http://www.marcandangel.com/2011/03/21/12-steps-to-make-a-dream-a-reality/ Here are 12 fundamental steps for turning the dreams and ideas in your mind into realities in your life. We all have our own life to pursue, our own kind of dream to be weaving. And we all have some power to make wishes come true, as long as we keep believing. - Louisa May Alcott Step #1 – Lose the negative attitude. Think positively. Negative thinking creates negative results. Positive thinking creates positive results. Period. Every one of the other suggestions below are irrelevant if your mind is stuck in the gutter. Positive thinking is at the forefront of every great success story. The mind must believe it can do something before it is capable of actually doing it. For some practical positive thinking guidance I recommend reading The Power of Positive Thinking . Step #2 – Figure out what you really want out of life. You’ll be running on a hamster wheel forever if you never decide where you want to go. Figure out what’s meaningful to you so you can be who you were born to be. Some of us were born to be musicians – to communicate intricate thoughts and rousing feelings with the strings of a guitar. Some of us were born to be poets – to touch people’s hearts with exquisite prose. Some of us were born to be entrepreneurs – to create growth and opportunity where others saw rubbish. And still, some of us were born to be or do whatever it is, specifically, that moves you. Don’t waste your life fulfilling someone else’s dreams and desires. You must follow your intuition and make a decision. Step #3 – Surround yourself with great people. You are the sum of the people you spend the most time with. If you hang with the wrong people, they will negatively affect you. But if you hang with the right people, you will be far more capable and powerful than you ever could have been alone. Find your tribe and work together to make a difference in all of your lives. Tribes by Seth Godin is a great read on this topic. Step #4 – Work on it for real. The harder you work the luckier you will become. Stop waiting around for things to work out. If you keep doing what you’re doing, you’ll keep getting what you’re getting. While many of us decide at some point during the course of our lives that we want to answer our calling, only an astute few of us actually work on it. By “working on it,” I mean truly devoting oneself to the end result. The rest of us never act on our decision. Or, at best, we pretend to act on it by putting forth an uninspired, half-assed effort. Remember, life is not easy, especially when you plan on achieving something worthwhile. Achieving your dreams can be a lot of work. Be ready for it. Step #5 – Don’t make life harder than it needs to be. Life is challenging enough without you senselessly complicating the simple. As Oscar Wilde once said, “Life is not complex. We are complex. Life is simple, and the simple thing is the right thing.” Read our article 60 Ways To Make Life Simple Again for good a reminder. Step #6 – Exploit the resources you do have access to. It’s not about having the right resources; it’s about exploiting the resources you do have access to. Stevie Wonder couldn’t see, so he exploited his sense of hearing into a passion for music, and he now has 25 Grammy Awards to prove it. Get it? Step #7 – Focus on things you can change. Some forces are out of your control. The best thing you can do is do the best with what’s in front of you with the resources you do have access to. Wasting your time, talent and emotional energy on things that are beyond your control is a recipe for frustration, misery and stagnation. Invest your energy in the things you can change. Step #8 – Don’t avoid things you don’t understand. Right now there’s a lot you don’t know. No matter how smart you are or how much you learn there will always be more to learn. Hiding from what you don’t know will bury you right beside your dreams. So embrace the things you don’t understand and study them. Achieving this understanding is what living your life is all about. Step #9 – Ignore negative naysayers. When you receive negative feedback, remember, it doesn’t matter how many people don’t get it, it matters how many do. Still, no matter how much progress you make there will always be the people who insist that whatever you’re trying to do is impossible. Or they may incessantly suggest that the idea or dream as a whole is utterly ridiculous because nobody really cares. When you come across these people, don’t try to reason with them. Instead, forget that they exist. They will only waste your time and energy. Step #10 – Take good care of your body and your brain. Your body is the greatest tool you’ll ever own. It impacts every step you take and every move you make. You won’t get anything done without it. And don’t forget that your brain is part of your body too. The human brain only accounts for roughly 2% of the total mass of the human body, yet it consumes over 20% of the oxygen and nutrients the human body intakes. So nourish your body, exercise it and rest it appropriately. Read The 4-Hour Body . Step #11 – Work on your dreams when you first awake. The mornings are a fresh start, peaceful and free of random mid-day distractions. If you get the things done that are the most important to you first thing in the morning, it puts you in a better place, emotionally and creatively, for the remainder of the day. So put your dreams first. Even if you only have time to work on them for 30 minutes each morning, do it. It truly makes all the difference in the world. Each day, no matter what else happens, you will have done something to make your dreams come true. Step #12 – Enjoy the pain of your greatest challenge. Lots of people have achieved their dreams or conquered formerly impossible feats and continue to enjoy the possibilities of new challenges. These people will all tell you there’s nothing more gratifying than the thrill of your greatest challenge – making your dreams a reality. The inherent bruises and pains along the way are simply mile markers on your trip to the finish line. And when you finally do finish, you may actually find yourself missing the daily grind. Ultimately, you’ll realize that pleasure and pain can be one and the same. Final Thoughts As I’ve said before, if there was ever a moment to follow your heart and do something that matters to you, that moment is now. Nothing ever gets done by reading an article about doing it. You’ve got to put in the effort and take action. So go for it! Now! Make yourself proud.
