科技电子在线图书馆( Scientific ElectronicLibrary Online ,简称 SciELO )在圣保罗研究基金会( FAPESP )的支持下, 1998 年成立, SciELO 是最早为科学文献提供开放访问的机构之一。目前 SciELO Citation Index ( 2002- 至今)可以访问 拉丁美洲、葡萄牙、西班牙及南非等国在自然科学、社会科学、艺术和人文领域的前沿公开访问期刊中发表的权威学术文献。 2013 年 10 月 汤森路透与 SciELO 合作将 SciELOCitation Index 集成到 Webof Knowledge 平台, 2014 年 1 月 13 日 Web of Knowledge 更名为 Web of Science ,目前的 Web of Science 为用户提供了更多地区的文献内容,使全文与开放获取期刊之间实现无缝链接。 自 2008 年起中国科学引文数据库( ChineseScience Citation Database )集成到 Web of Knowledge 平台,预计在 2014 年,一个韩国学术文献期刊数据库( Korean Journal Database )也会加入其中,所有这些数据库都是汤森路透不懈努力的一部分,为的是进一步整合高质量的开放访问内容到 Web of Scien ce 中,着重强调区域相关的学术文献并在快速发展的研究中心里确定有响力的作者和研究,使 Web of Scien ce 这一全球最大和最权威的引文资源能更全面地反映文献在各个地区的总体学术影响力。 SciELO 图书引文索引收录大约 650 本书以及 超过 4 百万的参考文献,这些参考文献来自阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达尼加、古巴、墨西哥、葡萄牙、南非、西班牙和委内瑞拉。 目前中国学者(不包括台湾地区)有 1367 篇文献被 SciELO 收录,主要刊登在 129 种 SciELO 收录期刊上,如 《巴西医学与生物研究杂志》( BRAZILIANJOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH ) 185 篇、《巴西化学会志》 ( JOURNALOF THE BRAZILIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY ) 122 篇、《遗传学与分子生物学杂志》( GENETICS AND MOLECULARBIOLOGY ) 90 篇等期刊。
当得起“引文分析之父”大名的,最恰当的、唯一的人选,是尤金·加菲尔德( Eugene Garfield )博士,因为他是 SCI 的创始人。加菲尔德生于 1925 年,已经接近 90 岁高龄了,从年龄上看,当个“ XX 之父”,也不算占便宜。 这里不评述加菲尔德老先生的一生,而是说一则我最近发现的、很有趣的(至少我这么觉得)、跟老先生有关的引文悬案。 科学网上做文献计量学(或者科学计量学)的人很多,比如武夷山老师,刘玉仙同学,还有更年轻的陈凯华同学和赵星同学,在这个领域都做出过很不错的工作。我来说引文分析的事儿,有点儿班门弄斧了。不过,这一则小事儿的确是我刚刚注意到的,而且为了弄明白真相,我还颇为费力地在网上折腾了半天。 事情本身很小,上面提到的几位专家,还有没提到的更多的科学计量学专家们,对这个话题应该一点儿也不陌生。也许,这个我觉得是很有意思的悬案的东西,在人家那里一点儿也不“悬”,人家早就知道是怎么回事儿了,三言两语就能说清。如果真是这样的话,那么,我也不亏。至少,写这么一篇博文,可以解除我心头的一点儿疑虑。 有一个成语,叫做“三纸无驴”,相信不少人知道吧。其背后的故事,是说有人丢了一头驴,央告本村秀才帮忙写个“寻驴启示”。秀才满口答应,铺纸砚磨,洋洋洒洒,转眼间,已经写了三页纸。这人问秀才,找驴的事儿是怎么说的?秀才答:别着急呀,前面都是铺垫,我还没写到“驴”字呢。 我可不能学这个秀才,还是赶紧说“悬案”吧。 关于引文动机的研究,往最先追溯的话,一定会追到一个有 15 条的 list 上。即:最早的引文动机研究,列出了人们引用文献的时候, 15 个可能的出现的原因。这 15 条原因,译成中文是这样的: 1 、对先驱表示敬意; 2 、对相关工作表示肯定(即对同行表示敬意); 3 、指明研究方法和设备; 4 、提供背景性材料; 4 、对自己的工作的纠正; 6 、对他人工作的纠正; 7 、对前人工作的批评; 8 、用来支持自己的论点; 9 、提请关注即将发表的工作; 10 、提供线索,指向未能充分传播、恰当索引或未被引用的文献; 11 、鉴别数据和事实类别,如物理常数等; 12 、指明对某一观点或概念进行过讨论的原始文献; 13 、指明那些描述以个人名字命名的概念或术语的原始文献或其他文献; 14 、否定他人的工作或观点; 15 、对他人的优先权提出异议。 应该说,事实上也早就有人指出过,这个单子并不完整(没有穷举所有可能性),而且,整个单子的组织排序也不是特有规律。但不管怎么说,这是现有文献中研究引文动机的第一次努力,功不可没。 这才引出本文一开始提出的“悬案”——这个单子是谁提出的? 第一反应,先看别人对这个问题是怎么说的。我通过互联网查找,加上翻阅手头的资料,对此大致上有了一个了解。结论是:有关文献对此没有统一看法。 说到引文动机的时候,有相当多的文献(比如国内的文献计量学教材)说这是一个名叫马尔文·温斯托克( Melvin Weinstock )的人于 1971 年提出的,有一些国外的文献也持这一说法。还有不少文献(比如武夷山老师的文章和一些外文文献),认为这个 15 条,是尤金·加菲尔德于 1964 年提出的。有意思的是,还有一些文献(主要是中文文章)在做文献综述部门写到这个 15 条的时候,把加菲尔德和温斯托克的工作分别评述,在各自名下列出 15 条,全然忽略这俩人的 15 条说的是一回事儿的事实。这也太不应该了,如果作者读过原始文献的话,不会犯这样的错误。 下面是加菲尔德和温斯托克在各自的文献中的 15 条原文,各位看看是不是一回事儿: 加菲尔德列出的 15 条(出处: Eugene Garfield. “Can Citation Indexing Be Automated?” in Mary Elizabeth Stevens, Vincent E. Giuliano, and Laurence B. Heilprin, Eds., Statsitical Assocristiora Methods for Mechamked Documentation, Sympom”um Proceedings, W’a.rhkgton 1964. (National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 269, December 15, 1965), pp. 189-192 . ): 1. Paying homage to pioneers 2. Giving credit for related work (homage to peers) 3. Identifying methodology, equipment, etc. 4. Providing background reading 5. Correcting one’s own work 6. Correcting the work of others 7. Criticizing previous work 8. Substantiating claims 9. Alerting to forthcoming work 10. Providing leads to p oorly disseminated, poorly indexed, or uncited work 11. Authenticating data and classes of fact—physical constants, etc. 12. Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed. 13. Identifying original publication or other work describing an eponymic concept or term as, e.g., Hodgkin’s Disease, Pareto’s Law, Friedel-Crafts Reaction, etc. 14. Disclaiming work or ideas of others (negative claims) 15. Disputing priority claims of others (negative homage) 温斯托克列出的 15 条(出处: Melvin Weinstock. "Citation Indexes" in Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1971, Vol. 5, pp. 16-40 ) 1. Paying homage to pioneers 2. Giving credit for related work. 3. Identifying methodology, equipment, etc. 4. Providing background reading. 5. Correcting one’s own work 6. Correcting the work of others 7. Criticizing previous work 8. Substantiating claims 9. Alerting researchers to forthcoming work. 10. Providing leads to poorly disseminated, poorly indexed, or uncited work. 11. Authenticating data and classes of fact—physical constants, etc. 12. Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed. 13. Identifying the original publication describing an eponymic concept or term as, e.g., Hodgkin’s disease, Pereto’s Law, Friedel-Crsfts Reaction. 14. Disclaiming work or ideas of others. 15. Disputing priority Claim of Others. 第二反应,这事儿简单啊,加菲尔德文章发表在前( 1964 ),温斯托克文章发表在后( 1971 ),这个 15 条单子的 credit 应该归加菲尔德。而且,根据常识判断,温斯托克的文章(实际上是百科全书的一章),应该引用加菲尔德的文章才是,否则不就是我们常说的抄袭或者剽窃了吗? 于是,我回头认真看了一下这两篇文章的相关部分,加菲尔德 1964 年的文章说到这 15 条的时候,用了这么一句话引出:“ However, reference citations are also provided in papers for numerous reasons including, among others: ” 然后是 15 条,前后没有引用别人文献的痕迹。这说明这 15 条是加菲尔德提出的。 然后我去看了温斯托克的原文,他是这么说的: ”These references are supposed to identify those earlier researchers whose concepts, methods, apparatus, etc., inspired or were used by the author in developing his own article. Some specific reasons for using citations are as follows:” 然后就是 15 条。这里没有引用加菲尔德的文章。 本来我看好多文献把 15 条的单子归功于温斯托克,还以为这些文献的作者未必通读了温斯托克的原文,因为凭直觉,温斯托克应该引用了加菲尔德的文章。原因很简单,加氏文章在前,温氏文章在后。现在看,那些把 15 条的 credit 送给温斯托克的作者们也没有什么错,因为温斯托克没有引用加菲尔德的文章,让人误以为这是他的首创呢。 那么,是温斯托克这家伙剽窃吗? 第三反应,杀人不是割韭菜,割掉一茬,还接着长。说人剽窃这种事儿,要十分谨慎。再仔细看看,也许有新发现。结果,我还真是发现了一些线索。 线索 1 :温斯托克的这篇作为图情百科全书一章的文献,的确引用了加菲尔德的那篇列出 15 条单子的文献。这说明,温斯托克同志对于加菲尔德那篇文章的存在,是知晓的。不过,引用的地方,不是在列出 15 条单子的时候,而是在另外一个话题下。顺便说一句,无论是加菲尔德的这篇文献,还是温斯托克的这篇文献,都是主要在讲引文索引的事儿, 15 条单子的内容(即引用动机问题)都不是其主要话题。 不管怎么样,线索 1 说明,温斯托克在明知加菲尔德文献存在的情况下,没有在列出 15 条的时候引用加氏的文献,其剽窃的嫌疑更大了。 不过,同志哥还是刀下留人比较好。我们还有线索 2. 线索 2 :看温斯托克文章的作者单位,原来人家是加菲尔德创办的科学信息研究所( ISI —— Institute for Scientific Information )的资深信息科学家( Senior Information Scientist )。 60 年代的 ISI 可不是今天的 Thomson Reuters 这样的规模。我们有理由相信,加菲尔德和温斯托克是一个研究团队的,至少温氏是加氏手下的一兵。 那么,俩人都是搞引文的,应该知道该引用前人成果的时候,一定不能含糊吧。可是,为什么温氏没有引用加氏的文章呢?(注意:温斯托克在发表这篇文章后,还继续在 ISI 工作,并发表了其他文章,这说明他并没有因为在文章中没有引用加氏的文章而在工作岗位上受到什么影响。) 我觉得可能的原因有: 第一, 忘了。忘了就忘了。尽管侵犯了加菲尔德的知识产权,但加菲尔德仁德宽厚,没加怪罪。 第二, 15 条的归纳本来温斯托克就有份儿,那是集体的结晶,所以不引。 第三, 15 条的归纳是温斯托克弄出来的,结果被加菲尔德先用了,所以不引。 究竟是怎么回事儿,我说不好。不过,就算事实是这里的第二、第三的任何一种情况,现在的通行做法也是应该引用一下。 不管怎么说,这是悬案了。温斯托克不知所终,但加菲尔德老人家还活着。我想了想,还是觉得为了这点小事儿打扰老人家,也太不仁义了,再说加氏本人也未见得就记得清究竟是怎么回事儿。因此,我放弃了找当事人直接求证的想法。反正这也不算什么大事儿,悬案就悬案吧。
请参照“ EndNote_中实现中英文文献混排的方法 ”的文章,虽然不算是学术文章,但是却提供了一个解决思路。主要解决两个问题: 中文作者间的 and 问题 多个中文作者的 et al 问题 文章主要针对中文期刊文章,对thesis,conference等没有明确说明,但实际上其它类型的文章出现上述问题的很少。 总体来说,希望endnote改进并支持,这只是一种替代的不完美方案。
