说明：本文重在提出问题。因时间关系，对于印度四季划分与花期尚欠缺更详实的资料。 ——泰戈尔可能主要着眼于夏花之美、之久，而非一闪而过 ——泰戈尔心目中的夏花指什么？ ——印度人民心目中的夏花指什么？ 泰戈尔（1861-1941），印度诗人，思想家，教育家）的名句“生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美”在不少中文网络中都写作“生如春花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美”。习惯“春花秋实”、“春花烂漫”的中国人还真是难以相信“夏花”之美逾过“春花”。 以我国而言，按照近代天文学的“四季”划分标准，是以 春分（3月21日左右——比立春要晚 45 天）、夏至（6月22日左右）、秋分（9月23日左右）、冬至（12月22日左右）分别作为四季的开始。 目前人们通常认为3月、4月、5月这三个月属于春季；6月、7月、8月属于夏季，9月、10月、11月属于秋季；12月、1月、2月属于冬季。 严格说来，即使我国，各地的季节是因地而异的。中国的标准如下： 中国人民共和国气象行业标准（气候季节划分，2012）.pdf 印度的四季不太分明，旱、雨季却很分明。据百度百科（ http://baike.baidu.com/view/2174.htm?fr=aladdin ）介绍，印度全境炎热，大部分属于热带季风气候，而印度西部的塔尔沙漠则是热带沙漠气候。夏天时有较明显的季风，冬天则较无明显的季风。印度气候分为雨季（6-10月）与旱季（3-5月）以及凉季（11-次年2月），冬天时受喜马拉雅山脉屏障影响，较无寒流或冷高压南下影响印度。 另据介绍（与上述略有差异），印度的气候特征是：全年高温，有雨季和旱季之分。旱季盛行东北风，雨季盛行西南风（每年6—9月，盛行西南季风，降水多，为雨季。每年10月——次年5月，盛行东北季风，干旱少雨，为旱季） 月份 风向 对降水的影响 一月 东北风（陆地→海洋） 少，旱季 七月 西南风（海洋→陆地） 多，雨季 又据 http://niaolei.org.cn/tag/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6 （鸟类网）介绍：从气候条件看，印度从北到南兼具寒、温、热三种类型的气候，但大部分地区属于亚热带气候。每年4——6月为热季，7——9月为雨季，10月至第二年3月为凉季。印度首都新德里的冬季气候宜人，最冷的时候只穿一件薄毛衣即可，而且到处仍是绿树如荫，繁花盛开，印度人称之为“粉红色的冬天”。这时也是印度一年中最好的旅游季节。暑季则酷热难耐，有时气温高达50C，即使坐在室内也是汗流浃背。从7月份开始，印度洋季风到来，雨季开始，几乎每天都要下一场雨，带走一些暑热。印度全国降雨量变动的幅度也很大。 印度的春夏秋冬是如何区分的呢？我手头暂时没有直接的材料，附6、附7提供了春天的有关讯息。不过，印度不少地方的“春天”可能不像中国那样鲜明与迷人。如启程旅游网（ http://news.tripc.net/gonglue/117962.html ）介绍：“ 印度分为三大季节：冬、夏和雨季 。冬季（11月至3月），早晚温差较大，印度各地每天晴朗，是十分舒服的季节，但北方的平原地区有时很寒冷，山岳地带下雪，1月-2月北部及中北部早上雾气很大，湿度也很大。夏天（4月至6月），5月开始天气变得炎热，5月中开始非常炎热，最好去高原地避暑。由于5月中旬-7月天气原因，白天最高温度可达35-42度，气候干燥、晴朗，晚上最低温度可到28-30度。请准备夏天的衣服，需要带遮阳帽、遮阳伞、防晒霜（30倍以上）、防晒修护乳液、腹泻药、防中暑药品、防蚊虫叮咬的药、太阳镜等夏季出行必备品。6月，由西部海岸开始的西南雨季，逐步扩散至全印度。除东南地区外，雨量集中在6月至9月期间，6-7月气温非常炎热，空气潮湿。每年的9月-次年的3月为印度的旅游黄金季节，降水稀少，气温为5一15℃。因为此时气温最适合旅游。” 在印度的古典文学作品《时令之环》（或译《六季杂咏》）中包含６组抒情短诗，分别描绘印度６季（夏季、雨季、秋季、霜季、寒季和春季）的自然景色以及男女相思之情等。 至于印度植物的花期，据《植物学报》的论文《植物开花时间: 自然变异与遗传分化》（2010，45（1），罗睿、郭建军）( http://download.bioon.com.cn/view/upload/201110/27163253_2515.pdf )介绍，分布在相同或不同地域的不同种类植物在不同的季节开花是一种非常常见的现象。印度干热带地区的落叶树种表现出夏季开花、雨季开花、秋季开花、冬季开花和干旱季节开花5种类型(Singh and Kushwaha, 2006)。 从这篇专业的学术研究论文大体可以看出，印度干热带地区（hillside注：印度其他区域的特点尚未查证）植物的花期似乎不存在春天的大面积的“春花烂漫”景象。印度其他地区的花期尚缺乏进一步资料。附7称，在印度，花在春天进入了全盛期(the flowers blooming in full splendour)。 印度的“春花”与“春花”在种类、地域、时间上有何区别？在文学描述上，“夏花”是否有一种特别的意味。附2的所谓赏析可能就是将印度的“夏花”简单地理解为中国的“夏花”之后所作的联想。 泰翁笔下所描绘的“夏花”在印度干热带地区似乎是常见景观与每年盼望之物，而并非是中国读者所想像的喜新厌旧、别出心裁，抛开“春花”迎“夏花”了。 作为泰翁的印度加尔各答地处恒河平原，春季与夏季的气候、物候、花期有何异同（据介绍，1861年5月7日，罗宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔出生于印度加尔各答一个富有的贵族家庭。他的父亲戴宾德纳特·泰戈尔是闻名的哲学家和社会活动家。哥哥、姐姐也都是社会名流。泰戈尔在这样一个文坛世家环境的薰陶下，8岁开始写诗，12岁开始写剧本，15岁发表了第一首长诗《野花》，17岁发表了叙事诗《诗人的故事》。才华横溢的泰戈尔从小就走上了文学创作的道路。1886年，他发表《新月集》，成为印度大中小学必选的文学教材。