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2018自然指数(学术机构)Top500—中国88家
zhpd55 2018-7-31 14:33
2018 自然指数(学术机构) Top500- 中国 88 家 诸平 下面的 2018自然指数学术机构排行榜( 2018 Nature Index tables: Institutions - academic )是基于2017年元旦到2017年12月31日的自然指数数据给出的,中国有88家学术机构榜上有名,其中包括台湾省5家,88家学术机构(大学)的排名如下: 北京大学(8)、 清华大学(10)、 南京大学(13)、 中国科技大学(18)、 中科院大学(26)、 浙江大学(30)、 复旦大学(38)、 上海交大(52)、 苏州大学(57)、 武汉大学(58)、 南开大学(60)、 中山大学(64)、 厦门大学(69)、 四川大学(81)、 华中科技大学(94)、 兰州大学(100)、 香港科技大学(101)、 吉林大学(105)、 华南理工大学(112)、 香港大学(121)、 西安交大(127)、 山东大学(128)、 湖南大学(132)、 华东师大(137)、 北京师大(140)、 华东理工大学(141)、 台湾大学(144)、 哈工大(145)、 天津大学(155)、 东南大学(162)、 同济大学(175)、 香港中文大学(180)、 南方科大(183)、 大连理工大学(198)、 西南大学(204)、 台湾清华大学(207)、 山东师大(232)、 北京化工大学(234)、 南京理工大学(235)、 北京理工大学(236)、 北京航空航天大学(237)、 中国地质大学(249)、 华中师大(260)、 中南大学(266)、 香港城市大学(268)、 福州大学(276)、 北京科技大学(281)、 东北师大(290)、 上海大学(291)、 重庆大学(300)、 香港理工大学(306)、 西北大学(321)、 中国药科大学(322)、 南京理工大学(323)、 台湾交通大学(324)、 深圳大学(331)、 陕西师大(334)、 武汉理工大学(342)、 中国医学科学院/北京协和医学院(343)、 南京师大(346)、 中国农大(353)、 暨南大学 (355)、 中国海洋大学(366)、 常州大学(367)、 山西大学(371)、 北京工业大学(379)、 台湾成功大学(380)、 电子科技大学(387)、 郑州大学(389)、 上海科技大学(407)、 华南师大(408)、 浙江理工(421) 华中农大(422) 中国石油大学(423) 西北工业大学(434) 首都师大(435) 济南大学(446) 河南师大(460) 中国人民大学(461) 南京农大(467) 南京信息工程大学(468) 河南大学(469) 香港浸会大学(473) 南昌大学(480)、 南京医科大学(481)、 台湾 中央大学( 487)、 浙江师范大学(496)、 合肥工业大学(498)。更多信息请浏览下面表1。 表 1 2018 自然指数学术机构排行榜 Top500 2017 Institution FC 2016 FC 2017 AC 2017 Change in Adjusted FC 2016-2017 * 1 Harvard University, United States of America (USA) 883.4 889.47 2233 1.9% 2 Stanford University, United States of America (USA) 605.7 608.77 1450 1.7% 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), United States of America (USA) 580.19 529.31 1659 -7.7% 4 The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Japan 428.2 462.22 1152 9.2% 5 University of California Berkeley (UC Berkeley), United States of America (USA) 396.09 409.01 1179 4.5% 6 University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (UK) 435.18 406.76 1201 -5.4% 7 University of Oxford, United Kingdom (UK) 478.55 400.93 1174 -15.2% 8 Peking University (PKU), China 385.45 384.43 1273 0.9% 9 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Switzerland 359.34 373.16 927 5.1% 10 Tsinghua University (TH), China 326.7 353.4 1084 9.5% 11 University of Michigan (U-M), United States of America (USA) 323.65 329.84 844 3.1% 12 University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), United States of America (USA) 335.09 324.84 886 -1.9% 13 Nanjing University (NJU), China 318.83 321.5 773 2.0% 14 University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States of America (USA) 327.6 313.73 886 -3.1% 15 Kyoto University, Japan 267.09 303.79 684 15.1% 16 Columbia University in the City of New York (CU), United States of America (USA) 312.04 301.17 877 -2.3% 17 California Institute of Technology (Caltech), United States of America (USA) 307.63 299.63 891 -1.4% 18 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), China 276.91 299.53 801 9.5% 19 Yale University, United States of America (USA) 348.98 297.82 798 -13.6% 20 Northwestern University (NU), United States of America (USA) 287.95 292.85 765 2.9% 21 University of Toronto (U of T), Canada 295.54 280.15 717 -4.1% 22 University of Pennsylvania (Penn), United States of America (USA) 261.43 275.44 698 6.6% 23 The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), United States of America (USA) 289.62 263.06 625 -8.1% 24 University of Washington (UW), United States of America (USA) 268.11 260.38 814 -1.7% 25 Cornell University, United States of America (USA) 258.21 259.56 783 1.7% 26 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China 157 255.65 1359 64.8% 27 University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), United States of America (USA) 259.55 253.39 670 -1.2% 28 Princeton University, United States of America (USA) 229.49 247.12 644 9.0% 29 Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 233.66 243.63 566 5.5% 30 Zhejiang University (ZJU), China 221.54 240.33 580 9.8% 31 Johns Hopkins University (JHU), United States of America (USA) 241.22 235.66 756 -1.1% 32 National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 209.92 229.18 574 10.5% 33 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), United States of America (USA) 254.49 221.43 580 -12.0% 34 The University of Chicago (UChicago), United States of America (USA) 209.36 221.23 680 6.9% 35 Imperial College London (ICL), United Kingdom (UK) 242.68 218.3 936 -9.0% 36 Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL), United States of America (USA) 193.57 206.95 449 8.2% 37 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland 234.22 205.57 554 -11.2% 38 Fudan University, China 184.69 202.74 492 11.1% 39 University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), United States of America (USA) 187.85 198.17 563 6.7% 40 University College London (UCL), United Kingdom (UK) 215.28 197.88 833 -7.0% 41 University of Minnesota (UMN), United States of America (USA) 236.15 197.15 564 -15.5% 42 The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), United States of America (USA) 203.38 195.55 492 -2.7% 43 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), United States of America (USA) 182.54 195.39 468 8.3% 44 Osaka University, Japan 196.13 188.38 489 -2.8% 45 University of California San Francisco (UCSF), United States of America (USA) 204.61 188.01 532 -7.0% 46 University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), United States of America (USA) 177.86 186.63 657 6.2% 47 Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (LMU), Germany 181.98 179.19 603 -0.4% 48 Duke University, United States of America (USA) 209.03 175.05 548 -15.3% 49 Weizmann Institute of Science (WIS), Israel 180.87 173.88 415 -2.7% 50 University of Colorado Boulder (CU-Boulder), United States of America (USA) 170.62 171.05 620 1.4% 51 Texas AM University (TAMU), United States of America (USA) 137.57 168.22 474 23.7% 52 Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China 129.09 166.39 546 30.4% 53 New York University (NYU), United States of America (USA) 164.95 165.15 492 1.3% 54 Seoul National University (SNU), South Korea 166.47 164.41 447 -0.1% 55 The University of Manchester (UoM), United Kingdom (UK) 157.1 163.2 529 5.1% 56 University of California Irvine (UCI), United States of America (USA) 165.43 162.48 438 -0.6% 57 Soochow University, China 148.24 158.44 299 8.2% 58 Wuhan University (WHU), China 122.1 158.44 341 31.3% 59 The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom (UK) 140.78 155.17 597 11.5% 60 Nankai University (NKU), China 152.65 154.02 429 2.1% 61 University of Bristol (UoB), United Kingdom (UK) 122.82 152.12 467 25.3% 62 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), South Korea 157.97 151.79 313 -2.8% 63 The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern Medical Center), United States of America (USA) 127.43 151.72 289 20.5% 