樊嘉教授科研工作详细介绍见 http://www.elseviermed.cn/tabid/271/Default.aspx 樊嘉教授现任复旦大学附属中山医院副院长、肝外科主任、复旦大学器官移植中心副主任。 http://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=0q=+Fan+J++carcinomahl=enas_sdt=2000 Experience of 1000 patients who underwent hepatectomy for small hepatocellular carcinoma , ZY Lin, ZC Ma, SL Ye, ZQ Wu, J Fan , LX Qin, BH - Cancer, 2001 - interscience.wiley.com Xin-Da Zhou, MD Zhao-You Tang, MD Bing-Hui Yang, MD Zhi-Ying Lin, MD Zeng-Chen Ma, MD, Ph.D. Sheng-Long Ye, MD, Ph.D. Zhi-Quan Wu, MD Jia Fan , MD, Ph.D. Lun-Xiu Qin, MD, Ph.D. Bo-Heng Zheng, MD, Ph.D. ... Liver Cancer Institute, Zhong Shan Hospital, ... Cited by 171 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions A decade's studies on metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma , XN Ji, H Liu, JL Xia, ZQ Wu, J Fan , ZC Ma, XD - Journal of cancer , 2004 - Springer Abstract Metastasis remains one of the major challenges before hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is finally con- quered. This paper summarized a decade's studies on HCC metastasis at the Liver Cancer Institute of Fudan University. We have established a stepwise ... Cited by 155 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 4 versions Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing protein induces hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplasia in transgenic animals pnas.org , ME Balestra, LD Ferrell, J Fan , KS - Proceedings of the , 1995 - National Acad Sciences Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 8483-8487, August 1995 Biochemistry ... Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing protein induces hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplasia in transgenic animals ... (cytidine deaminase/low density lipoprotein/oncogene/RNA processing) Cited by 162 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions Intratumoral balance of regulatory and cytotoxic T cells is associated with prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after resection jcojournal.org Q Gao, SJ Qiu, J Fan , J Zhou, XY Wang, YS - Journal of Clinical , 2007 - jcojournal.org Results CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + TILs were associated with neither overall survival (OS) nor disease-free survival (DFS). The presence of low intratumoral Tregs in combination with high intratumoral activated CD8 + cytotoxic cells (CTLs), a balance toward CTLs, was an ... Cited by 138 - Related articles - All 7 versions Multimodality treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with tumor thrombi in portal vein wjgnet.com J Fan , ZQ Wu, ZY Tang, J Zhou, SJ Qiu, ZC - World Journal of , 2001 - wjgnet.com METHODS: HCC patients (n=147) with tumor trombi in the main portal vein or the first branch of portal vein were divided into four groups by the several therapeutic methods. There were conservative treatment group in 18 out of patients (group A); and hepatic artery ligation(HAL) and/or ... Cited by 85 - Related articles - Cached - BL Direct - All 12 versions Expression of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus J Zhou, ZY Tang, J Fan , ZQ Wu, XM Li, YK Liu, F - Journal of cancer , 2000 - Springer Abstract Purpose: Both platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are known to promote the de- velopment of new blood vessels, which are fundamental to tumor growth and metastasis. We aimed at evaluating ... Cited by 74 - Related articles - All 4 versions Influence of the RNA-binding protein HuR in pVHL-regulated p53 expression in renal carcinoma cells nih.gov , I Lopez de Silanes, J Fan , W Wang, J - and cellular biology, 2003 - Am Soc Microbiol A recent analysis of gene expression in renal cell carcinoma cells led to the identification of mRNAs whose translation was dependent on the presence