“结果”可能是论文最重要的部分。在这部分你要叙述主要的研究结果，读者想知道的也就是这些。而且，研究结果还影响到”引言”和”讨论”部分的编排，目标期刊的选择和以及后续研究的方向。 在开始撰写“结果”之前，你应全盘考虑你的试验发现，并审视他们到底意味/提示什么。此时你应该已经完成了数据分析，并已制作了几幅图表以便简单明了地展示结果。后文将有一些图表制作和统计分析方面的注意事项，所以这里就暂不赘述。不过，一定要记得：图是“结果”的重要组成部分，所以图、表、正文之间不能有重复的叙述。简而言之，如果用图表比用文字表达得更清楚，就用图来表达，然后在正文中简单提及；如果用文字就可以简单阐明，就无需再用图来表达。 一旦确定要把哪些结果纳入正文以及这些结果的意义，，你就可以把它们按一个符合逻辑的顺序组合成一个“故事”。在“引言”部分已经说明了假设或拟研究的问题；现在，在“结果”部分展示你收集的全部证据，用于支持你的假设或排除其他备择解释。用现在时态的子标题把每种不同的结果分成单独的小节。这些子标题应该与“方法”部分的子标题以及图表的标题相互对应。与“方法”部分一样，叙述“结果”时应使用过去时。你用于支持假设的证据种类越多(以及越不含混)，你的结论就越无可置疑。这里暂时不要去讨论你结果的影响或大谈其意义—那是“讨论”部分的任务。这里只用展示你的证据，然后留待读者自行去下结论。 “结果”部分经常需要比较样本和对照，或者比较某个时间点前后的结果，所以有必要了解陈述比较时一些常犯错误。其中一些也包括在“克服语言障碍”一章的注意事项中。最重要的是“同类事物间才能做比较”。例如，有这样一个句子：“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers” 就应该改成“Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”。这里的一个关键是“were compared” 这个短语(其他句子中也可能是 “compared with”)的位置。如果这个短语位于被比较双方 (如此例中：吸烟者的p53 levels 和 不吸烟者的p53 levels)之间，那么比较的双方都必须要有足够的信息来清楚界定到底比较的是什么。也可以把这个短语放在被比较双方之前或之后，例如：“Expression levels of p53 in smokers and non-smokers were compared”。叙述比较的另一个问题是，比较性的词语如“more”，“higher”和 “faster”等，后面需要跟一个”than”开始的从句来解释是比谁多、高或者快。比如，“transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol”这个句子中是比谁高就不明确，因此应该加上“than control mice”。 示例 下图节选自《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》上一篇论文的“结果”部分(doi:10.1172/JCI37155；经同意转载)。其中显示了“结果”部分的一些要素。 核对清单 1. 你的数据如果用图表更容易表达就用图表；反之用文字。 2. 使用过去时叙述结果。 3. 同类事物才能做比较。 4. 图、表、正文内容不能重复。 5. 正文中说明统计分析结果，如P值。 英文原文 Results: what you found The results section is possibly the most important section in your paper. In this section you will describe the main findings of your research, which is what everyone who is going to read your paper wants to know about. Also, whatever findings you obtained will determine how the introduction and discussion sections are framed, what target journals you can consider, and what direction(s) your subsequent research needs to take. The easiest way to approach writing a results section is to consider all of your findings and what they mean or suggest. You will already have analyzed your data and probably also generated a number of figures and/or tables to show it in a clear and concise manner. Later tips in this series describe some important considerations to keep in mind when preparing display items and performing statistical analyses, so I won’t go into much detail on those processes here. However, it is important to remember that graphics are important components of the results section, and therefore, that there should be no redundancies or duplications among the text, figures and tables. Put simply, if something can be more clearly shown in a figure or table than explained in the text, then use a graphic and refer to it briefly in the text; if something can be easily summarized with text, then there is no need for an additional graphic showing the same thing. Once you have a clear idea of what results you want to include and what each of them shows, you should assemble them in a logical order to make a ‘story’. You will have already described your hypothesis or research question(s) in the introduction; use the results section to lay out all of the evidence you have gathered, building up a solid case to support your hypothesis or to exclude alternative explanations. Each different finding should have its own subsection, beginning with a subheading in the present tense. These subheadings should match those in the methods section and the headings used in figure/table legends. The results themselves should be described in the past tense, like the methods. The more types of evidence you can provide for a given hypothesis (and the less ambiguous these are), the more irrefutable your conclusions can be. Resist the urge to discuss the implications of findings or go into detail about what they mean—that is what the discussion section is for. Rather, present the evidence and let the reader draw their own conclusions. Results sections frequently involve comparisons between a test sample and a control, or between