Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Direct Comparison of an Inactivated Subvirion Influenza A Virus Subtype H5N1 Vaccine Administered by the Intradermal and Intramuscular Routes. J Infect Dis General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 5 Infectious Disease 5 4 Corticosteroids for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Infectious Disease 5 4 Ramelteon in the treatment of chronic insomnia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 4 Neurology 5 6 Interactive computer-based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Public Health 6 6 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 3 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 3 Endocrine 5 4 Long-Acting beta2-Agonist Step-off in Patients With Controlled Asthma: Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 6 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 6 Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Functioning in Breast Cancer Survivors Previously Treated With Standard-Dose Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol Psychiatry 6 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Who can provide effective and safe termination of pregnancy care? A systematic review. BJOG Gynecology 6 5 Exercise interventions on health-related quality of life for people with cancer during active treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oncology - Genitourinary 5 4 Oncology - Breast 5 3 Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel for Acute Coronary Syndromes without Revascularization. N Engl J Med Cardiology 6 7 Psychological interventions for parents of children and adolescents with chronic illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev GP/FP/Mental Health 5 4 Congenital lower urinary tract obstruction: a population-based epidemiological study. BJOG Pediatrics (General) 6 6 A Systematic Review of Long-Acting beta2-Agonists Versus Higher Doses of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Asthma. Pediatrics Respirology/Pulmonology 7 6 Needling for encapsulated trabeculectomy filtering blebs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Surgery - Ophthalmology 5 5 Nutritional support for acute kidney injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Nephrology 6 5 Intensivist/Critical Care 5 4 Clinical Significance of Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells in Metastatic Neuroblastoma. J Clin Oncol Oncology - Pediatric 6 6 Tumor Stage Affects Risk and Prognosis of Contralateral Breast Cancer: Results From a Large Swedish-Population-Based Study. J Clin Oncol Oncology - Breast 6 6 Comparative effectiveness of collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions across primary, specialty, and behavioral health care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 5 Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in ambulatory settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Pediatrics (General) 6 4 Increased Long-Term Mortality After a High Perioperative Inspiratory Oxygen Fraction During Abdominal Surgery: Follow-Up of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Analg Surgery - Gastrointestinal 4 4
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Ergonomic design and training for preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb and neck in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Special Interest - Pain -- Physician 5 4 Blood pressure lowering efficacy of alpha blockers for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Internal Medicine 6 4 Use of serum procalcitonin to detect bacterial infection in patients with autoimmune diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum Infectious Disease 6 6 Rheumatology 6 6 Internal Medicine 5 6 Development and validation of a risk score for serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum Internal Medicine 6 4 Infectious Disease 5 5 Comparative Effectiveness of Warfarin and New Oral Anticoagulants for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 7 5 Internal Medicine 7 5 Cardiology 6 5 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 4 Hematology/Thrombosis 5 6 Exercises for mechanical neck disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 4 Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Obstetrics 7 6 Male Circumcision. Pediatrics Pediatrics (General) 7 6 Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 4 Oral zinc for arterial and venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Internal Medicine 6 4 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 4 Use of Aspirin, Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and Acetaminophen and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Incidence. J Clin Oncol General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 3 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 3 Internal Medicine 5 6 Comparison of cardiac surgery with left atrial surgical ablation vs. cardiac surgery without atrial ablation in patients with coronary and/or valvular heart disease plus atrial fibrillation: final results of the PRAGUE-12 randomized multicentre study. Eur Heart J Surgery - Cardiac 5 4
