。是因为 全世界有 数十亿人缺乏干净的水 源 ， 而且 主要问题 是 在发展中国家 , 水源经常被城市 垃圾、 工业 垃圾以及 农业废弃物 所污染 。 但是废水中 许多致病微生物和有机污染物可以使用过氧化氢 （ 双氧水， H 2 O 2 ） 快速从水中 消除并不会 留下任何有害残留的化学物质。 但是 , 过氧化氢的产生和传 输 在世界的许多地方 却是 一个挑战。 美国 斯坦福大学 （ Stanford University ） 的研究人员和美国 能源部 斯坦福直线加速器中心（ SLAC ） 国家加速器实验室 （ SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory ） 的 SUNCAT 界面科学和催化中心 （ SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis ）， 斯坦福同步加速器辐射光源（ Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource ）的 科学家 合作，已经研发出 一 种 由 可再生能源 如 传统的太阳能电池板生产 过氧化 氢的小装置。 克里斯 · 哈恩说 ： “ 我们的想法是开发一个电化学的电池 , 在 现场生成氧气和过氧化氢 , 然后用过氧化氢氧化 地下水当中 对人 体 是有害的摄取 的 有机污染物 。 ” 相关研究于 2017 年 3 月 1 日在 《 反应化学和工程 》（ Reaction Chemistry and Engineering ） 杂志网站发表 —— Zhihua Chen , Shucheng Chen , Samira Siahrostami , Pongkarn Chakthranont , Christopher Hahn , Dennis Nordlund , Sokaras Dimosthenis , Jens K. Nørskov , Zhenan Bao , Thomas F. Jaramillo . Development of a reactor with carbon catalysts for modular-scale, low-cost electrochemical generation of H 2 O 2 . Reaction Chemistry and Engineering , 2017, 2 : 239-245 . DOI: 10.1039/C6RE00195E . F irst published online on 01 Mar 2017 . Abstract The development of small-scale, decentralized reactors for H 2 O 2 production that can couple to renewable energy sources would be of great benefit, particularly for water purification in the developing world. Herein, we describe our efforts to develop electrochemical reactors for H 2 O 2 generation with high Faradaic efficiencies of 90%, requiring cell voltages of only ～1.6 V. The reactor employs a carbon-based catalyst that demonstrates excellent performance for H 2 O 2 production under alkaline conditions, as demonstrated by fundamental studies involving rotating-ring disk electrode methods. The low-cost, membrane-free reactor design represents a step towards a continuous, modular-scale, de-centralized production of H 2 O 2 . New device produces hydrogen peroxide for water purification April 3, 2017 Schematic illustration of an on-site water purification system for rural communities. Powered by solar panels, the low-cost, portable device produces hydrogen peroxide from oxygen gas and water. Credit: Zhihua Chen/Stanford University Limited access to clean water is a major issue for billions of people in the developing world, where water sources are often contaminated with urban, industrial and agricultural waste. Many disease-causing organisms and organic pollutants can be quickly removed from water using hydrogen peroxide without leaving any harmful residual chemicals. However, producing and distributing hydrogen peroxide is a challenge in many parts of the world. Now scientists at the Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have created a small device for hydrogen peroxide production that could be powered by renewable energy sources , like conventional solar panels. The idea is to develop an electrochemical cell that generates hydrogen peroxide from oxygen and water on site, and then use that hydrogen peroxide in groundwater to oxidize organic contaminants that are harmful for humans to ingest, said Chris Hahn, a SLAC associate staff scientist. Their results were reported March 1 in Reaction Chemistry and Engineering . The project was a collaboration between three research groups at the SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, which is jointly run by SLAC and Stanford University. Most of the projects here at SUNCAT follow a similar path, said Zhihua (Bill) Chen, a graduate student in the group of Tom Jaramillo, an associate professor at SLAC and Stanford. They start from predictions based on theory, move to catalyst development and eventually produce a prototype device with a practical application. Sized to fit in one hand, this portable, low-cost device uses oxygen gas and water to produce hydrogen peroxide, which can be used to purify water in rural communities. Credit: Zhihua Chen/Stanford University In this case, researchers in the theory group led by SLAC/Stanford Professor Jens Nørskov used computational modeling, at the atomic scale, to investigate carbon-based catalysts capable of lowering the cost and increasing the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide production. Their study revealed that most defects in these materials are naturally selective for generating hydrogen peroxide, and some are also highly active. Since defects can be naturally formed in the carbon-based materials during the growth process, the key finding was to make a material with as many defects as possible. My previous catalyst for this reaction used platinum, which is too expensive for decentralized water purification, said research engineer Samira Siahrostami. The beautiful thing about our cheaper carbon-based material is that it has a huge number of defects that are active sites for catalyzing hydrogen peroxide production. Stanford graduate student Shucheng Chen, who works with Stanford Professor Zhenan Bao, then prepared the carbon catalysts and measured their properties. With the help of SSRL staff scientists Dennis Nordlund and Dimosthenis Sokaras, these catalysts were also characterized using X-rays at SLAC's Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), a DOE Office of Science User Facility. We depended on our experiments at SSRL to better understand our material's structure and check that it had the right kinds of defects, Shucheng Chen said. Finally, he passed the catalyst along to his roommate Bill Chen, who designed, built and tested their device. Our device has three compartments, Bill Chen explained. In the first chamber , oxygen gas flows through the chamber, interfaces with the catalyst made by Shucheng and is reduced into hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide then enters the middle chamber, where it is stored in a solution. In a third chamber, another catalyst converts water into oxygen gas, and the cycle starts over. Separating the two catalysts with a middle chamber makes the device cheaper, simpler and more robust than separating them with a standard semi-permeable membrane, which can be attacked and degraded by the hydrogen peroxide. A small device for hydrogen peroxide production (metal box pictured on the right) that is powered by two conventional solar panels. The low-cost device is being developed to make hydrogen peroxide on site for water purification in rural villages. Credit: Zhihua Chen/Stanford University The device can also run on renewable energy sources available in villages. The electrochemical