2005年，我还在英国自然历史博物馆/英国帝国理工学院继续访学。这一年，有几件事我印象非常深刻：获得了NERC资助，继续分子分类学研究工作；参加第二届世界DNA条形码会议，亲历了一场经典分类学家和DNA条形码推动者之间的学术互动；到南岸参加Alfried Vogler和Quetin Wheeler之间关于collection or not的辩论；受美国农业部Terry Griswold博士邀请，参加申请FAO野生蜜蜂多样性项目。 前面几件发生在我基本上实现了从经典分类学到偏重分子分类学的学术思路的转变之后。而野生蜜蜂项目的申请，尽管没有成功，则彻底促使我下定决心立刻回国。蜜蜂蜂群下降的现象，以及野生授粉蜂数量下降在欧美科学家的努力下，得以确认。同时，越来越多的研究报道，证明授粉蜂多样性和数量与农业产量存在正相关。然而在中国，野生蜜蜂基础数据非常缺乏，也缺乏社会经济价值的关联信息。2015年，我研究组接受了科学院的任务。2016年开始，承担《昆虫学学科发展报告》中传粉昆虫部分。在开展传粉昆虫的现状评估的期间，我们发现基本上没有系统而长期的多样性数据可用于能量化分析。另外一方面，中国农业，特别是植保行业的数据有一定积累。欧阳芳等（2015）利用昆虫生态服务价值的定量估算方法，基于2007年统计数据，计算分析后发现我国农业生产中昆虫传粉功能的服务价值为6790.3亿元，相当于当年国内生产总值GDP的2.6%。 作为传粉昆虫研究队伍的参与者，我们有义务规划后续5-10年的多样性研究思路，也有义务开展系统的数据收集和整理，并和其它行业和社会公众分享相关成果。 PUBLIC RELEASE: 19-FEB-2017 Bee decline threatens US crop production First US wild bee map reveals 139 'trouble zone' counties UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT IMAGE: THE FIRST NATIONAL STUDY TO MAP US WILD BEES SUGGESTS THEY'RE DISAPPEARING IN MANY OF THE COUNTRY'S MOST IMPORTANT FARMLANDS. RELATIVELY LOW ABUNDANCES ARE SHOWN HERE IN YELLOW; HIGHER ABUNDANCES... view more CREDIT: PNAS The first-ever study to map U.S. wild bees suggests they are disappearing in the country's most important farmlands -- from California's Central Valley to the Midwest's corn belt and the Mississippi River valley. If wild bee declines continue, it could hurt U.S. crop production and farmers' costs, said Taylor Ricketts, a conservation ecologist at the University of Vermont, at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting panel, Plan Bee: Pollinators, Food Production and U.S. Policy on Feb. 19. This study provides the first national picture of wild bees and their impacts on pollination, said Ricketts, Director of UVM's Gund Institute for Ecological Economics , noting that each year $3 billion of the U.S. economy depends on pollination from native pollinators like wild bees. At AAAS, Ricketts briefed scholars, policy makers, and journalists on how the national bee map, first published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in late 2015, can help to protect wild bees and pinpoint habitat restoration efforts. At the event, Ricketts also introduced a new mobile app that he is co-developing to help farmers upgrade their farms to better support wild bees. Wild bees are a precious natural resource we should celebrate and protect, said Ricketts, Gund Professor in UVM's Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources . If managed with care, they can help us continue to produce billions of dollars in agricultural income and a wonderful diversity of nutritious food. TROUBLE ZONES The map identifies 139 counties in key agricultural regions of California, the Pacific Northwest, the upper Midwest and Great Plains, west Texas, and Mississippi River valley, which appear to have most worrisome mismatch between falling wild bee supply and rising crop pollination demand. These counties tend to be places that grow specialty crops -- like almonds, blueberries and apples -- that are highly dependent on pollinators. Or they are counties that grow less dependent crops -- like soybeans, canola and cotton -- in very large