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Dietary flavonoid for preventing colorectal neoplasms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Oncology - Gastrointestinal 5 4 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 3 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 3 Nutritional interventions for liver-transplanted patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gastroenterology 6 6 Alternative versus conventional institutional settings for birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev GP/FP/Obstetrics 6 5 Obstetrics 6 4 Pediatric Neonatology 6 4 Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent or metastatic endometrial carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 5 5
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 Vandetanib in locally advanced or metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol Oncology - General 6 6 Randomized controlled trial comparing treatment outcome of two compression bandaging systems and standard care without compression in patients with venous leg ulcers. J Vasc Surg Surgery - Vascular 4 4 A randomized placebo-controlled trial of oxybutynin for the initial treatment of palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. J Vasc Surg General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 5 A prospective randomized study comparing fibrin sealant to manual compression for the treatment of anastomotic suture-hole bleeding in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. J Vasc Surg Hematology/Thrombosis 6 6 Neonatal respiratory morbidity in the early term delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol Pediatric Neonatology 7 4 Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. JAMA Endocrine 6 5 Gastroenterology 5 6 Cardiology 5 5 Antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs for prevention of restenosis/reocclusion following peripheral endovascular treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 5 Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 5 5 Internal Medicine 5 5 Blood pressure lowering efficacy of loop diuretics for primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 5 Internal Medicine 5 5 Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Carotid Stenting Versus Endarterectomy for Patients at Standard Surgical Risk: Results From the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (CREST). Stroke Cardiology 6 6 Fractional Flow Reserve-Guided PCI versus Medical Therapy in Stable Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med Cardiology 6 6 Diagnostic Accuracy of Fractional Flow Reserve From Anatomic CT Angiography. JAMA Cardiology 5 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Treatment with aliskiren/amlodipine combination in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension: a randomised, double-blind, active comparator trial. Int J Clin Pract Cardiology 5 4 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 4 3 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 4 3 Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 5 A meta-analysis of anticoagulation for calf deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg Hematology/Thrombosis 6 4 Questions remain about quality of life after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. J Vasc Surg Surgery - Vascular 6 5 Image-guided versus blind glucocorticoid injection for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 6 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 6 Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals. JAMA Internal Medicine 6 6 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 5 Effect of biolimus-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer vs bare-metal stents on cardiovascular events among patients with acute myocardial infarction: the COMFORTABLE AMI randomized trial. JAMA Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 5 5 Internal Medicine 5 5 Intraaortic Balloon Support for Myocardial Infarction with Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 6 5 Internal Medicine 6 5 Emergency Medicine 5 6 Cardiology 5 5
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Pregabalin for chronic prostatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Surgery - Urology 5 4 Antivirals for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Surgery - Ear Nose Throat 6 5 Task shifting of antiretroviral treatment from doctors to primary-care nurses in South Africa (STRETCH): a pragmatic, parallel, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Infectious Disease 5 5 Effect of screening for partner violence on women`s quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 5 Management of late-preterm premature rupture of membranes: the PPROMEXIL-2 trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol Obstetrics 5 5