before and after time-points, so you should be aware of some common errors made when describing comparative results. Some of these have already been described in the tip “Overcoming the language barrier”. It is particularly important to compare “like with like”. For example¸ the sentence “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with non-smokers” should actually be “Expression levels of p53 in smokers were compared with those in non-smokers”. The critical point here is the placement of “were compared” (or in other situations, “compared with”): if the comparing term appears between the words describing the two items being compared (here, p53 levels in smokers and p53 levels in non-smokers), then enough information needs to be provided either side of the comparative term to make it absolutely clear what is being compared. An alternative to this is to place the comparative term before or after the words describing the items being compared: for example, “Expression levels of p53 in smokers and non-smokers were compared”. While still on the subject of comparisons, it is important to remember that relative terms, such as “more”, “higher” and “faster”, require an accompanying “than” clause to explain what this change is relative to. For example, in the sentence “transgenic mice showed higher levels of cortisol” it is unclear what these levels were higher than; thus, a “than clause”, such as “than control mice”, is required. Example The figure below, showing a couple of excerpts from the results section of paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37155; reproduced with permission), shows some of the important components of a results section. Checklist 1. Use figures and tables to summarize data except where such data can be easily summarized in the text 2. Describe results in the past tense 3. Compare like with like 4. Do not duplicate data among figures, tables and text 5. Show the results of statistical analyses, for example, p values, in the text. Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
接下来我们来看一下涉及到不同内容进行嵌套的前言,这些前言通常要向读者提交一个非常恢宏的画面，好像就要把自己研究的某个研究领域的某个部分完整地呈现出来，我们写这些文章时，注定我们通盘考虑，认真设计，斟酌再三，但即使这样，到最后写出来的文章却往往是没有层次感，总感觉到大排档吃饭了少上一个果盘那样不爽。 先来看一个例子： Journal of Cell Science 118, 1373-1384，2005，文章的题目：Functional INAD complexes are required to mediate degeneration in photoreceptors of the Drosophila rdgA mutant Introduction Transmembrane signalling cascades initiated by G-proteincoupled receptors are a widely used mechanism for signalling the detection of many sensory modalities. These cascades end with the activation of plasma-membrane ion channels whose activity alters membrane potential and initiates synaptic transmission of a signal to the central nervous system. Several different families of ion channels have been implicated in this process. Historically, the oldest and best characterized are cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels, whose role in vertebrate visual and olfactory transduction is well established (Matulef and Zagotta, 2003). More recently, members of the TRP family of ion channels have been implicated in the transduction of several sensory modalities in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems. These include light (Drosophila TRPC), pheromones (rodent TRPC2), taste (rodent TRPM), physical stimuli and temperature (Drosophila and mammal TRPV, TRPA and TRPN) (Montell et al., 2002). Currently, a crucial factor limiting our understanding of how TRP channels encode sensory modalities is the lack of information about how these channels are activated. In several cases, only a few transduction components have been identified and the inability to perform in vivo analysis of channel activation has been a major obstacle in revealing how TRP channels are activated. The Drosophila phototransduction cascade is historically the oldest and to date the best understood model for the analysis of a TRP channel involved in sensory transduction (Hardie and Raghu, 2001). In the fly eye, rhodopsin, a