cell is essentially an electrical circuit that operates with a small voltage applied across it. The reaction in chamber one puts electrons into oxygen to make hydrogen peroxide, which is balanced by a counter reaction in chamber three that takes electrons from water to make oxygen—matching the current and completing the circuit. Since the device requires only about 1.7 volts applied between the catalysts, it can run on a battery or two standard solar panels. The research groups are now working on a higher-capacity device. Currently the middle chamber holds only about 10 microliters of hydrogen peroxide; they want to make it bigger. They're also trying to continuously circulate the liquid in the middle chamber to rapidly pump hydrogen peroxide out, so the size of the storage chamber no longer limits production. They would also like to make hydrogen peroxide in higher concentrations. However, only a few milligrams are needed to treat one liter of water, and the current prototype already produces a sufficient concentration, which is one-tenth the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide that you buy at the store for your basic medical needs. In the long term, the team wants to change the alkaline environment inside the cell to a neutral one that's more like water. This would make it easier for people to use, because the hydrogen peroxide could be mixed with drinking water directly without having to neutralize it first. The team members are excited about their results and feel they are on the right track to developing a practical device . Currently it's just a prototype, but I personally think it will shine in the area of decentralized water purification for the developing world, said Bill Chen. It's like a magic box. I hope it can become a reality. Explore further: Controlling electron spin makes water splitting more efficient
Nature Energy ： 硅太阳能电池效率创新高 诸平 据 Tech Xplore 网站 2017 年 3 月 21 日报道，日本钟渊化学工业株式会社光伏与薄膜设备研究所（ Photovoltaic Thin Film Device Research Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation ）的研究人员，已经突破了硅基太阳能电池光电转化效率的现有纪录。生产出一种太阳能电池经过试验，光电转化效率达到 26.3% ，与之前保持的现有纪录相比较提高了 0.7% 。此项研究成果于 2017 年 3 月 20 日在《自然能源》（ Nature Energy ）杂志网站发表—— Kunta Yoshikawa , Hayato Kawasaki , Wataru Yoshida , Toru Irie , Katsunori Konishi , Kunihiro Nakano , Toshihiko Uto , Daisuke Adachi , Masanori Kanematsu , Hisashi Uzu , Kenji Yamamoto . Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26%. Nature Energy , 2017, 2, Article number: 17032. Published online: 20 March 2017. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.32 . 研究小组描述他们使用的技术提高了太阳能电池的光电转化效率，并计划进行深入研究向硅基太阳能电池光电转化效率的理论极限值即 29.1% 冲刺。 面对全球变暖 , 由于在很大程度上 , 大多数科学家认为其原因是由于使用 燃煤 所致 ，以此，为了遏制全球变暖世界各地都在积极从事清洁替代能源的研究工作。当然 , 利用太阳也是开发清洁替代能源的一种，而利用太阳能的可能性关键就是太阳能电池的光电转化效率问题。不幸的是 , 硅基太阳能电池 行业标准仍无法与煤在成本方面进行抗衡，太阳能电池不仅转换效率低，而且其成本相对较高。而工程师们希望克服这个问题的一种方法就是使单个 太阳能电池 能够产生更多的能量 , 即提高太阳能电池的光电转化效率 , 这意味着用户可以少买一些太阳能电池面板，以满足他们的能量需求。按照在这个新方向努力的结果 , 日本钟渊化学工业株式会社光伏与薄膜设备研究所的研究团队，已经找到了提高太阳能生产过程的几个部分一种方法。 为了制造出他们的太阳能电池 , 研究人员开始使用晶体硅盘 , 其厚度比标准电池更薄，达到 165 μm 。其表面被蚀刻以减少光的反射。接下来 , 双方都涂上一层非晶硅以减少电荷载体的损失。通过使用本公司专有的异质结技术和互相交叉电极可以使太阳能电池的光电转化效率进一步提高。研究人员还将电极栅从太阳能电池的前面移动到其背面 , 让阳光进入太阳能电池的数量增加，同时实现光损失最小化。 通过德国弗莱堡太阳能系统弗劳恩霍费尔夫研究所（ Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg ）的新记录精度度测量，证实了日本钟渊化学工业株式会社光伏与薄膜设备研究所的研究团队的研究结果是准确无误的。然而 , 目前尚不清楚此项技术即使导致更加有效的产品，但究竟何时才会投放市场，提供给消费者。不过该研究小组已经宣布其意图，将会继续努力以便进一步提高其光电转化效率。 更多信息请浏览原文： http://www.nature.com/articles/nenergy201732 Abstract Improving the photoconversion efficiency of silicon solar cells is crucial to further the deployment of renewable electricity. Essential device properties such as lifetime, series resistance and optical properties must be improved simultaneously to reduce recombination, resistive and optical losses. Here, we use industrially compatible processes to fabricate large-area silicon solar cells combining interdigitated back contacts and an amorphous silicon/crystalline silicon heterojunction. The photoconversion efficiency is over 26% with a 180.4 cm 2 designated area, which is an improvement of 2.7% relativeto the previous record efficiency of 25.6%. The cell was analysed to characterize lifetime, quantum efficiency, and series resistance, which are essential elements for conversion efficiency. Finally, a loss analysis pinpoints a path to approach the theoretical conversion efficiency limit of Si solar cells, 29.1%.
异样的 太阳能电池：捕获光和CO 2 ,产生可燃燃料（附 专利 25件） 诸平 据伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校（ University of Illinois at Chicago ， UIC ） 2016 年 7 月 28 日提供的消息 , 该大学的研究人员设计了一种异样的太阳能电池 , 可以廉价而且有效地将大气中的 CO 2 直接转化为可用的碳氢化合物燃料 , 并只使用太阳光作为能源。这一研究成果 2016 年 7 月 29 日已经在《 科学 》（ Science ）杂志网站发表—— Mohammad Asadi, Kibum Kim, Cong Liu, Aditya Venkata Addepalli, Pedram Abbasi, Poya Yasaei, Patrick Phillips, Amirhossein Behranginia, José M. Cerrato, Richard Haasch, Peter Zapol, Bijandra Kumar, Robert F. Klie, Jeremiah Abiade, Larry A. Curtiss （ Email: curtiss@anl.gov ） , Amin Salehi-Khojin （ Email: salehikh@uic.edu ） . Nanostructured transition metal dichalcogenide electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction in ionic liquid . Science ， 2016, 353(6298): 467-470. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4767 . 此研究项目是由美国国家科学基金会和美国能源部资助的，并且已经向专利机构提交了专利申请 ( Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion, United States Patent Application 20160145752, Download PDF 20160145752 , Download PDF WO/2014/210484A1 )。 Simulated sunlight powers a solar cell that converts atmospheric carbon dioxide directly into syngas. Credit: University of Illinois at Chicago/Jenny Fontaine UIC 的此项研究成果涉及到的太阳能电池，不同于传统的 太阳能电池 ，传统的太阳能电池是将太阳能转换为电能 , 再将电能存储在沉重的电池中 , 而新装置本质上像是一种植物工厂，是将 大气中的 CO 2 转化为燃料 , 同时解决污染与能源两个关键性问题。像这样的 “ 人工叶片 ” 的太阳能农场，可以从大气中清除大量的 CO 2 并有效地产生高能量燃料。 UIC 的机械与工业工程助理教授，也是该研究的主要作者 Amin Salehi-Khojin 说： “ 新太阳能电池不是光伏电池，而是光合成系统。不是以 化石燃料 （ fossil fuels ）燃烧放出温室气体的不可持续的单向路线而获得能量 , 我们现在可以使此过程逆转，利用太阳光回收大气碳（ CO 2 ）使其转化为燃料。 ” 但是，植物生产燃料是以糖的形式存在，而人工叶片提供的合成气（ syngas or synthesis gas ）是氢气 (H 2 ) 和 CO 的混合物， 合成气可直接燃烧 , 或转化为柴油或其他碳氢化合物燃料。 （ While plants produce fuel in the form of sugar, the artificial leaf delivers syngas, or synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide. Syngas can be burned directly, or converted into diesel or other hydrocarbon fuels. ）。 但实际上原文中的反应是选择性地将CO 2 还原成CO，通过太阳能电池产生的电子和正电空穴，在电池的二硒化钨阴极上发生质子参与的还原反应产生水和一氧化碳，同时在电池的钴氧化物阳极上发生水的氧化反应产生O 2 和质子。氢气是需要被选择性抑制的副产物，它来自于质子在阴极上不经CO 2 参与而被直接还原的副反应。离子液作为介质帮助提高了反应的效率。将CO 2 转化为燃料的能力，在成本上相当于老式的化石燃料转化为一加仑汽油的成本。 