The whole structure of a scientific article Title Abstract (Summar) Introduction Methodology Results (I ncluding tables and figures) Discussion Acknowledgements Bibliography The Title The title has two funtions: Attract other researchers to read your paper. Provide the best infromaiton possible to help elcetronic search programs find your paper easily. A practcal way to craft your title: Carefully choose the keywords in your article. Which word would you choose if you have to summarise your article in only one word? It would be the first key word. Construct your title using all the keywords and trying, as closely as you can, to put them in their rank order. If the title is too long, drop off the least important keywords first, but don't abandon them; you will need them to fill in thekeywordsection later on. Finally, edit this draftTitleto interpolate an indication of your main result or main conclusion--in other words, the real reason for writing this paper in the first place. P.S. The keywords should be nouns. Don't use ambiguous words like, big, huge, or small. Give a clear message about the effect, influence, change, or relation in your work. The Introduction The Introduction is where the author convinces the readers that the work has been well thought out and, at the same time, orientates the reader's thinking along the same pathway as that of the author. An Introduction includes: Define the scope of the study Define the problem State the objective Identify gaps in the knowledge about the subject State the purpose of the experiment Summarize the background to the research (Sufficiently but not too widely) State the question that you asked Provide a context for your investigation Briefly explain the theory involved Present an hypothesis or an expectation Two relatively simple principles: The hypothesis is the key to the Introduction. By justifying the hypothesis logically and scientifically, you provide just about everything necessary for readers to understand what your pater is about and why you wrote it. Two distinct sections: A short statement of what the author could logically have expected to find before starting the research, preceded by a reasonable scientific proposal justifying that statement. The second section is shorter than the first and contains the hypothesis. The first section has no other purpose than to justify the hypothesis. Typical Hypothesis for different purpose of research: I was just gathering data Explaining why you chose the particular topic to study, it means explaining how eventually you plan to use the 'base data'. The most satisfactory way to address these issues is to progress beyond the objective and predict what you are going to find, then justify that prediction. It is a questionnaire, not an experiment The questionnaire has to have a reasoned hypothesis about how people will respond. An account of that hypothesis and the reasoning behind it in the Introduction is the ideal way to explain your topic and prepare the reader to grasp and understand the rest of the article. This is methodology, not experimentation.
What's Gimbal Lock? Gimbal lock is the phenomenon of two rotational axis of an object pointing in the same direction. Actually, if two axis of the object become aligned, then we say that there's a gimbal lock. In other words, a rotation in one axis could 'override' a rotation in another, making you lose a degree of freedom. 万向节锁是什么 万象节锁是指物体的两个旋转轴指向同一个方向。实际上，当两个旋转轴平行时，我们就说万向节锁现象发生了，换句话说，绕一个轴旋转可能会覆盖住另一个轴的旋转，从而失去一维自由度 How Gimbal Lock occurred? Generally speaking, it occurred when you rotate the object which only use Eular Angles to denote it. The reason for this is that Eular angles evaluate each axis independently in a set order. Let's see a certain scene. First the object travels down the X axis. When that operation is complete it then travels down the Y axis, and finally the Z axis. The problem with gimbal lock occurs when you rotate the object down the Y axis, say 90 degrees. Since the X component has already been evaluated it doesn't get carried along with the other two axis. What winds up happening is the X and Z axis get pointed down the same axis. 通常说来，万向节锁发生在使用Eular Angles（欧拉角）的旋转操作中，原因是Eular Angles按照一定的顺序依次独立地绕轴旋转。让我们想象一个具体的旋转场景，首先物体先绕转X轴旋转，然后再绕Y轴，最后绕Z轴选择，从而完成一个旋转操作（飘飘白云译注：实际是想绕某一个轴旋转，然而Eular Angle将这个旋转分成三个独立的步骤进行），当你绕Y轴旋转90度之后万向节锁的问题就出现了，因为X轴已经被求值了，它不再随同其他两个轴旋转，这样X轴与Z轴就指向同一个方向（它们相当于同一个轴了）。
