根据邸利会博主提供的线索，我上网搜索到欧洲食品安全管理局（EFSA）昨天（10月4日）对法国Seralini大鼠研究的公开表态：驳回该转基因玉米致癌研究结果，理由是实验设计和实施错误，完全没有科学依据。同日，德国某政府机构也得出相同结论：Seralini课题组的研究毫无价值！ 早在9月26日，孟山都就对Seralini的研究结果做出正式回应，包括一般评述（general comments）和专业评述（specific comments）两个部分。我仅翻译了摘要部分的几个重要结论。 （一）欧洲食品安全局公开表态 European Food Safety Authority dismisses Seralini rat study as invalid 欧洲食品安全局驳回塞拉利尼大鼠研究 News Stories — Tags: European Food Safety Authority , genetically modified corn , Seralini — CBI — October 4th, 2012 The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has dismissed a recent study claiming that genetically modified corn caused laboratory rats to develop tumors, saying the study was so badly designed and conducted that it has no scientific validity at all. 欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）已经驳回一项有关基因修饰玉米使实验大鼠长出肿瘤的最新研究，原因是该研究设计和操作失当，根本没有任何科学依据。 The devastating review was published a day after a similar review by a German government agency that reached the same conclusion: the study by Gilles-Eric Seralini and his colleagues means nothing. 该权威性评估是在德国某政府机构发出类似评估后一天发表的，后者得出了相同结论：Gilles-Eric Seralini及其同事所做的研究毫无价值。 “EFSA’s initial review found that the design, reporting and analysis of the study, as outlined in the paper, are inadequate,” the agency said in a news release. “Such shortcomings mean that EFSA is presently unable to regard the authors’ conclusions as scientifically sound. The numerous issues relating to the design and methodology of the study as described in the paper mean that no conclusions can be made about the occurrence of tumors in the rats tested.” “EFSA的最初评估发现，该研究的设计、报告和分析是不恰当的，这可从该论文中看出来”，该机构在一份新闻稿中写道。“鉴于这样的缺陷，EFSA目前不能认定作者的结论具有科学性。与该研究的设计和方法学有关的各种问题，意味着不能得出所测定大鼠中发生肿瘤的结论”。 Like other scientists from all over the world, EFSA noted the fact that Seralini - a well-known anti-GMO activist - used a strain of lab rats that are prone to develop tumors as they get older, regardless of what they are fed. It was no surprise, therefore, that some of the rats fed biotech corn in fact developed tumors. But so did some of the rats fed conventional corn. 像世界上其他科学家一样，EFSA注意到这样的事实，Seralini——一位著名的反转基因积极分子——使用了一个不管饲喂什么衰老后易生肿瘤的实验大鼠品系。因此，饲喂转基因玉米的某些大鼠长出肿瘤就没什么奇怪的了，但一些饲喂普通玉米的大鼠也长肿瘤。 The number of rats used in the experiment was far below the number needed to prove anything, EFSA noted, and the number of “control” rats fed conventional corn was grossly inadequate. The data were presented in unusual ways that ignored standard statistical methods. Numerous other violations of scientific procedure mean that the reported results of the experiment are meaningless, EFSA said. 实验中所用大鼠数量远低于需要的数量，EFSA补充道，而且饲喂普通玉米的“对照”大鼠的数量也不适当。数据是以一种不寻常的方式展示的，即忽略了标准的统计学方法。若干其他有违科学程序的做法意味着所报道的该项实验的全部结果都是毫无意义的，EFSA如此表示。 “Some may be surprised that EFSA’s statement focuses on the methodology of this study rather than its outcomes; however, this goes to the very heart of the matter,” said Dr. Per Bergman, a GMO expert at EFSA who headed the review. “有人可能对EFSA的声明只注重研究的方法而不是它的结果感到惊讶，而这才是问题的核心所在”，Per Bergman博士如是说，他是EFSA的一位转基因专家，牵头起草了这个评估报告。 “When conducting a study it is crucial to ensure a proper framework is in place. Having clear objectives and the correct design and methodology create a solid base from which accurate data and valid conclusions can follow. Without these elements a study is unlikely to be reliable and valid.” “在从事一项研究时，关键的一条是确保在适当的框架内行事。只有对象清晰、设计合理、方法得当，才能获得正确的数据和可靠的结论。没有这些要素，一项研究就不可能是可靠的和正确的”。 The EFSA review is available at http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2910.htm PDF文件： http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/2910.pdf （二）德国某政府机构审查结果 German risk assessment agency shreds Séralini rat study 德国风险评估机构否定塞拉利尼大鼠研究 News Stories — Tags: Agriculture and Consumer Protection , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Federal Ministry of Food , food safety , Gilles-Eric Seralini , GM foods , GMOs , Professor Dr. Reiner Wittkowski — CBI — October 3rd, 2012 A widely-criticized study by a French team claiming that genetically modified corn caused laboratory rats to develop tumors has been thoroughly rebutted by an agency of the German government, which said the “study” is full of holes and reaches conclusions that are not supported by the data, which the agency said was inadequate and badly presented. 由一个法国团队所做的一项饱受批评的研究声称，基因修饰玉米使实验大鼠长出肿瘤！该结论已被德国政府的一家机构予以彻底批驳，指出该“研究”漏洞百出，得出的结论不受实验数据支持，该机构认为数据表述很糟糕。 “The study shows both shortcomings in study design and in the presentation of the collected data,” said Professor Dr. Reiner Wittkowski , vice president of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BFR), an agency of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). The agency advises the German federal government and state governments on questions of food, chemical and product safety. “This means that the conclusions drawn by the authors are not supported by the available data,” Wittkowski said. “该研究在实验设计和所获数据表述两方面都存在缺陷”，联邦食品、农业和消费者保护机构——联邦风险评估研究院副院长Reiner Wittkowski教授这样说。该机构为德国联邦政府及各州政府提供有关食品、化学品和产品安全性咨询。“这意味着由作者得出的结论不受现有数据支持”，Wittkowski说道。 The study by Gilles-Eric Séralini and colleagues failed to use enough rats in the control group to draw any conclusions and used a strain of lab rats that are known to spontaneously develop tumors when they are going on two years old. Séralini made a point of keeping rats for more than two years. 为了得出任一结论，由Gilles-Eric Seralini及其同事所做的研究未能在对照组使用足够的大鼠，并且使用了一个在饲养到两岁时易自发长出肿瘤的实验大鼠品系。Seralini指出，他们饲养大鼠的时间超过两年。 The author’s presentation of their data was incomplete, the German agency said, making it impossible for outside scientists to assess the results, as required by scientific protocols. The agency said it was requesting complete data from the French team, which has so far refused to comply with such requests. 作者在表述其数据时很不完整，这家德国机构说道，使之不可能由其他科学家来评判其结果，因为这需要科学方案。该机构说已经向法国团队索要完整数据，但目前已遭到拒绝。 The agency noted that several studies by the Séralini team have received similar criticism in the past. Read more . 该机构注意到，由Seralini团队过去所做的几项实验都曾受到类似的批评。 （三）孟山都正式回应文件 http://www.monsanto.com/products/Documents/ProductSafety/seralini-sept-2012-monsanto-comments.pdf Monsanto Comments (Update 9/26/2012) Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Jol Spiroux de Vendmois Food and Chemical Toxicology (electronic ahead of press) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637 Associated website and videos: http://www.ogm-alerte-mondiale.net/?lang=en http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCktZ44yjV7cq0yFhQlrpyOg?feature=guide http://www.dailymotion.com/Lieurac_Productions Summary: This study does not meet minimum acceptable standards for this type of scientific research, the findings are not supported by the data presented, and the conclusions are not relevant for the purpose of safety assessment. Toxicologists and public health experts find fundamental problems with the study design. Critical information about how the research was conducted is absent, and the data presented do not support the author’s interpretations. Among the key shortcomings are: • Research protocol does not meet OECD standards. 研究方案未达到经济合作与发展组织（经合组织）标准。 • Source and quality of corn used is unclear. 所用玉米的来源和质量不明。 • Critical details on diet preparation and dietary intake are absent. 有关饲料制备和食物吸收的关键细节缺如。 • Complete lack of data pertaining to assertions of microscopically visible changes in liver or kidney tissues (abnormal histopathology) and laboratory testing results of blood and urine analyses. 有关确认肝、肾组织显微变化及血、尿分析的实验室测定结果等数据完全缺乏。 • Lack of any statistical analysis for mortality or tumor incidence endpoints. Monsanto statistical analysis of deaths based on visual approximation of the graphical data indicates a lack of statistical significance even when liberal criteria (p.10) are applied. 