quantities. Of particular concern, some crops most dependent on pollinators -- including pumpkins, watermelons, pears, peaches, plums, apples and blueberries -- appeared to have the strongest pollination mismatch, growing in areas with dropping wild bee supply and increasing in pollination demand. Globally, more than two-thirds of the most important crops either benefit from or require pollinators, including coffee, cacao, and many fruits and vegetables. Pesticides, climate change and diseases threaten wild bees -- but their decline may be caused by the conversion of bee habitat into cropland, the study suggests. In 11 key states where the map shows bees in decline, the amount of land tilled to grow corn spiked by 200 percent in five years -- replacing grasslands and pastures that once supported bee populations. RISING DEMAND, FALLING SUPPLY Over the last decade, honeybee keepers facing colony losses have struggled with rising demand for commercial pollination services, pushing up the cost of managed pollinators - and the importance of wild bees. Most people can think of one or two types of bee, but there are 4,000 species in the U.S. alone, said Insu Koh, a UVM postdoctoral researcher who co-hosted the AAAS panel and led the study. When sufficient habitat exists, wild bees are already contributing the majority of pollination for some crops, Koh adds. And even around managed pollinators, wild bees complement pollination in ways that can increase crop yields. MAKING THE MAPS A team of seven researchers -- from UVM, Franklin and Marshall College, University of California at Davis, and Michigan State University -- created the maps by first identifying 45 land-use types from two federal land databases, including croplands and natural habitats. Then they gathered detailed input from national and state bee experts about the suitability of each land-use type for providing wild bees with nesting and food resources. The scientists built a bee habitat model that predicts the relative abundance of wild bees for every area of the contiguous United States, based on their quality for nesting and feeding from flowers. Finally, the team checked and validated their model against bee collections and field observations in many actual landscapes. THE GOOD NEWS The good news about bees, said Ricketts, is now that we know where to focus conservation efforts, paired with all we know about what bees need, habitat-wise, there is hope for preserving wild bees. ### Learn more about UVM efforts to save global bees. Subscribe to Gund news alerts . Follow the AAAS news at #AAASmtg. KEY TAKEAWAYS Study suggests wild bee abundance declined in 23% of contiguous U.S. from 2008-2013. Wild bees are disappearing in key U.S. farmlands, including California, the Midwest, Mississippi Valley and Pacific Northwest. 39% of croplands that depend on pollination, including 139 key counties, face a potential 'mismatch' between rising demand for pollination and falling supply of wild bees. Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.