By Karen Hopkin Making the Gradient Ron Kaback didn’t believe that electrochemical gradients could power the transport of sugars and amino acids across cell membranes—until he proved that they do. “I no longer flatly advise my postdocs to go into academia. I tell them, ‘Look, if you want to be an assistant professor, you have to be really hungry for it.’ The average age for getting a first grant is 42 years old. That’s absolutely terrible. So I tell people, ‘ Unless you are really, really willing to sacrifice most everything else to your scientific career, go into biotech . But remember, when you go to the Dark Side, the thing you give up is your freedom. ’” “To be a good scientist, I think it helps to be smart—but not too smart. I think if you’re too smart you may talk yourself out of too many experiments. And you can’t be patient. Impatience is very important. You have to really want results. If you’re too patient, nothing will ever get done.” Read more: Making the Gradient - The Scientist - Magazine of the Life Sciences http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/58139/#ixzz1MBbsboJ0
By Liz Goodwin Two tall and skinny waterspouts appeared off the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii yesterday, as some of the bad weather that has lately assailed the U.S. mainland has now alighted on the Pacific island. The Star Advertiser reports that the waterspouts appeared during a hail and lightning storm that had reportedly knocked out power for at least 60,000 East Honolulu and Windward Oahuresidents Monday evening. The spouts lasted for about 12 minutes. Waterspouts can become twisters if they reach land, but are usually weak. You can watch the video via the link below: http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_thelookout/20110503/us_yblog_thelookout/double-waterspouts-form-off-hawaii-shore
Journal of Power Sources Country : Netherlands Subject Area : Chemistry | Energy Subject Category : Electrochemistry , Energy (miscellaneous) Publisher : Elsevier BV . Publication type : Journals. ISSN : 03787753 Coverage: 1976-2011 H Index : 119 Scope: The Journal of Power Sources provides an interdisciplinary forum on all aspects of the science, technology and commercialization of primary/secondary The Journal of Power Sources provides an interdisciplinary forum on all aspects of the science, technology and commercialization of primary/secondary batteries and fuel cells, supercapacitors, photo-electrochemical cells, including their applications in: - Electric Vehicles - Portable Electronics - Hybrid Electric Vehicles - UPS systems - Stationary Power Systems - Remote wind- and/or solar-based power systems - Satellites and deep space probes ( source ) Show full scope Top 10 Cited (articles published in the last five years) Extracted from Scopus (on Tue Apr 19 11:20:53 BST 2011 ) http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/504093/description#description
请进 http://scienceblog.com/ Solar power without solar cells: A hidden magnetic effect of light could make it possible Could black trees blossom in a world with two suns? Exploiting the stress response to detonate mitochondria in cancer cells Limitations of question about race can create inaccurate picture of health-care disparities First heart attack patient treated in European cardioprotection phase III trial with NeuroVive’s CicloMulsion LED efficiency puzzle solved by UC Santa Barbara theorists Biophysicist targeting IL-6 to halt breast, prostate cancer ’3-D towers’ of information double data storage areal density Researcher to present discoveries on medical uses of ultrasound to Londons Royal Society Rational, emotional reasons guide genetic-testing choices
Can we ever be low power enough? Part 2: TFS flashmemory By Donnie Garcia This is a follow up to “Can we ever be low power enough, Part 1″ A self-managed disease A major problem in the treatment of chronic diseases is patient compliance. I hear about this issue frequently from both my brother and mother, who are nurses in South Texas. Diabetes patients, for example, must routinely check blood sugar, and if necessary, self-administer insulin. Compliance is a complex disease management issue, and it’s the focus of many medical professionals (do an Internet search on the topic of “compliance and diabetes” and you’ll see what I mean). For diabetes and many other self-managed diseases, the responsibility for day-to-day management, prevention and treatment is in the hands of the patient. Though compliance is in the best interest of everyone involved, assuring, verifying and attaining full patient compliance is often an uphill