将 CO 2 转化为可燃式碳的化学反应被称为还原反应 , 它是氧化反应的逆反应，燃烧就是氧化反应。工程师们一直在探索采用不同催化剂来驱动 CO 2 还原 , 但到目前为止 , 这类反应的效率很低 , 而且催化剂依靠昂贵的银等贵金属。 Amin Salehi-Khojin 说： “ 我们需要的是一个具有非凡性质的化学物质新家族。 ” Amin Salehi-Khojin 和他的同事关注具有纳米结构的过渡金属二硫属化物（ transition metal dichalcogenides 简称 TMDCs ），可以用MX 2 来表示，M代表过渡金属，而X代表硫族元素如S、Se或Te。用此类化合物来作为催化剂 , 将它们与一种非传统的离子液体电解质配对在 2 个隔间内构成电解质 , 组成 3 电极电化学电池。他们发现最好的几种催化剂是二硒化钨纳米薄片（ nanoflake tungsten diselenide ）。 20世纪60年代以来已经制备出数十种二硫属过渡金属化合物，有人将其分为金属类、半导体类、绝缘体类以及超导体类： CO 2 被还原的示意图 下面照片是 UIC 机械与工业工程助理教授 Amin Salehi-Khojin （左）和博士后研究者 穆罕默德 · 阿沙迪（ MohammadAsadi ） 以及他们的将大气中 CO 2 直接转化为合成气的突破性太阳能电池。 Amin Salehi-Khojin, UIC assistant professor of mechanical and industrial engineering (left), and postdoctoral researcher Mohammad Asadi with their breakthrough solar cell that converts atmospheric carbon dioxide directly into syngas. Credit: University of Illinois at Chicago/Jenny Fontaine 上述论文的第一作者， UIC 的博士后研究者穆罕默德·阿沙迪说： “ 新催化剂更加活跃 , 更容易打开 CO 2 中的 C-O 之间的化学键。 ” 事实上 , 新催化剂催化能力不仅要比贵金属催化剂快 1000 倍，而且其成本仅仅是贵金属催化剂的 1/20 。其他研究人员利用 TMDC 催化剂通过其他方式来制氢 , 但没有利用其来还有 CO 2 , 因为此催化剂无法是其反应发生。 Amin Salehi-Khojin 指出： “ 此催化剂之所以难以催化此反应，是因为催化剂的活性位点中毒和氧化。”而他们的最新研究结果有所突破 , 是使用了被称为乙基 - 甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（ ethyl-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ）的离子液体 , 与水按照各占一半的比例混合。 Amin Salehi-Khojin 说：“水和离子液体的组合起到了一种助催化剂（ co-catalyst ）的作用 , 在严酷的还原反应条件下保护了催化剂的活性位点。” UIC 的人工树叶由负责采光的 18 cm 2 的两个三结光伏电池构成，阴极一侧是二硒化钨和离子液体助催化系统，而阳极是浸在磷酸钾电解质中的氧化钴。当 100 W/m 2 光使电池充电时，在阴极就有 CO 和 H 2 气泡逸出，同时在阳极则产生自由氧和氢离子。 100 W/m 2 的能量密度应为有效的太阳能利用密度，太阳能地表平均密度约1000 W/m 2 。 穆罕默德·阿沙迪说： “ 氢离子 通过隔膜扩散到阴极 , 参与 CO 2 的还原反应。” Amin Salehi-Khojin 说这项技术不仅应该适应大规模使用 , 如太阳能农场等 , 而且也适宜于小规模应用。如果火星上确实有水存在，这种人工树叶在未来有可能在火星上派上用场，因为火星上那层薄薄的大气主要是由遗留下的 CO 2 （ 95.3% ）加上 N 2 （ 2.7% ）、 氩气 （ 1.6% ）和微量的 氧气 （ 0.15% ）和 水汽 （ 0.03% ）组成的。 2015 年 3 月 6 日，科学家称火星表面曾非常湿润，含水量超过北冰洋 ( 科学家：火星表面曾非常湿润 含水量超过北冰洋 ．凤凰网 , 引用日期 2015-03-09) 。 2015 年 9 月 29 日，美国宇航局称最新证据表明此前在火星表面一些陨坑坑壁上观察到的神秘暗色条纹可能与间歇性出现的液态水体有关。来自卫星的数据表明这些出现在坑壁上的暗色条纹可能是含盐水体沉积过程产生的结果。尤为关键的一点在于，这种含盐水体将能够改变火星表面水体的冰点与沸点，从而使得液态水体在火星地表的存在成为可能 ( 美国宇航局确认火星地表存在液态水 . 新浪科技 ,2015-09-29) 。不过这些结果还需要得到进一步证实。 美国科学基金会（ NSF ）项目主任罗伯特 · 麦凯布 (Robert McCabe) 说 :UIC 的“这项工作适宜于 NSF 支持的具有重大历史意义的基础研究，可以直接转化为有价值的技术和工程的成就。其结果很好地将实验和计算研究融为一体，获得了具有独特电子性质的过渡金属二硫属化物（ transition metal dichalcogenides ）。研究小组将机械洞察力与某些聪明的电化学工程结合在一起，在能量转换和环境有关的催化大挑战领域取得了重大进展。 ” 更多信息请浏览原文或者 Ionic liquid catalyst helps turn emissions into fuel ； Sunlight turns carbon dioxide to methane Small and salty CO 2 reduction scheme Most artificial photosynthesis approaches focus on making hydrogen. Modifying CO 2 , as plants and microbes do, is more chemically complex. Asadi et al. report that fashioning WSe 2 and related electrochemical catalysts into nanometer-scale flakes greatly improves their activity for the reduction of CO 2 to CO. An ionic liquid reaction medium further enhances efficiency. An artificial leaf with WSe 2 reduced CO 2 on one side while a cobalt catalyst oxidized water on the other side. Abstract Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into fuels is an attractive solution to many energy and environmental challenges. However, the chemical inertness of CO 2 renders many electrochemical and photochemical conversion processes in efficient. We report a transition metal dichalcogenide nanoarchitecture for catalytic electrochemical CO 2 conversion toc arbon monoxide (CO) in an ionic liquid. We found that tungsten diselenide nanoflakes show a current density of 18.95 milliamperes per square centimeter,CO faradaic efficiency of 24%, and CO formation turnover frequency of 0.28 persecond at a low overpotential of 54 millivolts. We also applied this catalystin a light-harvesting artificial leaf platform that concurrently oxidized waterin the absence of any external potential. 与TMDC催化剂有关的专利文献 Match Document Document Title Score 1 5279720 Electrophoretic deposition of transition metal dichalcogenides This invention relates to a method of depositing thin coatings of transition metal dichalcogenides on substrates having an electrically-conductive surface. The transition metal dichalcogenide... 999 2 EP0242804A2 Novel transition metal dichalcogenide catalysts. A novel flocculated methanation, hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization catalyst of the form MS2:Y:Z wherein MS2 is a single layer transition metal dichalcogenide sulfide, Y is a promoter substance... 986 3 US20160181516 PHASE TRANSFORMATION IN TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES Devices including transition metal dichalcognides and methods of forming and operating such devices are disclosed. In one disclosed method, a layer of a transition metal dichalcogenide is... 984 4 EP0242804A3 NOVEL TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE CATALYSTS Abstract of EP0242804 A novel flocculated methanation, hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization catalyst of the form MS2:Y:Z wherein MS2 is a single layer transition metal dichalcogenide sulfide, Y... 982 5 4853359 Novel transition metal dichalcogenide catalysts A novel flocculated methanation, hydrogenation or hydrodesulfurization catalyst of the form MS2 :Y:Z wherein MS2 is a single layer transition metal dichalcogenide sulfide, Y is a promoter... 981 6 US20150118467 TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE AEROGELS AND METHODS OF PREPARATION AND USE Methods of forming transition metal dichalcogenide aerogels are provided. Some methods include adding at least one solvent to one or more two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide sheets to... 973 7 WO/1993/011283A1 ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION OF TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES This invention relates to a method of depositing thin coatings of transition metal dichalcogenides on substrates having an electrically-conductive surface. The transition metal dichalcogenide... 961 8 4383088 Organic polymer layered dichalcogenides Organic polymer layered dichalcogenides, such as a transition metal metallocene dichalcogenide-substituted styrene divinylbenzene copolymer, are useful as the cathode active material for lithium... 