of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene product, pVHL. Here, we investigate the finding that pVHL-expressing RCC cells ... Cited by 65 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 10 versions Improved Survival with Resectionafter Transcatheter ArterialChemoembolization (TACE) for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma J Fan , ZY Tang, YQ Yu, ZQ Wu, ZC Ma, XD - Digestive , 2000 - content.karger.com The use of percutaneous transcatheter hepatic arterial chemotherapy and embolization (TACE) in the treatment of primary liver cancer has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years. Overall survival is prolonged in patients with moderately advanced liver cancers Locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma : a critical review from the surgeon's perspective Surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and related basic research with special reference to recurrence and metastasis. Ma, S Ye, Z Wu, J Fan , Y Liu, K Liu, L Qin, J - Chinese medical , 1999 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov OBJECTIVE: To summarize the progress of surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and related basic research at the Liver Cancer Institute of Shanghai Medical University in the recent years, with special reference to recurrence and metastasis. METHODS: ... Cited by 37 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 2 versions J Fan , GJ Ten, SC He, JH Guo, DP Yang, GY - World J , 1998 - wjg.wjgnet.com METHODS: According to the anatomy of vessels, the tumor capillary networks, muscular arterioles and feeding arteries were successively occluded using lipiodol ultra-fluid (LUF), sinobufagin microsphere (SBMs) and particles of gelatin sponge (PGS). In this series of 80 cases, ... Cited by 34 - Related articles - Cached - All 9 versions Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma :: A case report with massive invasion of neighboring organs and lymph node metastasis J Fan , E Kubota, H Imamura, T Shimokama, O - Oral Surgery, Oral , 1992 - Elsevier Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma is a rare and unusual tumor that occurs in the jaws. This tumor is generally considered to be of a low grade of malignancy. We describe a patient with a huge clear cell odontogenic carcinoma that originated in the mandible and exhibited massive ... Cited by 31 - Related articles - All 3 versions
李醒民教授的博文学术论著伪注现象剖析http://news.sciencenet.cn//htmlnews/2010/6/233445.shtm提出了所谓的伪注现象。按照他的说法伪注的主要表现形式是李代桃僵。李代桃僵,是《三十六计》中的第十一计:李代桃僵,势必有损,损阴以益阳。那么李文中用这个老话的意思是将转引标注变为直接引用,尤其是将引自译著、译文或他人论著的译句,标注为引自原著即原始外文文献。从而达到损人利己的目的。 李文中列举了不少具体的做法与例子,这些都是人文社科甚或自然科学中常见的现象。我在工作中曾经见到过专门有为参考文献印制的书籍,为那些做伪注的人提供了方便。也给出了伪注的正当性与合法性的基础。这样必然会让伪注者更容易装出一副满腹经纶、学贯中西的派头。尤其是有了互联网这种便捷工具,伪注现象肯定是在一段时间内难以杜绝的现象。 李文认为伪注实际上是一种剽窃和抄袭剽窃和抄袭他人的译文。这一点我倒是同意,例如,在他的博文中就引用了被伪注的遭际。他说曾经常碰到与自己的译文和译句相关的伪注。近年,有一位作者在引用考尔丁的一段话语时,所标注的参考文献E F Caldin,The Power and Limit of Science . London: Chapman Hall LTD.,1949: Chapter X.就属于伪注,因为他的引文是从我的论文《科学和技术异同论》(《自然辩证法通讯》,2007年第1期,第1~9页)中照抄来的,而他却没有注明真实出处,所标注的是他根本没有研读和翻译的英文原著这就是伪注的典型例子。 我想李先生说的还算是比较好的,伪注者尚能在相应的出处找到相应的译文来。已经相当不错了,至少还给出了直接引用的出处。我所遇到的则是另一方面的问题,有人为了轻视翻译,在有中译本的著作中刻意将译者名省略掉。有点常识的人都知道,负责的出版社基本要将原文与译文的页码同时标注清楚(通常译文页码为边码)。这样就更给伪注者以方便。我们知道,在中国当今的学术氛围中,与其写些东西,不如译些东西。而译者的价值在中国甚至要比原作者高(当然现在也有不少毛糙的东西流入市场,以至于看书者宁看原文而不看译文)。但是从事研究的人则必须要有相应的引文,那么中译本就成为其所伪注来源的重镇。不重视翻译或在引文中不提译者的名字也是另一种伪注,但又有谁注意这种现象呢? 还有一点,我想指出,我国期刊发表论文对参考文献数量与质量极不重视。看看国外一篇学术文章的引文,短短一篇东西,没有数十篇引文是不行的。任何一项成果都是要在前人的基础上往前推进,哪有那种横空出世莽昆仑的人物呀!