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Temozolomide versus standard 6-week radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients older than 60 years with glioblastoma: the Nordic randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol Oncology - Palliative and Supportive Care 6 6 ``Early`` versus ``late`` 23-week infant outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol Pediatric Neonatology 5 5 Human papillomavirus vaccination in Tanzanian schoolgirls: cluster-randomized trial comparing 2 vaccine-delivery strategies. J Infect Dis Infectious Disease 5 5 Public Health 4 4 Randomized trial of transversus abdominis plane block at total laparoscopic hysterectomy: effect of regional analgesia on quality of recovery. Am J Obstet Gynecol Anesthesiology 7 6 Patient-controlled versus scheduled, nurse-administered analgesia following vaginal reconstructive surgery: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol Gynecology 7 5 Anesthesiology 5 3 Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in active ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med Gastroenterology 6 7 Benefits and Harms of Statin Therapy for Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med Nephrology 7 6 General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 6 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 6 Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med Nephrology 7 5
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: Analysis of the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. J Clin Oncol Oncology - Hematology 6 6 The relative clinical effectiveness of ranibizumab and bevacizumab in diabetic macular oedema: an indirect comparison in a systematic review. BMJ Endocrine 6 5 Surgery - Ophthalmology 6 4 Internal Medicine 5 4 Intra-pleural Fibrinolytic Therapy for Treatment of Adult Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyemas: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Chest Internal Medicine 6 4 Imatinib after induction for treatment of children and adolescents with Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (EsPhALL): a randomised, open-label, intergroup study. Lancet Oncol Pediatrics (General) 5 4 A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acupuncture in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): the COPD-acupuncture trial (CAT). Arch Intern Med General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 7 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 7 Respirology/Pulmonology 5 6
Water In, Ozone Out The danger of stratospheric ozone loss burst into public awareness in the 1980s, when the Antarctic ozone hole was discovered and described. Since then, the specter of ozone depletion in other locations, notably the Arctic, has been identified. Ozone loss is not confined to high latitudes, however, nor is it only the result of the addition of anthropogenic compounds containing chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere, as Anderson et al. (p. 835 , published online 26 July; see the Perspective by Ravishankara ) now demonstrate. Data from the atmosphere above the continental United States revealed that convective injection of water vapor into the stratosphere affects the free radical chemistry involving the (mostly anthropogenic) chlorine and bromine, thus accelerating ozone loss. This process could become important in the stratospheric ozone budget if the frequency and intensity of these water-injection events, which are most common in the summer, increase as a result of global warming. Ditching Invading DNA CREDIT: ADAM STEINBERG/ ARTFORSCIENCE.COM Bacteria and archaea protect themselves from invasive foreign nucleic acids through an RNA-mediated adaptive immune system called CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/CRISPR-associated (Cas). Jinek et al. (p. 816 , published online 28 June; see the Perspective by Brouns ) found that for the type II CRISPR/Cas system, the CRISPR RNA (crRNA) as well as the trans-activating crRNA—which is known to be involved in the pre-crRNA processing—were both required to direct the Cas9 endonuclease to cleave the invading target DNA. Furthermore, engineered RNA molecules were able to program the Cas9 endonuclease to cleave specific DNA sequences to generate double-stranded DNA breaks.
have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Three postpartum antiretroviral regimens to prevent intrapartum HIV infection. N Engl J Med Pediatric Neonatology 6 5 GLUTAMICS-a randomized clinical trial on glutamate infusion in 861 patients undergoing surgery for acute coronary syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Surgery - Cardiac 5 4 Performance of HbA1c as an Early Diagnostic Indicator of Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Youth. Diabetes Care Pediatrics (General) 6 5 Effect of a Pharmacist Intervention on Clinically Important Medication Errors After Hospital Discharge: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 5 6 Internal Medicine 5 6 Cardiology 5 3 Safety and long-term humoral immune response in adults after vaccination with an H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza vaccine with or without AS03 adjuvant. J Infect Dis Public Health 6 5 Effect of mindfulness training on asthma quality of life and lung function: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 5 4 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 5 4 Interventions for treating isolated diaphyseal fractures of the ulna in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Emergency Medicine 6 4 Surgery - Orthopaedics 5 5 Intravenous midazolam infusion for sedation of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Pediatric