64 Sun Yat-sen University (SYSU), China 118.55 148.28 376 26.6% 65 University of Pittsburgh (Pitt), United States of America (USA) 145.55 148.04 448 2.9% 66 University of California Davis (UC Davis), United States of America (USA) 146.25 147.59 491 2.1% 67 Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), United States of America (USA) 150 146.93 412 -0.9% 68 Purdue University, United States of America (USA) 147.36 146.15 391 0.4% 69 Xiamen University (XMU), China 124.37 145.95 273 18.7% 70 McGill University, Canada 175.12 145.53 497 -15.9% 71 Tohoku University, Japan 175.29 141.55 387 -18.3% 72 University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Denmark 152.45 140.6 530 -6.7% 73 University of Utah (Utah), United States of America (USA) 110.18 133.1 311 22.2% 74 The Ohio State University (OSU), United States of America (USA) 145.71 131.47 479 -8.7% 75 Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (RU), United States of America (USA) 158.4 129.43 402 -17.3% 76 Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany 147.07 128.54 456 -11.6% 77 Utrecht University (UU), Netherlands 122.07 127.01 606 5.3% 78 University of Zurich (UZH), Switzerland 144.39 125.78 572 -11.8% 79 Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech), Japan 138.41 125.72 335 -8.1% 80 Heidelberg University (Uni Heidelberg), Germany 126.51 123.4 514 -1.3% 81 Sichuan University (SCU), China 101.98 123.34 230 22.4% 82 The University of British Columbia (UBC), Canada 129.74 120.85 405 -5.7% 83 Catholic University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Belgium 118.56 120.01 322 2.4% 84 University of Würzburg, Germany 100.26 118.64 312 19.7% 85 Vanderbilt University (VU), United States of America (USA) 116 118.63 390 3.5% 86 University of Florida (UF), United States of America (USA) 112.97 118.19 471 5.9% 87 University of Southern California (USC), United States of America (USA) 136.88 117.83 302 -12.9% 88 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany 136.12 117.74 380 -12.5% 89 Nagoya University, Japan 131.76 116.4 352 -10.6% 90 Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Israel 121.25 115.1 274 -3.9% 91 University of Münster (WWU), Germany 102.28 112.79 270 11.6% 92 The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia 120.72 112.74 356 -5.5% 93 Rice University, United States of America (USA) 105.39 112.19 380 7.7% 94 Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), China 91.6 112.05 279 23.8% 95 Hokkaido University, Japan 118.83 111.57 268 -5.0% 96 University of Groningen (RUG), Netherlands 103.77 110.37 345 7.6% 97 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia 108.46 109.98 237 2.6% 98 University of Basel (UB), Switzerland 103.67 109.3 309 6.7% 99 Monash University, Australia 133.25 108.45 395 -17.6% 100 Lanzhou University (LZU), China 101.96 106.87 189 6.1% 101 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), China 101.43 106.51 315 6.3% 102 University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland 114.33 105.17 372 -6.9% 103 University of Göttingen, Germany 98 104.76 314 8.2% 104 Emory University, United States of America (USA) 103.49 103.81 265 1.5% 105 Jilin University (JLU), China 89.93 102.53 232 15.4% 106 University of California Riverside (UCR), United States of America (USA) 99.11 102.18 287 4.3% 107 The Rockefeller University, United States of America (USA) 97.54 100.1 269 3.9% 108 University of New South Wales (UNSW), Australia 122.5 99.14 315 -18.1% 109 Indiana University (IU), United States of America (USA) 114.84 98.73 340 -13.0% 110 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), India 97.63 98.21 246 1.8% 111 Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC) - Paris 6, France 99.41 97.82 990 -0.4% 112 South China University of Technology (SCUT), China 77.85 97.25 182 26.4% 113 University of Alberta (U of A), Canada 106.85 97.06 302 -8.1% 114 Uppsala University (UU), Sweden 95.08 96.74 418 3.0% 115 Boston University (BU), United States of America (USA) 110.99 95.42 503 -13.0% 116 Kyushu University, Japan 113.12 95.16 310 -14.9% 117 Arizona State University (ASU), United States of America (USA) 97.85 95.09 314 -1.7% 118 University of Freiburg (Uni Freiburg), Germany 75.43 94.49 312 26.8% 119 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU), Germany 95.11 93.3 348 -0.7% 120 RWTH Aachen University (RWTH Aachen), Germany 91.92 93.19 387 2.6% 121 The University of Hong Kong (HKU), China 74.66 92.45 347 25.3% 122 Free University of Berlin (FU Berlin), Germany 86.14 90.36 429 6.2% 123 King's College London (KCL), United Kingdom (UK) 80.72 89.89 463 12.7% 124 The University of Arizona (Arizona), United States of America (USA) 94.49 89.52 327 -4.1% 125 Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Germany 83.41 89.31 394 8.3% 126 Tel Aviv University (TAU), Israel 75.77 88.65 293 18.4% 127 Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), China 73.28 88.63 209 22.4% 128 Shandong University (SDU), China 89.69 88.6 338 0.0% 129 North Carolina State University (NCSU), United States of America (USA) 85.66 87.7 243 3.6% 130 Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), United States of America (USA) 93.49 87.56 289 -5.2% 131 The University of Melbourne (UniMelb), Australia 101.32 87.42 467 -12.7% 132 Hunan University (HNU), China 82.76 87.21 156 6.6% 133 University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass Amherst), United States of America (USA) 79.42 85.98 259 9.6% 134 Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), South Korea 101.28 85.96 204 -14.1% 135 University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Germany 82.61 85.4 241 4.6% 136 Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (IIT), Israel 105.47 85.17 253 -18.3% 137 East China Normal University (ECNU), China 76.8 85.1 181 12.1% 138 Indian Institute of Science (IISc), India 87.91 84.05 170 -3.3% 139 Leiden University, Netherlands 78.87 83.76 314 7.5% 140 Beijing Normal University (BNU), China 72.88 83.58 224 16.0% 141 East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), China 86.58 82.34 179 -3.8% 142 Brown University, United States of America (USA) 81.26 81.64 255 1.7% 143 University of Hamburg (UHH), Germany 73.87 81.3 348 11.4% 144 National Taiwan University (NTU), Taiwan 92.07 80.99 305 -11.0% 145 Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), China 79.03 80.91 158 3.6% 146 Lund University (LU), Sweden 95.74 80.9 307 -14.5% 147 State University of New York at Stony Brook (SUNY Stony Brook), United States of America (USA) 80.96 80.89 321 1.1% 148 Australian National University (ANU), Australia 102.62 80.79 292 -20.3% 149 Stockholm University, Sweden 77.87 80.11 481 4.1% 150 Aarhus University (AU), Denmark 96.48 79.55 244 -16.6% 151 Durham University, United Kingdom (UK) 94 79.45 221 -14.5% 152 Michigan State University (MSU), United States of America (USA) 70.68 78.9 340 13.0% 153 