对死亡率或肿瘤发生终点的任何统计学分析缺乏。孟山都基于原图给出的数据所做的统计学分析显示，即使采用不严格的标准（概率小于0.10），差异也没有统计学上的显著性。 • Mortality rates and tumor incidence in all groups fall within historical norms for this strain of laboratory rats, which is known for a high incidence of tumors. 各组死亡率和肿瘤发生都符合该实验大鼠品系的历史记录，即已知其肿瘤发生率高。 • Data presented are highly selective, using (for example) different methods for male and female animals, and are not sufficient to support conclusions drawn. 给出的数据有高度选择性，如针对雄性与雌性动物应用不同方法，而且不足以支持所得出的结论。 • There is a lack of dose-response relationship throughout the study. 整个研究中未提及剂量与应答的关系。 • There is no plausible mechanism for the results reported with genetically modified maize, and the results are inconsistent with an extensive body of experience and scientific study. 对于用基因修饰玉米所报道的结果未提供可能的机理，而且这些结果与以往众多经验数据的积累和科学研究都不一致。 • Extensive animal and in-vitro (test-tube) data has demonstrated that glyphosate does not cause cancer or tumors, nor is an endocrine disrupter. This study does not provide information which calls into question the extensive safety evaluations of glyphosate or Roundup herbicides.Plant biotechnology has been in use for over 15 years, without documented evidence of adverse effects on human or animal health or the environment. An extensive body of scientific evidence, reviewed by regulatory agencies around the globe, supports the safety of plant biotechnology in general as well as the specific safety of NK603 maize. 无数动物及体外（试管中）数据都显示草甘膦不致癌或引起肿瘤，也不会破坏内分泌系统。 General Comments: Plausibility and Weight of existing Evidence (Specific comments on study itself follow.) Extensive animal data has demonstrated glyphosate does not cause cancer/tumors. Multiple lifetime cancer studies from multiple glyphosate registrants, performed independently over the past 35 years have demonstrated that glyphosate does not cause tumors/cancer in rodent species (see glyphosate resources, appendix to this document). Multiple epidemiology studies do not support the author’s health claims related to glyphosate. Published epidemiology results evaluating human health effects, including cancer and reproductive effects, reinforce the lack of evidence linking such endpoints to glyphosate use, (see glyphosate resources, appendix to this document). Extensive in-vitro (test-tube) and animal data indicate glyphosate is not an endocrine disrupter. Although glyphosate was included in the EPA’s initial substances for the endocrine disrupter screening program, EPA has stated that the basis of this inclusion is the high frequency of use, not the existence of data indicating endocrine effect (see glyphosate resources, appendix to this document). Surfactant components are not expected to contribute to cancer or endocrine risks. The category of surfactants used in the Roundup™ formulation used in the study was evaluated by the US EPA in 2009 and was considered acceptable for this use in pesticide products based on the results of multiple repeat dose studies, including reproductive and developmental toxicology. Consumers have a regular exposure to surfactant materials in the form of shampoos, soaps, and cleaning products. These are not believed to present reproductive/endocrine risks. Further, exposure to surfactant residues as a result of pesticide exposures represents a very small portion of human surfactant exposures. Lack of plausible mechanism for effect of GM. NK 603 contains a bacterially derived form of the enzyme (protein) EPSPS, which confers resistance to the herbicide, glyphosate. EPSPS is present in all plants as well as in the bacteria found in human and animal gut flora. It is a readily digestible protein not known to have any adverse effect on any species. There is simply no plausible means by which EPSPS or the genetic material which encodes it can cause cancer- any more than there is for the tens of thousands of other dietary proteins. It is notable that we do not do chronic toxicology testing on non-toxic proteins in the human diet. Virtually none of the plant proteins in the diet (including EPSPS) have been tested, simply because there is no rational reason for doing so. Specific Comments on Study Design, Conduct and Interpretation: Study does not meet OECD standards. Despite author’s reference to OECD Testing Guidelines, the study design does not meet OECD standard for number of animals in a chronic study design (50 per group), and GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) status of laboratory and analytical facilities is not clear. Doses selected for GMO and Roundup ™ are not based on standard approaches for dose setting. Statistical analysis varies markedly from any OECD or other recognized approach, and does not establish toxicological relevance. The authors used a complex statistical technique to investigate the relationship among 48 blood and urine measurements in different treatment groups. This technique can be used to identify patterns in the data and to develop a mathematical function which can be used to discriminate between groups. However, just because you can discriminate between the groups mathematically does not make the result toxicologically relevant. In fact, nearly all laboratory values in all groups appear to be within the normal range established by variation within the study. Further, fundamental data regarding laboratory results are either absent or, if present, are not presented in the typical format of mean values and standard deviations, which prevents the results from being evaluated appropriately. Data were obtained at multiple time points in both male and female animals, but only data from a single time point in one sex are provided. It is certainly expected that a toxicology study will attempt to address the cause of consistently observed abnormalities- indeed this is their purpose. Statistical comparisons of variations within the normal range do not generally address meaningful toxicological endpoints. Source of control maize and applied pesticide is unclear. The test and control GM material was obtained from Canada, and it is unclear how the investigators could have identified or obtained the correct isoline for this particular genetic event. Further, growth conditions are not specified and there are no data as to mycotoxin (fungal toxin) content or anti-nutrient content of GM vs. control dietary components. Critical detail on diet preparation is absent. For GM diet (11, 22, or 33% of diet as GM, 33% only for control), it is unclear whether all test diets contained the same quantity of maize- i.e.- does the 11% GM diet also contain 22% control maize so that total maize content is consistent. If this is not the case, dietary composition across the study is not equivalent and differences observed may well be due to dietary compositional differences. Critical data on dietary intake are also absent. Data on food/water intake are generally regarded as essential in order to understand actual delivered dose, animal health and susceptibility to certain tumor types. Dehydration (from aversion to drinking soapy herbicide formulation) will alone give rise to unintended biological outcomes. Blinding of pathologists in reading data is not indicated. OECD Test Guidelines refer to published best practice guidelines which includes blind reading (i.e.