使用恰当的动词时态，提高文章可读性 写论文的时候，作者应该要遵守英语语法规则，也要确保格式合乎规范。 这里的合乎规范不单指遵照目标期刊或是所在单位机构的固 定要求，更意指要能够清楚地、准确地将信息传达给读者，包括研究主题、研究时间与你的观点(和引用的他人的观点)。为了能够做到这点，有一个重要的写作原则就是要确保文章中 动词时态（Verb Tense）使用恰当 。动词时态使用恰当，能使上下文衔接自然流畅，帮助读者快速梳理整个文章脉络，提高文章的可读性。 我们该怎样决定使用何种时态呢？ 我的研究都已经完成了，难道我不应该全部使用一般过去时吗？ NO!! 我们应该要以作者的身份，站在具体讨论内容的角度来决定。 作者身份也分很多类型，你可能是一名研究参与者（participant）、研究评论者（critic）或是研究传播者（messenger）等等，不论你是哪种作者身份，都应该与文章保持一些距离，站在一个客观角度来阐述。还有重要的一点就是，你必须考虑按照时间顺序来决定，在特定情况下该使用现在式还是过去式。 另外如果想准确掌握时态的使用，还必须同时熟悉需要遵守的论文撰写格式要求（APA, AMA等等），思考在各种情况下，应该使用哪一种时态是最合理的。 本篇文章将会聚焦于一般期刊和学术机构的研究论文中最常见的时态使用、基本动词使用规则和格式风格，但是除此之外，大家还是要彻底熟悉自己的目标投稿期刊或是所在单位机构所要求的格式。 现在时、过去时和完成时的一般使用规则 首先，在研究论文中有基本三种时态，分别是一般现在时(simple present)、 一般过去时(simple past)和现在完成时(present perfect)。在介绍研究性论文各部分的时态使用之前，先来看看一般论文的时态使用吧。 现在时(simple present) 一般现在时本质的思维特征是：表示从过去到现在直至将来的一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。也就是说，这些动作或状态的发生不限于某个特定的时间，它们可发生在任何时间，包括现在、过去和将来，这一段时间可以近乎无限长（表示客观真理），也可以表示习惯活动。我们用一般现在时来表示：1. 不受时间限制的科学事实、客观真理、言语格言，以及概括、结论、观点等；2. 表示人民日常生活习惯及重复活动。（张满胜：《英语语法新思维》页169） 一般现在时用来阐述一般事实（talk about general facts）、讨论现在的意义与可能的结果（discuss current meanings and implications）和表明未来的应用（suggest future applications）。 一般事实(General fact)为不因时间地点改变的事情，因此讨论一般科学事实时，永远适用现在时。 例:“Insulin and glucagon regulates blood glucose levels.” 可能的结果(implications)跟一般事实非常相近，因此规则也是一样的。 例:“An elevated glucose level indicates a lack of glucagon hormones in the pancreas. 未来的研究(Future research)使用一般现在时来强调，或表明重要性。 例:“Further studies about glucagon receptors are needed .(passive voice) 一般过去时(simplepast) 一般过去时用来讨论在过去某个特定时间与地点所发生的已经完成的事件。最常被用来描述离散事件（discrete events），例如 研究、实验或是观察到的现象。 例:“Scientists in Wales discovered a new enzyme in the liver.” 例:“Protocol X was used to analyze the data.(被动) 现在完成时 (present perfect) 现在完成时在研究论文中被用来描述事件或动作在过去的某个不确定时间点发生，或已经发生了但至今仍持续进行中/最近才完成。这一般在绪论中建立背景信息，来描述研究动机和解释研究目的。 需要注意的是这是在研究论文中最少被使用的过去式，而且要尽量避免使用。建议更多使用一般过去时阐明明确的动作。 例:“Many studies have focused on glucagon as an important regulating hormone.” 例:“Until recently, researchers have analyzed this kind of data using a Chi-Square Statistic.” 例:“Efforts have been made to understand more about this process. (passive) 论文不同部分里，哪种动词时态最合适？ 不得不再次向大家重申：您目标投稿期刊或是所在机构单位推荐或要求的时态使用，永远是最合适的。 不过无论是何种格式要求，它们的共同点都是十分强调论文各章节的连贯性，因此下面为大家介绍的使用规则，在大多数情况下都应该适用。 摘要(Abstract) 摘要部分， 一般 来说 需要使用一般过去时。至于简明的说明句（ concise introductory sentence ），则可以使用现在完成时。不过为了强调研究的重要性时，举例来说，解释世界的现况或你研究的特定地区，你也可以使用一般现在时。 引导句范例(现在完成时):“Recent studies of glucagon and insulin production have led to breakthroughs in medicine.” 建立背景/状况/目的范例(现在时):“Diabetes accounts for a higher number of deaths in the US than previously calculated.” 针对一般的陈述和事实、论文本身或是结果的分析，使用现在时。 事实陈述句范文:“In the US, diabetes is the most common endocrine disease. ” 如果你在陈述一个事实或一个早期/地点的发现，使用简单过去时。 范文:“In 2016, diabetes was the most common endocrine disease.” 