这期间，他还撰写了许多抨击美国殖民统治政论文章。）？他眼中的“春花”与“夏花”有何差异？泰翁心目中的美丽“夏花”究竟有哪些不同凡响之处？ 按照附2的说法，印度的秋叶也不像其他国家常见的落叶景象：气候一凉，秋风一吹，立马委顿一地；而是富有坚韧精神，将美丽长留人间。 附1：印度中文网对印度气候的介绍 http://www.indiacn.com/national/introduce/752.html 印度气候特点 气候差异大 2012-08-08 21:25:20 印度中文网 印度india位于印度次大陆，主要由三部分组成：在北部的喜马拉雅山区（其中就有海拔8,598米的印度最高峰康城章加峰）、中央平原以及南部的德干高原。多条河流发源于或流经印度，例如有恒河、布拉马普特拉河、亚穆纳河、戈达瓦里河以及奎师那河。印度河上流的一小段也位于印度境内。印度属热带季风气候，气温变化较大。 因为印度在北纬8.4至37.6度之间，气候差异很大。当喜马拉雅山麓克什米尔山谷的拉达克和旁遮普气温在0度上下徘徊，冷得结冰的时候，半岛南部气温却在30度，热得汗流浃背。每年6到9月为印度的夏季西南季风期，是印度半岛大部分地区农业耕种季节，但滂沱大雨给耕种带来困难。不过从南到北的灌溉系统可以调节这种不利因素。具有创新精神的印度凭着勤劳和智慧已经战胜了季风的肆虐。过去常常遇到饥饿灾年的印度，在养活是1947年独立时三倍的人口的同时，还向外出口粮食和水果。 印度气候特点：印度大部分地区属于热带季风气候，终年高温。受季风的影响， 一年之中也可以分为旱雨两季 ，风向随季节变化。旱季，风从陆地吹响海洋，干旱少雨；雨季，风从海洋吹向陆地，降水集中。印度降水季节变化大，季风活动不稳定，降水量极不稳定，有的年份多，有的年份少，造成水、旱灾害频繁。 印度年平均降雨量地区差异很大，阿萨姆邦的乞拉朋齐年降雨量高达1万毫米以上，是世界降水量最多的地区，西部的塔尔沙漠年降雨量不足100毫米。印度降水主要集中在雨季，占年降水量的80%左右。有时频频而降的大暴雨，常常导致河流水位暴涨，引起洪水泛滥。进入季风退却季，凉爽的10月开始了印度一年中最好的季节。从这时到整个冷季，印度大部分地区是庄稼成熟和收获的季节。其中冷季的12月至来年2月，是印度全年最佳季节，到处万紫千红，春意盎然，品种繁多的亚热带花卉竞相开放，吸引了无数游人。这个季节，天气清凉,是印度旅游业最兴旺、商贸交易最繁荣的时期。到印度旅游的最好时间是每年11月到次年2月，但由于印度国土辽阔，各地气候略有差异，北部山区则以4月至7月天气最好。 印度主要气候分区： 1、热带季风气候区：印度半岛约60％的地区属此气候； 2、热带雨林气候区：分布在印度半岛南部的沿海低地。全年高温多雨，温差很小。 3、亚热带季风性温润气候区：主要包括恒河-布拉马普特拉河流域。 4、沙漠气候区：分布在西部的塔尔沙漠。全年少雨或无雨，夏季气温高达50℃以上，冬季较凉爽。 5、高山气候区：主要包括西北和东北边境海拔3500米以上的地区。冬春季严寒干燥，最低气温-30℃；夏秋季凉爽。终年积雪，气候垂直变化显著； 6、夏季高温多雨，冬季凉爽温润。全年降水丰富，那加兰邦的乞拉朋齐年降水量达1万毫米以上，被称为世界雨极。 附2：印度四季的特点 http://www.yoyohou.com/gonglue/2392.html 什么时候去印度旅游最好 印度旅游最佳季节 ：一年四季中都有分旅游淡季和旺季，一般来说不同国家的气候都不尽相同，所以当这个城市是淡季的时候，另外的城市就是旺季了。那么， 印度 最佳旅游季节是什么呢？春夏秋冬，不同的时节，景点所排列出现的景象也是不相同的。 春天 ：印度的春天算是最佳旅游的季节之一，这个季度气候会比较保湿，阳光也不会太强烈，而且春节很多工作的年轻男女，都有足够长的假期，所以大多数人都印度设为最佳旅游选择。你可以在春季看见印度不一样的田园风光，和所有的文化艺术建筑，春天你也可走着游览车，在最好的地方往下看，看见整个印度之城将是多么的神圣。 夏天 ：到了夏季，印度更好玩地方增多了，因为夏天来了大家的心情也活跃了起来，很多印度的度假村也开始营业。你就可以在印度一览更多壮观的景象。夏季的时候很多当地的特色小吃就像美食街一样，每天都有丰盛的晚餐让你享用。印度夜晚的天空尤其安静，假村显得格外宁静，你甚至可以听到自己的心跳声。 秋天 ： 很多国家到了秋天就落叶满天飞了，唯独印度的秋季来得很迟，迟到你快要遗忘了才感觉到秋风靠近 。所以，将近有半年的时间，选择到这里旅游的人更多，加上十一黄金周也正是那时候，游客们比平时多了好几陪。喜欢热闹的游客们，也能体验到最热情的印度。 看了以上 印度旅游攻略 之后，假如你的假期已经有了着落，那么今天就开始启程，带上你的行李，整理好心情，你的印度计划即将实现，相信你对此次的旅途一定充满了好奇心。让心灵随着微风摇摆，至少要让心游走在快乐的道路上。 附3：误将“夏花”作“春花”的，在中文网络俯拾皆是 http://zhidao.baidu.com/link?url=_bjDASj7ePjiW5bQnOPlvqqdHbMUYyFq96TLnOO8D1nQdKOaelsi86NDCgI9UesJE_EfaEAf-fEU2l2IyoFMPpSyMfsneggDi59lwD-aQJe 泰戈尔的诗句是“生如春花之灿烂，死如秋叶之静美”还是“生如夏花之灿烂，死如秋叶之静美”？ 有的书籍上是春花，而有的是夏花，孰对？ 2013-12-20 15:25 网友采纳 热心网友 是“生如春花之灿烂，死如秋叶之静美”，诗歌讲究的是对仗，“春花”与下句的“秋叶”相对仗。 附4： http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%A6%82%E5%A4%8F%E8%8A%B1 朴树《生如夏花》赏析 印度文学大师泰戈尔的诗集《 飞鸟集 》中有一句话，英文原文为：“ Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves. 郑振铎将之译为“使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美”。