University of Bonn (Uni Bonn), Germany 86.78 78.64 318 -8.3% 154 University of Montreal (UdeM), Canada 83.52 78.27 340 -5.2% 155 Tianjin University (TJU), China 70.4 78.26 389 12.5% 156 The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, United States of America (USA) 88.49 78.12 252 -10.7% 157 University of Virginia (UVA), United States of America (USA) 72.55 78.05 281 8.9% 158 University of Southampton (Soton), United Kingdom (UK) 91.74 77.62 329 -14.4% 159 Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea 63.01 77.17 162 23.9% 160 University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (UK) 71.74 76.85 407 8.4% 161 University of Amsterdam (UvA), Netherlands 76.78 76.42 518 0.7% 162 Southeast University (SEU), China 66.07 75.6 136 15.8% 163 Radboud University Nijmegen (RU), Netherlands 95.76 75.39 454 -20.3% 164 Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), South Korea 75.87 75.29 249 0.4% 165 Colorado State University, United States of America (USA) 59.17 75.04 208 28.3% 166 University of Tübingen (Uni Tübingen), Germany 70.59 74.86 270 7.3% 167 Karolinska Institute (KI), Sweden 73.85 74.76 342 2.4% 168 Yonsei University, South Korea 91.21 74.09 200 -17.8% 169 The University of Warwick (Warwick), United Kingdom (UK) 82.14 73.47 299 -9.5% 170 Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), United States of America (USA) 77.41 72.81 261 -4.8% 171 Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark 82.33 72.04 219 -11.5% 172 Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin), Germany 75.26 71.99 466 -3.2% 173 University of Connecticut (UConn), United States of America (USA) 47.56 71.42 163 51.9% 174 University of Paris Sud (UPSud), France 72.46 71.18 653 -0.6% 175 Tongji University, China 60.42 70.89 227 18.7% 176 The University of Iowa (UI), United States of America (USA) 81.85 70.46 331 -12.9% 177 University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), United States of America (USA) 59.66 69.76 313 18.3% 178 Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Netherlands 89.37 69.51 196 -21.3% 179 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), United States of America (USA) 59.67 69.49 179 17.8% 180 The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), China 65.61 69.39 295 7.0% 181 Goethe University Frankfurt am Main (GU), Germany 68.68 68.53 224 1.0% 182 University of Barcelona (UB), Spain 70.76 68.02 309 -2.7% 183 Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), China 30.24 67.6 195 126.2% 184 University of Waterloo, Canada 72.35 67.52 156 -5.6% 185 Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), United States of America (USA) 83.12 67.52 180 -17.8% 186 The University of Sydney (USYD), Australia 81.11 67.35 313 -16.0% 187 University of Leeds, United Kingdom (UK) 73.64 67.17 227 -7.7% 188 Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin), Germany 64.95 66.94 157 4.3% 189 Iowa State University, United States of America (USA) 60.91 66.76 231 10.9% 190 University of Rochester (UR), United States of America (USA) 77.92 66.75 249 -13.3% 191 Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Netherlands 67.2 66.67 134 0.4% 192 The University of Georgia (UGA), United States of America (USA) 79.93 66.4 160 -15.9% 193 University of Notre Dame (ND), United States of America (USA) 65.48 66.28 253 2.4% 194 University of Oslo (UiO), Norway 60.44 65.58 335 9.8% 195 University of Vienna, Austria 61.18 65.42 212 8.2% 196 Ghent University (UGent), Belgium 74.33 65.11 282 -11.4% 197 The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom (UK) 68.95 64.54 266 -5.3% 198 Dalian University of Technology (DUT), China 45.94 63.99 124 41.0% 199 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), MSHS, United States of America (USA) 72.49 63.29 253 -11.7% 200 University of Ottawa (uOttawa), Canada 64.44 62.97 164 -1.1% 201 University of Regensburg (UR), Germany 75.64 62.77 150 -16.0% 202 University of Bern, Switzerland 66.66 62.72 300 -4.8% 203 Keio University, Japan 68.53 62.15 131 -8.2% 204 Southwest University (SWU), China 43.01 62.1 91 46.1% 205 University of Cincinnati (UC), United States of America (USA) 61.86 61.93 225 1.3% 206 University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), United States of America (USA) 70.98 61.19 200 -12.8% 207 National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan 58.86 60.73 226 4.4% 208 The University of Nottingham (UoN), United Kingdom (UK) 70.4 60.64 174 -12.8% 209 Florida State University (FSU), United States of America (USA) 71.66 60.5 300 -14.6% 210 University of Helsinki, Finland 51.32 58.13 325 14.6% 211 University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), United States of America (USA) 68.98 56.99 255 -16.4% 212 Dartmouth College, United States of America (USA) 39.8 56.7 134 44.2% 213 University of St Andrews, United Kingdom (UK) 54.97 56.38 202 3.8% 214 University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil 50.88 56.35 259 12.1% 215 University of Strasbourg, France 65.42 55.94 416 -13.5% 216 Grenoble Alpes University (UGA), France 56.13 55.88 563 0.7% 217 University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus (CU Anschutz), United States of America (USA) 50.62 55.68 150 11.3% 218 Korea University (KU), South Korea 62.67 55.25 232 -10.8% 219 University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMass Medical School), United States of America (USA) 59.65 55.25 205 -6.3% 220 Ruhr University Bochum (RUB), Germany 55.3 55.22 174 1.1% 221 Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Spain 76.38 54.88 351 -27.3% 222 KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden 51.25 54.57 430 7.8% 223 University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain 55.88 54.07 205 -2.1% 224 University of Exeter, United Kingdom (UK) 46.56 53.67 190 16.7% 225 University of Calgary (U of C), Canada 55.46 53.48 216 -2.4% 226 Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Austria 49.02 53.31 192 10.0% 227 University of Cologne (UoC), Germany 68.15 53.24 195 -20.9% 228 University of Houston (UH), United States of America (USA) 56.16 52.38 175 -5.6% 229 Oregon State University (OSU), United States of America (USA) 52.17 52.37 156 1.6% 230 University of Oregon (UO), United States of America (USA) 60.75 52.36 176 -12.8% 231 University of Birmingham (UB), United Kingdom (UK) 50.62 52.09 303 4.2% 232 Shandong Normal University (SDNU), China 33.97 52.05 79 55.1% 233 Albert Einstein College of Medicine (Einstein), United States of America (USA) 52.78 51.97 153 -0.4% 234 Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), China 48.08 51.92 104 9.3% 235 Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), China 42.38 51.71 140 23.5% 236 Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), China 53.84 51.58 110 -3.1% 237 Beihang University (BUAA), China 49.93 51.38 225 4.1% 238 University of Lausanne (UNIL), Switzerland 50.45 