Neonatology 6 5 Induction of labour for improving birth outcomes for women at or beyond term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev GP/FP/Obstetrics 6 5 Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 5 4 A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 7 5 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 7 5 Comparing midwife-led and doctor-led maternity care: a systematic review of reviews. J Adv Nurs GP/FP/Obstetrics 6 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Fluticasone/Salmeterol combination confers benefits in people with asthma who smoke. Chest Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 The effect of clinical covariates on the diagnostic and prognostic value of soluble mesothelin and megakaryocyte potentiating factor. Chest Occupational and Environmental Health 5 5 Predicting cardiac arrest on the wards: a nested case-control study. Chest Cardiology 5 4 A Randomized Trial of Two Weight-Based Doses of Insulin Glargine and Glulisine in Hospitalized Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Insufficiency. Diabetes Care Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 6 6 Internal Medicine 6 6 Thrombotic stroke and myocardial infarction with hormonal contraception. N Engl J Med Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists 6 6 Internal Medicine 6 6 Gynecology 6 5 Progression of early structural lung disease in young children with cystic fibrosis assessed using CT. Thorax Respirology/Pulmonology 6 5 Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancet Neurol Hematology/Thrombosis 6 6 Applicability of stroke-unit care to low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Neurol Neurology 5 4 Adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy for early stage cervical cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 5 4 Anticoagulation versus placebo for heart failure in sinus rhythm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Hematology/Thrombosis 6 6
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Carnitine for fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Neurology 5 4 Uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine fibroids. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Gynecology 6 6 Scalpel versus electrosurgery for abdominal incisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Surgery - Gastrointestinal 6 4 Validation of the pulmonary hypertension connection equation for survival prediction in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest Respirology/Pulmonology 5 4
Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: Article Title Discipline Rele- vance News- worthiness Clinical and cost effectiveness of booklet based vestibular rehabilitation for chronic dizziness in primary care: single blind, parallel group, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. BMJ General Practice(GP)/Family Practice(FP) 6 6 General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US) 6 6 Just click on the title to review the abstract and/or PubMed record. Best wishes from Evidence Updates
这两个网站的服务真好，每天给我发送大量的科学信息和文献，很受感动，应该去信感谢他们。相比国内这样的网站信息服务，还没有碰到呢。 我在英国医学会BMJ集团网站上定制了医学临床证据每日推送，这个网站的服务真好，每天及时将全世界的临床证据，循证医学文献推送到我的信箱，我每天及时转载到我的博客循证医学栏目，这个栏目的用户访问量很大，说明国内临床医生很需要最新的医学研究文献和信息。 Dear Prof. Peiyang: New articles: colleagues in your discipline have identified the following article(s) as being of interest: 他们的网址是 http://plus.mcmaster.ca/EvidenceUpdates/Default.aspx 每日临床证据 Evidence Updates is a service made available by the BMJ Group that incorporates the McMaster PLUS email alerting system and searchable database of best evidence from the medical literature as a new feature to the BMJ electronic product suite. Users of Evidence Updates with interests in a specific clinical problem or treatment are invited to use the openly accessible search engine to look up topics covered in the McMaster PLUS database published as far back as 2002. Physicians who are in general practice or primary care, internal medicine or its subspecialties are invited to register their interests so that they can receive email alerts and searching access for literature that is matched to their personal clinical interests. 另一个是科学博客网站，我定制了他们的每日推送服务，他们将当天的精选科学博文发送到我的信箱，我及时转载到科学网，读者十分喜欢。 他们的网址是 http://scienceblog.com/ Implantable Medical Device is Designed to Warn Patients of Impending Heart Attack Could ‘advanced’ dinosaurs rule other planets? Climate Change Boosts Then Quickly Stunts Plants Bats save energy by drawing in wings on upstroke Ocean Acidification Linked With Larval Oyster Failure in Hatcheries Decoding worm lingo