而这其中的“生如夏花”一句，因其深刻的哲理概括与诗意性的文字表述，一直以来也为很多人所乐道。生如夏花，从字面的意思上来看，是具有多样化。可以说是夏花是具有十分灿烂绚丽的生命，特别是在夏天这样阳光充足的季节所绽放，是具有比春花更耀眼繁荣的光彩。这可以说是一种辉煌灿烂的生命况态。而另一方面，也正因为太过辉煌灿烂，因此衰败后就会显得更加暗淡凄美。“生如夏花”的另一个意思就是指生命就如夏天的花一样，虽然灿烂，但生命更为短暂匆忙，而这样极度辉煌后所带来极度的衰败，绝望般的唯美更为震人心脾。 附2注：朴树的“ 惊鸿一般短暂 如夏花一样绚烂 我是这耀眼的瞬间 是划过天边的刹那火焰”与其赏析者均视夏花为“昙花一现”之瞬间辉煌。我个人则认为，泰翁之“夏花”并不着眼于短暂，而是着眼于美丽与持久。误作“短暂”之解系中文的“夏花”与译者“绚烂”两种短暂性现象叠加所致。 附5： http://www.yanlinghm.com/news/show-8200.html 北京世界花卉大观园热带植物--印度艳山姜提前开花 发表时间：2009-06-02 浏览次数： 88 北京世界花卉大观园热带植物馆4年前从印度引进的艳山姜提前开花了，叶色秀丽、花姿雅致、花香诱人的艳山姜引来游人争先拍照。据花卉大观园技术人员介绍， 艳山姜的正常花期是每年的6月至7月 ，今年花卉大观园艳山姜提前开花是技术人员进行了特殊的技术处理，使花期提前到端午节。（来源：中国绿色时报） 附6： http://www.importantindia.com/10311/short-essay-on-spring-season/ Very Short Essay on Spring Season（关于印度春季的短文） Posted in Essays, Paragraphs and Articles by Vikash Pathak On January 22, 2014 . Spring Season is the most pleasant season in India. Poets have sung many songs about the beauty of this season. The morning is pleasant. The noon is soothing. The evening is cool and calm. The night is comfortable. Birds are singing. The sky is clear the wind is refreshing. Every object of Nature looks very beautiful. Flowers bloom. New leaves come out of trees. The period of Spring season in India falls between mid-February to mid-April(hillside:印度春季比较短，约2个月). A season of festivals The spring season is important for farmers. Crops ripen in the fields. Farmer’s stores wheat and barley at home. Everybody feels a sense of joy and happiness. Besides, spring is a season of festivals of the Hindus. Holi is a festival of eating and drinking. People enjoy it most. Holi adds to the glory of the spring season. A season of joy Spring is the season of joy. Green plants are there in the fields. The earth looks green with its plants and flowers. Spring is neither hot nor cold. It is very good for health. The cuckoo is mad with joy there is no cold wind. Days and nights are neither too long nor too short. I hate the cold wind of winter. I do not like the hot sun of summer. I dislike mud and dirt caused by the rains. So spring is my favorite season. Conclusion The beauty of spring makes us forget our sorrows. Its music thrills our ears. Its beauty pleases our eyes. Its freshness kills our cares. So spring is the most popular season in India. I like it most. 