- not knowing which group a specimen came from) to avoid observational bias. While this may have been the case, this is not clearly indicated. Data presented are highly selective and are not sufficient to support conclusions drawn. While we understand that all data and all data analysis cannot be included in any publication of this nature, one would normally, for example, present data for both sexes rather than presenting data via one approach for male kidney outcomes and another for female kidney outcomes. This is important as it allows for determination of consistency of effect. Today, additional data sufficient to support conclusions can easily be provided in supplemental online data tables. Mortality rates and tumor rates fall within historical norms for this strain of laboratory rats. The percent survival to study termination in SD rats (Charles River Laboratories) ranges from 17-62.9% in males and from 20-62% in females. Findings by Seralini are within this historical range. While it is certainly acceptable to use this rat strain in toxicology studies (industry studies often do), it is essential to use an appropriate number of animals and to apply appropriate statistical analysis against control groups, and to consider background incidence of tumors or death in untreated animals. Primary tumors observed are common in this rodent strain and observed frequencies are consistent with historical observations. For example- in female SD rats, the frequency of mammary adenocarcinoma (frequency based on single diagnosis of a particular tumor type per number of total organs examined) ranges from 8.6 - 58.3% and fibroadenoma plus fibroma ranges from 13.3 - 61.3%. (To put the actual numbers in the paper is perspective; a rat has up to 12 mammary glands. Number of observed tumors thus may exceed number of affected animals.) Pituitary tumors are common in male (adenoma 0.77-70%, carcinoma 0.77-36%) and female (adenoma 26-92.9%, carcinoma 1.43-58%) SD rats (1 pituitary per animal). Statistical analysis is lacking on mortality and tumor incidence data. While cumulative mortality and tumor incidence plots are provided, no statistical analysis of these data is provided (i.e. – Mantel-Hansel survival statistic for mortality data). As group numbers are small (n=10) it does not appear that statistical significance is likely for the majority of graphical analyses in figures 1 and 2. As conclusions regarding tumor incidence are among the major conclusions of this paper, this lack of statistical analysis is remarkable. Monsanto has undertaken an approximate statistical analysis of animal deaths based upon the graphical data presented. This is necessarily an approximation as we do not have access to raw data. This analysis indicates no statistical significance at the p=0.1 level (more liberal than the usually applied p=0.05). It appears unlikely that any of the observed death and tumor incidence data reach statistical significance. Statements made in the paper do not comport with proper statistical analysis. Specifically, a proper analysis would statistically evaluate the incidence (or timing) of death or tumor frequency in a single group vs control (comparing, for example 10 males in a test group to 10 male controls). An alternative is to look simultaneously at controls and multiple dose groups to demonstrate a dose-response (increasing response as dose increases)- but as the authors have noted, no dose-response is evident. Instead, statements are made to the effect that the first occurrence of death or a tumor occurred in test rather than control animals. While this (especially when accompanied by unattractive pictures of rodent tumors) is designed to raise concern about GM safety, the reality is that, given a test regimen in which ten control animals (per sex) are compared with ninety test animals (all doses combined), it is far more likely that rare events such as very early tumors will be seen in the far larger test population. Lack of effect on body weight parameters. Given claimed degree of illness in test populations, the absence of a difference in weight gain among the control and experimental groups (data not shown, but stated by authors) is surprising. Lack of tumors or tumor precursors in 90-Day studies. While we concede that a 90-day study is not the same as a lifetime study in purpose or interpretation, the authors of this paper suggest that palpable tumors are occurring as early as 4 months into the protocol. As tumors take considerable time to grow to palpable size, and as only a minority of tumors generally grow to large size, tumors (even if not palpable) should have been evident in the 90 day studies performed with NK-603. This was not observed. General lack of dose-response on critical endpoints: While the authors argue for some type of low-dose phenomenon or maximal response phenomenon in which maximal response is reached at the lower dose levels, it should be noted that a) the phenomenon of low dose response is highly contentious in the scientific community and that b) when accepted, is usually argued for endocrine effects. General systemic effects like mortality, as well as the occurrence of tumors (especially non-endocrine tumors) are expected to follow a dose-response pattern. This response may not be simple, but higher dose should reliably produce greater response The Vandenberg paper cited in support of low-dose or non-dose-response effects is entirely about endocrine effects as is the recent EC Workshop and the existence of this phenomenon has been questioned. . Complete lack of data regarding purported liver or kidney histopathology, liver function tests, and cytochrome activity. While stated in the paper, no data at all, let alone any summary statistics, are provided. The selected images presented are insufficient to support any analysis or conclusions. Male animals are said to have died primarily from “severe hepatorenal (i.e.- liver and kidney) insufficiencies,” but no data are provided in support of this observation. Lack of documented consistency or of clinical significance for chemical parameters. While the non-OECD analysis technique used does find some parameters which are statistically significant, findings in males and at time points other than 15 months are not provided or discussed to allow evaluation for consistency, nor are values for all test doses provided to allow for assessment of dose-response. More importantly, although the application of this statistical technique will drive the creation of a predictor for the observed data, the clinical and toxicological relevance of the observed data need to be considered. Virtually all data points are within the general normal range within the study. . APPENDIX: Glyphosate resources Three new reviews on glyphosate and human safety published within the last year (available online from publisher website): • Pamela J. Mink, Jack S. Mandel, Bonnielin K. Sceurman, Jessica I. Lundin. Epidemiologic studies of glyphosate and cancer: A review. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230012000943 • Pamela J. Mink, Jack S. Mandel, Jessica I. Lundin, Bonnielin K. Sceurman. Epidemiologic Studies of Glyphosate and Non-Cancer Health Outcomes: A Review. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230011001516 • Amy Lavin Williams, Rebecca E. Watson, John M. DeSesso. Developmental and Reproductive Outcomes in Humans and Animals After Glyphosate Exposure: A Critical Analysis. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10937404.2012.632361 The most recent review was conducted by the European Commission’s Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, 2002 (Compounds are reviewed every 10 years and a review is in progress now.) http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list1_glyphosate_en.pdf WHO/FAO. (2004) Pesticides residues in food -- 2004. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/Pesticid/JMPR/DOWNLOAD/2004_rep/report2004jmpr.pdf Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans” (Williams et al., 2000): http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtph.1999.1371 WHO Environmental Health Criteria 159: Glyphosate (1994): http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm EPA Reregistration Eligibility Decision: Glyphosate (September 1993): Fact Sheet: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/0178fact.pdf Full RED: http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/old_reds/glyphosate.pdf External and related responses: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize. Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Jol Spiroux de Vendmois Food and Chemical Toxicology (electronic ahead of press) http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691512005637 Reviews of long term studies by scientists, physicians, and regulators have reached the conclusion that GM crops are safe. • Scientific review: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691511006399 • European reviews: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/news/1410.long-term-studies-safety-gm-food.html http://www.gmo-safety.eu/news/1378.genetic-engineering-feeding-experiments-meta-study.html • American Medical Association (2012): https://ssl3.ama-assn.org/apps/ecomm/PolicyFinderForm.pl?site=www.ama-assn.orguri=%2fresources%2fdoc%2fPolicyFinder%2fpolicyfiles%2fHnE%2fH-480.958.HTM • Swiss National Science Foundation http://www.snf.ch/e/media/pressconferences/pages/default.aspx?NEWSID=1772WEBID=F6B532FB-64ED-466F-8816-193D4DE8DC94 Scientists respond to this publication: • http://www.sciencemediacentre.org/pages/press_releases/12-09-19_gm_maize_rats_tumours.htm • http://www.science20.com/science_20/blog/gm_maize_causes_tumors_rats_here_how_experts_responded-94259?utm_source=twitterfeedutm_medium=twitter • http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn22287-study-linking-gm-crops-and-c ... • http://michaelgrayer.posterous.com/in-which-i-blow-a-gasket-and-get-very-uppity • http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19654825 • http://www.biolyrics.be/als-je-ratten-gebruikt-met-72-kans-op-tumorontwikkeling-dan-vind-je-waarschijnlijk-ook-tumoren/ (in Dutch) • http://www.marcel-kuntz-ogm.fr/ • http://gmopundit.blogspot.be/ • Nature- Editorial http://www.nature.com/news/poison-postures-1.11478 http://www.nature.com/news/rat-study-sparks-gm-furore-1.11471 Sample Media Coverage: • Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/19/gmcrops-safety-idUSL5E8KJC1220120919 and http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/19/us-gmcrops-safety-idUSBRE88I0L020120919 • Daily Mail (London): http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2205509/Cancer-row-GM-foods-French-study-claims-did-THIS-rats--cause-organ-damage-early-death-humans.html?openGraphAuthor=%2Fhome%2Fsearch.html%3Fs%3D%26authornamef%3DSean%2BPoulter • Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/09/20/monsantos-gm-corn-and-cancer-in-rats-real-scientists-deeply-unimpressed-politics-not-science-perhaps/ http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2012/09/25/scientists-smell-a-rat-in-fraudulent-genetic-engineering-study/ • Daily Kos: http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/09/20/1134246/-Monsanto-is-a-bad-corporation-but-that-GM-Maize-study-is-dodgy-as-heck • Huffington Post (19 Sept. and 21 Sept.) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/19/monsanto-corn-study-france_n_1896115.html http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/jeanfrancois-narbonne/lacunes-resultats-suprenants-et-inexplicables-letude-anti-ogm-sur-la-sellette_b_1902634.html?utm_hp_ref=franceutm_hp_ref=france • Daily Mail (UK): http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2205509/Cancer-row-GM-foods-French-study-claims-did-THIS-rats--cause-organ-damage-early-death-humans.html • BBC: http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19654825 • The Telegraph: http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/timworstall/100020189/how-those-gm-frankenfoods-are-going-to-murder-us-all-in-our-beds/ • Discover Magazine http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2012/09/21/from-darwinius-to-gmos-journalists-should-not-let-themselves-be-played/ • Control Freaks (blog) http://weedcontrolfreaks.com/2012/09/why-i-think-the-seralini-gm-feeding-trial-is-bogus/ • Emily Willingham (blog) - Was it the GMOs or the BPA that did in those rats? http://www.emilywillinghamphd.com/2012/09/was-it-gmos-or-bpa-that-did-in-those.html • Jay Byrn (blog)- Was Seralini GMO study designed to generate negative outcome? http://storify.com/vJayByrne/was-seralini-gmo-study-designed-to-generate-negati • Hank Campbell. Science 2.0 (Blog) http://www.science20.com/science_20/gmos_are_pesticide_sponge_and_other_weird_tales_gilleseric_seralini-94307 • The Conversation (Blog) http://theconversation.edu.au/modifying-the-message-how-tricks-masked-home-truths-about-anti-gm-science-9767 https://theconversation.edu.au/genetically-modified-corn-and-cancer-what-does-the-evidence-really-say-9746 • Science Blogs- Bad science about GMOs: It reminds me of the antivaccine movement http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2012/09/24/bad-science-on-gmos-it-reminds-me-of-the-antivaccine-movement/ French Language Coverage • LeMonde: http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2012/09/20/ogm-le-protocole-d-etude-de-m-seralini-presente-des-lacunes-redhibitoires_1762772_3244.html • Blog- OGM, Seralini et le débat public / OGM, Seralini and the public debate http://sciences.blogs.liberation.fr/home/2012/09/ogm-seralini-et-le-d%C3%A9bat-public.html • L’Express http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/sciences/sante/auchan-et-carrefour-ont-aide-a-financer-l-etude-sur-les-ogm_1164587.html • La Presse (Canada) http://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/quebec-canada/sante/201209/23/01-4576804-mystere-a-propos-du-mais-transgenique-canadien.php • Huffington Post (French) http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/jeanfrancois-narbonne/lacunes-resultats-suprenants-et-inexplicables-letude-anti-ogm-sur-la-sellette_b_1902634.html?utm_hp_ref=franceutm_hp_ref=france • Pascal Lapointe. Sciencepresse (blog) http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/blogue/2012/09/22/letude-anti-ogm-comment-sassurer-medias-favorables
《每日科学》（ScienceDaily）于9月20日发表有关“转基因玉米毒性事件”的评论，现以中英对照形式详细介绍如下（ http://www.newsdaily.com/stories/bre88j0ms-us-gmcrops-safety/ ）： 孟山都基因修饰玉米相关研究遭遇质疑 Study on Monsanto GM corn concerns draws skepticism By Ben Hirschler and Kate Kelland Posted 2012/09/20 at 8:57 am EDT 在一项受到其他专家激烈批评的研究中，法国科学家于星期三表示，饲喂孟山都的基因修饰玉米或暴露于该公司畅销除草剂的大鼠罹患肿瘤且多个器官受损。 LONDON, Sep. 20, 2012 (Reuters) — In a study that prompted sharp criticism from other experts, French scientists said on Wednesday that rats fed on Monsanto's genetically modified corn or exposed to its top-selling weedkiller suffered tumors and multiple organ damage. Researcher Gilles-Eric Seralini of the University of Caen speaks at a news conference at the European Parliament in Brussels September 20, 2012. Seralini said that rats fed a lifetime diet of Monsanto's genetically modified corn or exposed to its top-selling weedkiller Roundup suffered tumours and multiple organ damage, according to a French study published on Wednesday. REUTERS/Yves Herman 法国政府已经责成该国卫生部门进一步调查这些发现，尽管有些科学家质疑该研究的基本方法，而且孟山都表示对其已证明安全的产品有信心。 The French government asked the country's health watchdog to investigate the findings further, although a number of scientists questioned the study's basic methods and Monsanto said it felt confident its products had been proven safe. 卡昂大学的Gilles-Eric Seralini及其同事表示，饲喂含有NK603——一个耐孟山都除草剂毒性的品种——的饲料或供应添加美国许可水平农达的饮水的大鼠比饲喂标准饲料的大鼠早夭。 