900 9 WO/1999/052815A1 SOLUBLE METAL HYDRIDE/TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE ALLOYS A new class of metal hydride alloy and processes for forming these alloys is disclosed. The alloys are comprised essentially of organically soluble metal hydrides and single molecular layer type... 886 10 6143359 Soluble metal hydride/transition metal dichalcogenide alloys A new class of metal hydride alloy and processes for forming these alloys is disclosed. The alloys are comprised essentially of organically soluble metal hydrides and single molecular layer type... 885 11 4822590 Forms of transition metal dichalcogenides Novel single layer materials of the form MX2, where MX2 is a layer-type dichalcogenide such as MoS2, TaS2, WS2, or the like, exfoliated by intercalation of an alkali metal, and immersion in water,... 797 12 US20040062708 Process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides A process of the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides by chemical transport with the addition of fullerences is provided to obtain nanotubes of transistion metal... 763 13 WO/2015/091781A2 METHOD OF PRODUCING TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE LAYER Method of producing one or more transition metal dichalcogenide (MX2) layers on a substrate, comprising the steps of: obtaining a substrate having a surface and depositing MX2 on the surface using... 745 14 US20100129285 Process for the Synthesis of Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Nanostructures of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Quasi One-Dimensional Structures of Transition Metals and Oxides of Transition Metals The object of the invention is a process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides, of fullerene-like nanostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides, of nanotubes of... 741 15 5279805 Gas storage using transition metal dichalcogenides Hydrogen and gaseous hydrocarbons are stored by introducing the gases into a transition metal dichalcogenide having the formula MX2. M is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W and Ti and X... 730 16 8007756 Process for the synthesis of nanotubes and fullerene-like nanostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides, quasi one-dimensional structures of transition metals and oxides of transition metals The object of the invention is a process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides, of fullerene-like nanostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides, of nanotubes of... 728 17 WO/1993/022236A1 GAS STORAGE USING TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES Hydrogen and gaseous hydrocarbons are stored by introducing the gases into a transition metal dichalcogenide having the formula MX2. M is selected from the group consisting of Mo, W and Ti and X... 694 18 WO/2002/030814A1 A PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBES OF TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDES The invention relates to a process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides by the method of chemical transport with the addition of fullereness. According to this... 666 19 WO/2008/121081A3 A PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE NANOSTRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS DICHALCOGENIDES, QUASI ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS AND OXIDES OF TRANSITION METALS The object of the invention is a process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides, of fullerene-like nanostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides, of nanotubes of... 636 20 WO/2008/121081A2 A PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE NANOSTRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS DICHALCOGENIDES, QUASI ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS AND OXIDES OF TRANSITION METALS The object of the invention is a process for the synthesis of nanotubes of transition metal dichalcogenides, of fullerene-like nanostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides, of nanotubes of... 633 21 US20020164521 Novel applications of exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides to electrochemical fuel cells Application of two-dimensional materials (TDMs) that are exfoliated transition metal dichalcogenides in electrochemical fuel cells to remove contaminants that are harmful to the fuel cells; to... 619 22 EP2132142B1 A PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF NANOTUBES AND FULLERENE-LIKE NANOSTRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS DICHALCOGENIDES, QUASI ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES OF TRANSITION METALS AND OXIDES OF TRANSITION METALS 520 23 US20160145752 Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Conversion The disclosure relates generally to improved methods for the reduction of carbon dioxide. The disclosure relates more specifically to catalytic methods for electrochemical reduction of carbon... 425 24 WO/2016/100204A2 CATALYST SYSTEM FOR ADVANCED METAL-AIR BATTERIES The disclosure relates generally to batteries. The disclosure relates more specifically to improved catalyst systems for metal-air batteries. A metal-air battery comprising: an anode comprising a... 417 25 US20150118487 PLASMA-ASSISTED NANOFABRICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL METAL CHALCOGENIDE LAYERS The invention describes two methods for manufacturing metal dichalcogenide materials. The invention also includes a coated dichalcogenide substrate. 406
http://juanbisquert.wordpress.com/2014/02/24/perovskite-solar-cells-record-at-16-8/ Perovskite solar cells record at 16.2% 24 02 2014 The new record of 16.2% for a perovskite solar cell has been publsihed at the NREL table. This has been achieved by Sang Il Seok, at South Korean institute KRICT, located in Daejeon. Earlier in 2013 Seok showed an important result about modulation of the bandgap of the perovskite, by replacing Br for I in the X site of the perovskite structure (MA B X3), Nano Letters, 2013, 13, 1764–1769 . Now new solvent-engineering technology established by Seok enabled the formation of extremely uniform and dense perovskite layers, and remarkably improved the performance with high reproducibility. With this result the perovskite solar cell continues to rise at extremely fast speed, and issues of stability and reproducibility begin to be seriously addressed by many researchers. JB and Sang Il Seok