battle. Technologies that enable data logging capabilities to track compliance can help pave the way to more cost-effective, low-power consumption designs and devices, and in turn, help healthcare practitioners and patients gain insight and visibility into behaviors. Enabling remote data logging Data logging, which includes storing not just vital stats and levels, but also chronological (date, time) stats, is already available on some portable medical devices. But why don’t all medical devices support this feature? Most portable medical devices that currently support data logging do so with an external EEPROM device. But, designing these devices with external EEPROM components contributes to higher system cost, while adding to BOM component count and PCB board space. In addition, a traditional implementation of data logging can have impact to power consumption, affecting battery life for portable devices. Consider the typical blood glucose meter use case which I discussed previously. As stage 3 shows, after each blood glucose reading, time, date and result can be logged. For an external EEPROM, byte write times (the time it takes for storing 8 bits of data) take 5 milliseconds. During this time, EEPROM write power consumption will be an incremental 4 milliamps. As multiple bytes of data are being sent, the end result is a contribution to the number of operating seconds and operating power for the portable medical device. In addition, the traditional EEPROM can contribute to standby power. Depending on the external EEPROM used, the standby power adder can be in the range of 100s of nano-amps to 5microamps. Current Thin Film Storage (TFS) flash memory technology can support data logging without the added cost or incremental power of EEPORM components. In some instances, TFS flash can reduce data write times to just 1% of the time it takes a traditional EEPORM writes. In addition, if TFS flash is embedded into the microcontroller, there is no additional standby power, or external components needed. The chart (below) compares the power profile of an MCU with TFS flash memory (in this case Freescale’s FlexMemory) versus an MCU with external EEPROM. As this illustrates, a device with TFS flash memory has lower standby power and can perform the data logging function much faster, delivering far lower average power consumption that can dramatically extend battery life. Patient non-compliance remains a serious issue for both patient care and controlling medical costs. I am hopeful that more medical device engineers and other designers continue to embrace the benefits of TFS flash memory. Most patients attempting to assure their own compliance would find that more comprehensive data collection and longer battery life would make their lives easier. By supporting data logging, new and emerging medical devices will ultimately benefit medical personnel, such as my mother and brother, patients and all of society as we continue to grapple with improving everyone’s quality of life — at a manageable spending level for us all. http://blogs.freescale.com/2011/04/08/can-we-ever-be-low-power-enough-part-2-tfs-flash-memory/
Bendy batteries a step closer Scientists from Korea have found that with the use of graphene nanosheets, the fabrication of bendable power sources is possible. Electronic devices are no longer confined to the home or office. We travel with them, carry them around and even wear them. To make equipment like roll-up displays and wearable devices achievable, the power source that supplies them must also become more flexible. The major challenge of developing a truly bendable power source has been the shortage of material that is both highly flexible and has superior electronic conductivity. Polymers are typically used, but they can degrade at relatively low temperatures, which makes them less than ideal. Kisuk Kang from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in Daejon, and colleagues, have developed a graphene based hybrid electrode producing a flexible lithium rechargeable battery. The cathode material, in this case V2O5, is grown on graphene paper using pulsed laser deposition and graphene paper coated in lithium is used as the anode. The resultant battery is lightweight and flexible enough to be twisted or rolled. Bendy batteries a step closer The flexible lithium battery based on graphene paper The performance of the new battery is promising, says Kang. 'The electrode exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance in almost all aspects of electrochemical properties, such as higher energy density, power density and better cycle life, compared with non-flexible conventional electrodes,' he adds. 