seventransmembrane- span G-protein-coupled receptor, activates phospholipase CO1666;O1472;(PLCO1666; (Bloomquist et al., 1988) via Gq (Scott et al., 1995). This initiates a biochemical cascade that ends with the opening of two classes of calcium- and cationselective TRPC channels, TRP and TRPL (Niemeyer et al., 1996). Several key elements of the transduction cascade have been identified including Gq, PLCO1666;O1472;and protein-kinase C. Several of these components, along with the TRP channel, are clustered into a macromolecular signalling complex by the multivalent PDZ-domain protein INAD (Tsunoda et al., 1998). The INAD complex is thought to increase the speed and specificity of the light response (Montell, 1998; Tsunoda et al., 1998). However, despite this wealth of detail about the components of the transduction cascade, the mechanism of activation of TRP and TRPL remains poorly understood, and is one of the outstanding problems in both sensory neurobiology and intracellular calcium signalling. Although the essential role of PLCO1666;O1472;in the activation of TRP and TRPL is well established (Bloomquist et al., 1988), the biochemical events initiated by this enzyme that lead to channel activation remain unclear. Inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), the best-understood second messenger generated from phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis by PLCO1666;O1472;(Berridge, 1997) was originally postulated to be the second messenger that leads to TRP and TRPL activation (Hardie and Minke, 1993). However, several recent lines of evidence strongly indicate that IP3-induced calcium (Ca2+) release, or indeed a physical interaction between the IP3 receptor (IP3R) and the light-activated channels, is unlikely to underlie the mechanism of TRP and TRPL activation (Raghu et al., 2000a). More recently, lipid second messengers derived from PI(4,5)P2 have been implicated in the activation of TRP and TRPL as well as their vertebrate homologues (Hardie, 2003). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, potential metabolites of diacylglycerol (DAG), the primary lipid generated by PI(4,5)P2 hydrolysis, have been shown to activate TRP and TRPL in situ, as well as in inside-out patches of TRPL channels expressed in S2 cells (Chyb et al., 1999). In addition, both DAG and PI(4,5)P2 have been shown to modulate TRPL channel activity in cell culture models (Estacion et al., 2001). Analysis of TRPC2 activation in the rodent vomeronasal organs shows considerable parallels to our current understanding of the mechanism of Drosophila TRP and TRPL activation (Lucas et al., 2003). However, despite these findings, the physiological relevance of PI(4,5)P2-derived lipids as activators of Drosophila TRP channels in vivo remains to be established and the precise identity of the phospholipid species that is involved is unknown. Recently, genetic evidence of a role for lipid messengers in the activation of TRPC channels in vivo has been obtained in Drosophila photoreceptors from an analysis of the retinal degeneration A (rdgA) mutant. The rdgA mutant was first isolated because it failed to respond to light in a behavioural assay (Hotta and Benzer, 1970). Analysis of retinal ultrastructure revealed that all alleles show varying degrees of photoreceptor degeneration (Harris and Stark, 1977). Biochemical analysis showed impaired diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity (Inoue et al., 1989) and reduced levels of light induced phosphatidic acid (PA) formation (Yoshioka et al., 1983) in head extracts of rdgA mutants. The gene that is defective in rdgA mutants has been cloned and found to encode an eye-enriched isoform of DGK (Masai et al., 1993), the principal enzyme that inactivates DAG by phosphorylation to PA. However, most significantly, under voltage-clamp conditions, several alleles including rdgA1, rdgA3, rdgA6 and rdgAKS60 (Raghu et al., 2000b) (Hardie, personal communication) all show a small constitutively active inward