Figure 1: 'A rose by any other name would smell as sweet'. False-coloured scanning electron microscopy image of hybrid protein–inorganic nanoflowers. 来源：Ge, J. , Lei, J. Zare, R. N. Nature Nanotech. 7 , 428 – 432 ( 2012 ).
Career Profiles The Paddle and the Pipette By Erin Wayman August 03, 2012 “Our sport is analytical. You have to look at the water and look at the course and figure out the best way to do something.” — James Wade This past June at an Olympic qualifying run, James Wade just missed earning a spot on the U.S. team in slalom kayaking. Similar to downhill skiers, slalom kayakers navigate through a series of gates scattered over a course—of whitewater rapids. In Wade’s final race, he nicked one of those gates; the 2-second penalty cost him a trip to London. But his performance was good enough to make Wade the team alternate, prepared to travel to the United Kingdom at a moment’s notice if there was an injury. Now, after a year and a half of intense training, Wade plans to turn his attention to his life’s other major goal: earning a Ph.D. in biomedical engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) in Atlanta. “I’m a nerd and an athlete,” Wade, 27, said in a QA published on the U.S. National Canoe/Kayak Team Web site . He has the resume to prove it. On the athletic side, he’s been a member of the U.S. national kayaking team five times and was the U.S. National Champion in 2009. He’s ranked 21st in international competition. On the nerd side, Wade earned the Outstanding Undergraduate Researcher Award in Georgia Tech's College of Engineering in 2010. Earlier this year, as a second-year graduate student there, he received a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. Wade makes his achievements seem “effortless,” says Barbara Boyan, a biomedical engineer, the associate dean for research at Georgia Tech’s College of Engineering, and one of Wade's Ph.D. advisers. “He’s quite an impressive young man.” Good mentors Wade is quick to credit his family, coaches, and professors for what he has achieved. “I’ve been able to reach an elite level in sports and a relatively elite level in academics,” he says. “And a huge reason for that is the people around me. I’ve had some incredible mentors.” Wade’s earliest mentor was his father, an avid kayaker. A native of Boise, the young Wade didn’t take up his father’s pastime in earnest until he was 14. “Eventually I gave it a legitimate shot and fell in love with it,” says the younger Wade. Characteristically, he threw himself into kayaking completely, attending a school for competitive kayaking during his freshman year of high school. The students and their teachers traveled the world, from Costa Rica to Australia, in search of warm weather and suitable water. After that, Wade split his time between Boise, where he lived and went to school, and Asheville, North Carolina, where he trained. In Asheville, he trained every day for at least 3 hours and spent another 3 hours commuting to and from his practice club. That didn’t leave much time for schoolwork, but he had a natural aptitude, especially for math and science. He also had understanding teachers. “If I wasn’t always doing my homework, they didn’t mind too much as long as I was still getting good grades on the tests,” he says. CREDIT: Jennifer Tyner, Georgia Tech James Wade When the time came to choose a college, Wade emphasized the opportunity to keep up his training regimen. He chose Georgia Tech because it was the best engineering school near a national kayaking training club. He declared a mechanical engineering major, sampled courses from a variety of fields, and landed in developmental economics. "As a result, I got interested in mathematical modeling,” he says. Wade eventually majored in industrial engineering, focusing on the optimization of complex networks. For his senior design project, he worked with the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), the world’s largest food-aid agency. After spending 2 weeks at WFP headquarters in Rome, Wade and project teammates built a mathematical model of WFP’s supply chain, including all of the places where the organization buys and sends food, and its various transportation methods. They investigated how and where to use storage depots to minimize disruptions in the supply chain. WFP is testing a pilot program in East Africa based partly on their work. Nearing graduation in 2010—because of the kayaking, it took