传粉是维持与提升生物多样性的最重要机制之一。只有在传粉之后，植物才能座果结籽，才能靠种子繁衍生息。全世界被子植物有80%为虫媒传粉, 被人类食用的植物种类约有3000 种（钦俊德，1987），绝大多数为显花植物。全球75%的作物需要昆虫传粉，粮食产量的35%与昆虫传粉有关。 大众普遍熟知的传粉者主要是蜜蜂总科的西方蜜蜂（ Apis mellifera ）。它是一种社会性昆虫，可以给许多农作物授粉，适合蜂箱养殖，并生产蜂蜜。但是随着该物种进入中国，也带来了一些生态风险。杨冠煌（2005： 引入西方蜜蜂对中蜂的危害及生态影响 ）发现西方蜜蜂挤占了东方蜜蜂（ Apis cerana ）的分布区。后者分布区缩小75%以上。另外，西方蜜蜂也不是万能的授粉者。不同大小、类型的显花植物需要不同的传粉者。有些野生蜜蜂个体只有2毫米以下，可以给一些小型花授粉。 随着气候变化、土地利用变化、耕作制度变化、环境污染加剧等不利素，包括野生蜜蜂在内的传粉者栖息地也收到较大的影响。以油茶为例：通过人工或者药剂除草，精细管理油茶林下杂草，加重了水土流失，严重破坏了油茶地蜂等主要油茶授粉者的巢穴，导致它们局部密度大大下降；而在缺乏管理的山间，授粉者的巢穴则随处可见。而更多的其它传粉者物种或者种群，在分类学工作者采集到它们之前，就已经消失了。更无法开展对这些物种的传粉者-植物之间关系、它们的缺失对植物繁殖的效应的深入研究。 根据目前统计，中国已有野生蜜蜂纪录1340余种（牛泽清，整理中），大约还有2000-2500种有待发现和描记。它们是包括多种农作物在内的绝大部分显花植物的主要传粉者。在信息技术高度发达的今天，文献资料早已经不是传粉者长期监测、研究的瓶颈。但是，野生蜜蜂的发现、采集、保藏和分类仍然存在一定的问题。以发现和采集环节为例，仅仅依靠专业工作者远远不够。是否可以考虑广大爱好者、其它行业工作人员、保社区大众，通过图像、采集等方式提供数据信息或者标本？随着生活水平的提高，配置照相功能的手机已经非常普及。以中国人口的技术，一旦大众参与传粉者图片的采集，数据量将非常巨大。如何从海量的图片数据中筛选并提取出专家可以鉴定、分析的信息？ 欧美发达国家已经有些经验可以借鉴：编写野生蜜蜂野外监测手段，建立交互信息与数据分析平台，鼓励大众参与图像、数据或者标本的采集，拓宽了信息的来源，大大提高了野生蜜蜂研究的效率。网络上存在一些相关信息，既可以方便有兴趣的同仁研究，也可以提高大众了解传粉者现状和研究手段等情况。 野生传粉者监测的思路是：1）大众尽量打开GPS功能，随机拍摄访花昆虫；2）在网站注册并上传图片，获得编号；3）通过图像自动筛选出不同的图片群；4）研究人员对标本获取高质量传粉者图片，并纪录其详细信息；5）传粉者、植物分类专家群提供属级鉴定结果；6）自动在数据库中给重复的图片赋名，并提取分布等相关信息；7）将鉴定结果通过邮件分别反馈给图片上传者，并鼓励后续提交时提供初步鉴定结果；8）定期发布传粉者动态报告。先期可以考虑吸纳保护区的相关人员、中大学的生物兴趣小组参与，积累数据和信息，并逐步推广到社区大众。 图示法国大众参与图像采集，调查野生传粉者的标准流程：1）招募自愿者对特定植物的访花昆虫进行拍摄；2）筛选照片，每个形态“种”挑选1张照片；3）上传照片，提供地点等信息，并尽可能根据在线检索表鉴定昆虫和植物；4）校验结果。 附一、部分相关文献 1、网络信息： Wild Pollinator Web Resources North American Pollinator Protection Campaign NAPPC Taxas Bee Watchers Pollination Biology : Bee Watchers the Great Sunflower Project 2、调查与监测： The Photographic Survey of Flower Visitors (Spipoll), a national monitoring program of insect pollinators based on citizen science ； Survey Protocols for Monitoring Status and Trends of Pollinators ； Citizen Scientist Pollinator Monitoring Guide ； The Very Handy Manual- How to Catch and Identify Bees ； 传粉昆虫物种多样性监测、评估和保护概述 3、评估方法： Rapid Assessment of Pollinators’ status 4、传粉者现状： Status of Pollinators in North America ； 5、传粉者的影响因素 Plant biodiversity enhances bees and other insect pollinators in agroecosystems ; Potential effects of climate change on crop pollination ; Causes and effects of the worldwide decline in pollinators and corrective measures ; The effects of landscape fragmentation on pollination dynamics- absence of evide nce 6、传粉者和传粉功能 Pollinators and pollination- A resource book for policy and practice ; The Economic Value of the Pollination Service, a Review Across Scales ； Guidelines for the economic valuation of pollination services at a national scale ； 全球农作物蜜蜂授粉概况 ； 中国水果和蔬菜昆虫授粉的经济价值评估 7、传粉者数量下降效应 Flowering plants under global pollinator decline ; Economic Consequences of Pollinator Declines- A Synthesis 8、传粉者保护措施 Polinator Conservation Strategy 附二、相关标准采集方法： 1、Sampling insects: general techniques, strategies and remarks： http://www.abctaxa.be/volumes/volume-8-manual-atbi/volumes/volume-8-manual-atbi/chapter-15/Chapter_15.pdf 2、Flight interception traps for arthropods： http://www.abctaxa.be/volumes/volume-8-manual-atbi/volumes/volume-8-manual-atbi/chapter-17/Chapter_17.pdf 3、The Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SM TP) - http://www.stationlinne.se/en/research/the-swedish-malaise-trap-project-smtp/
标签: 野生蜜蜂