Prevention and Etiology Research Program Pharmacogenetic SNP Chip http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2553089/ SNP Chip genes (MS Excel file) The new custom SNP Chip was initiated by two research laboratories under the direction of Dr. Brian Van Ness (University of Minnesota) and Dr. Gareth Morgan (Marsden Clinic, London, UK). The initial goal was to develop a comprehensive list of SNPs that represented a variety of cellular functions that would influence normal and abnormal cell growth, influence disease (especially cancer) progression, and drug response. This design was of significant interest to a number of laboratories, and in later stages of design, additional laboratory directors provided input and expansion of the SNP list (see below). An initial candidate list of target genes was developed, representing the following pathways and functions: Angiogenesis Transcription factors Bone metabolism Cell Cycle Apoptosis DNA repair Environmental response genes Genes derived from expression comparisons of normal versus cancer cells Folate metabolism/Venous thrombosis Annotated cancer genes lists Growth factors and receptors Obesity related Peripheral neuropathy Drug response ADME lists (genes involved in activation, distribution, metabolism, export) Inflammatory response and immunity Mevalonate pathways Signaling cascades, including all kinases, phosphatases, and transferases SNP Selection From the Candidate Gene List 1. A literature and database search of candidate genes was used to identify polymorphisms. The SNP id (rs number) of polymorphisms was derived from databases: SNP500(5) , SNPper(6) and MutDB(7). This resulted in a large pool of SNPs for each gene on the candidate list. 2. A systematic search for all non-synonymous SNPs with a validated, minor allele frequency greater than 2% in all of the candidate SNPs was completed in SNP 500 and dbSNP databases. This resulted in an extensive reduction in SNP entries, including all non-coding variations. 3. Minor allele frequencies that were below 2% in the population screen were re-examined, and SNPs added back in if the minor allele frequency was greater than 5% in one of three ethnic groups (African Americans, Asian, Caucasian). 4. A systematic search was made of the promoter/regulatory regions of all the candidate genes for SNPs present in homologous regions between Human and Mouse with a Minor Allele frequency greater than 2%, using Promolign(9), FESD(10), and PupaSNP(11). Many of the SNPs selected in this method were seen to lay in or adjacent to transcription factor binding sites, or potential splice sites. 5. The list was further refined by first identifying the major pathways represented by the SNP list, using Ingenuity and Pathway Assist Programs; then adding SNPs using the above criteria for additional genes within the pathways. 6. SNPs that were not validated by criteria of the dbSNP database were removed. However, Affymetrix/ParAllele provided additional validation lists from their own resources that were checked, and SNPs re-introduced if on their latest validation list. 7. Further SNP entries were provided by research directors at the University of Minnesota, who were interested in expanding the chip utility to more directed pharmacologic applications, cardiovascular screening, and transplant. Indeed, most of the SNPs of interest to these groups were already represented as overlap with the above list; with expansion resulting in 226 new entries. 40 new candidates were either newly identified locally, or without rs numbers, and were included. The SNP chip contains 3,400 SNPs. So far there has been a 98.6% call rate with 99.9% reproducibility. Approximately 2ug of DNA is used per chip with an estimated cost of about $200/sample. Contact Dr. Brian Van Ness (vanne001@umn.edu) for more information. ============ How changes in human DNA can influence response to drug treatments DNAVision, a leading global provider of pharmacogenetic services, helps pharmaceutical companies and clinical research organizations (CROs) effectively integrate pharmacogenetics into their drug development program and also into the field of personal medicine. DNAVision is able to provide a complete range of pharmacogenetic services using their powerful combination of sequencing platforms. We guarantee the quality of our results by complying with the international standards required by regulatory authorities. DNAVision is the first laboratory in Europe to be ISO17025 accredited for pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics tests. We are also CLIA and CAP accredited.