附7： http://www.mastholiday.com/blog/spring-season-in-india-feb-%E2%80%93-march/ http://www.wild-india.com/Season/spring.html SPRING SEASON IN INDIA (FEB – MARCH)（hillside:此处介绍，印度的春季为2月至3月） March 14th, 2011 Mast Holiday The season of spring is a harbinger of joy. In India, too, Spring is a beautiful period when the wintery sun begins to turn warm and the days get longer, not to mention the flowers blooming in full splendour. Spring is the most lovely season in India, when the entire ambience blooms in beauty. The nature around is bedazzled with the colours and fragrance. Though the spring season stays for a very short span of time, it brings newness to the surroundings. The entire atmosphere becomes bouncy. Venture Around in the Spring This one period when you can venture where you want. The climate will not be an obstruction on your way. Go to any part of India. Either visit the wildlife or any other attraction, Spring will never dissatisfy you. 附8： 泰戈尔出生地 加尔各答的地理与气候特点（ http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94 ） 加尔各答位于印度东部的 恒河三角洲 ， 22°33′N 88°20′E ，海拔高度介于1.5到9 米 之间。 该市沿着 胡格利河 河岸，呈南北向伸展。该市许多地方原来是大片的湿地，花费了数十年才将其改造成适合市民居住的地方。 孙德尔本斯国家公园 将该市与南面154千米处的 孟加拉湾 隔开。 如同 印度河-恒河平原 大部分地方一样，这里主要的土壤类型是 冲积土 。城市的地基由4层沉积物构成：粘土、淤泥、粗细不同的各种沙子，和沙砾。这些沉积物夹在两层淤泥之间，下面的一层深度介于250与650 米 之间，而上面的一层厚度介于10到40 米之间。 根据印度标准局文件，该市在四个地震等级分区中被划为三级地震区 。而根据 联合国开发计划署 报告，该市在风暴和旋风分区中属于“高度损害危险”等级。 加尔各答气候 加尔各答属于 热带 气候。年平均气温为26.8 摄氏度 ，月平均气温从19 °C到30 °C。夏季炎热潮湿，在5-7月最高气温经常超过40 °C。冬季持续只有2个半月，在12月和1月，气温会下降到12 °C – 14 °C。有记录的最高气温是43 °C，最低气温是5 °C。 初夏时节常有雷暴雨伴随狂风，断断续续袭击该市，对缓解湿热很有帮助。这种雷暴雨当地称作 Kal baisakhi （西北强风）。 东南季风 从6月到9月，给这座城市带来一半多的年降雨量，1,582 毫米。最大降雨量出现在8月季风时节（306 毫米)。每年该市的日照时间为2,528小时，日照时间最大 值出现在每年3月。 污染是加尔各答的一个主要问题，悬浮颗粒物（SPM）水平高于印度其他大城市， 定期造成烟雾。 Kolkata（1951-1980）气候平均数据 月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年 平均高温℃（℉） 26.6 (79.9) 29.7 (85.5) 34.0 (93.2) 36.3 (97.3) 36.0 (96.8) 34.1 (93.4) 32.2 (90) 32.0 (89.6) 32.2 (90) 31.9 (89.4) 29.8 (85.6) 27.0 (80.6) 31.8 (89.2) 平均低温℃（℉） 13.9 (57) 16.9 (62.4) 21.7 (71.1) 25.1 (77.2) 26.4 (79.5) 26.5 (79.7) 26.1 (79) 26.1 (79) 25.8 (78.4) 24.0 (75.2) 18.9 (66) 14.3 (57.7) 22.1 (71.8) 降水量 mm（英寸） 16.8 (0.661) 22.9 (0.902) 32.8 (1.291) 47.7 (1.878) 101.7 (4.004) 259.9 (10.232) 331.8 (13.063) 328.8 (12.945) 295.9 (11.65) 151.3 (5.957) 17.2 (0.677) 7.4 (0.291) 1,641.4 (64.622) 来源： Indian Meteorological Department 2009-03-20 附9： http://trip.elong.com/calcutt/jianjie/ 旅游季节以10月至翌年3月的气候最好，在此期间最高气温26.6℃、最低温12.7℃。 加尔各答位于纬度较低的印度热带地区，气候终年炎热，年降雨量1000多毫米。一年四季绿树葱茏，鲜花盛开。 附9注：附9称“加尔各答一年四季绿树葱茏，鲜花盛开”，泰翁独取“夏花”，用意如何？ 附10： 疑似泰戈尔心目中的夏花之一 http://muktodhara.org/?p=1838 （该网站似乎是 泰戈尔家乡的网站，开辟专门纪念与讨论 泰戈尔的内容 ）。另据 http://zhaoxinfly.bokee.com/5236347.html 介绍，泰尔戈于1861年5月7日出生在印度西孟加拉邦加尔各答市。） SUMMER FLOWERS OF SANTINIKETAN- KATH CHAMPA POSTED BY: Shubhashis Mitra COMMENTS: 14 Comments SUMMER FLOWERS OF SANTINIKETAN- KATH CHAMPA 桑地尼可坦（泰翁家乡）的夏花 （hillside注：泰戈尔家乡的夏花KATH CHAMPA，据正文中称，严格来说，这并不是夏季单独开放的花，花期其实很长。我想，这可能意味着泰戈尔用KATH CHAMPA比喻生命之悠长，而不是短暂。