绪论(Introduction) 在绪论部分，你可以混合使用一般现在时和一般过去时。 一般现在时用于讨论永恒不变的事实的时候，而一般过去时则用于描述早期的研究发现，可以是你自己本人的，也可以是他人的。 早期研究发现(一般过去时) 范文:“This same research team discovered a similar enzyme in their 2012 study.” 如果该研究发现的日期不明确或不重要，则使用现在完成时。 范文:“Prior research hasindicated a correlation between X and Y. 绪论的结论句，使用一般过去时或现在完成时。 结论句范文(一般过去时):“The Cal Tech glucagon studies were inconclusive. ” 结论句范文(现在完成时):“Prior research in this area has been inconclusive.” 当你在讲述某件已经发生的事情，或是被发现是过去的事情但已经被更正过，则使用过去完成时。 更新的信息(过去完成时)范文:“The Dublon skystudy had determined that X was Y, buta 2012 study found this to be incorrect.” 文献回顾(Literature Review) 文献回顾部分的时态使用有点棘手，因为你必须得同时考虑到：格式要求(APA, AMA, MLA 等其它格式) 和你如何进行文献讨论。 一般过去时通常应用于：研究者的名字为句子主语，然后讨论该研究的方法或结果。 描述研究员的操作范文:“Pearson(1997) discovered a new enzyme using similar methods. 其他常见的动词 使用:investigated, compared , stud ied, analyzed, investigated, found, confirmed , performed, etc. 当你评论另一位研究者的研究，或提出该研究当中提到的结果、讨论或结论时，使用现在时。 讨论另一个研究时使用的范文:“Ryuku(2005) concludes that there are no additional enzymes present in the liver, a finding this current study directly refutes.” 其他常见的动词: stresses, advocates, remarks, argues, claims, posits. etc. 方法论(Method) 方法论部分的时态使用方法，相对上来讲比较清楚。只要在一般过去时和一般现在时之间做出选择即可。 用一般过去时介绍你做了什么，你可能会注意到在描述研究者的操作时，时常使用被动语态。这样的做法能够较强调做了什么事情，而非谁做了这些事情。被动语态虽然在近十几年变成主流，但混合主被动语态来提升文章的可读性是一个相当值得推荐的做法。 研究的方法部分范文:“A glucose molecule was added to the mixture to see how the peptide would respond.”(被动语态) 分析的方法部分范文:The results were analyzed using Bayesian inference.(被动语态) 使用现在时来表示或解释图表、表格和示意图等。 范文:“Table 5showsthe results of this first isolated test.” 范文:“The results of this first isolated testare displayedin Table 5.(被动语态) 结论(Result) 结论部分的动词时态使用规则跟方法论部分有些相似。 使用一般过去时来讨论实际结果 范文:“The addition of 0.02μg of glycogen activated receptor cells. 范文:“Receptor cells were activated by the addition of 0.02μg of glycogen.(被动语态) 使用一般现在时来解释图表、表格和示意图等，句子语态则不可以混合主被动。 讨论(Discussion) 讨论部分涵盖了研究新发现的分析、解释和其意义。 使用一般过去时来总结你自己的发现。 总结我们自己的新发现范文:“The experiment yielded a number of results associated with the processing of glucose.” 使用一般现在时来解释和讨论新发现意义和重要性。 范文:“ synthetic glucagon is two-thirds as effective at decreasing fatty acid synthesis.” 结 论与未来展望 (Conclusions and FurtherWork) 结论和对于未来研究展望通常放在论文最后一句或两句，并提供一些基础但新颖的观点。 使用现在完成时来表示你的陈述说明到当下为止都还有效。 范文:“Results from this study have led to a deeper understanding about how different peptides interact in this enzyme.” 使用一般现在时来表述研究新发现的应用，并对未来研究提出建议。 大范围的应用范文:This study confirms thatendogenous glucagon is even more essential in metabolism than previously thought.” 当讨论到未来需要进行的研究或是准备要实行的研究时，除了一般将来时或一般现在时(或虚拟语气)可以使 用， 一般现在时的被动语态也可以使用 。 对于未来研究的寄望:“Further clinical studies are needed/will be needed/must be carried out/should be carried out to isolate the cause of this reaction.” 遵守以上的动词时态使用规则的话，你的论文可读性就可以大大提升。时态使用恰当，时间顺序更加明确，也就能够更加容易地突出你研究的重点。即便是已经完成论文，你也可以回头继续修改动词时态，只要你多读论文，不断练习，那么你就可以更快速的知道在任何情况下，应该用哪种时态来表现才最合适。