Gilles-Eric Seralini of the University of Caen and colleagues said rats fed on a diet containing NK603 - a seed variety made tolerant to dousings of Monsanto's Roundup weedkiller - or given water with Roundup at levels permitted in the United States, died earlier than those on a standard diet. 未参与该研究的专家表示怀疑，其中一位专家指责法国科学家正在玩“统计学的垂钓航行”游戏，另一些专家批评其研究方法远低于标准水平。 Experts not involved in the study were skeptical, with one accusing the French scientists of going on a statistical fishing trip and others describing its methods as well below standard. 根据《食品与化学毒物学》杂志发表的一篇同行评议的研究论文及在伦敦举行的一次会议上宣读的研究报告，饲喂基因修饰（GM）饲料的动物罹患乳腺肿瘤，并伴有严重的肝肾损害。 The animals on the genetically modified (GM) diet suffered mammary tumors, as well as severe liver and kidney damage, according to the peer-reviewed study which was published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology and presented at a news conference in London. 研究人员表示，50%雄鼠和70%雌鼠均提早死亡，而对照组仅30%雄鼠和20%雌鼠死亡。 The researchers said 50 percent of male and 70 percent of female rats died prematurely, compared with only 30 percent and 20 percent in the control group. 孟山都发言人Thomas Helscher表示，公司将详细检讨该研究。不过，他补充道：“迄今为止无数同行评议的有关生物工程作物的研究，包括超过100次以上的饲喂研究，都已经反复证明了它们的安全性，这反映在世界各国监管部门各自的安全评价结论上”。 Monsanto spokesman Thomas Helscher said the company would review the study thoroughly. However, he added: Numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies performed on biotech crops to date, including more than a hundred feeding studies, have continuously confirmed their safety, as reflected in the respective safety assessments by regulatory authorities around the world. 专家质疑 EXPERTS SCEPTICAL 基因修饰生物（GMOs）在欧洲还远未普及，但当1996年孟山都引种一种经基因改变的耐农达大豆后，转基因作物就成为美国占优势的主流作物。 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are deeply unpopular in Europe but dominate major crops in the United States after Monsanto introduced a soybean genetically altered to tolerate Roundup in 1996. 受记者邀请评述该学术论文的专家们劝告人们不要轻信其所得出的结论。 Experts asked by reporters to review the scientific paper advised caution in drawing conclusions from it. 伦敦国王学院营养学研究部负责人Tom Sanders注意到，Seralini的团队没有提供有关给大鼠吃多少饲料或它们的生长速率如何的任何数据。 Tom Sanders, head of the nutritional sciences research division at King's College London, noted that Seralini's team had not provided any data on how much the rats were given to eat, or what their growth rates were. 他说：“这个大鼠品系极易产生乳腺肿瘤，尤其当饲料供给不受限制时更是如此”，“其统计学方法不合常规。。。而且作者似乎在玩一个统计学垂钓航行游戏”。 This strain of rat is very prone to mammary tumors particularly when food intake is not restricted, he said. The statistical methods are unconventional ... and it would appear the authors have gone on a statistical fishing trip. 澳大利亚阿得莱德大学植物功能基因组中心的Mark Tester说，该研究的发现提出了一个问题，即为什么以前的研究没有激发起类似的关注？ Mark Tester, a research professor at the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics at the University of Adelaide, said the study's findings raised the question of why no previous studies have flagged up similar concerns. 他在一封电子邮件中评论道：“如果效果真如所声称的那么大，如果该工作真与人类相关，那么为什么北美洲人并未像苍蝇那样纷纷落下？那儿的转基因食品进入食物链已经有十年了，而长寿者继续以不可阻挡的趋势增长”。 If the effects are as big as purported, and if the work really is relevant to humans, why aren't the North Americans dropping like flies? GM has been in the food chain for over a decade over there - and longevity continues to increase inexorably, he said in an emailed comment. 剑桥大学的David Spiegelhalter表示，该论文采用的方法、统计分析和结果描述都在标准水平以下。他还补充说，该研究的未处理对照只有雌雄各10只大鼠，但它们也都长出肿瘤。 David Spiegelhalter of the University of Cambridge said the methods, statistics and reporting of results were all below standard. He added that the study's untreated control arm comprised only 10 rats of each sex, most of which also got tumors. 长期效果？ LONG-TERM EFFECTS? 基因修饰作物的支持者说以前的研究已经充分肯定了其安全性，而反对者却说有关其长期效果的信息仍然很少，因为这些作物推出才15年。 While supporters of GM crops say previous studies have overwhelmingly pointed to their safety, critics argue there is still limited information about the long-term effects since the crops have only been around for just over 15 years. 在法国，对遗传修饰生物的反对声浪导致该国禁止种植这类作物，但政府表示已指示其卫生与安全部门核查此项研究，并通报给欧盟食品安全部（EFSA）。 In France, where opposition to GMOs has led to a ban on growing such crops, the government said it had asked its health and safety agency to assess the study and had also sent it to the European Union's food safety agency (EFSA). 法国卫生、环境和农场管理部发言人在一次联合发布会上说：“根据其结论。。。政府将要求欧洲各国采取一切可能的措施保护人类及动物健康，同时紧急停止NK603进口到欧盟各国”。 Based on the conclusion ..., the government will ask the European authorities to take all necessary measures to protect human and animal health, measures that could go as far as an emergency suspension of imports of NK603 maize in the European Union, the French health, environment and farm ministries said in a joint statement. 这项最新研究的核心科学家Seralini以前就曾根据2009年的一项短期研究结果提出过有关安全性的关注。他的这项新研究通过对动物寿命的两年跟踪又更进了一步。 Seralini, the scientist at the centre of the latest research, previously raised safety concerns based on a shorter rat study in 2009. His new study takes things a step further by tracking the animals throughout their two-year lifespan. 伦敦国王学院的分子生物学家Michael Antoniou协助起草了该论文，他用三言两语告诉伦敦当地的记者，它的发现强调“必须用两年的毕生研究来测试所有的遗传修饰作物”。 Michael Antoniou, a molecular biologist at King's College London, who helped draft the paper, told reporters at a London briefing that its findings highlighted the need to test all GM crops in two-year lifelong studies. 他说：“我觉得这个数据很有说服力，足以将该遗传修饰玉米品系暂时从市场上撤下来，直到开展跟踪研究并用大量动物重复实验获得我们所期望的完全具有统计学意义的结果”。 I feel this data is strong enough to withdraw the marketing approval for this variety of GM maize temporarily, until this study is followed up and repeated with larger number of animals to get the full statistical power that we want, he said. Seralini相信他的最新毕生大鼠测试对危害给出了一个更真实和更权威的评述，而批准基因修饰作物所依据的90天饲喂实验却不行，因为3个月只相当于大鼠的青年时期。 Seralini believes his latest lifetime rat tests give a more realistic and authoritative view of risks than the 90-day feeding trials that form the basis of GM crop approvals, since three months is only the equivalent of early adulthood in rats. 欧洲议会农业委员会副主席、著名的反转基因人士、法国人Jose Bove呼吁欧盟立即终止转基因作物种植并吊销进口许可。他在一次发言中表示：“这项研究最终表明我们是对的，当务之急是尽快重新审查所有基因修饰生物的评价过程”。 France's Jose Bove, vice-chairman of the European Parliament's commission for agriculture and known as an opponent of GM, called for an immediate suspension of all EU cultivation and import authorizations of GM crops. This study finally shows we are right and that it is urgent to quickly review all GMO evaluation processes, he said in a statement. 这项研究在美国也似乎引起了摩擦，加州的反转基因食品人士正在抗争，试图将所有基因修饰生物排除在食品供应链之外。 The study is also likely to create friction in the United States, where opponents of genetically engineered foods in California are fighting to have all GMOs removed from the food supply. (Aditional reporting by Sybille de La Hamaide in Paris and Carey Gillam in Kansas City, editing by Anna Willard and Janet McBride) 附： Author defends Monsanto GM study as EU orders review Posted 2012/09/20 at 11:56 am EDT BRUSSELS, Sep. 20, 2012 (Reuters) — The French author of a study linking a type of genetically modified corn to higher health risks in rats dismissed criticism of his research methods on Thursday, describing the work as the most detailed study to date on the subject. Gilles-Eric Seralini of the University of Caen and colleagues said on Wednesday that rats fed on Monsanto's genetically modified corn or exposed to its top-selling weed killer suffered tumors and multiple organ damage and premature death. But experts not involved with the study were skeptical, describing the French team's statistical methods as unconventional and accusing them of going on a statistical fishing trip. Speaking at a news conference in Brussels on Thursday, Seralini defended the peer-reviewed study, which was published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology. This