Wade 6 years to finish his undergraduate degree—he wasn’t sure what to do next. He wanted to pursue a graduate degree or perhaps go to medical school, but he also wanted to train for the 2012 Olympics. Georgia Tech “gave me a deal I couldn’t refuse,” he says. They let him to study whenever he wanted to and offered a fellowship that would allow him to train for the Olympics. Soon he made contact with Boyan, who shares a lab with Zvi Schwartz , a dentist and engineer. One aspect of their work studies how cell signaling pathways, such as those that initiate cell growth or death, are affected by the nanostructures and microstructures of implant materials such as titanium. The lab has lots of data on how individual pathways work, but no one was looking at the pathways as an interacting system. Boyan says she got excited when she learned about Wade’s background in network research. “I thought, wouldn’t it be interesting to take our background in cell biology and material science and put it together with someone who understands how information flows through networks,” she says. During his first semester of graduate school, Wade was a regular student. He spent the second semester training in Australia while enrolled in one 6-hour course. Staff members filmed lectures and sent them to him, and professors gave take-home exams. Still, it “became clear that being a full-time graduate student and … at the same time trying to be an athlete wasn’t really possible,” Wade says. So he took last year off from school to train full-time. Living and training like a professional athlete, he noticed a huge jump in his performance. But on balance, Wade believes his science is good for his athletic performance. “Our sport is analytical,” he says. “You have to look at the water and look at the course and figure out the best way to do something.” Competitors aren’t allowed to practice on a course once the gates are set up, so the only way to prepare is to practice the race in your mind. Science training helps with that, he says. Wade is now ready to dedicate himself to his studies, for a while at least. For his dissertation research, which he'll begin this fall, he will try to untangle the network of proteins that controls how mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into bone, muscle, and other tissue. If he can build a successful model of this system, researchers may eventually be able to control and direct these stem cells as they wish. Wade is considering a career in academia, but before he makes that decision he has another one to make: whether to train for the next Olympics. “To stop now is a difficult thing to swallow,” he says. But he doesn’t want to delay his career any further. “I’m the type of person that might get involved in something and it dominates me,” he says. “It’s very possible that I’ll get involved in my research, and I just won’t care about kayaking anymore.” Erin Wayman is a writer in Washington, D.C. From science http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2012_08_03/caredit.a1200086
经常看到有些人用 Matlab 画图后保存为 EPS 格式或者 PNG 格式的图时字体太小。不太美观。 这里把我常用的比较好方法和大家分享一下，也给自己和学生留个印记。 附件的 exportfig.m 程序可以很好地把 Matlab 画的图输出为很多格式的文件，并且可以设置字体的大小，颜色等， 使用方便灵活。 用法很简单， 把这个文件放在 Matlab 的搜索目录中（最简单就是当前的工作目录）。 然后： fig=figure(1); % 定义一个 fig 的图形句柄 .. .. % 这里用 plot 等函数画图 .. exportfig(fig, 'fig2.eps', 'FontMode', 'fixed','FontSize', 10, 'color', 'cmyk' ); % 把上面画的图（句柄为 fig ）保存为 fig2.eps, 字号为 10，彩色。 运行以后就可以在当前目录看到一个名为 fig2.eps 的文件了。 这个 exportfig() 函数含有很多选项可以灵活设置，详看下面的说明： %EXPORTFIG Export a figure to Encapsulated Postscript. % EXPORTFIG(H, FILENAME) writes the figure H to FILENAME. H is % a figure handle and FILENAME is a string that specifies the % name of the output file. % % EXPORTFIG(...,PARAM1,VAL1,PARAM2,VAL2,...) specifies % parameters that control various characteristics of the output % file. % % Format Paramter: % 'Format' one of the strings 'eps','eps2','jpeg','png','preview' % specifies the output format. Defaults to 'eps'. % The output format 'preview' does not generate an output % file but instead creates a new figure window with a % preview of the exported figure. In this case the % FILENAME parameter is ignored. % % 'Preview' one of the strings 'none', 'tiff' % specifies a preview for EPS files. Defaults to 'none'. % % Size Parameters: % 'Width' a positive scalar % specifies the width in the figure's PaperUnits % 'Height' a positive scalar % specifies the height in the figure's