'The gradient nanostructure is curious, and their approach to fabricating a flexible roll-up device is also promising for the next generation of energy storage,' comments Hiroyuki Nishide, an expert in functional polymers and their use in electronics from Waseda University, Japan. Kang hopes to extend the work to increase the battery's performance and long term stability, perhaps using a solid state or polymer electrolyte. He also believes that by combining this new technology with other functional materials, it could be used in applications such as catalysis, photovoltaic devices and organic light emitting diodes. Link to journal article Flexible energy storage devices based on graphene paper Hyeokjo Gwon, Hyun-Suk Kim, Kye Ung Lee, Dong-Hwa Seo, Yun Chang Park, Yun-Sung Lee, Byung Tae Ahn and Kisuk Kang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2011 DOI: 10.1039/c0ee00640h http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c0ee00640h 本帖内容来自 www.chemj.cn ,欢迎访问原帖！ 本贴地址： http://www.chemj.cn/viewthread.php?tid=25549
“权力”（power）和“权利”（right）是两个不同的概念。通常而言，前者是指公共的，又称为公权，而后者是指私人的，与公权相对，称为私权。这是一个基本的区分。我们现在常说“以权谋私”就是指用公共的权力（power）来为自己谋取自己权利（right）。所以，就要受到限制，遭到打击，甚至有人丢掉性命。古来论述权力的人很多，中国有，苏秦张仪之流我就不说了。西方的则要算意大利人马基雅维利(Niccolo' Macchiavelli)。他似乎是第一位将公权和私权利提出来讨论的人物。从而将这个话题带入了现代政治学研究的课题。当然，直至现在，他写的那本《君主论》也还存有很大的争议，可毕竟他是西方现代政治学流派鼻祖，也就是说，是从社会角度探讨如何防止公权力的滥用而导致其所带来的祸害，以避便公权力服务社会而不是奴役社会。在西方世界，另一个典型的代表人物就是罗素（Bertrand Russell)。 罗素的一生充满传奇色彩，他于20年代曾与杜威（John Dowey）先后来过中国，适逢中国“五四”大变局。杜威保持了比较清醒的头脑，虽然也对中国的时局发表了数篇无关痛痒的文章，但始终与中国保持着距离。而罗素就不同了，他不仅在中国有《五大讲演》而且还专门写了所谓的《中国之问题》，将他的理念直接用到了中国的建设上。据他所说，他在字里行间表达了他对中国文明的主观愿望，并非顾左右而言他。希望借讨论中国文明来表达他对西方文明及整个人类文明进行根本改造的渴望。因此，仅从书面意义去理解罗素这部所谓的《中国之问题》这部书，难免误入歧途。 既然是难免，自然就误入了嘛。当时的旧中国，该书的问世可谓一石激起千层浪，在知识界闹得沸沸扬扬，加之罗素的生活及其罗曼蒂克，与中国的旧文人格格不入，因而也是格外引人瞩目。可以说罗素是一个生活在21世纪的大男生走入了19世纪的旧中国，自然引起了剧烈地冲突！ 现在我们回过头来看罗素是如何定义权力的，他说Power may be defined as the production of intended effects. 翻译过来就是：权力可界定为有意施加影响所导致的后果。显然，罗素并不关心权力的本质是什么，而是关注权力的表现形态。他持有一种物理学的观点认为power这个词与物理学中的power即“能量”是一样的。培根（Francis Bacan）不是说Knowleage itself is power （知识就是力量）后来法国哲学家福柯（Michel Foucault）把这句话给论证到知识/权力结构并非没有道理。现在基本上就是这么回事。但关键是如何限制这个权力。
MOSCOW, (Reuters) Russia agreed yesterday to help build Venezuelas first nuclear power plant, sell it tanks and buy $1.6 billion of oil assets, reinforcing ties with President Hugo Chavez who shares Russian opposition to US global dominance Chavez presided over the deals at a Kremlin ceremony with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, who said the two countries shared a strategic partnership and a vision of a world free of overwhelming U.S. influence. Both Russia and Venezuela favour the development of a modern and just world order a world order in which our future does not depend on the will or desire of any one country, its well-being or its mood, Medvedev said. After the presidents talks, Russian nuclear agency chief Sergei Kiriyenko and Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro signed a deal on the construction and use of an atomic power station on the territory of Venezuela. The deal foresees the construction of a power plant with two 1,200-megawatt nuclear reactors as well as a separate research reactor, Russias state nuclear energy company Rosatom said. Chavez later met Prime Minister Vladimir Putin who announced that Russia will soon ship 35 tanks to Venezuela. Chavez told Putin he wants Russian carmaker Avtovaz to assemble cars in Venezuela for the Latin American market. Russia, which recently finished Irans first nuclear power plant, has pushed to expand its presence on the global atomic energy market, and stresses other nations right to peaceful nuclear energy. Medvedev hinted that Chavezs foe, the United States, might not like the deal, but said it was peaceful. A deal in the atomic sphere has just been signed. I already know that it will make someone shudder. The president (of Venezuela) told me that there will be states that will have different types of emotions about this, Medvedev said. I would like to underline that our intentions are clean and open: we want our partner the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to have a full range of energy choices, to have energy independence, he said. Chavez says Venezuela, South Americas biggest oil producer, needs nuclear power to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. He slammed the United States, blaming Washington for his countrys excessive dependence on natural resources. We are still too dependent on oil because the Yankee empire imposed this model on us, he said. He has also cast Venezuelas decision to build nuclear reactors as defying U.S. concerns. He said on Thursday in Moscow that nothing will stop us from developing nuclear power. website:http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/news/breaking/10/15/russia-to-build-nuclear-power-plant-in-venezuela/ 注：之前本人转载的一篇新闻中提到俄罗斯打算大举进军国际核电市场，这次转载的就是他们近期的行动之一，他们已经和委内瑞拉达成协议，帮助他们建设核电站。