study has been evaluated by the world's best food toxicology magazine, which took much more time than people who reacted within 24 hours without reading the study, he told Reuters Television. I'm waiting for criticism from scientists who have already published material in journals... on the effects of GMOs and pesticides on health, in order to debate fairly with peers who are real scientists, and not lobbyists. Earlier, the European Commission said it had asked the EU's food safety authority, EFSA, to verify the results of the French study and report their findings. EFSA's mandate is to verify what this group of scientists has presented, to look at their research conditions, look at how the animals were treated, Commission health spokesman Frederic Vincent told a regular news briefing. We hope that by the end of the year we will have an EFSA opinion on this piece of scientific research. In 2003, EFSA published a safety assessment of the GM corn variety known as NK603, which is tolerant to Monsanto's Roundup weed killer. The assessment concluded that NK603 was as safe as non-GM corn, after which the European Union granted approval for its use in food and feed. Seralini said EFSA's assessments were less rigorous than his team's study. GMOs have been evaluated in a extremely poor and lax way with much less analysis than we have done. It's the world's most detailed and longest study. Therefore, some people are responsible and guilty of authorizing this GMO after only three months, he said. (Reporting by Clement Rossignol; Writing by Charlie Dunmore; Editing by Hugh Lawson)
(2012-05-12 21:44:28) 原文地址： 抗议孟山都转基因Bt玉米屠杀蜜蜂波兰人民示威农业部禁种 作者： 陈一文顾问 爱因斯坦名言：“如果蜜蜂从地球上消失，那么人类也将只剩下四年的时间。没有蜜蜂，那么就没有授粉，没有植物，没有人类”。 孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 是中国农业部批准进口做加工原料的转基因产品，其他国家态度如何？。 超过 1500 养蜂农与反对转基因生物活动者游行通过华沙的街道，将数千死蜜蜂倾倒在农业部的台阶上，抗议转基因作物及其使用的杀虫剂一起对大量屠杀蜜蜂、蝴蝶、蛾与其他有益的花粉传播昆虫有很大责任。波兰农业部长 马雷克·萨维斯基宣布了禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 的计划，使波兰成为比利时、英国、保加利亚、法国、德国、爱尔兰与斯洛伐克之后禁止转基因 Bt 作物的第八个国家。 波兰成为世界头一个正式确认蜜蜂造成灾难的孟山都转基因玉米与“蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）之间有关联的国家，但是看来孟山都一直指导他们的转基因生物对蜜蜂造成这种危险。一项德国的研究中，当蜂蜜释放到转基因油菜田中，然后将油菜花粉喂给幼蜂，科学家发现幼蜂肠道中的细菌显现了油菜经修改的基因。这证实花粉中的转基因 DNA 可以通过它们的消化系统传递到蜜蜂中。值得高度关注的是，生物技术巨头孟山都最近收购了美国专业研究“蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）的 Beeologics 公司，美国农业部等政府机构依赖于这个公司帮助解开大量蜜蜂失踪后边的秘密。 MON 810 GM Bt maize is one of the GMO products approved by China’s Ministry of Agriculture as raw material for processing. O ver 1,500 beekeepers and anti-GMO protesters marched through the streets of Warsaw, depositing thousands of dead bees on the steps of the Ministry of Agriculture in protest of genetically modified foods and their pesticides which are together largely responsible for the killing off of bees, butterflies, moths and other beneficial pollinators in great numbers. The Minister of Agriculture, Marek Sawicki, announced plans to ban MON810, which made Poland, following Belgium , Britain, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Ireland and Slovakia, the eight EU nation banning GM Bt plants. Poland is the first country to formally acknowledge the link between Monsanto’s genetically engineered corn and the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) that’s been devastating bees around the world, but it’s likely that Monsanto has known the danger their GMOs posed to bees all along. In one German study, when bees were released in a genetically engineered canola field, then fed the canola pollen to younger bees, scientists discovered the bacteria in the guts of the young bees took on the traits of the canola’s modified genes. That proves that GMO DNA in pollen can be transferred to bees though their digestive system. The biotech giant recently purchased a CCD research firm, Beeologics , that government agencies, including the US Department of Agriculture, have been relying on for help unraveling the mystery behind the disappearance of the bees. 孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米屠杀蜜蜂证据确凿，人民示威抗议，波兰农业部 正式发布强制性禁止 种植 Monsanto GM Bt maize massacres Bees is proved with evidence, people demonstrate to protest, the Polish Ministry of Agriculture bans growing -- 禁止抗草甘膦转基因作物原料进口、开发、种植、销售理由之 237 -- The 237 th reason to forbid import, development, growing and selling of RR soybeans 译者：陈一文（ cheniwan@mx.cei.gov.cn ） Translated by Chen I-wan 《转基因技术与人类安全》研究专家、 80 年代前全国青联委员 “GM Technology Mankind Safety” researcher 《新浪网》“陈一文顾问博客”： http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan Poland imposes ban on Monsanto MON810 genetically modified maize 波兰农业部强制禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 种植 http://digitaljournal.com/article/322551 By/ 作者： Anne Sewell 2012-04-07 Warsaw - In Warsaw, Poland a ban has now officially been imposed on Monsanto's MON810 GMO maize. Recent protests by beekeepers and anti-GMO activists have a successful conclusion. 华沙消息 – 在波兰华沙，政府正式发布强制性禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 。养蜂农与反对转基因活动者们获得了成功的结论。 Digital Journal reported in late March on a protest by Beekeepers and Anti-GMO activists in Warsaw, Poland. The activists were demanding that the Minister of Agriculture, Marek Sawicki ban MON810 in the country. 数据化杂志（ Digital Journal ） 2012 年 3 月末对波兰华沙养蜂农与反对转基因活动者们的抗议示威进行了报道。反对转基因活动者们要求农业部长马雷克·萨维斯基在波兰禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 。 The good news is that their protests have had a successful outcome. 好的消息是他们的抗议取得了成功的结果。 Minister of Agriculture in the Polish Government, Marek Sawicki has set another international standard against Monsanto's controversial GMOs. Sawicki says that as well as being linked to range of health ailments, the pollen originating from this GM strain might actually be devastating to the already reduced bee population in the country. 波兰政府农业部长马雷克·萨维斯基在反对孟山都引起争议的转基因生物方面创立了又一个国际标准榜样。萨维斯基说，与一系列健康疾病联系的来自这种转基因作物的花粉可能对波兰已经减少了的蜜蜂数量是灾难性的。 According to AFP , Sawicki told the press: “The decree is in the works. It introduces a complete ban on the MON810 strain of maize in Poland.” 根据法新社的报道，萨维斯基告诉媒体：“该项政府指令已列入计划。它在波兰引入对于孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 的实施完全禁止。” On March 9th, there was similar opposition to Monsanto GMO strains. On that date 7 European countries blocked the proposal by the Danish presidency to permit the cultivation of GMO crops on the entire European continent. The countries who blocked this proposal were Belgium, Britain, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Ireland and Slovakia. A week after this announcement, France imposed a temporary ban on the Monsanto MON810 strain. 3 月 9 日 ，其他地方对孟山都转基因作物提出了类似的反对。这一条，七个欧洲国家阻止了丹麦总统允许在整个欧洲大陆种植转基因作物的提议。阻止该提议的国家为比利时、英国、保加利亚、法国、德国、爱尔兰与斯洛伐克。 发布该项组织后一周，法国对孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 实施了临时禁止令。 In Lyon, France, a ruling was given by the court after Paul Francois, a grain grower, advised that Monsanto had failed to provide sufficient warnings on its Lasso Weedkiller product label. Lack of warnings has caused neurological problems, including headaches and memory loss. 在法国里昂，一位谷物种植农民保罗·法兰索斯通报孟山都未能对其 Lasso 除草剂毒性提供充分警示标识后，法庭进行了裁决。缺乏这样的警示造成了神经学问题，包括头痛与记忆衰退。 Following testimony, the court ordered an expert opinion to verify the link between Lasso and the illnesses that have been reported and also to determine the sum of damages payable. The result of the court hearing was that Monsanto was guilty, and this has paved the way for similar legal action on behalf of farmers in the future. 听证后，法庭要求提供专家意见核实孟山都 Lasso 除草剂与所报告的疾病的联系并且确定对于所造成的损害应支付的赔偿。法庭审讯的结果是孟山都有罪，这为今后的类似法律诉讼中做出代表农民们利益的裁决铺平了道路。 Further in France, the agricultural branch of the social security system has gathered approximately 200 alerts per year since 1996, in connection with pesticide-related sickness. Despite this, only 47 cases have been recognized in the last 10 years. 