一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等； 关系副词有where, when, why等。 关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who 或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? 三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous. (3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) We'll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. (6) We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F) (3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 四．关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I don't know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born. 五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例： (1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. (2) China is a country which has a long history. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. (2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥） 难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况 1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时 (1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, (2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/ 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned? （二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是： 1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1) He married her, as/which was natural. (2) He was honest, as/which we can see. 2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don't believe. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 3. 当先行次受such, the same修饰时，常用as (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks. (3) This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：当先行次由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 (4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 （三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 (1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising. (四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don't ) (五)区分定语从句和同位语从句 1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句 2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true. (2) The news that he has just died is true. (3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语 (4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以 (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. (3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语 (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 参考资料：http://www.jxue.com/mid 20回答者： TeacherHelen - 经理 四级 2006-4-4 17:17 我来评论相关内容 ? 在定语从句中which和that的用法区别 ? 用最简单的句子说下在定语从句中which和that的区别 ? 定语从句中的that和which的区别 ? 英语定语从句中that和which有什么区别 ? 定语从句中 that 和 which 有什么区别? 更多关于定语从句的问题 查看同主题问题： that which 定语从句 区别 其他回答 共 2 条 定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句，结果状语从句，让步状语从句，原因状语从句，条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物 回答者： fanen01 - 魔法师 五级 2006-4-4 12:41 which 可以引导一个非限制性定语从句，that 则不能，例如： He had failed in the English, which made his father very angry. Which 之前可以有介词，that 之前则不能，例如： This is the house in which Tom used to live. 只能用that，而不能用 which 的情况 1.当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, anything, much, little, few，none 等不定代词时，例如： That is all that I want to say. 2. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时，例如： The first place that I visited in Beijing was the Great Wall. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 3. 当先行词被 the very,the only,the just 等词修饰时，例如： Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 4. 当两个先行词一个指人,一个指物时，例如： The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students. 5. 当主句已有疑问词who或which时，例如： Who that you have even seen can do better? 6. 如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系代词是 which ，另一句则用that，例如： Let me show you the book that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
英语系动词的表述是英语学习中常见的字眼，中学英语课堂上，老师们似乎讲得头头是道。略作深究，它竟是一个身份不明、角色暧昧的词类。在诸多语法书中叨陪小三乃至隐形小三，在各路以正统自居的词汇辞书中甚至以河东狮吼为范，干脆取消系动词的名份与出生资格，将之消灭于无形。 章振邦《新编英语语法教程》（上海外语教育出版社，2003版）给了连系动词合法的名份。他说：“英语动词按其在构成动词词组中所起的作用分为主动词和助动词两大类。主动词按其是否必须跟有补足成分以及必须跟有什么样的补足成分如宾语、补语、状语等，分为及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词。及物动词之后须带宾语。不及物动词之后不须带宾语。连系动词之后须带主语补语。” 尽管我对章先生给予连系动词予以承认表示赞同，但对章先生的说法略持异议。我以为：英语动词只有主动词一大类，所谓助动词本身根本不是动词，而是起辅助作用的助词，协助动词完成一定的语法功能。此外，“不及物动词之后不须带宾语”准确的说法应当是“不可带宾语”。 张道真先生的《实用英语语法》（外语教学与研究出版社，2002版）也是文如其名，从实用主义的观点出发，避而不谈或不予深究英语动词的科学分类，只是笼统地表示“动词主要分作下面几类：及物动词、不及物动词、兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词、双宾动词、成语动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词”。张先生的这种实用分类、混合分类可能也是正统语法书中不多见的。不足的是，头脑中不免对英语动词分类如此之多而杂顿生感慨给，贻人以动词麾下妻妾成群之不佳印象。 翻开各路词汇类辞典，大多数对于连系动词语焉不详，兴之所至，聊作点缀。以本人近期购买的新版《英汉大词典》（第2版）为例，对于张道真先生书中所称的“系动词有下面这些：appear be become fall feel get go grow keep look prove remain rest run seem smell sound stay taste turn”手脚并用不过尔尔的20词，仅对“remain”一个词标注了系动词属性，可谓硕果仅存，亦或是漏网之鱼。信手翻阅手头的其它中英词汇辞书，似乎各随其便、标法不一，但总体上可能都未超出10词。 既然语法书籍中大多对于系动词信誓旦旦，将置于动词三分天下有其一的地位，英语词汇类辞书中为何难觅踪影呢？为什么编纂者不愿意让其露面呢？即使勉强一见，也是作为“二不”姐的丫鬟，屈身在不及物动词名下作为子项。 以中英文对比而言，系动词用法对于中国人不难理解，但它与不及物动词的差异是明显的：不及物可以什么都不接，系动词必须后接形容词等。普通不及物动词后接形容词是难以解释的。 英语系动词仅是某些动词的属性之一种，其他动词似乎也可以化用为系动词，我国刘昌明院士发表的一篇外刊英文论文《Hydrological cycle changes in China's large river basin:The Yellow River drained dry》标题即为一例。 将连系动词藏之别馆、隐姓埋名的不良语法后果之一，就是让读者不知后接形容词是连系动词的独门绝招，并非寻常不及物动词之人手一份、凡词必具。此处“后接形容词”是单纯的形容词，形容词后再名词等不在此列。我不由得想到一则冷幽默：“一位美眉浅笑盈盈地在路边拦过路车，司机大哥乐于助人、热情招呼，忙不叠地邀其就座。不料路边冷不丁杀出一路人马，实乃“美女后”——老公与一串孩子。” 部分原版或国产词汇辞书等对动词属性细分不够，易使读者形成“后接形容词”成为凡动皆可接之错误认识。不过，云想衣裳花想容，将后接形容词作为连系动词的专利似乎对普罗不及物动词有些不公了。 我认为，英语词汇类辞书编纂中应当给予系动词应有的名份，至少达到张道真先生所提的20词，我将之称为手足并用数。
标签: 英语语法