据称台湾牛人李敖说：“泰戈尔这本《飞鸟集》，成书已有92年，现在读来，仍像是壮丽的日出，诗中散发的哲思，有如醍醐灌顶，令人茅塞顿开。” http://item.jd.com/11020777.html 那么，看着“夏花”，我们能悟到什么？） Kath Champa flowers are strictly not summer flowers, as they will remain in full bloom from spring to right beyond the rainy season or just about. But in Summer of Santiniketan they will remain steadfastly visible almost at all corners of Santiniketan. Kath Champa, incidentally does not appear to be a native variety, as unlike Kurchi or Krishnachura, Kath Champa is not visible at the country side. Even though the white varieties might get discovered in an odd corner of a village, the pinkish or the red variety of Kath Champa will certainly not be visible in the open. It would suggest that this plant was imported to Santiniketan sometime in the past. At present this plant almost infests Santiniketan. The residents of Santiniketan, in their newly laid house gardens, have often planted this tree and in the process Kath Champas are found almost in every corner of Santiniketan. There are many varieties of Kath Champa, having probably different names; the brightest red among them is called ‘Gulancha’（hillside注：该网站声称花名- Gulancha 由泰戈尔亲自命名）- a rather poetic name which Rabindranath Tagore might have named so. Gulancha has somehow become a bit rare in Santiniketan right now, probably for people being not too aware of this variety. Compared to other varieties Gulancha is a relatively smaller sized tree and it also blooms less profusely than the other more prominent varieties. But the deep red of Gulancha cannot be found in other flowers, that makes it rather unique. Interestingly Tagore often mentioned ‘Gulancha’ in several of his short stories and in other writings and it might have been a favourite of Tagore. But then Tagore was fond of nature, and other flowers find coveted place in his writings too. Apart from Jibanananda Das to some extent we do not find any other poet of Bengal religiously rooted to flora fauna but Rabindranath. While photographing flowers of Santiniketan just as a nothing-much-to-do past time and then observing the photographs in details in computer made me severely aware of the observation power of Rabindranath Tagore. Inspite of being supplemented by rather crisp photographs we labour to write a few lines on one such Kath Champa, Rabindranath managed to eke out life, music poetry out of these flowers with abundant ease- such was his observation power. Well, it has now become my bad habit to refer to Rabindranath on any subject on the slightest pretext like this Kath Champa; but if pondered carefully one is bound to feel astonished at the sheer observation