信息检索平台 http://www.embase.com/search/results EMBASE简介附后 这个平台上可以做文献信息检索,在检索结果中可以看到每篇文献被引用的数据,点开这个数据就可以见到详细的引用情况,再通过原始文献的链接,进一步看到这篇文献在其他系统的引用链接和信息获取途径。 这个平台没有免费的,你应该了解在当地哪个单位有订购的,或求助图书馆员。 文献检索实例: Improved Outcomes with Earlier Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Who Achieve Durable Virologic Suppression: Longer Follow-Up of an Observational Cohort Study Sterling T.R. , Chaisson R.E. , Keruly J. , Moore R.D. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003 188 : 11 ( 1659-1665 ) Cited by:52 (该文的引用次数) Improved Outcomes with Earlier Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Who Achieve Durable Virologic Suppression: Longer Follow-Up of an Observational Cohort Study (2003) Journal of Infectious Diseases ,188(11),pp.1659-1665. 该文献被引证数据和文献: var isAnyResultMarked = 'false'; Refine Results Close Source Title Journal of Infectious Diseases(7) Clinical Infectious Diseases(4) AIDS(3) Infections in Medicine(2) Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS(2) Author Name Hulgan, T.(3) Sabin, C.A.(3) Hammer, S.M.(3) Kinloch-De Loes, S.(2) Schooley, R.T.(2) Year 2009(7) 2008(10) 2007(8) 2006(9) 2005(12) Affiliation The University of British Columbia(6) University of California, San Diego(4) Universitat de Barcelona(3) Vanderbilt University School of Medicine(3) Albany Medical College(3) Subject Area Medicine(40) Immunology and Microbiology(21) Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(5) Social Sciences(4) Nursing(3) The Journal of Infectious Diseases 2003;188:16591665 2003 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. 0022-1899/2003/18811-0007$15.00 DOI: 10.1086/379741 MAJOR ARTICLE Improved Outcomes with Earlier Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Among Human Immunodeficiency VirusInfected Patients Who Achieve Durable Virologic Suppression: Longer Follow‐Up of an Observational Cohort Study TimothyR.Sterling, 1,2, a RichardE.Chaisson, 1,2,3 JeanneKeruly, 1 and RichardD.Moore 1,2 1 Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and 2 Departments of Epidemiology and 3 International Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland On the basis of studies with relatively short follow‐up, treatment guidelines currently recommend that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) be initiated in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virusinfected patients when the CD4 + lymphocyte count is 200 cells/mm 3 . We assessed the development of a new opportunistic infection or death among 1173 patients initiating HAART. Durable virologic suppression was defined as having more undetectable (400 copies/mL) than detectable virus loads after the initiation of therapy. The median durations of therapy and follow‐up were 29 and 36 months, respectively. Among patients who achieved durable virologic suppression, those with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 200 cells/mm 3 tended to progress faster than those with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 201350 cells/mm 3 ( ) and progressed faster than those with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 350 cells/mm 3 ( ). Among those with durable virologic suppression, there was no difference in disease progression between those with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 201350 cells/mm 3 and those with durable virologic suppression with baseline CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 350 cells/mm 3 ( ). Initiating HAART with a CD4 + lymphoctye count of 200 cells/mm 3 was associated with a higher risk of disease progression, even with durable virologic suppression. HAART should be initiated at CD4 + lymphocyte counts of 200 cells/mm 3 . Received 22 May 2003; accepted 23 June 2003; electronically published 14 November 2003. Reprints or correspondence: Dr. Timothy R. Sterling, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. South, A4103 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232 ( timothy.sterling@vanderbilt.edu ). Cited by (TimothyR的这篇文章被以下文献作者引用) Charlotte VHobbs, Shaffiq MEssajee. (2009) Early treatment of HIV: implications for resource-limited settings. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 4 :3, 222-231 Online publication date: 1-Jun-2009. CrossRef Caroline ASabin. (2009) Early antiretroviral therapy: the role of cohorts. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS 4 :3, 200-205 Online publication date: 1-Jun-2009. CrossRef Caroline ASabin, Andrew NPhillips. (2009) Should HIV therapy be started at a CD4 cell count above 350 cells/l in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected patients?. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 22 :2, 191-197 Online publication date: 1-May-2009. CrossRef HaroldBurger and DonaldHoover. (2008) HIV‐1 Tropism, Disease Progression, and Clinical Management. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 198 :8, 1095-1097 Online publication date: 15-Oct-2008. Citation - Full Text - PDF Version (48 kB) ngelesJan, AnnaEsteve, Josep MMir, CristinaTural, AlexandraMontoliu, ElenaFerrer, MelciorRiera, FerranSegura, LluisForce, OmarSued, JosepVilar, IsabelGarcia, AngelsMasabeu, JordiAlts, BonaventuraClotet, DanielPodzamczer, JavierMurillas, GemmaNavarro, Josep MGatell, JordiCasabona. (2008) Determinants of HIV Progression and Assessment of the Optimal Time to Initiate Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 47 :2, 212-220 Online publication date: 1-Mar-2008. CrossRef BarbaraWeiser, SeanPhilpott, ThomasKlimkait, HaroldBurger, ChristinaKitchen, PhilippeBrgisser, MeriGorgievski, LucPerrin, Jean-ClaudePiffaretti, BrunoLedergerber. (2008) HIV-1 coreceptor usage and CXCR4-specific viral load predict clinical disease progression during combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 22 :4, 469-479 Online publication date: 1-Mar-2008. CrossRef Babafemi O.Taiwo, Robert L.Murphy. (2008) Clinical applications and availability of CD4+ T cell count testing in sub-Saharan Africa. Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry 74B :S1, S11-S18 Online publication date: 1-Feb-2008. CrossRef Susan C.Morpeth, John A.Crump, Humphrey J.Shao, Habib O.Ramadhani, Peter R.Kisenge, Cindy A.Moylan, SusannaNaggie, L. BrettCaram, Keren Z.Landman, Noel E.Sam, Dafrosa K.Itemba, John F.Shao, John A.Bartlett, Nathan M.Thielman. (2007) Predicting CD4 Lymphocyte Count 200 Cells/mm 3 in an HIV Type 1-Infected African Population. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 23 :10, 1230-1236 Online publication date: 1-Nov-2007. CrossRef BrunoHoen, DavidA.Cooper, FionaC.Lampe, LucPerrin, NathanClumeck, AndrewN.Phillips, Li‐EanGoh, StefanLindback, DanielSereni, BrianGazzard, JulioMontaner, Hans‐JurgenStellbrink, AdrianoLazzarin, DianePonscarme, ShlomoStaszewski, LarsMathiesen, DonSmith, RobertFinlayson, RainerWeber, LaurenceWegmann, GeorgeJanossy, and SabineKinloch‐de Loes, for the QUEST Study Group. (2007) Predictors of Virological Outcome and Safety in Primary HIV Type 1Infected Patients Initiating Quadruple Antiretroviral Therapy: QUEST GW PROB3005. Clinical Infectious Diseases 45 :3, 381-390 Online publication date: 1-Aug-2007. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (400 kB) DanielJ.Skiest, ZhaohuiSu, DianeV.Havlir, KevinR.Robertson, RobertW.Coombs, PatCain, TiannaPeterson, AmyKrambrink, NasreenJahed, DeborahMcMahon, DavidM.Margolis, and the AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5170 Study Team. (2007) Interruption of Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV‐Infected Patients with Preserved Immune Function Is Associated with a Low Rate of Clinical Progression: A Prospective Study by AIDS Clinical Trials Group 5170. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 195 :10, 1426-1436 Online publication date: 15-May-2007. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (387 kB) ToddHulgan, BryanE.Shepherd, StephenP.Raffanti, JenniferS.Fusco, RobinBeckerman, GemaBarkanic, and TimothyR.Sterling. (2007) Absolute Count and Percentage of CD4 + Lymphocytes Are Independent Predictors of Disease Progression in HIV‐Infected Persons Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 195 :3, 425-431 Online publication date: 1-Feb-2007. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (376 kB) Joel E.Gallant. (2007) Should antiretroviral therapy be started earlier?. Current HIV/AIDS Reports 4 :2, 53 CrossRef Peter JWhite, HelenWard, Geoff PGarnett. (2006) Is HIV out of control in the UK? An example of analysing patterns of HIV spreading using incidence-to-prevalence ratios. AIDS 20 :14, 1898???1901 Online publication date: 1-Oct-2006. CrossRef SabineKinlochdeLoes. (2006) Treatment of Acute HIV‐1 Infection: Is It Coming of Age?. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 194 :6, 721-724 Online publication date: 15-Sep-2006. Citation - Full Text - PDF Version (67 kB) TejalGandhi, WeiWei, KamalAmin, and PowelKazanjian. (2006) Effect of Maintaining Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on AIDS Events among Patients with Late‐Stage HIV Infection and Inadequate Response to Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 42 :6, 878-884 Online publication date: 15-Mar-2006. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (104 kB) ToddHulgan, StephenRaffanti, AsgharKheshti, RobertB.Blackwell, PeterF.Rebeiro, GemaBarkanic, BrandonRitz, and TimothyR.Sterling. (2005) CD4 Lymphocyte Percentage Predicts Disease Progression in HIV‐Infected Patients Initiating Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy with CD4 Lymphocyte Counts 350 Lymphocytes/mm 3 . The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 :6, 950-957 Online publication date: 15-Sep-2005. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (127 kB) MiguelGoicoechea and RichardHaubrich. (2005) CD4 Lymphoctye Percentage versus Absolute CD4 Lymphocyte Count in Predicting HIV Disease Progression: An Old Debate Revisited. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 192 :6, 945-947 Online publication date: 15-Sep-2005. Citation - Full Text - PDF Version (55 kB) Michael L.Tapper, Eric S.Daar, Peter J.Piliero, KimberlySmith, CorklinSteinhart. (2005) Strategies for Initiating Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 19 :4, 224-238 Online publication date: 1-May-2005. CrossRef Timothy RChadborn, KathleenBaster, Valerie CDelpech, Caroline ASabin, KatySinka, Brian DRice, Barry GEvans. (2005) No time to wait: how many HIV-infected homosexual men are diagnosed late and consequently die? (England and Wales, 1993???2002). AIDS 19 :5, 513???520 Online publication date: 1-Apr-2005. CrossRef JulioMontaner, MarianneHarris, and RobertHogg. (2005) Editorial Commentary: Structured Treatment Interruptions: A Risky Business. Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 :4, 601-603 Online publication date: 15-Feb-2005. Citation - Full Text - PDF Version (66 kB) ScottD.Holmberg, FrankJ.Palella, Jr., KennethA.Lichtenstein, and DianeV.Havlir . (2004) The Case for Earlier Treatment of HIV Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39 :11, 1699-1704 Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. Abstract - Full Text - PDF Version (203 kB) Daniel JSkiest, PatrickMorrow, BradyAllen, JudithMcKinsey, CraigCrosby, BarbaraFoster, R DougHardy. (2004) It Is Safe to Stop Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients With Preantiretroviral CD4 Cell Counts 250 cells/??L. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 37 :3, 1351-1357 Online publication date: 1-Dec-2004. CrossRef MauroSchechter. (2004) Therapy for Early HIV Infection: How Far Back Should the Pendulum Swing?. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 190 :6, 1043-1045 Online publication date: 15-Sep-2004. Citation - Full Text - PDF Version (62 kB) EmilLesho. (2004) A pathophysiological approach to antiretroviral therapy. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 2 :4, 509 CrossRef Presented in part: 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, Massachusetts, 1014 February 2003 (abstract 570). Financial support: National Institute on Drug Abuse (grants RO1‐DA‐11602 and K24‐DA‐00432); National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (grants K23‐AI‐01654 and K24‐AI‐01637). a Present affiliation: Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. EMBASE简介 Imprint: ELSEVIER/EMBASE Description Embase is the most comprehensive online source of biomedical answers. It helps you in: Tracking drug adverse events Comparing drug therapies for disease Evidence Based Medicine research With over 20 million records(数据库中有2000万条记录) from more than 7,000 active authoritative journals(收录了7000多种期刊), with Embase your research needs will be fully met. Holding over 1,800 biomedical titles not offered by Medline(其中有1800种期刊MEDLINE数据库没有收录) , Embase delivers comprehensive, authoritative, reliable coverage of the most relevant biomedical literature. Embase is supported by our unique life science thesaurus Emtree. Comprehensive and polyhierarchically structured, Emtree provides a consistent description of all biomedical terminology, allowing unrivaled drug and disease indexing and retrieval. Playing a key role in the advancement of new biomedical and pharmaceutical discoveries, we're proud to support a global community of biomedical scientists, clinical and regulatory professionals and information professionals. Embase can help you to: Efficiently and comprehensively extract information required to support Evidence Based Medicine and deliver systematic reviews of the literature. Discover biomolecular disease mechanisms Advance new drug discovery and development Determine the status and progress of clinical research Comply with legislation and regulations for drug safety and pharmacovigilance Study precise drug information, including, adverse events, comparisons and therapy Maintain a product literature database Embase is available via www.embase.com and via our authorized partners. Please visit www.info.embase.com for more information and to get in touch.