石墨烯和钙钛矿基太阳能电池转换效率创新高 诸平 美国化学会主办的 ACS Nano 杂志网站 2013 年 12 月 10 日 已经报道了英国牛津大学物理系和数学系的研究人员合作，已经研制出中性色半透明微结构钙钛矿（ perovskites ）阵列的太阳能电池，该太阳能电池是由新型复合钙钛矿晶体小岛薄膜构成，具有光电转化效率高和半透明的特征。可以在玻璃上旋涂钙钛矿形成的薄膜太阳能电池，看上去呈现出浅灰色，而且是透明的。这种将采光与太阳能发电融为一体的新型太阳能电池，有望成为高楼大厦外层装饰、车辆挡风玻璃等的替代品，除了传统使用玻璃的功能之外，有增加了光电转化功能，这无疑对于拓展太阳能电池的更广泛应用意义重大。已经有博文介绍（见： 太阳能电池新作：利用窗户来发电 ），本文介绍最新研究进展——西班牙海梅一世大学（ Universitat Jaume I in Castelló ）由应用物理学教授 Juan Bisquert 领导的光伏与光电设备（ DFO ）研究小组与来自牛津大学物理系的研究人员合作，已经研制出以 TiO 2 和石墨烯组合为基础的电荷收集器，以钙钛矿为基础的太阳光收集器，该太阳能电池可以在低温下制造而且转换效率更高。 据物理学家组织网（ Phys.org ） 2014 年 1 月 14 日 报道， Juan Bisquert 等人的合作研究成果已经在 《纳米快报》 （ Nano Letters ）杂志网站 2013 年 12 月 16 日 发表—— Jacob Tse-Wei Wang , James M. Ball , EvaM. Barea , Antonio Abate , JackA. Alexander-Webber , Jian Huang , Michael Saliba , Iván Mora-Sero , Juan Bisquert , Henry J. Snaith , and Robin J. Nicholas . Low-Temperature Processed Electron Collection Layers of Graphene/TiO 2 Nanocomposites in Thin Film Perovskite Solar Cells . Nano Letters , DOI: 10.1021/nl403997a ， Publication Date (Web): December 16, 2013. 《纳米快报》 是一种专门报道纳米科学和纳米技术研究成果，在世界范围内颇有声望的科学杂志之一， 2012 年该刊的影响因子为 13.025 。 Juan Bisquert 等人的研究论文 是 DFO 研究小组在 2013 年以钙钛矿结构为基础而开展的在科学界具有很高影响的光伏太阳能电池研究工作。钙钛矿 结构是非常有效的太阳光吸收材料，将这种有前途的材料与石墨烯结合 , 是因为石墨烯的独特性备受科学家的关注，钙钛矿与石墨烯的结合不仅可以使多功能性得到改进，而且可以使成本降低。石墨烯是一种由碳元素组成的物质，它已经被广泛用于新的先进技术和技术应用领域 , 特别是在高性能锂电池、电子设备、视频屏幕等方面的应用效果截然不同一般。石墨烯作为当今世界最为热门的新材料之一，在信息技术、新能源、功能复合材料乃至生物医学等领域的应用前景极为广阔。 CONTACT DETAILS Juan Bisquert（Email： bisquert@uji.es ） Professor of Applied Physics Departament de Física Universitat Jaume I 12071 Castelló de la Plana Juan Bisquert 等人的研究成果在 太阳能电池效率方面，达到了 15.6% 的新记录。此转换效率已经超过了被认为是光伏材料中最优秀的石墨烯和硅相结合而制得的太阳能电池的转换效率。这种发展也是钙钛矿太阳能电池研究取得巨大进展的一个新的里程碑 , 海梅一世大学的研究小组为此做出了开创性贡献。 研究人员伊娃·巴里亚（ Eva Barea ） , 伊凡·莫拉（ Iván Mora ）和 Juan Bisquert 解释说 , 新太阳能电池设备由在温度低于 150 ℃ 的条件下处理的 几层材料组成。 他们也强调了这一研究对光伏能源领域的重要性 , 因为他们已经获得了很高的光电转换效率。 此外 , 该太阳能电池设备在低温生产 , 从而有利于促进其大规模工业化生产。 反过来 , 这一事实意味着生产成本更低，而且有可能将其用于以软塑料为基础的一些设备。 更多信息请浏览原文,原文摘要如下： The highest efficiencies in solution-processable perovskite-based solar cells have beenachieved using an electron collection layer that requires sintering at 500 °C. This is unfavorable for low-cost production, applications on plastic substrates, and multijunction device architectures. Here we report a low-cost, solution-based deposition procedure utilizing nanocomposites of graphene and TiO 2 nanoparticlesas the electron collection layers in meso-superstructured perovskite solarcells. The graphene nanoflakes provide superior charge-collection in thenanocomposites, enabling the entire device to be fabricated at temperatures nohigher than 150 °C. These solar cells show remarkable photovoltaic performance with a power conversionefficiency up to 15.6%. This work demonstrates that graphene/metal oxidenanocomposites have the potential to contribute significantly toward the development of low-cost solar cells. 领导作者简介： Juan Bisquert is full Professor of Applied Physics at Universitat Jaume I de Castelló, where he leads the Group of Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices . He has published more than 270 papers in research journals. Current research activity is focused on nanoscale devices for production and storage of clean energies, in particular dye-sensitized solar cells, organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and solar fuels. Boardships Senior Editor, the Journal of Physical Chemistry . Advisory board, Energy and Environmental Science . Editorial board, ChemElectroChem . Editorial board, The Korean Electrochemical Society .
太阳能电池新作：利用窗户来发电 诸平 据美国化学会主办的 ACS Nano 杂志网站 2013 年 12 月 10 日 发表的研究报告称，英国牛津大学物理系和数学系的研究人员合作，已经研制出中性色半透明微结构钙钛矿（ perovskites ）阵列的太阳能电池，该太阳能电池是由新型复合钙钛矿晶体小岛薄膜构成，具有光电转化效率高和半透明的特征。图 1 （ Fig. 1 ）就是一种在玻璃上旋涂钙钛矿形成的薄膜太阳能电池，看上去呈现出浅灰色，而且是透明的。这种将采光与太阳能发电融为一体的新型太阳能电池，有望成为高楼大厦外层装饰、车辆挡风玻璃等的替代品，除了传统使用玻璃的功能之外，有增加了光电转化功能，这无疑对于拓展太阳能电池的更广泛应用意义重大。 Fig. 1 Seeing Clearly A thin-film solar cell made by spin-coating a perovskite onto glass appears light gray and transparent to the eye. Credit: ACS Nano 办公楼和摩天大楼的绝大部分房地产的窗户都是采集太阳能最有效的区域，如果是由自身重量轻、太阳能转化效率高，而且外观给人以美感的轻量级太阳能电池构成窗户材料，采光完全可以实现一箭双雕之目的，是传统的采光与利用太阳能发电融为一体。这样一种美妙的设计已经由英国牛津大学的研究人员变成了现实，他们的研究成果 2013 年 12 月 10 日 已经在美国化学会主办的 ACS Nano 杂志网站发表—— Giles E. Eperon, Victor M. Burlakov, Alain Goriely, Henry J. Snaith. Neutral Color Semitransparent Microstructured Perovskite Solar Cells . ACS Nano , Publication Date (Web): December 10, 2013; DOI: 10.1021/nn4052309 . 对于窗户的用途而言 , 方便采光是其主要功能，但是如果在窗户上安装透明的薄膜式太阳能电池，不仅使原有的采光功能没有受到影响，而且可以利用太阳光来产生足够的能量。有机光伏材料能吸收红外线 , 透过可见光 , 但其效率非常低。无机半导体 , 如非晶硅 , 虽然对太阳光中的可见光吸收很强 , 但是用于窗户势必会影响采光。因此 , 为了不影响窗户的采光功能，太阳能电池薄膜必须非常薄以便透光 , 减少其对光子的捕获量。但是在实际生活中，向阳一侧的窗户为了避免强光照射，也有不少的建筑物窗户采用褐色或浅红色的玻璃 , 虽然说这种装饰设计师并不喜欢，但是为了避免强光直射又不得不采取相应措施。 由物理学家亨利· J ·斯奈思（ Henry J. Snaith ）领导的牛津大学研究团队 , 在他们的太阳能电池中使用钙钛矿 , 一类象矿石一样的晶体材料 , 最近引起光伏发电研究人员的高度关注。钙钛矿具有类似于无机半导体的特性，而且显示出超过 15% 光电转换效率。为了制造钙钛矿的半透明太阳能电池 , 研究人员采用钙钛矿薄膜的形态控制，以便形成半透明的平面异质结太阳能电池，使其具有中性色和较高的光电转化效率。首先将钙钛矿 CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3- x Cl x 沉积在玻璃上形成一种薄膜，再涂上掺氟氧化锡（ fluorine-doped tin oxide ）。研究人员制备该薄膜是将 CH 3 NH 4 I 和 PbCl 2 混合溶入一种溶剂之中，然后将该溶液旋涂到玻璃上。而溶剂可以选用二甲亚砜（ dimethylsulfoxide ）等。涂好后将其加热，加热温度范围从 90 ℃ 到 130 ℃ 。随着溶液的冷却 , 经历了一个被称之为去湿的过程 ; 在玻璃表面会形成液滴 , 当溶剂蒸发之后，会导致在钙钛矿晶体材料小岛之间留下间隙。这些晶体材料小岛吸收光子并将其转换成电子 , 而照射到空白区的太阳光就会透过玻璃。最终形成的是一种浅灰色彩的透明太阳能电池。研究人员就是利用自发去湿之优势创建钙钛矿小岛的微结构阵列，其长度足够小足使人用眼睛看上去，就是象连续不断的一样，而且在钙钛矿小岛之间太阳光的透射差异也同样无法觉察出有任何衰减的迹象。 随着此薄膜的透明度增加 , 光电转化效率也会下降。最透明的太阳能电池 , 大约有 30% 的入射光透过 , 光转换成电能的效率只有 3.5% ；而透明度最差的薄膜 , 只有 7% 的入射光透过，其光电转化效率接近 8% 。斯奈思谈到 , 理想的涂饰是让入射光中有大约一半透过，光电转换效率在 5% 左右。他说他们认为目前的研究结果尚有很多需要进一步改进 , 而且他们已经成立了一家公司，取名为牛津光伏（ Oxford Photovoltaics ），积极推进其商业化进程，有望在 2017 年使其商业化产品投放市场。 斯奈思说下一步工作就是确定材料的稳定性。一个实际的太阳能电池应该可以稳定工作好几年。即使其停止发电 , 包含电池的窗口应保持它的颜色和透明度至少十年时间稳定不变。此外 , 该太阳能电池需要透明电极传输电流。而电极最有可能的是在设计的两个标准窗格玻璃之间插入，这些电极材料可能由金属纳米线或旋涂铟锡氧化物构成。 加州大学洛杉矶分校（ University of California, Los Angeles ）有机电子材料和设备研究组组长杨阳（ Yang Yang ）教授，对于斯奈思研制的这种新型太阳能电池的评价是“神奇的技术（ fantastictechnology ）”，因为杨阳教授一直在追求适宜于窗口使用的透明太阳能电池 , 他说就钙钛矿的商业化而言，仍有许多挑战 , 如使用铅和电池对湿度的敏感性等都需要进行深入研究。但他发现这些材料具有良好的发展前景：“在太阳能电池技术中，其光电转化效率的快速发展是史无前例的。” 更多信息请浏览： Giles E. Eperon, Victor M. Burlakov, Alain Goriely, Henry J. Snaith. Neutral Color Semitransparent Microstructured Perovskite SolarCells . ACS Nano , Publication Date (Web): December 10, 2013; DOI: 10.1021/nn4052309 . 2013年12月19日，美国《 科学 》杂志公布了其评出的2013年十大科学突破，其中包括“ 钙钛矿太阳能电池 ”，这种新一代太阳能电池材料在过去一年中获得大量关注，它比传统的硅电池要更便宜且更易生产。钙钛矿电池目前还不及现有的商用太阳能电池那样有效，但正以飞快的速度改进。 相关报道（张晓锋提供）： New technique announced to turn windows into power generators Norwegian company EnSol AS to develop unique patented technology in collaboration with University of Leicester Issued on 10 August 2010 Jpeg images available from pressoffice@le.ac.uk Photocall: 2pm on Tuesday August 10, Physics Building, University of Leicester View an interview with Professor Binns via streaming video or YouTube .