power of the great old bearded man! What an amazing personality! On a lighter note, following Tagore’s line of thought I just pondered over a poem that I could create on Kath Champa-lets say in Patha Bhavana style; only two words come to my mind spontaneously ‘Kath Champa’ and ‘Kampa Kampa’ (shievering or wave like!) and nothing more. “Chup Chap Kath Champa Jhore Pore Kampa Kampa Sugondhe Mon Bhore” Oh no- I cannot think about anything more; my gray cells are already in a complaining mood! On a hind thought, I feel fairly scary that the poem above would not even get selected in Sishu Bibhag Sahitya Sabha for being too short in length! This variety of Kath Champa (snap above) is rather special. Can you tell why? By observation it can be noted that the petals here are slim and longish, slightly different from other varieties. This variety is special as only this kind can be found in Chhatim Tala. The Chatim Tala has several Kath Champa trees; apart from one pinkish variety at the corner towards the Santiniketan Griha all other Kath Champas belong to this variety. This is also a bit rare in Santiniketan, few old houses of Santiniketan has this variety. Its predominance in Chatim Tala arouses a bit of curiosity- maybe this variety truly belongs to a higher spiritual plane? But the conscious effort to plant only this variety in Chatim Tala is noticeable. We shall move along with time, perhaps its nice to stop for a while among the flowers, which had remained our companions in Santiniketan. It is also interesting to realize that though many things have changed, the plants and trees thankfully haven’t changed much. 附10注1： 据 http://baike.baidu.com/view/2913445.htm?fr=aladdin 介绍，《诗心相悦：我们为什么喜爱泰戈尔》，2012年12月19日，在印度西孟加拉邦桑地尼可坦（Santiniketan），印度国际大学中国学院、尼赫鲁大学中国研究中心联合举办的 “泰戈尔荣获诺贝尔文学奖百年庆典：泰戈尔与世界文化及文学特别是与中国的共鸣”国际学术会议上发表。 附10注2： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=222do=blogid=279007 泰戈尔诗中的champa花及其他（该文探讨了 泰戈尔喜爱的一种家乡花卉 ） 附11：一个美国园艺类作家提供的春花图片 http://garden.lovetoknow.com/wiki/A_List_of_Spring_Flowers A List of Spring Flowers View pictures of more seasonal spring flowers By Lou Paun Master Gardener Verified by Master Gardener Kathleen Roberts （Kathleen Roberts is a freelance writer and editor living in Arkansas.） Every gardener makes a list of spring flowers during the dark days of winter, and looks forward eagerly to the first burst of spring color. Spring arrives at different times depending on where you live, but the sequence of blooms is similar in most places. With that in mind, watch for these favorites in your own garden or in the garden next door. Ads by Google Agriculture B2B portal