PaperUnits % % Specifying only one dimension sets the other dimension % so that the exported aspect ratio is the same as the % figure's current aspect ratio. % If neither dimension is specified the size defaults to % the width and height from the figure's PaperPosition. % % Rendering Parameters: % 'Color' one of the strings 'bw', 'gray', 'cmyk' % 'bw' specifies that lines and text are exported in % black and all other objects in grayscale % 'gray' specifies that all objects are exported in grayscale % 'cmyk' specifies that all objects are exported in color % using the CMYK color space % 'Renderer' one of the strings 'painters', 'zbuffer', 'opengl' % specifies the renderer to use % 'Resolution' a positive scalar % specifies the resolution in dots-per-inch. % % The default color setting is 'bw'. % % Font Parameters: % 'FontMode' one of the strings 'scaled', 'fixed' % 'FontSize' a positive scalar % in 'scaled' mode multiplies with the font size of each % text object to obtain the exported font size % in 'fixed' mode specifies the font size of all text % objects in points % 'FontEncoding' one of the strings 'latin1', 'adobe' % specifies the character encoding of the font % % If FontMode is 'scaled' but FontSize is not specified then a % scaling factor is computed from the ratio of the size of the % exported figure to the size of the actual figure. The minimum % font size allowed after scaling is 5 points. % If FontMode is 'fixed' but FontSize is not specified then the % exported font sizes of all text objects is 7 points. % % The default 'FontMode' setting is 'scaled'. % % Line Width Parameters: % 'LineMode' one of the strings 'scaled', 'fixed' % 'LineWidth' a positive scalar % the semantics of LineMode and LineWidth are exactly the % same as FontMode and FontSize, except that they apply % to line widths instead of font sizes. The minumum line % width allowed after scaling is 0.5 points. % If LineMode is 'fixed' but LineWidth is not specified % then the exported line width of all line objects is 1 % point. % % Examples: % exportfig(gcf,'fig1.eps','height',3); % Exports the current figure to the file named 'fig1.eps' with % a height of 3 inches (assuming the figure's PaperUnits is % inches) and an aspect ratio the same as the figure's aspect % ratio on screen. % % exportfig(gcf, 'fig2.eps', 'FontMode', 'fixed',... % 'FontSize', 10, 'color', 'cmyk' ); % Exports the current figure to 'fig2.eps' in color with all % text in 10 point fonts. The size of the exported figure is % the figure's PaperPostion width and height. exportfig.m 特别声明，这个程序不是我编的，我只是用了感觉很好，与大家分享。
必须严格按照格式 \begin{figure} \includegraphics {mypic.jpg} \caption{This is the caption to my picture.} \label{fig:mypic1} \end{figure} 曾经把\label放在\caption的前面，编号会显示出段落的编号 put \label before \caption, when cross reference, index will be shown with section number
在使用latex做论文时，很多期刊要求使用eps格式或者pdf格式的矢量图形（vector figure），因为矢量图与位图（bitmap）相比，图形放大和缩小都不会失真。本文介绍下使用visio 2010简单制作pdf格式的一般示意图形的矢量图格式： Step One : 使用visio画出示意图，将visio文件的版面设置成适应图形区域，即：在“desgin”菜单中选择“size”，选择“Fit to Drawing”。 然后另存为后缀格式为“Scalable Vector Graphics”. Step Two : 使用visio打开保存好的“Scalable Vector Graphics”格式的文件，再另存为后缀为“PDF”格式。 Step Three : Latex源文件中将“PDF”格式的图形嵌入，方法如下： \usepackage{graphicx} %%%%%%%%near the top of the LaTeX file, just after the documentclass command. \includegraphics {myfig.pdf} （注意：这里latex中需要使用“pdflatex” or “TeXShop”来进行tex源文件编译！）
I=imread('moon.tif'); X=grayslice(I,64); figure(1); imshow(I); Warning: Image is too big to fit on screen; displaying at 75% scale. In truesizeResize1 at 308 In truesize at 44 In imshow at 161 title('原始图像'); figure(2); imshow(X,jet(64)); Warning: Image is too big to fit on screen; displaying at 75% scale. In truesizeResize1 at 308 In truesize at 44 In imshow at 161 title('索引图像');
Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:普通表格; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Metaphor: tenor and vehicle tenor and vehicle, the components of a metaphor, with the tenor referring to the concept, object, or person meant, and the vehicle being the image that carries the weight of the comparison. The words were first used in this sense by the critic I.A. Richards. In the first stanza of Abraham Cowley’s poem “The Wish,” the tenor is the city and the vehicle is a beehive: Well then; I now do plainly see, This busy world and I shall ne’er agree; The very honey of all earthly joy Does of all meats the soonest cloy; And they, methinks, deserve my