Nature 2013 501 (7467) p.395发表日期：2013年9月19日 以有机金属卤化物钙钛矿作为光吸收材料的纳米结构的固体太阳能电池，最近实现了对于实际应用具有吸引力的能量转换效率。现在，Mingzhen Liu等人发现，当采用气相沉积而不是通常的溶液处理方法来沉积钙钛矿时，即便是在更简单的装置结构中用这些材料也能实现高效率。由于完全免除了对复杂纳米结构的需要，所以大规模制造的前景可能会更好。（Link to Letter p. 395; News Views p. 323）
geminate recombination and non-geminate recombination in organic solar cells 有机太阳能电池中的孪生复合与非孪生复合 Below content was copied from Adv. Funct. Mater. 2013, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201202643 "Nongeminate Recombination and Charge Transport Limitations in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Solution- Processed Small Molecule Solar Cells" ============== Geminate recombination occurs when a coulombically bound electron-hole pair generated from absorption of a single photon recombines before the electron and hole can separate into free charge carriers. Nongeminate recombination is the recombination of free charge carriers and encompasses both trap-assisted and bimolecular mechanisms. Experimentally, geminate and nongeminate mechanisms can be distinguished by observing the timescale at which they occur and their dependence on carrier density. The probability of geminate recombination is independent of carrier density and geminate losses happen within nanoseconds of absorption. In contrast, nongeminate losses are carrier density dependent and typically occur after micro-to milliseconds when illumination conditions are comparable to 1 sun.
据物理学家组织网（ Phys.org ） 2 013 年 2 月 20 日 报道，美国加州理工学院（ California Institute of Technology ）、美国国家标准技术局（ National Institute of Standards and Technology ）、马里兰大学（ University of Maryland ）、 美国波音－光谱实验室 (Boeing-Spectrolab Inc.) 的科学家联合开发出一种多结太阳能电池，其转化效率超过 50%，达到51.8%；而之前的3结太阳能电池的转化效率仅仅只有43.5% 。此项研究结果已经在一个月前（2013-01-22）在《应用物理快报》（APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS）杂志网站发表，详见： http://doc.sciencenet.cn/DocInfo.aspx?id=16905 或者 Multijunction solar cell could exceed 50% efficiency goal February 20, 2013 by Lisa Zyga The new multijunction solar cell design has three subcells that each have different band gaps to absorb different parts of the solar spectrum. The scientists focused on improving the current match and the lattice match among the subcells to achieve the highest simulated efficiency for this type of solar cell to date. Credit: Marina S. Leite, et al. 2013 American Institute of Physics (Phys.org)—Scientists have designed a new multijunction solar cell that, in simulations, can achieve an efficiency of 51.8%. This high performance exceeds the current goal of 50% efficiency in multijunction solar cell research as well as the current world record of 43.5% for a 3-junction solar cell. http://phys.org/news/2013-02-multijunction-solar-cell-efficiency-goal.html#nwlt 相关博文： 转化效率突破50%的新型太阳能电池 20.4%：CIGS太阳能电池的转化效率又创世界新纪录 三层复合太阳能电池 创转换效率新记录 夹心式纳米结构太阳能电池，效率提高175% 高效率量子点太阳能电池，EQE=114% 18.2%：纳米结构太阳能电池转化效率的新突破 ZnO纳米线太阳能电池的最新进展 物理学家创石墨烯太阳能电池效率新纪录
最近，我们在 Chemical Society Reviews 上发表了题为Enhancing solar cell efficiency: the search for luminescent materials as spectral converters 的综述。 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/CS/C2CS35288E Photovoltaic (PV) technologies for solar energy conversion represent promising routes to green and renewable energy generation. Despite relevant PV technologies being available for more than half a century, the production of solar energy remains costly, largely owing to low power conversion efficiencies of solar cells. The main difficulty in improving the efficiency of PV energy conversion lies in the spectral mismatch between the energy distribution of photons in the incident solar spectrum and the bandgap of a semiconductor material. In recent years, luminescent materials, which are capable of converting a broad spectrum of light into photons of a particular wavelength, have been synthesized and used to minimize the losses in the solar-cell-based energy conversion process. In this review, we will survey recent progress in the development of spectral converters, with a particular emphasis on lanthanide-based upconversion, quantum-cutting and down-shifting materials, for PV applications. In addition, we will also present technical challenges that arise in developing cost-effective high-performance solar cells based on these luminescent materials. TOC
即使美国初裁判决中国太阳能电池及组件高额反倾销，但全球范围组件价格的迅速下滑使得从根本上无法降低组件成本的美国企业，不得不陆续申请破产。从2011年几大美国太阳能制造商陆续破产后，时至如今，率先获得创投注资的薄膜太阳能组件制造商Konarka日前申请破产保护。 此前该公司曾表示下一代有机光伏电池，电池效率为8.3%，Konarka声称价格很便宜，但由于最近2年来矽材料的大幅下跌（475美金跌至24美金），使得Konarka公司优势荡然无存。 2009年美国政府曾经给予Konarka公司650万美金支持，希望Konarka公司将OPV电池效率提升至20%，但Konarka至今难以突破10%效率。Konarka于法院档中阐明公司资产约在10万至50万美元之间，债务金额在1，000万至5，000万美元之间。 该公司表示，目前其没有足够的资金和订单支持，财务状况不佳，因此申请破产。Konarka采用有机薄膜电池技术，以氧化钛奈米颗粒为主的半导体，体积非常微小；置入玻璃基体薄膜后，射入光会激发有机染料的分子，再被奈米细孔薄膜上的氧化钛奈米颗粒吸收，导致电子在半导体中被释放并形成电流。 http://www.konarka.com/index.php/site/pressreleasedetail/konarka_technologies_files_for_chapter_7_bankruptcy_protection Media Contact: Tracy Wemett BroadPR +1-617-868-5031 tracy@broadpr.com PRESS RELEASE Return to Previous Page Konarka Technologies Files for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy Protection Lowell, Mass. - June 1, 2012 - Konarka Technologies, Inc., a leading developer of thin-film solar panels, has filed for bankruptcy protection under chapter 7 of the Federal bankruptcy laws. Under chapter 7 proceedings, the company’s operations cease and a trustee is tasked with liquidating the company’s assets for the benefit of creditors. Creditors will be asked to submit their claims to the Bankruptcy Court and are unable to obtain payment from the company. Howard Berke, chairman, president and CEO of Konarka, said, "Konarka has been unable to obtain additional financing, and given its current financial condition, it is unable to continue operations. This is a tragedy for Konarka’s shareholders and employees and for the development of alternative energy in the United States." Konarka was founded by Mr. Berke and by Dr. Alan Heeger, the winner of the Nobel Prize for his work in conductive polymers. Among the Company’s assets are over hundreds of owned and licensed patents and patent applications in the field of solar energy and a state-of-the-art manufacturing plant in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Mr. Berke noted that several large international companies had expressed interest in financing or acquiring the company. He further noted that, given the worldwide interest in the company, including from the Chinese government, the company had not entirely given up hope that a rescue financing or acquisition would emerge in the bankruptcy. Under Chapter 7 proceedings, however, any such transactions are evaluated by a trustee and not by the company itself. Further information about the company, including a copy of its petition in bankruptcy, is contained on Konarka’s website, http://www.konarka.com . All trademarks recognized.