Reads . A collection of clones that over-sample the target genome. Pair-end reads . Sequence reads derived from both ends of a sequencing-library clone. Mate-pair reads. Sequence reads derived from both ends of a mate-pair library clone which insert size is usually 1kb . Insert size . The size of the clone-insert from which a clone-end pair is taken. Contig . The result of joining an overlapping collection of sequence reads. Scaffold . The result of connecting non-overlapping contigs by using pair-end reads. N50 size. As applied to contigs or scaffolds, that size above which 50% of the assembled sequence can be found.
MATLAB scripts for alternating direction method of multipliers Stephen P. Boyd matlab code of alternating direction method of multipliers in signal processing http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/admm/ Stephen Boyd ，如雷贯耳的大名呀，恐怕稍微接触一次优化理论与算法的同学都知道他。他的 Convex Optimization ， Cambridge University Press, 2004 读硕士期间就拜读过，受益不浅。近几年他在交替方向法发面做了不少工作， 引领着图像处理领域的科研工作者们的工作方向。 关于交替方向法的文献可以阅读： 1.Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (slides) Boyd http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/pdf/admm_slides.pdf 2.袁晓明 报告课件 (slides) 3.Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers Boyd http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/pdf/admm_distr_stats.pdf （课程视频 http://videolectures.net/nipsworkshops2011_boyd_multipliers/ )
I currently meet some problems with the implementaion of the periodic boundary condition for transient Rayleigh-Benard convection problem. My code is based on FVM, SIMPLE algorithm and colocatted grid system (with Rhie-Chow interpolation) . i am prettly sure that my code works for adiabtic boundary condition for temperature (no-slip wall for velocities), as i compared my results with some beachmark solutions. To simulate a infinite long domain in horizontal direction (my solver is two - dimensional), i want to implment periodic boundary condition for temperature, velocity and pressure fields. Thus i did some modification of the code, for tempearture and velocity field, i exchange the values on boundaries, like (a N by N grid ) phi(1, j) = phi(N-1,j) phi(N,j) = phi(2,j) then treat the boundary type like Dirichlet condition; for pressure field, at the beginning i think we may not need any modification as the problem i considered is not like the other type periodic boundary condition , like there is a incomming flow and we need to guarantee the constant pressure drop. then i realized that the pressure correction genearlly implicitly incoperates with Neumann boundaries for all boundaries, then i did some modification like temperature field. However, i failed, as the solver directly divergence in the first two or three time steps and i do not know the reason. I wish someone who has similar experience can help me. If someone can provide some usful materials, it would be great. in each time step, i firstly compute U, V then compute P finally compute T in the subroutine for computing pressure correction, i first assemble AE, AW, AN, AS, AP and right hand side (Su) then i set the value on boundaries according to the periodic boundary conditions, take the west side as example, i set pp(1,j) = pp(N-1,j) , pp stands for pressure correction; since i have the values on boundaries, i treat it like Dirichlet boundary condition then i call the linear sysmeter solver ...
I never had to worry about finding my way in Beijing before. It's not because I knew Beijing well, but because I had a local guide. This time, I am on my own (though I can email and call for help). So, how can I NOT get lost? I had no sense of directions until I had to drive. A friend majored in geology taught me this trick: Put yourself on the map, so you always know which direction you are going. It worked like a charm when I was in South Florida, in D.C., and in Seattle. After we have moved to Honolulu, I had to learn one more thing: toward the ocean or toward the mountain. Yes, when you are in Hawaii, that's how the locals will give you the direction. ps. LH, this Blog is for you.
• Lie Group, rough definition: Infinite group that can be parametrized smoothly analytically. how about groups that can not be parametrized smoothly ? it will somekind of non-differentiable manifold
"Any intelligent fool can make things bigger, more complex, and more violent. It takes a touch of genius -- and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction."
标签: direction
![[转载]酒精体内代谢简图，看看自己是否适宜喝酒](http://image.sciencenet.cn/album/201207/08/232459grprywpypl7rs6lw.jpg.thumb.jpg)