pity Who for it can endure the stings, The crowd, and buzz, and murmurings Of this great hive, the city. Figure of speech figure of speech, any intentional deviation from literal statement or common usage that emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both written and spoken language. Forming an integral part of language, figures of speech are found in primitive oral literatures, as well as in polished poetry and prose and in everyday speech. Greeting-card rhymes, advertising slogans, newspaper headlines, the captions of cartoons, and the mottoes of families and institutions often use figures of speech, generally for humorous, mnemonic, or eye-catching purposes. The argots of sports, jazz, business, politics, or any specialized groups abound in figurative language. Most figures in everyday speech are formed by extending the vocabulary of what is already familiar and better known to what is less well known. Thus metaphors (implied resemblances) derived from human physiology are commonly extended to nature or inanimate objects as in the expressions “the mouth of a river,” “the snout of a glacier,” “the bowels of the earth,” or “the eye of a needle.” Conversely, resemblances to natural phenomena are frequently applied to other areas, as in the expressions “a wave of enthusiasm,” “a ripple of excitement,” or “a storm of abuse.” Use of simile (a comparison, usually indicated by “like” or “as”) is exemplified in “We were packed in the room like sardines.” Personification (speaking of an abstract quality or inanimate object as if it were a person) is exemplified in “Money talks”; metonymy (using the name of one thing for another closely related to it), in “How would the Pentagon react?”; synecdoche (use of a part to imply the whole), in expressions such as “brass” for high-ranking military officers or “hard hats” for construction workers. Other common forms of figurative speech are hyperbole (deliberate exaggeration for the sake of effect), as in “I’m so mad I could chew nails”; the rhetorical question (asked for effect, with no answer expected), as in “How can I express my thanks to you?”; litotes (an emphasis by negation), as in “It’s no fun to be sick”; and onomatopoeia (imitation of natural sounds by words), in such words as “crunch,” “gurgle,” “plunk,” and “splash.” Almost all the figures of speech that appear in everyday speech may also be found in literature. In serious poetry and prose, however, their use is more fully conscious, more artistic, and much more subtle; it thus has a stronger intellectual and emotional impact, is more memorable, and sometimes contributes a range and depth of association and suggestion far beyond the scope of the casual colloquial use of imagery. In European languages figures of speech are generally classified in five major categories: (1) figures of resemblance or relationship (e.g., simile, metaphor, kenning, conceit, parallelism, personification, metonymy, synecdoche, and euphemism); (2) figures of emphasis or understatement (e.g., hyperbole, litotes, rhetorical question, antithesis, climax, bathos, paradox, oxymoron, and irony); (3) figures of sound (e.g., alliteration, repetition, anaphora, and onomatopoeia); (4) verbal games and gymnastics (e.g., pun and anagram); and (5) errors (e.g., malapropism, periphrasis, and spoonerism). Figures involving a change in sense, such as metaphor, simile, and irony, are called tropes. All languages use figures of speech, but differences of language dictate different stylistic criteria. In a culture not influenced by classical Greece and Rome, some figures may be absent; irony is likely to be confined to fairly sophisticated cultures. Japanese poetry is based on delicate structures of implication and an entire vocabulary of aesthetic values almost untranslatable to the West. Arabic literature is rich in simile and metaphor, but the constructions used are so different from those familiar in the West that translation requires much adaptation. This condition is also true of the oral literatures of Africa and of the written literatures deriving from them. MLA Style: " figure of speech ." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition . Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 17 Sep. 2011. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/559055/figure-of-speech . APA Style: figure of speech . (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/559055/figure-of-speech
标签: figure