今天一天都在CCS-RSC论坛待着……全是关于电池的，包括聚合物太阳能电池、染料敏化太阳能电池、燃料电池、锂电池等等，报告时间从早上九点到下午五点半（中午12点到14点午饭时间）。 上午：墨尔本大学Andrew B. Holmes教授(聚合物太阳能电池)，诺丁汉大学Elizabeth Gibson博士(聚合物太阳能电池)，中国科学院化学所王朝晖研究员(染料敏化太阳能电池)，厦门大学郑南峰教授(燃料电池)，报告时间均为40分钟。 下午：中国科学院长春应用化学研究所王鹏研究员(染料敏化太阳能电池)，40分钟；北京理工大学曲良体教授(石墨烯量子点)，华南理工大学吴宏滨教授(聚合物太阳能电池)，中国科学院化学所李永舫研究员(聚合物太阳能电池)，20分钟；帝国理工学院Martyn A. McLachlan博士(杂化太阳能电池结构)，中国科学院化学所郭玉国研究员(锂电池)，40分钟。 以上按照演讲先后顺序排列。全部都是用英语讲，摧残，身心疲惫…
这可能是小分子太阳能电池，可能是卟啉做给体，富勒烯做受体，大概是东京大学的中村荣一研究组做出来的，由三菱公司优化的。打印版电池效率为9.2%，实验室内可做到9.5%。工业化的东西，大概日本人是既不会发文章，也不会申专利的吧。 ============ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6027/293.full?sid=f5abf115-1b31-4415-b202-32da42815ea7 332 no. 6027 p. 293 DOI: 10.1126/science.332.6027.293 NEWS ANALYSIS SOLAR ENERGY Outlook Brightens for Plastic Solar Cells Robert F. Service The global market for solar cells has been growing at more than 30% a year for much of the past decade. But to match the scale of coal or nuclear power anytime soon, the technology will have to do much better. Silicon cells, the premier solar technology, convert 15% to 20% of the energy in sunlight to electricity, and their price has been dropping steadily. But many industry observers worry that a price floor could be near, because the cells require expensive clean-room technology to manufacture. Thin films of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium are 15% efficient and cheap, but indium is in short supply. Cadmium-telluride thin films, which rely on rare tellurium, are in much the same boat. View larger version: In this page In a new window On the rise. Makers of organic solar cells report steady gains in electrical output. SOURCE: COMPANY DATA “The door is still open for a technology that gives you 15%, is cheap, and uses abundant materials,” says Michael McGehee, a materials scientist at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. It's an opening that makers of plastic solar cells hope to fill. For years the efficiency of polymer-based cells scraped along at a feeble 3% to 5%. But things have improved markedly over the past 2 years. In early April, Mitsubishi Chemical reportedly set a new efficiency record, producing organic solar cells with a 9.2% conversion efficiency, according to The Nikkei , a Japanese business daily. Meanwhile, three other companies—Konarka Technologies in Lowell, Massachusetts; Solarmer Energy Inc. in El Monte, California; and Heliatek in Dresden, Germany—are now reporting cells with efficiencies greater than 8%. Many researchers in the field are confident that the figure could soon top 10% and possibly reach 15%. “The efficiency of organics is lower than other technologies,” says Bernard Kippelen, an optics expert at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta. “But they are catching up at a fast pace.” Just what lies behind the efficiency gains in the companies' cells is hard to determine, as they have released few details about how they are made. But progress has been coming in areas beyond efficiency as well. For example, researchers led by Wei You, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, reported online 4 March in the Journal of the American Chemical Society devising two novel polymer-based light absorbers that catch less light than some polymers but are better at converting what they do catch to electricity. In recent years, most makers of polymer solar cells have focused on designing polymers that absorb all visible light down into the reds, the low-energy end of the spectrum. The hope has been that maximizing the amount of light absorbed would improve the cells' energy conversion. Although that approach has been somewhat successful, the red absorbers are less successful than higher-energy light-absorbing polymers at converting absorbed light to electricity. View larger version: In this page In a new window Future power? Plastic solar cells are lightweight, flexible, and cheap to make. Efforts now focus on boosting efficiency and lifetimes. IMAGE CREDIT: KONARKA You and his colleagues created two new violet-to-yellow light absorbers, which give up on harvesting the reds but do a better job with what they do catch. The result was single-layer polymer cells with a 7.3% efficiency. “That's impressive work,” says Alan Heeger, a physicist at the University of California (UC) Santa Barbara, who won the chemistry Nobel Prize in 2000 for his work on conducting polymers and has pioneered work on polymer solar cells. Heeger notes that the new polymer should be ideally suited to pairing with a second, red-absorbing cell to make higher efficiency “tandem” cells. Heeger's group reported the first tandem polymer solar cells 4 years ago ( Science , 13 July 2007, p. 222 ). The idea is to stack two or more solar cells atop one another, one to absorb more energetic photons of blue and green light, the other to focus on catching the reds. It's a strategy used widely by makers of inorganic cells. But it has been less successful with organics, in part because the solvents used to print the top solar-cell layers can dissolve those underneath. Polymer tandem makers try to prevent that by laying down a barrier layer between the two cells. But just the right barriers can be hard to make, because they must be not only conductive to collect electrical charges in the cells but also optically transparent. At the American Chemical Society (ACS) meeting 2 weeks ago, * Yang Yang, a physicist at UC Los Angeles, reported that his group had modified a common interlayer material known as PEDOT, making it five orders of magnitude more conductive. That should make it a far better barrier layer and improve the performance of tandem cells, work the group is now trying to carry out. Another concern for organic solar cells has been lifetime. As anyone who has left children's plastic toys in the backyard over the