Both Russia and Venezuela favour the development of a modern and just world order a world order in which our future does not depend on the will or desire of any one country, its well-being or its mood,俄罗斯总统 Medvedev 如是说，他还说到与委内瑞拉建议战略合作伙伴关系以对抗美国的影响(a vision of a world free of overwhelming U.S. influence)。这是否表明了俄罗斯不希望美国一家独霸？想要与美国展开竞争呢？ 面对国际核电市场的激烈竞争，中国应该如何应对？中国国内目前正在大力兴建核电站，我们的技术是否足以在国际市场激烈的竞争中占有一席之地呢？
China needs to become a civil society in order to be a true global leader The following is a guest post by Pei Bin, director of China Partnership Development for BSR , a global business network and consultancy focused on sustainability. The opinions expressed are her own. At the recent Aspen Institute Socrates Summer Seminar, I attended the session Soft-Power: U.S. Leadership in a Hardball World, moderated by Joseph Nye, a professor of International Relations at the Harvard Kennedy School. The session sparked my own reflections on the existence, or lack thereof, of soft power in China. While everyone at the Aspen Institute expressed strong and positive interest in China, the majority of the United States still views China as a threat. As BSRs President and CEO Aron Cramer once said: One thing our countries have in common is that we see our weaknesses through the prism of the perceived power of the other country, and sometimes we lose sight of the balance between the two. As a Chinese national, Chinas economic confidence is clear to me. But the country still lacks a strong global profile and image abroad, otherwise known as soft power. Chinas dramatic economic development driven by top-down policy support and bottom-up entrepreneurship at all levels and across all regions was achieved at the cost of cheap labor, environmental deterioration, and the exploitation of natural resources. Even though China has brought 500 million people out of poverty, the majority of the population is still living in remote, mountainous regions and fighting for daily survival. The Chinese government needs to do a lot more to enable civil society development in China. For the past 30 years, the government has committed to further reforms to foster the development of trade associations and private foundations but with total control of the process. Nonetheless, there is a growing space for civil society in China, as seen with the increase in the number of private foundations in the past several years. More than 1,800 foundations have already been established, and foundations have been growing at a rate of over 200 per year for the past three years. However, there is a lot more the government must do. As David Shambaugh said in a recent article in the International Herald Tribune, China will not develop its soft power until it develops civil society. In order to help accomplish this, China also needs to provide more support and guidance for Chinese companies that want to expand their operations overseas. Currently, there are nearly 60,000 trade associations and chambers of commerce in China. Chinese trade associations need to play a bigger and more positive role in promoting voluntary standards of corporate social responsibility as an integral part of their effective management and operation through engagement of their member companies. This is a stark contrast to the EU trade associations and governments, which already actively support companies internationalization efforts. Additionally, Chinese companies that go abroad need to step up their efforts to engage local communities and stakeholders in their countries of operation. Many of these international projects have been contracted out to construction companies that have no knowledge of community development or sustainable development and lack international management skills. While they have helped build hard infrastructure, such as roads and clinics in Africa, Afghanistan, and Peru, they have failed to empower local communities. China is certainly an economic power when it comes to volume, but it definitely cannot be considered a powerful international leader without making more of a commitment to social leadership as well. Chinese companies need to focus more on the social return on investments that help drive positive social changes in local communities where they operate. Only then can China become a true global leader.