51.33 183 2.9% 239 University of Liverpool, United Kingdom (UK) 69.88 51.27 312 -25.8% 240 Paris Diderot University (Paris 7), France 52.6 51.02 566 -1.9% 241 Wageningen UR (University Research Centre), Netherlands 32.7 50.55 160 56.5% 242 Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), India 34.96 50.2 188 45.3% 243 Leipzig University, Germany 47.31 49.87 146 6.7% 244 The University of Kansas (KU), United States of America (USA) 44.84 49.32 208 11.3% 245 University of Toulouse, France 50.23 49.09 373 -1.1% 246 The City University of New York (CUNY), United States of America (USA) 44.42 48.64 192 10.8% 247 University of Delaware (UD), United States of America (USA) 47.21 47.8 111 2.5% 248 The University of Dublin, Ireland 48.48 47.73 144 -0.4% 249 China University of Geosciences (CUG), China 45.51 47.32 113 5.2% 250 Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Russia 42.63 47.25 371 12.1% 251 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), India 50.94 47.21 108 -6.2% 252 Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), United States of America (USA) 56.7 46.92 133 -16.2% 253 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU), Israel 42.98 46.23 134 8.8% 254 Western University (UWO), Canada 44.16 46.12 116 5.7% 255 Tufts University, United States of America (USA) 50.16 45.95 237 -7.3% 256 Philipps University of Marburg (Uni Marburg), Germany 45.65 45.92 128 1.8% 257 McMaster University, Canada 49.3 45.88 107 -5.8% 258 University of Miami (UM), United States of America (USA) 55.53 45.82 126 -16.5% 259 The University of New Mexico (UNM), United States of America (USA) 41 45.71 212 12.8% 260 Central China Normal University (CCNU), China 43.5 45.46 145 5.8% 261 Hanyang University (HYU), South Korea 52.14 45.22 181 -12.2% 262 University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY UB), United States of America (USA) 67.31 45.18 146 -32.1% 263 University of Lyon, France 48.26 44.24 435 -7.3% 264 University of Kentucky (UK), United States of America (USA) 39.36 44.21 120 13.7% 265 University of Valencia (UV), Spain 49.71 44.16 273 -10.1% 266 Central South University (CSU), China 25.7 43.75 114 72.2% 267 Temple University, United States of America (USA) 56.2 43.66 116 -21.4% 268 City University of Hong Kong (CityU), China 43.97 43.6 153 0.4% 269 Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), United Kingdom (UK) 46.77 43.28 237 -6.4% 270 Brandeis University, United States of America (USA) 46.8 43.26 142 -6.5% 271 Louisiana State University (LSU), United States of America (USA) 34.33 43.21 126 27.4% 272 University of Duisburg-Essen (UDE), Germany 35.7 43.04 131 22.0% 273 Aix-Marseille University (AMU), France 47.63 42.96 420 -8.7% 274 University of Hawai'i at Manoa (UH Mānoa), United States of America (USA) 56.16 42.82 184 -22.8% 275 University of York, United Kingdom (UK) 45.39 42.71 136 -4.8% 276 Fuzhou University (FZU), China 28.66 42.16 80 48.9% 277 Dortmund University of Technology (TU Dortmund), Germany 29.78 41.82 209 42.1% 278 University of Bayreuth (UBT), Germany 54.89 41.59 95 -23.3% 279 The University of Western Australia (UWA), Australia 33.92 41.57 230 24.0% 280 The University of Tennessee at Knoxville (UTK), United States of America (USA) 39.75 41.5 273 5.6% 281 University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China 34.36 41.38 87 21.9% 282 University of Konstanz, Germany 49.74 41.25 88 -16.1% 283 VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands 55.89 41.24 357 -25.3% 284 Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium 45.53 41.07 210 -8.7% 285 University of South Carolina - Columbia (SC), United States of America (USA) 35.75 40.88 95 15.7% 286 University of Stuttgart, Germany 46.91 40.59 119 -12.4% 287 University of Montpellier, France 41.86 40.56 267 -1.9% 288 Aalto University, Finland 44.92 40.32 210 -9.2% 289 University of Padova (UNIPD), Italy 37.56 40.16 295 8.2% 290 Northeast Normal University (NENU), China 25.5 39.95 65 58.5% 291 Shanghai University (SHU), China 31.77 39.87 99 27.0% 292 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 39.16 39.59 380 2.3% 293 University of Bordeaux, France 34.77 39.52 234 15.0% 294 Cardiff University, United Kingdom (UK) 50.13 39.47 161 -20.3% 295 University of Tsukuba, Japan 61.92 39.46 211 -35.5% 296 University of Sherbrooke (USherbrooke), Canada 25.82 39.37 107 54.3% 297 Friedrich Schiller University Jena (FSU), Germany 44.36 39.21 154 -10.6% 298 The University of Texas at Dallas (UT Dallas), United States of America (USA) 31.92 38.98 157 23.6% 299 Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Spain 39.69 38.02 154 -3.0% 300 Chongqing University (CQU), China 30.52 37.89 94 25.6% 301 University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Portugal 44.98 37.79 215 -15.0% 302 Northeastern University (NEU), United States of America (USA) 37.85 37.63 192 0.6% 303 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), United States of America (USA) 34.98 37.33 85 8.0% 304 Washington State University (WSU), United States of America (USA) 35.16 37.25 112 7.2% 305 Newcastle University, United Kingdom (UK) 38.52 37.22 156 -2.2% 306 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), China 36.08 37.18 99 4.3% 307 University of Sussex (US), United Kingdom (UK) 30.74 37.17 166 22.4% 308 Linköping University (LiU), Sweden 30.26 36.94 100 23.5% 309 Chalmers University of Technology (Chalmers), Sweden 38.82 36.71 106 -4.3% 310 The University of Adelaide (Adelaide Uni), Australia 35.89 36.67 217 3.4% 311 The University of Oklahoma (OU), United States of America (USA) 39.74 36.43 180 -7.3% 312 The University of Akron (UAkron), United States of America (USA) 38.88 36.43 68 -5.2% 313 University of South Florida (USF), United States of America (USA) 43.54 36.37 91 -15.5% 314 Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras), India 26.55 36.18 135 37.9% 315 University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom (UK) 28.4 35.64 111 27.0% 316 University of Missouri-Columbia (Mizzou), United States of America (USA) 35.22 34.84 77 0.1% 317 University of Warsaw (UW), Poland 33.61 34.8 189 4.8% 318 University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), United States of America (USA) 39.87 34.52 116 -12.4% 319 Wayne State University (WSU), United States of America (USA) 49.37 34.47 184 -29.3% 320 University of Milan (UNIMI), Italy 24.47 34.43 270 42.4% 321 Northwest University (NWU), China 27.25 34.41 55 27.8% 322 China Pharmaceutical University (CPU), China 20.72 34.38 66 67.9% 323 Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NUST), China 25.51 33.95 72 34.7% 324 National Chiao Tung University (NCTU), Taiwan 39.53 33.65 87 -13.9% 325 Simon Fraser University (SFU), Canada 33.45 33.6 174 1.6% 326 University of East Anglia (UEA), United Kingdom (UK) 19.18 33.28 104 75.6% 327 Ulm University, Germany 37.11 33.14 127 -9.6% 328 Waseda University, Japan 