Finding beautiful Korean Flowers? Search for Korean sellers www.agrotrade.net A List of Spring Flowers for Late Winter or Early Spring While some gardeners can enjoy year-round blooms, this list of spring flowers is the very beginning of spring in most areas. Experienced gardeners often create vignettes in one area to make the most of this early color, such as planting a pool of winter aconite at the feet of a witch hazel. Winter Aconite: Also known as Eranthis, these pale yellow blooms might be considered insignificant later in the year, but they are a joyous sight when they push through the snow. Witch Hazel : These shrubs add a wonderful touch of yellow in the early spring garden. Some cultivars bloom red. Crocus : The earliest varieties, such as Crocus chrysanthus , Crocus sieberi and Crocus tommasinianus , bloom through the snow. These are the small crocus that usually flower in shades of purple or yellow. Hellebore: These are often known by common names such as Christmas Rose and Lenten Rose in areas with mild winters. Camellia : This beautiful shrub has lovely blossoms in mild winter climates or early spring in slightly harsher areas. Snowdrop : This is another early bulb that sometimes blooms even through the snow. Chionodoxa : This is commonly called Glory of the Snow. These pale blue flowers bloom as the snow melts. Pansy : Cool growers, pansies bloom early and hardy to frost and snow. The will continue to bloom until the weather turns hot. A List of Spring Flowers for Early Spring Bloom Early spring brings rain, mud, and more flowers. Look for these favorites. Daffodil : The earliest narcissi appear in early spring, especially small cultivars like Tete-a-Tete. Iris Reticulata: The large iris are a summer pleasure, but this small beauty is an early spring treasure. Forsythia: This bright yellow shrub literally screams Springtime! Scilla : These small bulbs produce wonderful blue and purple blossoms. Anemone: The blanda species produces pale blue and white starry blossoms for the spring garden. Pussy Willow : Salix discolor and Salix caprea were standards in many grandmothers' gardens, but new varieties have larger and more strongly-colored catkins to delight today's gardeners. Ads by Google Grow Truffles- Buy trees Order trees that can grow truffles Winter and Summer (UK) species www.plantationsystems.com/Tshop.htm Poetry Contests Share your poetry and get feedback. Poetry contests, feedback and fun! fanstory.com Publish Your Book Online Let Your Readers Experience Your Books As Never Before-With Sound! www.booktrack.com A List of Mid-Spring Flowers Daffodil : These are