问题的提出,是来自由科研的实践。 对于某个领域的高被引论文的同被引聚类分析,已经成为我们这里比较常用的情报分析手段了;但是,这里还有很多问题,妨碍着这个方法成为情报咨询服务中的常规项目。其中,用于对聚类结果的分析,一直在困扰这我们:对于属于同一个类别的高被引论文,如何提炼出这个类别的主要内容呢?换句话说,如何给聚类分配一个类标签? 我们现在的做法是人工阅读,靠分析者的专业知识和思维能力(分析综合),来归纳和分析同一个类文章的共同特点,不同类文章的差异之处,其结果自然是因分析者的专业水平和分析能力而有很大的差异了。 能不能自动分类?答案是现成的:能。 可以提取出来这些文献的特征词(如主题词),进行频次的统计;或者进行向量空间模型甚至可能是潜在语义索引 ( LSI ),应该会表现出聚类文献的特征的:同类文献的相似之处与不同类之间的相异之处。【也许可以把这些类作为节点通过类间的特征分析,形成网络结构呢】 问题是,一篇文献被引用,可能不是因为其论文中的主要内容,也可能不是因为发表时候的初衷,而是在后来的科学发展过程中,逐渐被认识到了某一个方面的重要性,因而这就存在了一篇论文为什么被引用的问题,或者说,通过引用的文献来分析被引论文,或者说,分析一下来源文献作者在引用时为什么要选择这一篇,而不是哪一篇? 带着这个问题,我查阅了文献。大致的从题目看,如果从引用者出发,关于引用动机的研究已经是比较成熟的话题了,都是从行为科学或者心理学的角度列出了引用者的动机等等。 而现在,人们更注重从被引文献本身来分析,深入到了为什么要引用这个?而不是那个?的问题,比如被引文的内容【与引文的主题相关性】、被引文的影响力【什么是影响力?】、可获得性以及文献的质量等等。 引文和被引文肯定是在主题上相关的,但是还可以细分,我关心的是发表当时的主题内容 ,与目前的论文在哪些主题上相关的。也就是说这些高被引论文的当前的影响力在哪里,或者这篇论文的现实意义是什么。 顺着这个思路走下去,我们自然而然地走到了被引频次预测的问题,这也是近几年来悄然兴起的一个小热点。目前预测的指标都是使用的文献的外部特征,比如发表期刊了,作者的单位了,甚至以前论文的被引次数了,能否成为大热门,窃以为还要看指标的提取,这其中最重要的还是如何把内容特征作为预测指标,因为只有内容才是这个学科以及这个学科文献活动的真正的动因。 下面是我找到的一些中外文献的标题,可以分成引用行为与引用次数预测两个互相联系的类别。有趣的是,有两篇中文文献是武夷山老师的。有一种深山采药,暮然回首,惊见石壁上刻着仙人足迹的感觉。 1. Can the highly cited psychiatric paper be predicted early? 2. Author-rated importance of cited references in biology and psychology publications 3. Author Judgements about Works They Cite: Three Studies from Psychology Journals 4. Citation Context versus the Frequency Counts of Citation Histories 5. CAB: Citation-Assisted Background 6. Citers Use of Citees Names: Findings From a Qualitative Interview-Based Study 7. The J-shaped distribution of Citedness 8. Models for Predicting and Explaining Citation Count of Biomedical Articles 9. The motivation for citing specific references by social scientists in Korea: The phenomenon of co-existing references 10. Does the human capital of teams of natural science authors predict citation frequency? 11. Predicting citation count of Bioinformatics papers within four years of publication 12. How Can We Investigate Citation Behavior? A Study of Reasons for Citing Literature in Communication 13. Semiometrics and Impact Calculations 14. Statistically significant papers in psychiatry were cited more often than others 15. The Multilayered Nature of Reference Selection 16. The Psychology of Referencing in Psychology Journal Articles 17. What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior 18. 关于论文引用动机的问卷调查研究 19. 文献引用的可控与不可控 20. 引用 ( 行为 ) 模型的比较与研究
引用他人论文的动机很多,但你是否想过,你引用他的文章,可能有时仅仅因为是喜欢他而已? 读到最新一期《Research Trends》的Pleased to cite you: the social side of citations一文,其中观点有新有旧。这里仅探讨一点:人们的引用是否有时候只是因为喜欢? 只要理性上还遵从科学原则,理论上引文网络就不会和社会网络完全重叠。但部分交织恐怕是不可避免。 回头去看你的大作,是否引用了很多导师、同门、同事、朋友又或学科大牛、学术偶像的文章呢?是否每篇都必要呢?为什么同为可有可无的引用,你引用了他而不是陌生人呢? 也许你觉得这是各种潜规则所致。其实有时也不然,你引用他,可能只因你喜欢他。你喜欢他,因此信任他,然后引用他,仅此而已。 引用有时只是认同,认同的不是某个观点,而是那个人。 这也解释了,为何很多人爱自引?因为,多数人最爱的,还是自己。