26.71 32.85 145 24.5% 329 University of Victoria (UVic), Canada 25.03 32.61 172 31.8% 330 National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico 36.54 32.59 148 -9.8% 331 Shenzhen University (SZU), China 17.11 32.52 131 92.3% 332 University of Florence (UNIFI), Italy 27.46 32.38 203 19.3% 333 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), United States of America (USA) 28.18 32.27 160 15.9% 334 Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU), China 21.05 32.19 47 54.7% 335 Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), India 29.27 32.07 54 10.9% 336 Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Spain 23.55 32.04 206 37.7% 337 University of Innsbruck (LFU), Austria 37.64 31.8 163 -14.5% 338 Dalhousie University, Canada 24.07 31.6 95 32.8% 339 Jagiellonian University (UJ), Poland 26.48 31.27 155 19.5% 340 University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Spain 33.94 31.19 148 -7.0% 341 The University of Wollongong (UOW), Australia 29.91 31.1 115 5.2% 342 Wuhan University of Technology (WUT), China 23.26 31.04 66 35.0% 343 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Peking Union Medical College (CAMS PUMC), China 29.64 30.93 111 5.6% 344 University of Bath, United Kingdom (UK) 37.83 30.88 94 -17.4% 345 University of Otago, New Zealand 33.23 30.67 104 -6.6% 346 Nanjing Normal University (NNU), China 30.02 30.58 99 3.1% 347 University of Gothenburg (GU), Sweden 34.16 30.57 118 -9.4% 348 Darmstadt University of Technology (TU Darmstadt), Germany 40.16 30.45 115 -23.3% 349 University of Bremen (Uni Bremen), Germany 26.67 30.22 102 14.7% 350 University of Hannover (LUH), Germany 27.32 30.2 104 11.9% 351 University of Kiel (CAU), Germany 39.71 30.18 119 -23.1% 352 University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), United States of America (USA) 40.44 30.02 99 -24.9% 353 China Agricultural University (CAU), China 26.38 29.72 77 14.0% 354 Boston College (BC), United States of America (USA) 30.51 29.5 51 -2.2% 355 Jinan University (JNU), China 18.55 29.37 101 60.2% 356 Ewha Womans University (Ewha), South Korea 32.82 29.25 81 -9.8% 357 Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (MLU), Germany 25.72 29.18 105 14.8% 358 Bar-Ilan University (BIU), Israel 32.11 29.11 71 -8.3% 359 Charles University (CU), Czech Republic 28.92 28.97 274 1.4% 360 Okayama University, Japan 25.51 28.81 140 14.3% 361 National Institute of Applied Sciences (INSA), France 30.72 28.79 305 -5.2% 362 Umeå University (UMU), Sweden 25.52 28.1 113 11.4% 363 Braunschweig University of Technology (TU Braunschweig), Germany 25.41 27.94 74 11.3% 364 Kanazawa University (KU), Japan 28.96 27.62 70 -3.5% 365 école Normale Supérieure (ENS Paris), France 25.54 27.47 296 8.8% 366 Ocean University of China (OUC), China 20.36 27.23 94 35.3% 367 Changzhou University (CZU), China 15.02 27.22 39 83.4% 368 Hiroshima University (HU), Japan 30.3 27.16 105 -9.3% 369 Kobe University, Japan 30.21 27.1 133 -9.2% 370 International School for Advanced Studies (ISAS), Italy 23.74 27.07 98 15.4% 371 Shanxi University (SXU), China 18.59 26.99 73 46.9% 372 University of Nevada, Reno (UNR), United States of America (USA) 24.14 26.98 71 13.1% 373 University of Bologna (UNIBO), Italy 32.16 26.97 313 -15.1% 374 Laval University (UL), Canada 23.65 26.93 105 15.2% 375 Curtin University, Australia 37.35 26.5 118 -28.2% 376 Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), United States of America (USA) 36.87 26.3 61 -27.8% 377 Drexel University, United States of America (USA) 28.59 26.25 84 -7.1% 378 University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium 28.13 26.09 177 -6.1% 379 Beijing University of Technology (BJUT), China 21.44 26.07 71 23.1% 380 National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan 24.7 26.05 82 6.7% 381 University of Central Florida (UCF), United States of America (USA) 25.78 25.83 66 1.4% 382 The University of Auckland, New Zealand 20.93 25.69 178 24.2% 383 University of Dundee, United Kingdom (UK) 31.55 25.53 96 -18.1% 384 Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), India 29.44 25.53 41 -12.2% 385 Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Belgium 37.07 25.52 152 -30.3% 386 University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Italy 24.08 25.49 219 7.1% 387 University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), China 20.86 25.37 93 23.0% 388 University of Saskatchewan (U of S), Canada 31.41 25.34 68 -18.4% 389 Zhengzhou University (ZZU), China 23.61 25.22 72 8.1% 390 Georgia State University (GSU), United States of America (USA) 20.84 25.09 75 21.8% 391 Kyung Hee University (KHU), South Korea 23.43 25.01 66 8.0% 392 Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock (LIKAT), Germany 25.09 24.93 37 0.5% 393 University of Turin (UNITO), Italy 27.16 24.84 229 -7.4% 394 Queen's University Belfast (QUB), United Kingdom (UK) 25.37 24.75 81 -1.3% 395 Queen's University, Canada 29.42 24.7 148 -15.0% 396 Clemson University, United States of America (USA) 29.8 24.62 57 -16.4% 397 University of Twente (UTwente), Netherlands 31.17 24.61 62 -20.1% 398 Macquarie University, Australia 20.62 24.59 105 20.7% 399 West Virginia University (WVU), United States of America (USA) 19.37 24.51 82 28.1% 400 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway 23.93 24.38 85 3.1% 401 Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Austria 16.43 24.37 53 50.1% 402 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), India 16.37 24.35 43 50.5% 403 Griffith University, Australia 22.72 24.09 92 7.3% 404 Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU), Germany 32.66 23.99 86 -25.7% 405 University of Fribourg (UNIFR), Switzerland 18.01 23.92 94 34.5% 406 Lancaster University, United Kingdom (UK) 21.41 23.79 155 12.4% 407 ShanghaiTech University, China 10.09 23.67 129 137.5% 408 South China Normal University (SCNU), China 14.77 23.59 49 61.7% 409 University of Liège (ULg), Belgium 27.53 23.39 90 -14.0% 410 Giessen University (JLU), Germany 20.27 23.16 135 15.6% 411 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT Guwahati), India 10.55 23.13 44 121.8% 412 University of Bergen (UIB), Norway 18.22 23.06 204 28.1% 413 Erasmus University Rotterdam (EUR), Netherlands 24.11 22.9 149 -3.9% 414 University of Oviedo (UniOvi), Spain 27.42 22.63 142 -16.5% 415 University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Italy 25.93 22.62 268 -11.7% 416 The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), United States of America (USA) 25.07 22.46 67 -9.3% 417 State University of New York at Albany (SUNY Albany), United States of America (USA) 28.54 22.42 117 -20.5% 418 Masaryk University (MU), Czech Republic 17.82 21.97 81 24.8% 419 University of Granada (UGR), Spain 25.48 21.79 135 -13.5% 420 Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), Austria 18.36 21.74 65 19.8% 421 Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), China 