In cancer science, many "discoveries" don't hold up 学者追求轰动效应 实验结果无法重现 (路透社) - Amgen公司一名前研究员C. Glenn Begley发现许多有关癌症的基础研究--很大一部分来自大学的实验室--都是不可靠的！这一发现为未来研制新药带来严重后果。 During a decade as head of global cancer research at Amgen, C. Glenn Begley identified 53 "landmark" publications -- papers in top journals, from reputable labs -- for his team to reproduce. Begley sought to double-check the findings before trying to build on them for drug development. Result: 47 of the 53 could not be replicated. He described his findings in a commentary piece published on Wednesday in the journal Nature. "It was shocking," said Begley, now senior vice president of privately held biotechnology company TetraLogic, which develops cancer drugs. "These are the studies the pharmaceutical industry relies on to identify new targets for drug development. But if you're going to place a $1 million or $2 million or $5 million bet on an observation, you need to be sure it's true. As we tried to reproduce these papers we became convinced you can't take anything at face value." The failure to win "the war on cancer" has been blamed on many factors, from the use of mouse models that are irrelevant to human cancers to risk-averse funding agencies. But recently a new culprit has emerged: too many basic scientific discoveries, done in animals or cells growing in lab dishes and meant to show the way to a new drug, are wrong. Begley's experience echoes a report from scientists at Bayer AG last year. Neither group of researchers alleges fraud, nor would they identify the research they had tried to replicate. But they and others fear the phenomenon is the product of a skewed system of incentives that has academics cutting corners to further their careers. George Robertson of Dalhousie University in Nova Scotia previously worked at Merck on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. While at Merck, he also found many academic studies that did not hold up. "It drives people in industry crazy. Why are we seeing a collapse of the pharma and biotech industries? One possibility is that academia is not providing accurate findings," he said. BELIEVE IT OR NOT Over the last two decades, the most promising route to new cancer drugs has been one pioneered by the discoverers of Gleevec, the Novartis drug that targets a form of leukemia, and Herceptin, Genentech's breast-cancer drug. In each case, scientists discovered a genetic change that turned a normal cell into a malignant one. Those findings allowed them to develop a molecule that blocks the cancer-producing process. This approach led to an explosion of claims of other potential "druggable" targets. Amgen tried to replicate the new papers before launching its own drug-discovery projects. Scientists at Bayer did not have much more success. In a 2011 paper titled, "Believe it or not," they analyzed in-house projects that built on "exciting published data" from basic science studies. "Often, key data could not be reproduced," wrote Khusru Asadullah, vice president and head of target discovery at Bayer HealthCare in Berlin, and colleagues. Of 47 cancer projects at Bayer during 2011, less than one-quarter could reproduce previously reported findings, despite the efforts of three or four scientists working full time for up to a year. Bayer dropped the projects. Bayer and Amgen found that the prestige of a journal was no guarantee a paper would be solid. "The scientific community assumes that the claims in a preclinical study can be taken at face value," Begley and Lee Ellis of MD Anderson Cancer Center wrote in Nature. It assumes, too, that "the main message of the paper can be relied on ... Unfortunately, this is not always the case." When the Amgen replication team of about 100 scientists could not confirm reported results, they contacted the authors. Those who cooperated discussed what might account for the inability of Amgen to confirm the results. Some let Amgen borrow antibodies and other materials used in the original study or even repeat experiments under the original authors' direction. Some authors required the Amgen scientists sign a confidentiality agreement barring them from disclosing data at odds with the original findings. "The world will never know" which 47 studies -- many of them highly cited -- are apparently wrong, Begley said. The most common response by the challenged scientists was: "you didn't do it right." Indeed, cancer biology is fiendishly complex, noted Phil Sharp, a cancer biologist and Nobel laureate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Even in the most rigorous studies, the results might be reproducible only in very specific conditions, Sharp explained: "A cancer cell might respond one way in one set of conditions and another way in different conditions. I think a lot of the variability can come from that." THE BEST STORY Other scientists worry that something less innocuous explains the lack of reproducibility. Part way through his project to reproduce promising studies, Begley met for breakfast at a cancer conference with the lead scientist of one of the problematic studies. "We went through the paper line by line, figure by figure," said Begley. "I explained that we re-did their experiment 50 times and never got their result. He said they'd done it six times and got this result once, but put it in the paper because it made the best story. It's very disillusioning." Such selective publication is just one reason the scientific literature is peppered with incorrect results. For one thing, basic science studies are rarely "blinded" the way clinical trials are. That is, researchers know which cell line or mouse got a treatment or had cancer. That can be a problem when data are subject to interpretation, as a researcher who is intellectually invested in a theory is more likely to interpret ambiguous evidence in its favor. The