同样在法国，社会保险系统的农业分支机构，自 1996 年以来收集了与农药相关疾病的大约 200 次警报。尽管如此，过去 10 年中与农药相关疾病的案例只有 47 项获得承认。 The fight against Monsanto continues with many countries fighting the GMO products, including India, who are slamming the agro-giant with "biopiracy" charges, and Hungary , who recently destroyed 1,000 acres of GM maize. The victory in Poland is yet another notch in the belt of anti-GMO activists worldwide. 对抗孟山都的斗争在抗争转基因产品的许多国家继续，包括印度，对这个农业巨头提出“生物剽窃”的指控，以及匈牙利，他们不久前销毁了 1,000 英亩的转基因玉米。在波兰取得的胜利只是世界范围反对转基因生物活动者们斗争中又一项进展。 Stop the Mass Death of Bees! 停止屠杀蜜蜂！ http://www.eco-diva.com/?p=1127 By/ 作者： Eco Diva "Maria" 2012-05-10 Monsanto’s Mon810 corn, genetically engineered to produce a synthetic version of the insecticide Bt, has been banned in Poland following protests by beekeepers who showed the corn was killing honeybees. 孟山都的 Mon810 玉米，转基因来产生杀虫剂 Bt 的一种人造版本。波兰养蜂农抗议示威表明这种转基因玉米正在屠杀蜂蜜后，波兰禁止了这种转基因玉米。 Protest Poland/ 波兰游行示威游行视频 : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBJNVLbhtwU Meanwhile,commercial beekeepers in the U.S. have filed an emergency legal petition with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to suspend use of a pesticide that is linked to massive honey bee deaths. The legal petition, which specifies Bayer’s neonicotinoid pesticide clothianidin, is backed by over one million citizen petition signatures. 在此同时，美国的商业化养蜂农，向环境保护署（ EPA ）提出了一项紧急法律请愿，要求暂停与大量蜂蜜死亡关联的一种农药。明确指控拜耳公司烟碱类 杀虫剂有噻虫胺的 该项法律请愿得到 100 万民众请愿签字支持。 Poland is the first country to formally acknowledge the link between Monsanto’s genetically engineered corn and the Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) that’s been devastating bees around the world, but it’s likely that Monsanto has known the danger their GMOs posed to bees all along. The biotech giant recently purchased a CCD research firm, Beeologics , that government agencies, including the US Department of Agriculture, have been relying on for help unraveling the mystery behind the disappearance of the bees. 波兰成为头一个正式确认世界范围对蜜蜂造成灾难的孟山都转基因玉米与“蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）之间联系的国家，但是看来孟山都一直知道他们的转基因生物对蜜蜂造成这种危险。生物技术巨头孟山都最近收购了专业研究“蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）的 Beeologics 公司。值得高度关注的是，美国农业部等政府机构依赖于这个公司帮助解开大量蜜蜂失踪后边的秘密。 Now that it’s owned by Monsanto, it’s very unlikely that Beeologics will investigate the links, but genetically engineered crops have been implicated in CCD for years now. 现在由孟山都拥有后，看来 Beeologics 公司不大可能研究孟山都转基因玉米与“蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）之间的关联，但是人们怀疑转基因作物与 CCD 关联已经数年。 In one German study, when bees were released in a genetically engineered canola field, then fed the canola pollen to younger bees, scientists discovered the bacteria in the guts of the young bees took on the traits of the canola’s modified genes. That proves that GMO DNA in pollen can be transferred to bees though their digestive system. 在一项德国的研究中，当蜂蜜释放到转基因油菜田中，然后将油菜花粉喂给幼蜂，科学家发现幼蜂肠道中的细菌显现了油菜经修改的基因。这证实花粉中的转基因 DNA 可以通过它们的消化系统传递到蜜蜂中。 Many bee-keepers have turned to high-fructose corn syrup to feed their bees. High-fructose corn syrup is made from Monsanto’s genetically engineered corn and that corn is treated with Bayer’s neonicotinoid insecticides. 许多养蜂人转向喂食高果糖玉米糖浆给他们的蜜蜂。高果糖玉米糖浆由孟山都转基因玉米制作，而使用拜耳公司的 烟碱类 杀虫剂处理 这种玉米。 Bee colonies began disappearing in the U.S. one year after the EPA allowed these new insecticides on the market in 2004-2005. Even the EPA itself admits that “pesticide poisoning” is contributing to bee colony collapse. 值得关注的是，美国环境保护署（ EPA ）允许这些新的杀虫剂 2004-2005 年进入市场一年后，蜜蜂群开始在美国消失。甚至环境保护署（ EPA ）自己都承认“杀虫剂中毒”对蜜蜂群崩溃发挥了作用。 One of the observed effects of these insecticides is weakening of the bee’s immune system. Forager bees bring pesticide-laden pollen back to the hive, where it’s consumed by all of the bees. Six months later, their immune systems fail, and they fall prey to natural bee infections, such as parasites, mites, viruses, fungi and bacteria. Indeed, pathogens such as Varroa mites, Nosema, fungal and bacterial infections, and IAPV are found in large amounts in honey bee hives on the verge of collapse. 观察到的这些杀虫剂的效应致意是削弱蜜蜂的免疫系统。工蜂将杀虫剂污染的花粉带回蜂箱供所有的蜜蜂食用。六个月以后，它们的免疫系统失效，它们成为天然蜜蜂疾病的牺牲品，如急升现象、螨、病毒、真菌与细菌。确实，在接近崩溃蜂群的蜂箱中发现大量 Varroa 螨、 Nosema 病、真菌与细菌感染，以及 IAPV 。 Three recent studies implicate neonicotinoid insecticides, or “neonics” for short, which coat 142 million acres of corn, wheat, soy and cotton seeds in the U.S. alone. They are also a common ingredient in a wide variety of home gardening products. As detailed in an article published by Reuters , neonics are absorbed by the plants’ vascular system and contaminate the pollen and nectar that bees encounter on their rounds. Neonics are a nerve poison that disorient their insect victims and appear to damage the homing ability of bees, which may help to account for their mysterious failure to make it back to the hive. 最近有三项研究涉及 烟碱类 杀虫剂，简称“ neonics ”，仅在美国它们用于对种植在 1.42 亿英亩玉米、麦子、大豆与棉花种子进行涂层处理。他们也是家庭花园广泛产品使用的常见成分。路透社发表的一篇文章详细说明， 烟碱类 杀虫剂被作物的维管系统吸收，污染蜜蜂每轮采集的花粉与花蜜。 烟碱类 杀虫剂是一种神经毒素，使受害的昆虫迷失方向，并看来损害蜜蜂返回蜂巢的能力，这可能有助于解释它们无法返回它们的蜂箱的诡秘原因。 This was the conclusion of research which came out in the prestigious Journal Science . In another study , conducted by entomologists at Purdue University, the scientists found that neonic-containing dust released into the air at planting time had “lethal effects compatible with colony losses phenomena observed by beekeepers.” A third study by the Harvard School of Public Health actually re-created colony collapse disorder in several honeybee hives simply by administering small doses of a popular neonic, imidacloprid. 这就是有声望的《科学》杂志发表的研究的结论。另外一项研究中，由美国普度大学的昆虫学家们进行，科学家们发现，含有 烟碱类 杀虫剂的灰尘种植时释放到空气中，具有“养蜂农观察到的与蜂群消失现象协调的致命效果”。哈佛公共健康学院进行的第三项研究，通过服用小剂量通常使用的 烟碱类 杀虫剂醯亚氨，在数个蜂箱中重新创造了 “蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ）现象。 Occupy Monsanto Poland Dumps Thousands of Dead Bees in Protest 波兰《占领孟山都》游行倾倒数千死蜜蜂以示抗议 http://www.occupymonsanto360.org/2012/03/25/occupy-monsanto-poland-dumps-thousands-of-dead-bees-in-protest/ Occupy Monsanto / 占领孟山都网站 2012-03-25 On March 15, over 1,500 beekeepers and anti-GMO protesters marched through the streets of Warsaw, depositing thousands of dead bees on the steps of the Ministry of Agriculture in protest of genetically modified foods and their pesticides which are together largely responsible for the killing off of bees, butterflies, moths and other beneficial pollinators in great numbers. 2012 年 3 月 15 日 ，超过 1500 养蜂农与反对转基因生物活动者游行通过华沙的街道，将数千死蜜蜂倾倒在农业部的台阶上，抗议转基因作物及其使用的杀虫剂一起对大量屠杀蜜蜂、蝴蝶、蛾与其他有益的花粉传播昆虫有很大责任。 Later that day the Minister of Agriculture, Marek Sawicki, announced plans to ban MON810. 当天迟些时间，波兰农业部长 马雷克·萨维斯基宣布了禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 的计划。 The Polish Beekeepers Association organized the protest, joining forces with International Coalition to Protect the Polish Countryside (ICPPC) and the Coalition for a GMO Free Poland. Targeting Monsanto’s MON810 GM corn in particular, they also called for a complete ban on all genetically engineered crops as well as the pesticides found to be most damaging to the environment (and particularly to bees). 波兰《养蜂者协会》组织了这场抗议，并与《保护波兰农村国际同盟》（ ICPPC ）和《波兰无转基因同盟》联盟。以孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON810 为特别目标，他们呼吁全面禁止所有的转基因作物以及发现对环境（以及特别蜜蜂）造成最严重损害。 In 2008, the Polish Parliament banned GM feed, including both the planting and importing of GM crops. “Despite this progressive step,” reports Food Travels , “the European Commission has refused to accept regional bans on GMOs, keeping Polish farmers, producers, and activists on the offensive.” 2008 年，波兰议会禁止了转基因饲料，包括禁止种植与进口转基因作物。