15.25 21.56 60 43.1% 422 Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), China 17.69 21.53 53 23.1% 423 China University of Petroleum (CUP), China 17.02 21.31 54 26.7% 424 University of Vermont (UVM), United States of America (USA) 18.87 21.31 64 14.3% 425 University of Tasmania (UTAS), Australia 14.93 21.19 91 43.6% 426 Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Japan 18.13 21.17 45 18.2% 427 Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), United States of America (USA) 26.16 20.77 54 -19.7% 428 Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), United States of America (USA) 25.86 20.75 64 -18.8% 429 Chung-Ang University (CAU), South Korea 13.88 20.58 48 50.0% 430 University of Guelph, Canada 20.59 20.55 154 1.0% 431 University of Graz (Uni Graz), Austria 14.73 20.38 57 40.0% 432 Swansea University, United Kingdom (UK) 20.36 20.33 65 1.1% 433 University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark 20.26 20.31 95 1.4% 434 Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), China 13.79 20.24 55 48.6% 435 Capital Normal University (CNU), China 11.51 20.08 56 76.6% 436 University of Manitoba, Canada 17.36 20.01 140 16.6% 437 University of Aveiro (UA), Portugal 12.55 19.72 62 59.0% 438 University of Siegen, Germany 21.55 19.72 103 -7.4% 439 University of Potsdam, Germany 35.23 19.68 100 -43.5% 440 University of Jyväskylä, Finland 19.07 19.57 163 3.8% 441 University College Dublin (UCD), Ireland 22.02 19.52 199 -10.3% 442 Thomas Jefferson University (TJU), United States of America (USA) 18.9 19.52 58 4.5% 443 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden 14.77 19.5 81 33.6% 444 University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina 17.32 19.5 145 14.0% 445 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil 19.79 19.38 174 -0.9% 446 University of Jinan (UJN), China 16.89 19.35 30 15.9% 447 University of Trento (UNITN), Italy 11.48 19.3 179 70.1% 448 Texas Tech University (TTU), United States of America (USA) 23.41 19.07 130 -17.6% 449 Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy 21.08 19.07 82 -8.5% 450 Montana State University-Bozeman (MSU), United States of America (USA) 12.15 19.02 88 58.5% 451 Bielefeld University, Germany 20 18.9 49 -4.4% 452 Paris Descartes University (Paris 5), France 16.02 18.82 219 18.8% 453 Tokyo University of Science (TUS), Japan 18.82 18.75 59 0.8% 454 Chiba University, Japan 37.65 18.74 72 -49.6% 455 Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Japan 17.01 18.57 47 10.5% 456 University of Wyoming, United States of America (USA) 16.42 18.53 61 14.2% 457 Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), Australia 25.03 18.5 74 -25.2% 458 Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), Japan 17.44 18.45 33 7.0% 459 University of Reading, United Kingdom (UK) 24.09 18.44 77 -22.5% 460 Henan Normal University (HTU), China 20.18 18.39 32 -7.8% 461 Renmin University of China (RUC), China 18.46 18.38 55 0.8% 462 Lehigh University, United States of America (USA) 20.26 18.01 42 -10.1% 463 University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), United States of America (USA) 17.94 18 45 1.5% 464 Kumamoto University, Japan 13.03 17.99 51 39.7% 465 Georgetown University, United States of America (USA) 24.9 17.86 45 -27.4% 466 Victoria University of Wellington (Victoria), New Zealand 16.68 17.84 81 8.2% 467 Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), China 11.95 17.76 43 50.4% 468 Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), China 16.24 17.65 73 10.0% 469 Henan University (HENU), China 11.78 17.65 36 51.6% 470 The University of Texas at Arlington (UTA), United States of America (USA) 18.09 17.6 99 -1.5% 471 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), South Korea 26.78 17.46 43 -34.0% 472 Saarland University (Saar-Uni), Germany 26.76 17.38 57 -34.3% 473 Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), China 21.85 17.27 83 -20.1% 474 São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil 15.95 17.18 123 9.0% 475 Ajou University (AJOU), South Korea 12.77 17.17 43 36.1% 476 University of Rennes 1, France 13.84 17.05 139 24.6% 477 Johannes Kepler University of Linz (JKU), Austria 11.89 16.91 41 43.9% 478 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi), India 9.55 16.89 29 78.8% 479 University of Porto (UP), Portugal 15.28 16.87 128 11.7% 480 Nanchang University (NCU), China 10.84 16.85 56 57.3% 481 Nanjing Medical University (NJMU), China 14.45 16.78 64 17.5% 482 Pusan National University (PNU), South Korea 25.62 16.74 91 -33.9% 483 The George Washington University (GW), United States of America (USA) 16.96 16.6 71 -1.0% 484 école Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon), France 16.15 16.59 168 4.0% 485 Nagoya Institute of Technology (NITech), Japan 20.02 16.51 24 -16.5% 486 Hannover Medical School (MHH), Germany 16.52 16.39 73 0.4% 487 National Central University (NCU), Taiwan 16.32 16.38 127 1.6% 488 University of Leicester, United Kingdom (UK) 24.4 16.38 93 -32.1% 489 University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom (UK) 16 16.26 81 2.8% 490 Saint Petersburg State University (SPbU), Russia 21.67 16.25 100 -24.1% 491 University of North Texas (UNT), United States of America (USA) 8.7 16.25 42 89.1% 492 Osaka Prefecture University (OPU), Japan 17.4 16.24 38 -5.6% 493 Medical University of Vienna (MUW), Austria 15.61 16.21 91 5.1% 494 University of Louisville (UofL), United States of America (USA) 15.65 16.14 70 4.4% 495 The University of Alabama (UA), United States of America (USA) 10.25 16.09 119 58.9% 496 Zhejiang Normal University (ZJNU), China 10.07 16 36 60.8% 497 University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Norway 10.96 15.97 72 47.4% 498 Hefei University of Technology (HFUT), China 21.44 15.96 37 -24.7% 499 University of Chile, Chile 15.4 15.95 73 4.8% 500 The University of Toledo (UT), United States of America (USA) 20.99 15.89 36 -23.4% Each year, the Nature Index publishes tables based on counts of high-quality research outputs in the previous calendar year. It is important for users to understand that the data behind the tables are based on a relatively small proportion of total research papers, that they cover the natural sciences only and that outputs are non-normalized (that is, they don’t reflect the size of the country or institution, or its overall research output). We encourage users to combine the free-to-access Nature Index data with information from other sources. The tables were last updated on 7 June 2018 with the most recent institution and article corrections. * The change in adjusted FC accounts for the small annual variation in the total number of articles in Nature Index journals. FC values have been adjusted to 2017 levels to calculate the percentage change. For more information on the adjustment, please see the Adjusted metric explainer .