summer knows, sun can degrade many organic materials. That's of particular concern for solar cells that must hold up under relentless sun exposure. In hopes of addressing this concern, McGehee and colleagues at Stanford have constructed an apparatus to speed up lifetime testing of organic solar cells. At the ACS meeting, McGehee reported that the first light-absorbing polymer his lab tested, known as PCDTBT, lasted 7 years. That may seem short to someone looking to get decades of power out of the devices, but McGehee says efforts to improve the lifetime of these devices are just beginning. “I think that it's encouraging,” he says. Many organic-solar-cell researchers are starting to share his sunny outlook. ↵ * American Chemical Society, 27–31 March, Anaheim, California. The editors suggest the following Related Resources on Science sitesIn Science Magazine Not-So-Sunny Outlook for Organic Photovoltaics Edwin A. Chandross Science 1 July 2011 : 35 - 36 . Full Text Full Text (PDF) ============= http://techcrunch.com/2011/04/06/mitsubishi-chemical-to-commercialize-printable-solar-cells-next-year/ Mitsubishi Chemical To Commercialize Printable Solar Cells NextYear Serkan Toto posted on April 6th, 2011 Comments Another small step ahead in solar energy: Mitsubishi Chemical has developed printable solar cells with a conversion rate of 9.2% and now plans to commercialize the cells as early as next year, according to Japanese business daily The Nikkei. The cells are reportedly 90% lighter than the products currently out there and just “several hundred nanometers” thick. Because they are mainly based on carbon, Mitsubishi expects their cells to eventually cost 90% less than their silicon-based counterparts. Developed in collaboration with the University of Tokyo , the cells can be attached to a variety of objects, but Mitsubishi is already cooperating with Japanese car makers in order to explore ways to use them for electric cars and hybrids. By 2015, the company wants to see the 9.2% conversion rate of their cells to grow to 15%. Tags:solar energy,cgjapan,solar cells,Mitsubishi Chemical,Headlin
去年下半年的一点成果，本来可以深入继续搞下去的，可惜这边不做DSSC... 以前实验室的兄弟们告诉我，在改进若干条件后现在差不多做到6%了，在基于氧化锌 阳极材料的准固态DSSC里面，这个效率已经是世界前列了...可惜跟我没啥关系了，其实 做电池还是蛮好玩的... 期刊不算太好，被EES婉拒，诱惑说PCCP可以无审接受，实在是被投稿过程搞得太累，遂 从了。编辑有做奸商的潜力。所以有了“Received 6th April 2011, Accepted 7th April 2011”。 这个就是传说中的，瞬投瞬收。。。 不知道的还觉得很nx，其实。。。哎。。。人生啊，人生。。。 对于这个工作我对其中的想法还是蛮满意的，目前DSSC很多用氧化钛和氧化锌的纳米材料 作为阳极，通常有纳米颗粒，纳米线，以及各种多级结构。提高效率主要是从提高比表面积， 载流子传输速率，加强光散射三个方面入手。明显的纳米颗粒虽然比表面积大，但是不利于 载流子的传输；纳米线虽然提供了良好的导电通道，但是表面积又不太够；这里，我们一步 合成的多级结构（直接化学沉淀，无需劳什士高压釜，表面活性剂，常温常压家里面都可以 做）比表面积大，载流子传输系数是纳米颗粒的10倍，同时又可以作为良好的光散射中心， 无疑是一种优秀的DSSC光阳极材料。有兴趣的朋友可以follow一下哈，如果想合作做做可以 和俺以前的boss联系。另外求引用，呵呵。 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2011/cp/c1cp21068h ZnO hierarchical structures for efficient quasi-solid dye-sensitized solar cells Chun Cheng, Yantao Shi, Chao Zhu, Wei Li, Lin Wang, Kwok Kwong Fung and Ning Wang Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 2011, Advance Article DOI: 10.1039/C1CP21068H, Communication Abstract We report a direct precipitation method for mass production of ZnO microflowers (MFs) containing hierarchical structures. The ZnO MFs are constructed by interlaced single crystalline and porous nanosheets which are ideal photoanode material for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) because the MFs can largely improve the energy harvesting performance and the efficiency of DSCs. Compared with other forms of nano-sized structures, the novel hierarchical structures show obvious advantages in DSC application because of their large surface area for dye-loading, good light scattering efficiency and excellent electrical transport property. The quasi-solid state DSCs fabricated with the MF hierarchical structures exhibited an efficiency of 4.12%, much higher than that of ZnO nanoparticle-based DSCs, indicating a great potential for the development of highly-efficient quasi-solid DSCs.
众所周知，光兼具电、磁双重属性。但到目前为止，科学家们大多认为磁场效应太弱因而可以忽略。最近，美国Michigan大学的 Stephen Rand及其合作者经研究后指出，实际情况并非如此，并研发出一种新的光电池。 (From： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EM_spectrum.svg ) 研究表明，当穿越一种非导电材料时，光可以产生比原先预计强100倍的磁效应。在高强度光情况下，磁效应可与电效应匹敌。利用这个特性，该团队研制出了一种高容量的新电源，其中的电荷分离是通过光的磁效应而非电效应来实现的。凭此，在太阳能电池制造过程中，就可以不用半导体材料了，变得更加经济有效。 参考资料 ： Optically-induced charge separation and terahertz emission in unbiased dielectrics W. M. Fisher, S. C. Rand, J. Appl. Phys . 2011 , 109 , 064903. DOI: 10.1063/1.3561505 （From： http://www.chemistryviews.org/ ） （From： http://en.wikipedia.org/ ） 相关研究 ： New Type of Solar Cell with Improved Efficiency
染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSC），也称为Gratzel cell 。目前最成功的是Gratzel等人提出的染料敏化纳米二氧化钛薄膜为光阳极的太阳能光电池(简称为Gratzel电池)，其光电转换效率在模拟日光照射下(AM1.5，1000Wm -2 )已达10%。电极材料TiO 2 具备价格便宜、制备简单、无毒、稳定、应用范围广，且抗腐蚀性能好。但其禁带宽度为3.2eV；吸收范围都在紫外区，因此需要染料敏化。为了吸附更多的染料分子，必须制备多孔、大比表面积的纳米TiO 2 薄膜电极。 多孔纳米 T iO 2 薄膜的制备方法主要有两种：溶胶-凝胶法和由二氧化钛超细粉制得。如由二氧化钛纳米管，碳纳米管阵列的制备已产生了各种方法，包括沉积到一个纳米多孔氧化铝模板；溶液凝胶法以有机凝胶因子作为模板，在水浴中进行种子生长。 同时Gopal等人还发现，添加额外的乙酸到阳极电解液可以改变二氧化钛纳米管的脆性，改善使用时易损坏的倾向，提高其机械强度。此外， 在硼酸环境中制备的钛纳米管表现出紫外光电转化效率为7.8%，在580℃ 退火制得的 6 微米的纳米管阵列表现出最高的转化效率 为12.25%。 此外， Mane 等人研究的 TiO 2 /ZnO 薄膜电极的染料敏化太阳能电池，通过采用化学浴沉积技术制得TiO 2 /ZnO系统禁带宽度为3.2 eV ，敏化的 TiO 2 /ZnO 电池有一个25min的短路电流稳定期 ，设备的光电转换效率为0.67 ％。 染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳能电池多采用液态电解质作为电荷传输材料。液态电解质的选材范围广，电极电势易于调节，因此取得了一定成果。但液态电解质有以下缺点：(1)液态电解质的存在易导致敏化染料的脱附；(2)溶剂挥发，可与敏化染料作用导致染料降解；(3)密封工艺复杂，密封剂也可能与电解质反应。 对于全固态太阳能电池，目前最常用的是空穴传输材料一般为p型。p型半导体材料应满足:(1)在可见光区(染料的吸收范围)内必须是透明的；(2)沉积p型半导体材料的方法不能使吸附在 TiO 2 纳米晶体上的染料溶解或降解；(3)染料的激发态能级在 TiO 2 导带之上，而基态能级在p型半导体价带之下。 参考： 1. 陈振兴. 高分子电池材料. 北京：化学工业出版社，2006 2. Gopal K. Mor, Oomman K. Varghese et al. Solar Energy Materials Solar Cells 90(2006)，2011-2075 3. Rajaram S. Mane, Won Joo Lee, et al. J.Phys.Chem. B 2005,109,24254-24259
标签: 太阳能电池