the glory of the mid-spring blossoms. Large, late varieties like King Alfred and Mount Hood are brilliant even on rainy days. Tulip : On everyone's list of spring flowers, these are starting their long period of bloom in mid-spring. Rhododendron and azaleas: Both are just starting their springtime display. Muscari : Often planted with daffodils and tulips, muscari hug the ground beneath those taller flowers. Redbud trees: Their branches are outlined with wonderful pink blooms before their leaves appear. Dogwood trees: These are breathtaking in the spring garden. Magnolia Tree : The star magnolia, Magnolia stellata , is the first to bloom. Trillium: This is just one of the many wildflowers that bloom before the large trees are fully leafed out. Ornamental forms of Cherry and Crabapple trees are beautiful in mid-spring. Hyacinths : These spring flowers bring scent as well as color to the spring garden. Primrose : Jewels in the spring garden, Primula veris (Cowslip) and Primula vulgare (Common primrose) are the best known, but you will find many varieties are available in garden centers. A List of Late Spring Flowers Lily of the Valley : This highly fragant flower typically blooms in late spring, but it can bloom earlier in years with mild winters. Magnolia Tree : Magnolia x soulangiana , the saucer magnolia, is a beautiful late spring bloomer. Lilac : This shrub fills the late spring garden with scent and color. Spiraea : These shrubs are an old-fashioned favorite. Peonies : These shrubs carry the garden from late spring into summer. Allium: Somewhat prosaically called the flowering onion, this bloom is spectacular. Wood Anemone : Anemones are always lovely in the wilderness garden. Jack in the Pulpit : This wildflower is a favorite in spring. Visit Your Garden Center There's nothing like a visit to your local garden center in the springtime to find out what's blooming in your region. You're bound to find old favorites and perhaps a few types of flowers you've never seen before. As long as you can provide the growing condtions required, don't hesitate to bring a new plant home and make it part of your own spring garden.
生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美！ 出自：印度泰戈尔《飞鸟集》 英文原文:“Let life be beautiful like summer flowers and death like autumn leaves." 郑振铎译为“使生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美” 既然美丽终究无法保留，那么我们就不能仅仅限于惋惜，而更应珍惜。“蝴蝶计算的/不是月份/而是刹那/蝴蝶乃有充足的时间”，诗句正体现了诗人这样一种豁达而平和的人生态度。“死若秋叶之静美”，没有重于泰山那样的悲壮豪迈，也不像“轻于鸿毛”那样的卑微琐屑，却有对自然法则、人生法则玄机的参悟，有智者对茫茫宇宙中渺小自身的精确定位。 以夏花喻生命，以秋叶喻死亡，其实也是跨越时空的一种普遍的文化心理。生如夏花，死若秋叶，是用诗来阐述生命，也是将生命化作了一首优美的诗，能这样理解诗和生命的人，无疑是有大智慧和大勇气的。
标签: 生如夏花