个人分类: 新观察|2589 次阅读|0 个评论
关于学术机构的特色
Greg66 2012-12-26 12:16
各个学术单位,都在打造自己的学术特色,以利于争取国家投资、企业赞助等。我觉得学术特色应该体现在四个方面: 第一是做什么。指的是学术机构的主要研究内容。其实这个方面基本不太可能有太大的特色发展空间,因为做什么,通过学术交流、推广活动,总会为别的单位所知,有时还是必须让别的单位所知,别的单位总会跟着做。而且,如果是应用性研究单位,所研究的行业科学问题基本已经不是什么秘密,需要做的都已经有人在做。 第二是怎么做。指的是研究方法。在这个上面还是有很大的特色发展空间的,因为就同一个科学问题,做法和角度各不相同,研究方法上的创新会对研究进展影响很大,而且研究方法本身也是创新。 第三是做多少。这就是量的问题,投入多、研究力量强、做得多,自然就形成了本单位的学术特色,外届也会普遍认可。要打造特色,通过量来打造,很重要。 第四是做多深。做得越深入,外界肯定是越佩服,特色肯定就越明显。 也有不止一个“打安全牌”的学术单位,说自己是以安全为特色。要说自己是以安全为特色,那必须在安全科学(事故预防的科学)的研究方法,队伍规模、成果数量,学术水平上下功夫,靠研究内容做特色,我觉得空间不是很大。这是指学术工作上。我觉得还有一个重要指标,那就是本单位的安全业绩。业绩包含:本单位员工操作的安全性、设备设施的安全性,安全知识、意识、习惯水平,管理水平(体系建设)、安全文化水平等,这些是“事前”指标。安全业绩需要还有更加明确的能够行业通用的国际接轨的“事后”指标,即死亡人数、工伤人次数、务工天数这些绝对指标及有他们演绎出来的相对指标。如果本单位安全业绩不好,我以为那就很难说你的安全科研水平有多高(相当于你自己都不用本单位的产品,那你的产品能卖给谁?),“打安全牌”自然也就不容易了。事实上,美国杜邦之所以能在世界范围内开展高收费安全咨询业务,直接得益于他们公司自己在全球各种业务中的优异安全业绩(2004年排过美国企业安全前20强),这不能不说是一个重要启示。
个人分类: 1|4334 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载]对治理我国学术不端的思考和建议
wensz902 2010-11-12 14:13
对治理我国学术不端的思考和建议 现在打假成了中国科技界最热闹的话题,这显然是很不正常的。因为科学技术是选优,而打假却是比烂。要是大家的兴奋点是打假,就别指望在科研上干出什么正经事。 作为曾经在国内现旅居海外的一知识分子,我想心平气和谈谈中国的学术不端,看看这事有多严重,到底该怎么治理。 其实有些很热闹的话题,比如假学历、假文凭、假资历等,严格地讲并不属于学术不端。只要人事部门稍微用点心,用假文凭骗职位的事就不可能发生。在美国大学里当过教授的都知道,人事部门会核对每个录用人员简历上列出的所有学历和经历,要求简历上列出的所有学校由校方将成绩单直接寄到录用单位的人事部门,没有造假的余地。对资历的审核也一样,人事部门有时会雇用专门的侦探公司把录用人员的所有经历都查清楚。因为有了这样严格的系统保证,每个人才能非常在乎自己的信誉,保证信用社会的正常运作。 什么是学术不端呢?顾名思义,指不但是发生在学术界而且和学术有关的不端现象,如抄袭剽窃、一稿多投、伪造数据、用不公平的手段影响文章审核、经费分配、评职升级和获得荣誉等。我以为中国的学术不端很多是被不恰当的政策逼出来的。人都有自尊,受过教育还在教育人的人,如果不是不得已,谁愿意干不端的事?可我们大学里的评价体系有时确实不切实际。本科生要写毕业论文,他们就那么点时间,很多还没有合格的科研训练,非要写文章,不就把他们逼上左道旁门了吗?所以我们从本科生毕业论文开始就在逼学生抄袭作假。规定博士生甚至硕士生必须发够多少多少文章才能毕业,其实就是对导师和教授(学术)委员会的不信任。为了发文章按时毕业,那就什么招数都使吧。我们把学生都教坏了,还能指望他们成为教授后能干什么好事?恕我直言,这些年大学扩招,许多增加的大学老师学历学位是高了,可教育和训练并没能同步提高。提职、升级有都需要文章,都要报项目。糟糕的是许多大学还有发文章就发奖金的政策,促进恶性竞争逼得有些人只好铤而走险了。有些单位的领导,不但从事行政管理工作,还愿意名义上兼任科研工作。他们的地位决定了他们在经费分配和获得荣誉上有天然优势,这就逼得有些科研第一线的科技人员不得不用自己的成果去讨好领导换取较好的经费科研条件。在这样的环境下,一般的群众会想,领导都这样,我们不端有什么了不起?这样必然加剧道德水准下降。所以要想从根上制止学术不端,应该从高校政策和管理制度上改进。这里我就不展开谈了,我会写一篇文章专门谈怎样改进高校管理。 那么中国的学术不端究竟有多严重?有人为了不同目的会说得很严重。可我认为,与其他领域也存在的问题相比,学术不端并非一枝独秀,不该漠视可也没有必要夸大。既然别的领域打击腐败不能允许黑社会似的私人行刑,那么,打击学术不端也必须改进制度,建立规矩并遵守规矩,政府和学术共同体不能支持所谓私人学术打假。 科学领域还有一个别的领域不可比的优势,就是科学是选优,它有自我净化功能。假的东西即使能发表,一旦被后继者发现是是假的,后来的研究人员就不会继续做下去。所以没有必要无限夸大学术不端的负面影响。学术界尤其是自然科学界,总是由有价值的东西领导的,也只有价值的东西才能长存下去,才能影响影响科学的发展。就象淘金一样,沙子会冲掉,只有金子会留下来。 什么才是一个科技工作者的学术贡献?最简单也是最愚蠢的衡量就是发了多少篇文章;高级点的看发了多少篇高级期刊上的文章;真正懂行的不是这样,而是告诉你某个工作是谁干的。没多少人知道爱因斯坦发过几篇文章,可都知道相对论是他干的。而且,评价一个人的贡献,不是他文章的平均水平,不是有没有错过甚至作没作过假(爱因斯坦发表过同行评论是错误的文章),而是最高水平的工作(选优)。八十年代曾看过看过布莱希特的话剧《伽利略》。里面的故事让我印象深刻。