After months of behind the scenes negotiations, Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Joe Lieberman (I-VT) unveiled their climate and energy bill, the American Power Act (APA), on May 12. The draft bill aims to reduce carbon emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by over 80 percent in 2050 through a cap and refund regime, which would return two-thirds of revenues not dedicated to reducing the nations deficit back to consumers with the rest spent on ensuring a smooth transition for American businesses and investing in projects and technologies to reduce emissions and advance our energy security. Below is a summary of APA provisions of interest to the research community. Climate Change Research and Adaptation Provisions APA provides less direction and financial support for climate change research and adaptation activities than its House counterpart, the Waxman-Markey bill. This is largely attributed to the fact that many of the Senate Committees that have jurisdiction of pieces of climate and energy legislation have not yet inserted their respective provisions into the Kerry-Lieberman draft. Climate Services The Senate bill does not include a provision establishing a national climate service, or even a climate service program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Waxman-Markey includes language that would establish a 3-year process for creating a trans-agency national climate service as well as a climate service program within NOAA. The Senate Commerce Committee has been working on language for the last several months to develop a national climate service; however, it appears that the current APA draft does not include the Commerce Committees contributions. It remains to be seen if or when the Committee will insert its provisions into the larger package; the Committee is said to be waiting on indication from leadership that APA will receive floor time this spring or summer. Global Change Research Unlike the Waxman-Markey bill in the House, the Senate bill does not include reauthorization of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). Again, the Senate Commerce Committee has been working on USGCRP reauthorization legislative over the last several months. It remains to be seen if the Committee will include its provisions into the Senate bill. Natural Resources Adaptation The Senate bill includes nearly identical language to Waxman-Markey pertaining to natural resources adaptation. The provisions would establish a Natural Resources Climate Change Adaptation Panel responsible for developing a national strategy to assess the vulnerability of natural resources to climate change and identify protocols and actions for adaptation. Both bills would also codify the National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Centers at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) within DOI and require the Centers and NOAA to work together on providing technical assistance and sponsor research to address natural resources adaptation to climate change. NOAA and DOI would appoint a Science Advisory Board, which could include representatives from universities, to advise on the state of the science as it relates to natural resources adaptation. Additionally, states would be eligible to receive funding to assist in adaptation efforts by preparing state natural resources adaptation plans. International Adaptation APA includes a nearly identical section to Waxman-Markey on the creation of an International Climate Change Adaptation Program. The Senate bill is slightly more inclusive by including the Departments of Commerce and Agriculture, in addition to the Department of State, Department of Treasury, USAID, and EPA which were included in the House bill, in the program to provide assistance to countries vulnerable to climate change. Funds through this program could be used to promote resiliency and adaptation to water scarcity; enhance diversification of agriculture, fishery and other livelihoods; support disaster risk management; assist in the development of sustainable infrastructure; and promote healthy and productive marine and coastal ecosystems. Other Adaptation Activities Unlike Waxman-Markey, the Senate bill does not include a general state adaptation program, which would allow for funding to states to build resiliency to climate change, nor does it include a section on the public health implications of climate change. Fast Mitigation The Senate draft includes a section that is not included in Waxman-Markey relating to options for fast mitigation of climate change. The bill calls for the establishment of an interagency process to review existing and potential policies and measures that promote fast mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The process would include recommendations on what further steps should be taken to implement fast mitigation measures. The bill specifically discusses hydrofluorocarbons, black carbon, and international methane.