current, which, on the basis of its biophysical characteristics, genetics and pharmacology, has been shown to be composed largely of TRP channels. The retinal degeneration phenotype of rdgA can be rescued by genetically removing TRP channels (i.e. the double mutant rdgA;trp), whose photoreceptors now lack their principal plasma-membrane calcium-influx channels. These results suggested a model in which excessive calcium influx through constitutively active TRP channels results in retinal degeneration in rdgA (Raghu et al., 2000b). The light response of rdgA;trp photoreceptors shows defects in deactivation suggesting that DGK might play a role in terminating the light response (Raghu et al., 2000b) and recent evidence suggests that DGK plays a role in regulating signal amplification during the response to light (Hardie et al., 2002). Despite these recent observations that suggest a direct role for rdgA in phototransduction, previous studies have suggested a distinct mechanism underlying the retinal degeneration phenotype of rdgA. First, unlike most other phototransduction mutants, the retinal degeneration of rdgA is reported to be light independent (Harris and Stark, 1977). Second, norpA mutants, which lack the PLC activity essential for TRP channel activation, were reported not to suppress the retinal degeneration of rdgA (Masai et al., 1993). Third, several studies have suggested that a failure of rhabdomere biogenesis and protein trafficking underlies the rdgA phenotype (Masai et al., 1997; Suzuki et al., 1990). To address these apparently conflicting results and to understand the mechanism of degeneration in rdgA, we are undertaking a genome-wide forward-genetic screen for mutants that suppress or enhance the retinal-degeneration phenotype of rdgA. Our goal is to identify molecules whose function might help us to understand the basis of the constitutive TRP-channel activity that is associated with the rdgA phenotype. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of two mutants identified in our screen. We then describe experiments that address the requirement for the light response in the degeneration phenotype of rdgA. 书写嵌套前言是需要技巧的，大家都拍床戏，有的甚至拍成了三级片，不能公开放映，可李安拍的《色戒》同样也是真刀真枪地干，而且还是大牌的梁朝伟在演，可是却能公开放映，因为这是需要真功夫的。其实梁朝伟是不是仅仅在做假动作，由于压力那东西不可能持续那么长的时间倒不是很重要的。人们众口一词，剧情需要，鬼！鬼才相信呢。 取得效果的原因在于李安建立了一套规则： 1.名作 2.名人的书 3.名导演 4.爱国的大背景 5.以抗日的名义做着“不抗日”的事情，前者是给观众看的，后者是汤唯做的。 你说这部片子能不公映吗？因为公映，他能不赚钱吗？ 同样，我们嵌套前言也需要建立一套规则，先列明规则吧： 1. 分出段落，同时在不同段落间保持特有的向“问题”聚焦的连接。 2. 设计嵌套循环，每个嵌套都按照背景－焦点－问题进行小循环。 3. 按照对某个研究的认识进行排列，同时对最重要的嵌套按照假设－结果进行文献回溯，并尽量放在前言最突出的位置。 你自己分析一下上面的前言，看看是不是这样一回事。哎呀，如果这样，我们其实也拍了一个成功的三级片。 前文谈了各种前言的写法，现在我们开始说结果Results，Results是文章的基本部分，当然结果需要从你的实验结论中提取和升华，要将那些能够直接回答或最支持前言中提出的问题的结论放上去，而那些无关或关系不大的材料则要忍痛割爱，放在下一篇文章中去展示了。 因此结果这个架构最重要的是告诉别人你的data和有效地进行data的组织，并从这种组织中引出下一个data和下一个组织，以便最后在逻辑上环环相扣，最有说服力地回答你前言中的问题。 告诉别人你的RT-PCR结果，然后是western blot结果，还有免疫荧光等等，所有这些都是要告诉别人这种细胞或组织有某种物质在基因和蛋白水平的表达，而且这种表达具有时空特点。 所以结论涉及到下列问题： 1.DATA的展示 2. DATA的组织 3. 不同层次间实验的转接 我们将就这三个问题进行逐个剖析。 我们先来谈第一个问题,data的展示： 在这个年代，展示变得非常重要，就如李安的《色戒》，为什么这部电影这么红？大陆甚至有所谓的影迷为了看《色戒》的完整版，专门坐飞机到香港去看这部电影？不容讳说，影片中的“蛋蛋”其实是关键因素。但为什么很多人看惯了东西方黑白黄几乎所有花样频出的A片，却还热衷于这不三级片呢？ 展示的好！梁朝伟的蛋蛋，高难度复杂的回别针，还有大牌的李安，加上张爱铃，所有的因素构造起来让这部说穿了就是黄色的小电影（美国定级为NC－17）却让很多人大呼好，一些影评家甚至说20年将难有电影望其项背，你看，这就叫展示，这种艺术化的展示正是我们构造SCI论文的结果需要的。 DATA的展示同样需要这种艺术，你不能罗列，是什么就说什么，没有人会接收你的论文的。要处理，怎样处理？ 1. 数据要转化为一看就懂的，一读就理解的。 2. 要有对照，好的为什么好的，是因为有对照！ 3.要有对比，要有不同的，不同的处理造成不同的结果。 4.要有统计，用大家公认的统计方法说明差别。 关于数据处理的问题,其原则就是要用最直观和简洁的展示来说明问题,因此文章中出现不经处理和分析的大量原始资料简直是对你工作的亵渎。文章中的数据只能是“a few”，不能是‘many“，更不能是‘all’，而且一般情况下你只能展示，通常不做注解，如果你不简洁明了，没有傻子会去分析你的数据的意义。因此，为了给读者留下印象，或者说直白点，为了你的文章被接受，你要使用一些处理技巧，通常的处理技巧大家都知道，直观的图和表，用这些图和表让人很容易理解你的意思。 我们知道，数据一般包括原始数据、经过平均化用mean±SD表示或者适当转化用对数或百分数表示等几种类型，这些数据即使讲出来也是枯燥的，不被理解的，结果则是经过设计的，通常的特点就是引进了比较，比如，你高1.8m，我2.6米，这是数据，现在说我比你高0.8米，就是结果，关键在于这个结果是单纯的结果，现在说我们比日本人高0.8m（P0.05，n=1200），这就有意义了，他的意思说分别拿出1200个随机样本，那么中国人比日本人平均高0.8m，而且有显著意义，这就是有意义的结果。 真**通俗的概念，我还罗嗦什么？好了，现在谈谈结果中最重要的组织。如何把材料有机地组织在一起，特别是形成环环相扣的结论，这是非常关键的技巧。
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