problem goes beyond cancer. On Tuesday, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences heard testimony that the number of scientific papers that had to be retracted increased more than tenfold over the last decade; the number of journal articles published rose only 44 percent. Ferric Fang of the University of Washington, speaking to the panel, said he blamed a hypercompetitive academic environment that fosters poor science and even fraud, as too many researchers compete for diminishing funding. "The surest ticket to getting a grant or job is getting published in a high-profile journal," said Fang. "This is an unhealthy belief that can lead a scientist to engage in sensationalism and sometimes even dishonest behavior." The academic reward system discourages efforts to ensure a finding was not a fluke. Nor is there an incentive to verify someone else's discovery. As recently as the late 1990s, most potential cancer-drug targets were backed by 100 to 200 publications. Now each may have fewer than half a dozen. "If you can write it up and get it published you're not even thinking of reproducibility," said Ken Kaitin, director of the Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development. "You make an observation and move on. There is no incentive to find out it was wrong." (Note: Amgen researcher C. Glenn Begley is not related to the author of this story, Sharon Begley) (Reporting By Sharon Begley; Editing by Michele Gershberg and Maureen Bavdek)
This is a story idea from the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory. To arrange for an interview with a researcher, please contact the Communications and External Relations staff member identified at the end of the tip. NEUTRONS -- Examining nanoporous carbons . . . Several recent papers describe how Oak Ridge National Laboratory researcher Yuri Melnichenko and his collaborators continue to use neutrons and small-angle neutron scattering to bore through geological materials such as nanoporous carbons to understand their unique properties as storage media for greenhouse gases and for hydrogen in fuel cells used in transportation. The SANS method also shows promise for strategies for extracting a cleaner form of energy -- methane gas -- from hard shales. In other recent work on the behavior of CO2 confined in nanopores, the researchers turned to a silica aerogel model system as a good matrix material. They varied the silica aerogel surface chemistry to see how this influenced the phase behavior of the molecules of stored CO2.
这是一个例子: Targeted association analysis identified japonica rice varieties achieving Na+/K+ homeostasis without the allelic make-up of the salt tolerant indica variety Nona Bokra Targeted association analysis identified japonica rice varieties achieving Na+K+.pdf 标题里的特定区间,可以理解为已经检测到的QTL位点.所谓的QTL一般是指由两个标记卡的一个区间,这个区间包含的基因数量有成百上千.也即是粗定位QTL.现在植物中检测到的QTL比较多,这篇文章的意义在于:表明可以在已经检测到的QTL位点(连锁方法检测结果),进一步利用关联分析的方法分析.这应该也算是连锁作图和关联分析方法的结合. 要知到详细的方法细节和相关的优缺点,请读原文及相关文献,我只能点到为止.
Birth Weight and Health and Developmental Outcomes in US Children, 1997–2005 Abstract The primary goal of this study was to assess the association between the full birth weight distribution and prevalence of specific developmental disabilities and related measures of health and special education services utilization in US children. Using data from the 1997–2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Sample Child Core, we identified 87,578 children 3–17 years of age with parent-reported information on birth weight. We estimated the prevalences of DDs (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder , autism, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, learning disability without mental retardation, mental retardation, seizures, stuttering/stammering, and other developmental delay) and several indicators of health services utilization within a range of birth weight categories. We calculated odds ratios adjusted for demographic factors (AOR). We observed trends of decreasing disability/indicator prevalence with increasing birth weight up to a plateau. Although associations were strongest for very low birth weight, children with "normal" birth weights of 2,500–2,999 g were more likely than those with birth weights of 3,500–3,999 g to have mental retardation (AOR 1.9 ), cerebral palsy (AOR 2.4 ), learning disability without mental retardation (AOR 1.2 ), ADHD (AOR 1.2 ), and other developmental delay (AOR 1.3 ) and to receive special education services (AOR 1.3 ). While much research has focused on the health and developmental outcomes of low and very low birth weight children, these findings suggest that additional study of a continuous range of birth weights may be warranted. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/749931