After months of behind the scenes negotiations, Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Joe Lieberman (I-VT) unveiled their climate and energy bill, the American Power Act (APA), on May 12. The draft bill aims to reduce carbon emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by over 80 percent in 2050 through a cap and refund regime, which would return two-thirds of revenues not dedicated to reducing the nations deficit back to consumers with the rest spent on ensuring a smooth transition for American businesses and investing in projects and technologies to reduce emissions and advance our energy security. Below is a summary of APA provisions of interest to the research community. ------------------------------------------- Energy Provisions The APA was drafted to try to bridge the differences within the Senate in realization that at least 60 votes would be needed to pass energy and climate change legislation. As such, the APA includes provisions to promote the development of a U.S. nuclear industry; to allow offshore oil and gas exploration and drilling (modified in view of the unprecedented BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico); to enable the use of domestic coal resources by facilitating a national strategy to develop and deploy carbon capture and sequestration technologies; to accelerate large-scale deployment of renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency by establishing a Clean Energy Technology Fund; and to promote workforce development in clean energy technologies. The APA is not a complete companion bill to the House-passed American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454), also known as the Waxman-Markey bill that passed the House of Representatives on June 26, 2009. Many of the provisions of interest to the academic and research communities are addressed in a separate Senate bill, S. 1462, the American Clean Energy Leadership Act of 2009 authored by Sen. Jeff Bingaman (D-NM), that has been pending before the Senate since last July. These provisions include the authorization of the Energy Innovation Hubs, improvements to ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy), and establishment of a Clean Energy Deployment Administration. The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee recently approved a package of bipartisan amendments to S. 1462 that align more closely with the Waxman-Markey bill (a separate report will be prepared on S. 1462). The APA and S. 1462 are envisioned to be combined into one bill if the Senate considers climate change and energy legislation this year. The American Power Act includes the following energy-related provisions of interest to universities: Nuclear Energy Research Initiative The Senate bill requires the Secretary of Energy to develop and publish a schedule that contains an outline of a five-year strategy to conduct research to lower the cost of nuclear reactors, including research regarding modular and small-scale reactors; balance-of-plant issues; cost-efficient manufacturing and construction; licensing issues; and enhanced proliferation controls. The bill authorizes $50 million per year for each of fiscal years (FY) 2011 through 2015 for this program and would need to be funded through the Congressional appropriations process. The House (Waxman-Markey) bill does not include such a program. National Strategy for Carbon Capture and Sequestration The Senate bill tasks federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Interior (DOI), and other agencies the President may designate with reporting to Congress on the key legal, regulatory, and other barriers to the commercial-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. The Administrator of EPA is charged with establishing a task force composed of experts, including academic researchers, to study existing laws, regulatory frameworks, and private sector mechanisms to assess their applicability to risk management, financial responsibilities, and environmental liabilities associated with CCS. The House bill does not include this initiative. Carbon Capture and Sequestration Program Technical Advisory Committee APA establishes a special funding program for the development and deployment of carbon capture, sequestration and conversion technologies that would be funded by a special assessment on electric utilities for all fossil fuel-based electricity. This program would be governed by a Carbon Capture and Sequestration Program Partnership Council that would appoint a technical advisory committee, whose membership could include universities and independent research institutions, to provide independent scientific review of applications for grants, contracts, cooperative agreements and other transactions funded under the special funding program. The House bill includes provisions to establish a Carbon Storage Research Corporation that would invest $10 billion in carbon capture and storage technologies. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure APA authorizes the Secretary of Energy to work with stakeholders that could include universities to develop a National Transportation Low-Emission Energy Plan and a Pilot Program. The plan would assess the near- and long-term need for and location of electric drive vehicle refueling infrastructure across the nation and identify the infrastructure and standardization needs for electricity providers, infrastructure providers, vehicle manufacturers, and consumers necessary to deploy electric vehicles by January 2020. The proposed pilot projects in different regions of the country would demonstrate the electric drive vehicles and infrastructure. These initiatives are subject to future appropriations. The House bill would direct $20 billion to electric and other advanced technology vehicles. Clean Energy Technology Fund The Senate bill establishes a Clean Energy Technology Fund to support programs that enhance the economic, energy, and environmental security of the United States through the development of clean energy technologies and the development and deployment of advanced energy technologies. The fund would be capitalized by allowances distributed by the Secretary of Energy on a competitive basis to institutions of higher education, companies, research foundations, trade and industry research collaborations, or consortia of such entitles to support research and development of clean energy technology, including nuclear energy, energy transmission and storage technology, energy efficiency improvements, the Smart Grid, and energy efficiency improvements for transportation. There is no estimate for the amounts that would be available from the allowances. The House bill would allocate approximately one and a half percent of cap and trade allowances to specifically fund the Energy Innovation Hubs and ARPA-E. The House bill would also direct $20 billion to electric and other advanced technology vehicles, and $20 billion to basic RD activities for clean energy and energy efficiency programs largely focused on industry. The House bill would establish a Clean Energy Deployment Administration to support private investment in clean energy technologies, including nuclear power. Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Sequestration Advisory Committee APA authorizes the Secretary of Energy and Administrator of EPA to establish an independent advisory committee composed of scientists and other experts to provide scientific and technical advice on the establishment and implementation of the offset credit program for domestic Greenhouse Gas reductions, including methodologies and types of projects or activities to be funded. There is no comparable advisory committee in the House bill. International Offsets Integrity Advisory Committee APA provides for the establishment of an independent International Offset Integrity Advisory Committee to provide scientific and technical advice on establishing and implementing the international offsets program authorized in the bill. The advisory committee will also provide recommendations on offset project eligibility, scientific uncertainty, quantification methodologies and related issues. There is no comparable advisory committee in the House bill. Clean Energy Technology and Jobs The Senate bill authorizes three initiatives related to developing the clean energy workforce. The Secretary of Education is authorized to award competitive grants to partnerships to develop programs of study focused on emerging careers and jobs in the fields of clean energy, renewable energy, energy efficiency, climate change mitigation, and climate change adaptation. The Secretary is to consult with the Secretary of Labor and the Secretary of Energy in developing these funding solicitations. An eligible partnership includes a post-secondary education institution, a local education agency, and representatives of businesses, labor, and industry. The Senate bill also authorizes these three agencies to develop an Internet-based clearinghouse to aid career education and job training programs for the renewable energy sectors. The Secretary of Labor is to solicit information from universities, businesses, career and technical schools, and community colleges in crafting the clearinghouse. APA also authorizes a clean energy construction careers demonstration project to promote vocational training and workforce development in the green energy sector. The House bill includes provisions to direct cap and trade revenues toward programs to train the energy workforce and to establish a vocational education and job training clearinghouse. Low-Carbon Industrial Technologies RD The Senate bill authorizes the Secretary of Commerce to establish a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC)to support development and demonstration of technology to improve the competitiveness and job creation in the domestic manufacturing sector. The FFRDC is to be known as the National Industrial Innovation Institute and is to be located in a facility owned and operated by a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization selected by the Secretary.The Institute is to collaborate with research universities and other research and technology entities as well as industry and manufacturers. This initiative is subject to funding through the Congressional appropriations process. The House bill has no comparable provision.
Y. Zhang Iono-covalent theory applications (23) Zhangs Polarizing Power correlates with Mssbauer parameters Reguera et al. have measured the Mssbauer spectra of 29 nitroprussides and correlatered the parameters d and with the Zhang's polarizing power Z/r k 2 . And found that in isoelectronic sequences of cation in the periodic chart, such as Li+ ,Be2+; Mn2+,Fe3+, both d and decrease with increase in Z/r k 2 (Zhang 1982b). Reguera, E., Bertran, J. F., Miranda, J.,Portilla, C., J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., letters ， 165 (3) （ 1992 ） 191-201. Y. Zhang, Inorg. Chem., 21(1982) 3889
Y. Zhang Iono-covalent theory applications (22) Zhang Polarizing Power c orrelates with the Unit Cell Edge a Reguera et al. studied divalent transition metal Prussian blue and found the d ependence of the unit cell edge a as a function of the inverse of the Zhang Polarizing Power : In Table 1 the calculated Unit cell edge ( a ), in , for all the studied samples are collected. Figure 1 shows the dependence of a as a function of the inverse of a parameter (Z/r k 2 ) that senses the Lewis acid strengths of the metal linked at the N end of the CN ligand. Z is the charge number on the atomic core and r k is the metal ionic radius. Since the metal interaction at the N end is mainly of ionic nature, this parameter can also be taken as the metal ion ability to subtract electrons from the CN ligand or the metal polarizing power. The values of Z/r k 2 were taken from Ref. . Except for Cu(2+), in allthe remaining metals a regular behaviour for a versus (r k 2 /Z) was observed. As expected, the large a values correspond to Cd(+) salts abigger metal with a relatively weak interaction with the ligands. At the opposite side Ni(2+) is found. Table 1. Unit cell edge ( a ), in , for all the studied divalent transition metal hexacyanometallates (III) M:T Mn(2+) Fe(2+) Co(2+) Ni(2+) Cu(2+) Zn(2+) Cd(2+) Fe(III) 10.4882(9) * 10.2749(5) 10.204(3) 10.0944(2) 10.3392(1 10.6139(9) Co(III) 10.4211(1) 10.34(1) 10.2202(1) 10.162(1) 10.0621(2) 10.2632(1) 10.591(1) Rh(III) 10.66(2) 10.363(1) 10.384(3) 10.29(2) 10.251(1) 10.463(2) 10.812(2) Ir(III) 10.69(1) 10.57(1) 10.49(1) 10.36(1) 10.297(2) 10.4821(3) 10.843(1) * This is an unstable species Y. Zhang, Inorg. Chem., 21(1982) 3889 E. Reguera, J. Rodriguez-Hernandez, A. Champi, J. G. Duque, E. Granado and C. Rettori, Zeitschrift fr physikalische chemie , 2006, 220, 12, 1609-1619
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