伽利略在听说别处已经制造出望远镜后,赶紧制造并声称自己发明了望远镜。按照现在的、哪怕当时的标准,这是学术不端的典型。可谁能否认伽利略是人类历史上最伟大的科学家之一?在被指责学术作假时,伽利略申辩的理由是他要好待遇,要吃肉,才能集中精力搞研究。有意思的是那些后来逼迫伽利略放弃日心说的恶棍当初曾义正词严指责伽利略做假。所以在政策存在较大缺陷时,要是有人发点纯粹是为了对付政策的没有价值的文章,只要程序正确,也请宽容对待,有错误也不必无限上纲。科学,不是给出一个永恒存在的真理,而是给永远存在的错误在不断地划定着界限(布莱希特《伽利略》)。基于这样的共识,发达国家里的学术批评是一件很慎重的事情,不能由外行来判断,只能在学术共同体内按照共同遵守的原则解决。学术界有自己的玩法,是在选优,和法庭上比烂的玩法不一样。美国法庭上有陪审团制度,陪审团成员用他们的直觉判断是非。可能想象学术界也搞陪审团制度吗?能想象一群连微分都没听说过的人在学术的法庭上当陪审员判断一个数学教授有没有抄袭吗?要是这种便宜的搞法在学术界能成,很多发达国家早搞了。 需要一个什么样的机构治理学术不端?回答这个问题必须先看看什么人在做学术研究。在学术界生存下来的是从大学、研究生、博士生、博士后一批批淘汰后留下的。博士毕业平均年龄至少三十了。做了几年博士后有了自己的实验室该冲着四十去了。要是被无端指控耽误几年,经费中断名声搞臭了后续还能搞科研吗?要是被错误的打成学术不端丢掉工作,他还能干什么?所以不能支持一封匿名信查一年的事,不能支持无端指控。即使对有真凭实据实名举报,也要保密和公平的调查,给当事人足够的解释机会。这是双向(dual)的处理机构。没有双向的处理机构,不可能有公平的判断和处理程序,按照不公平的程序就是处理了也可能逼得当事人走极端,对处理者和被处理者都是一种巨大的危险,不利于建设和谐社会。 所以建立一个双向的处理机构事关重大,处理机构应该对学术界是建设性(constructive)而不是破坏性(destructive)的。学术队伍的建立和建栋房子一样,要经过一砖一瓦长年辛苦建设。而破坏这栋房子搞点炸药就成。炸是很爽,可炸完了什么也剩不下。这是流氓无产阶级才愿意干的事,他们没资格选优却乐于看到有人比他们还烂。搞臭一个人的名声很容易,可洗刷被搞臭的名声就难上加难了。要是鼓励扒粪式的打假,真正的学者不会比流言制造者更有公信力。文革中多少优秀的人才在无知又充满义愤的群众运动面前显得那样无能为力以至选择轻生,这种教训对我们民族都该是铭心刻骨的。所以建设性的处理机构才是学术界需要的。这个机构应该对真正的学术不端有敏锐地鉴查能力,把腐坏部分剔出学术机体,给造假者恰当的处理而不是游街示众,(就如同学生违反校规受相应处分一样)又能保护无辜的科研人员不被构陷打击。处理机构应该符合下列要求并做以下工作: 一、必须与举报方和被举报方都无利益关系或利益冲突; 二、不能通过治理学术不端获取政治经济或名声上的好处; 三、只接受实名举报并为举报方保密,充份听取举报方的意见、获取和分析提供的证据,保证对任何举报有正式答复; 四、为被举报方(当事人)保密,并秘密调查; 五、公平组织调查委员会,委员会成员必须是相关领域的并尽量与当事双方无利害或利益关联的专家; 六、让当事人充分答辩和解释; 七、充分取证后由调查委员会独立决定举报是否成立。如果存在问题,决定问题的性质到底是造假抄袭还是无心之错; 八、按照规定向有关权力部门提出处理意见并通知举报人及当事人。只在相关人员中宣布结论而不扩大传播范围; 九、保护科研人员的合法权益,与学术单位和学术管理部门一起,对不合程序的无端指控一律不予理睬。对科技共同体内用非正常手段打击异己的人进行调查并根据结果向有关权力部门提出处理意见。对中伤科研人员的流言蜚语在受害人的要求下进行调查并做出权威性的结论并公开反应。 显然,能满足这些条件并开展上述工作的机构只能在由学术管理部门组织并在学术共同体内部构建并不断改进完善。科技共同体内的人员也必须遵守共同的原则:只向正式的处理机构举报学术不端。原因很简单,要是有人借助非正常手段打击异己,报复的手段迟早会落到自己身上。只有制度建设上的保证,才能在清除学术不端同时,还保护科研人员不被谣言伤害,使中国科技界把注意力集中到真正的科研上来。
个人分类: 生活点滴|2216 次阅读|0 个评论
2008最佳科研机构雇主排行榜--学术版
drqian 2008-12-7 10:31
选择什么地方去工作,对每个人来说都是需要慎重考虑的事情。对于选择科研作为未来职业的人来说,这点尤其重要,因为科研机构的各种环境的优劣,可能直接影响到你未来能取得的成就,以及个人满足。美国《 The Scientists 》杂志在今年的第11期中公布了2008科研机构雇主排行榜--学术版的调查结果。 先看一下参与调查的机构和反馈者的情况: 参与调查的学术机构的组成 调查反馈者工作时间分配情况 榜单: 美国科研机构排行前15名 国际科研机构排行前10名 美国科研机构前40名(带优缺点比较) 此排行榜中并没有出现中国的科研机构,这点让人感到遗憾。不过也应该是因为国际机构排行榜单太小的缘故吧(才显示前10名)。此次调查的主要对象是在各大 科研机构工作的员工,所以说可能对那些需要到海外发展,谋求职位(特别是美国)的人会有一定的参考价值。事实上该杂志在今年第3期中也公布过另外一个类似 的雇主排行榜(2008最佳科研机构雇主排行-博士后版),但那个榜单是针对博士后职位的,而此次调查对象则是科研机构的员工,所以指导意义上会略有不 同。但是我们比较一下两个榜单,会发现不少机构在两个榜单中都有出现,这正应了一句话,金子在哪里都能发光! 参考内容: Best Places to Work 2008: Academia Best Places to Work 2008: Postdocs
个人分类: 科学2.0|3730 次阅读|0 个评论

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