“尽管这进步的一步”，《食品旅游》报告，“欧盟拒绝接受对转基因生物的地区性禁止，促使波兰农民、生厂商以及反对转基因的活动者们不得不展开攻击。” Regardless, says the ICPPC, “None of the nine European Union countries that have already prohibited MON 810 did so by asking the permission of the EU.” 无论如何，《保护波兰农村国际同盟》（ ICPPC ），“欧洲已经禁止孟山都转基因 Bt 玉米 MON 810 的九个国家，没有一个是征求欧盟同意后这样做的。” There was a great variety of attire as beekeepers dressed in their work bee suits and masks and ran their hive smoke guns as they marched, many wore yellow jackets with the famous Einstein quote (“If the bee disappears from the surface of the earth, man would have no more than four years to live ， No more bees, no more pollination, no more men!" ) 游行的养蜂人中很多人穿着他们的养蜂工作服与面罩，而且游行时让他们的烟枪冒烟，许多人穿着黄色外套，上边写着爱因斯坦的名言。（ “ 如果 蜜蜂 从地球上消失，那么人类也将只剩下四年的时间。没有 蜜蜂 ，那么就没有授粉，没有植物，没有人类 ” 。 ） The ICPPC is asking Polish residents to write Minister of Agriculture Marek Sawicki, demanding that he implement an immediate moratorium on GM crops, without waiting for EU approval. 《保护波兰农村国际同盟》（ ICPPC ）要求波兰居民写信给农业部长 马雷克·萨维斯基，要求他实施一项立即暂停转基因作物的命令，不要等待欧盟的批准。 Photos and cartoons of the Polish demonstrations: 波兰抗议转基因屠杀蜜蜂示威游行照片与漫画： http://festiwalstopgmo.pl/index.php/321-marsz-pszczelarzy 《凤凰卫视》 2012-01-22 视频：消失的蜜蜂 http://v.ifeng.com/documentary/society/201201/1b6031f2-4653-4813-9b0a-654f37122fc8.shtml Collapsing Colonies Are GM Crops Killing Bees? 蜂群崩溃：转基因作物是否在屠杀蜜蜂？ http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,473166,00.html By/ 作者 Gunther Latsch 2007-03-22 22.03.2007 Translated from the German by Christopher Sultan 德文到英文译者： Christopher Sultan A mysterious decimation of bee populations has German beekeepers worried, while a similar phenomenon in the United States is gradually assuming catastrophic proportions. The consequences for agriculture and the economy could be enormous. 蜜蜂巨量神秘死亡使德国养蜂人担心，虽然类似的现象在美国逐渐发展达到灾难性程度。对农业和经济造成的后果可能极其巨大。 In an article in its business section in late February, the New York Times calculated the damage US agriculture would suffer if bees died out. Experts at Cornell University in upstate New York have estimated the value bees generate -- by pollinating fruit and vegetable plants, almond trees and animal feed like clover -- at more than $14 billion. 纽约时报 2007 年 2 月份商业专栏发表的一篇文章，对于如果蜜蜂死掉了将对美国的农业造成多大损失进行恶计算。纽约州康奈尔大学的专家们估计，蜜蜂产生的价值 –- 通过对水果与蔬菜、杏树与动物饲料用苜蓿进行授粉 – 其价值超过 140 亿美元。 Scientists call the mysterious phenomenon "Colony Collapse Disorder" (CCD), and it is fast turning into a national catastrophe of sorts. A number of universities and government agencies have formed a "CCD Working Group" to search for the causes of the calamity, but have so far come up empty-handed. But, like Dennis vanEngelsdorp, an apiarist with the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, they are already referring to the problem as a potential "AIDS for the bee industry." 科学家将这种神秘的现象称为“ 蜂群衰竭失调”（ CCD ），正在迅速变成某种全国性的灾难。许多大学与政府机构建立了“ CCD 工作组”寻求这场灾难的原因，但是到目前为止毫无结果。但是，像 Dennis vanEngelsdorp ，美国宾夕法尼亚州农业部的一位养蜂学家，已经将这个问题称之为潜在“养蜂业的艾滋病”。 One thing is certain: Millions of bees have simply vanished. In most cases, all that's left in the hives are the doomed offspring. But dead bees are nowhere to be found -- neither in nor anywhere close to the hives. Diana Cox-Foster, a member of the CCD Working Group, told The Independent that researchers were "extremely alarmed," adding that the crisis "has the potential to devastate the US beekeeping industry." It is particularly worrisome, she said, that the bees' death is accompanied by a set of symptoms "which does not seem to match anything in the literature." 有一件事已经确切：数百万蜜蜂无影无踪消失恶。大部分情况下，蜂箱中留下的是难逃一死的仔蜂。但是到处都找不到那些死了的蜜蜂 – 无论蜂箱中或者蜂箱附件都没有。 Diana Cox-Foster ，“ CCD 工作组”的一位成员，告诉《独立报》，他们这些研究者“极端警觉”，说这场危机“具有灭亡美国的养蜂业的潜力”。特别令人担心的是，这些蜜蜂的死亡伴随着一系列症状“与过去科学文献中的一切不相符”。 In many cases, scientists have found evidence of almost all known bee viruses in the few surviving bees found in the hives after most have disappeared. Some had five or six infections at the same time and were infested with fungi -- a sign, experts say, that the insects' immune system may have collapsed. 许多情况下，大部分蜜蜂消失后，在风向中剩余的少量蜜蜂中发现它们患有几乎所有已知蜜蜂疾病的证据。有时发现它们同时感染有六种蜜蜂传染病并遍布真菌 – 这是，专家们说，昆虫的免疫系统可能崩溃的迹象。 The scientists are also surprised that bees and other insects usually leave the abandoned hives untouched. Nearby bee populations or parasites would normally raid the honey and pollen stores of colonies that have died for other reasons, such as excessive winter cold. "This suggests that there is something toxic in the colony itself which is repelling them," says Cox-Foster. 令科学家们还惊讶的是，蜜蜂与其他昆虫通常离开被放弃的蜂箱其他昆虫不再接触它。如果蜂群由于其他原因死亡了的话，例如过于严寒的冬天，邻近的蜜蜂群或寄生虫通常会侵袭这些蜂箱，盗走其中储存的蜂蜜与花粉。（这种情况没有发生 — 译注）“这提议蜂群中有某种毒素使它们厌恶”， Cox-Foster 说。 Walter Haefeker, board of directors of the German Beekeepers Association (DBIB) and is vice president of the European Professional Beekeepers Association … Walter Haefeker, the German beekeeping official, speculates that "besides a number of other factors," the fact that genetically modified, insect-resistant plants are now used in 40 percent of cornfields in the United States could be playing a role. The figure is much lower in Germany -- only 0.06 percent -- and most of that occurs in the eastern states of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg. Haefeker recently sent a researcher at the CCD Working Group some data from a bee study that he has long felt shows a possible connection between genetic engineering and diseases in bees. 华尔特·海菲克，德国养蜂协会理事、欧洲职业性养蜂者协会副总裁 … 华尔特·海菲克，德国养蜂官员，猜测“除了其他一些因素”，转基因改造的抗虫作物目前在美国玉米农田 40% 面积种植可能起作用。在德国这个比例低得多 – 只有 0.06% -- 而且绝大部分仅种植在德国东北的州，如 Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania 与 Brandenburg 。海菲克较长时间感到有一项研究表明转基因与蜜蜂疾病之间的可能关联，将该项研究的一些数据提供给了“ CCD 工作组”的一位研究员。 The study in question is a small research project conducted at the University of Jena from 2001 to 2004. 这是在 Jena 大学 2001 至 2004 年期间进行的一项小规模的研究项目。 The researchers examined the effects of pollen from a genetically modified maize variant called "Bt corn" on bees. A gene from a soil bacterium had been inserted into the corn that enabled the plant to produce an agent that is toxic to insect pests. The study concluded that there was no evidence of a "toxic effect of Bt corn on healthy honeybee populations." But when, by sheer chance, the bees used in the experiments were infested with a parasite, something eerie happened. According to the Jena study, a "significantly stronger decline in the number of bees" occurred among the insects that had been fed a highly concentrated Bt poison feed. 研究者们研究了称之为“ Bt 玉米”的转基因玉米的花粉对于蜜蜂的作用。“ Bt 玉米”插入了来自土壤细菌的一个基因是作物产生对昆虫害虫有毒的毒素。该项研究的结论是没有“ Bt 玉米对健康蜜蜂群有毒性效应”的证据。但是，完全由于意外，实验中使用的蜜蜂感染了一种寄生物，发生了一项令人恐惧的事情。根据 Jena 大学的试验，喂食了高剂量 Bt 毒素饲料的蜜蜂“蜜蜂数量发生了显著急剧的减少”。 According to Hans-Hinrich Kaatz, a professor at the University of Halle in eastern Germany and the director of the study, the bacterial toxin in the genetically modified corn may have "altered the surface of the bee's intestines, sufficiently weakening the bees to allow the parasites to gain entry -- or perhaps it was the other way around. We don't know." 根据该项研究主任，东德 Halle 大学 Hans-Hinrich Kaatz 教授的意见，转基因玉米中的细菌性毒素可能“改变了蜜蜂肠道的内壁，削弱了蜜蜂阻止寄生虫侵入的能力 – 或者发生了与此相反的作用。我们不知道。” Of course, the concentration of the toxin was ten times higher in the experiments than in normal Bt corn pollen. In addition, the bee feed was administered over a relatively lengthy six-week period. 当然，该项实验中使用的毒素比通常的 Bt 玉米花粉毒素剂量的十倍。而且，对蜜蜂喂食这种饲料的时间长达 6 周。 Kaatz would have preferred to continue studying the phenomenon but lacked the necessary funding. "Those who have the money are not interested in this sort of research," says the professor, "and those who are interested don't have the money." Kaatz 教授希望对这种现象进一步研究，但是缺乏必要的经费。“那些有钱的对这样的研究没有兴趣”，教授说，“而那些对从事这样的研究有兴趣的研究者则没有钱。”
标签: 孟山都