"Analyze an Issue" Task Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing .（批判性思维、有说服力的写作） The purpose of this task is to determine how well you can develop a compelling argument supporting your own evaluation of an issue and effectively communicate that argument in writing to an academic audience.（ 如何用有说服力的论据支持你对某个话题的看法 ） Your audience consists of GRE readers who are carefully trained to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for the "Analyze an Issue"task . To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Issue scoring criteria to actual responses, you should review scored sample Issue essay responses and reader commentary. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing, developing and communicating a persuasive argument. The reader commentary discusses specific aspects of evaluation and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency and word choice. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly persuasive as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of theessay. Preparing for the Issue Task Since the Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed neither to require any particular course of study nor to advantage students with a particular type oftraining. 评估你在教育中形成的说服性写作的能力，因此不需要特定的知识和特别的训练。 Many college textbooks on composition offer advice on persuasive writing and argumentation that you might find useful, but even this advice might be more technical and specialized than you need for the Issue task. You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies;（ 你并不需要了解特定的批判性思维、写作形式和策略 ） instead, you should be able to respond to the specific instructions and use reasons, evidence and examples to support your position on anissue.（ 相反，你应该要能对特定的话题作出回应，并且用事例来支持你在这个话题上所持的观点。） Suppose, for instance, that an Issue topic asks you to consider a policy that would require government financial support for art museums and the implications of implementing the policy. If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that government funding would make access to museums available toeveryone. On the other hand, if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that art museums are not as deserving of limited governmental funding as are other, more socially important institutions, which would suffer if the policy were implemented. Or, if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns or political conditions that you think should determine how, or whether, art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters as much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing yourposition. An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. （ 准备issue task最好的方式是练习写作公布的话题 ）There is no "best" approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 30-minute time limit; others prefer to take a "timed test" first and practice within the time limit. Regardless of which approach you take, you should first review the task directions and then follow thesesteps: Carefully read the claim and the specific instructions and make sure you understand them; if they seem unclear, discuss them with a friend orteacher.（ 仔细读题，确保理解 ） Think about the claim and instructions in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about or observed and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate or qualify the claim in someway. （ 将你的观点和经验，你读过或观察到的事和人与论题联系起来 ） Decide what position on the issue you want to take anddefend. （ 确定你要支持和维护的立场 ） Decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support yourposition.（ 决定用哪些有说服力的论据（原因和事例）来支撑你的观点 ） Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The most successful responses will explore the complexity of the claim and follow the specific task instructions. As you prepare for the Issue task, you might find it helpful to ask yourself the followingquestions: 问自己问题！ What, precisely, is the centralissue? 论题的核心是什么？ What precisely are the instructions asking me todo? 这些说明让我干什么的？ Do I agree with all or any part of the claim? Why or whynot? 我完全还是部分同意论题的观点？ Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are theyreasonable? 论题做出假设了吗？如果是，他们是合理的吗？ Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what arethey? 这个观点只在特定情况下有效吗？若是这样，是哪些情况？ Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in theclaim? 我需要对论题中的一些条件和概念做出解释吗？ If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support myposition? 如果我对话题中的观点持特定的立场，那么支持我立场的原因是什么？ What examples — either real or hypothetical — could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are mostcompelling? 我应该用哪些例子（真实或是假设的）来说明这些原因和提升我的观点？那些例子最具有说服力？ Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspectives of others who might not agree with your position. Askyourself:（ 一旦你确定你要维护的立场，考虑到其他人可能会不同意你的立场，你要问自己：） What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine myposition? 别人可能用哪些原因来反驳我的观点？ How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in myessay? 我应该怎样认可或反对文中的观点？ To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make notes about how you will support it. When you've done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don't write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possibleresponses. After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of them within the 30-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actualtest. It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade essays on the same topic with other students and discuss one another's responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each essay meets or misses the criteria for each score point in the guide. Comparing your own response to the scoring guide will help you see how and where toimprove.
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