A most easy way as following: (1) git clone git://git.as.harvard.edu/bmy/GEOS-Chem-Libraries (2) revised the install.h in the downloaded file (3) the final install.h should be like the attachment (4) ./install.h (5) Noting: Beauce all libraries are staticly installed, So when you complie the script , lingking by yourself. when compiling the script, i.g. a preparation_for_Hg.F90, noting the oder of libraries. gfortran -o run.exe preparation_for_Hg.F90 -L /usr/wangxun/nature_flux/lib/opt/gfortran/lib -lnetcdff -lnetcdf -lhdf5_hl -lhdf5 -lz -lm -I /usr/wangxun/nature_flux/lib/opt/gfortran/include/ Noting: you also can exlcude the static compiling in install netcdf.
Rapid gene machines used to find cause of newborn illnesses By Julie Steenhuysen CHICAGO | Wed Oct 3, 2012 5:27pm EDT (Reuters) - U.S. scientists have sequenced the entire genetic code of four gravely ill newborns and identified genetic diseases in three of them in two days, quick enough to help doctors make treatment decisions. Doctors behind the preliminary study released on Wednesday say it demonstrates a practical use for whole genome sequencing, in which researchers analyze all 3.2 billion chemical "bases" or "letters" that make up the human genetic code. "It is now feasible to decode an entire genome and provide interim results back to the physician in two days," said Dr. Stephen Kingsmore, director of the Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine at Children's Mercy medical center in Kansas City, Missouri, whose study was published in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The study tested two software programs developed at Children's Mercy that were used in conjunction with a high-speed gene sequencer from Illumina called HiSeq 2500, which can sequence an entire genome in about 25 hours. The company helped pay for the study and company researchers took part in it. Next-generation gene sequencing machines have driven down the cost of whole genome sequencing, but making practical use of the data has been more challenging, largely because of the time it takes to analyze all of the data. As many as a third of babies admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in the United States have some form of genetic disease. Treatments are currently available for more than 500 diseases, but identifying them quickly has been a problem. Typically, genetic testing on newborns using conventional methods takes four to six weeks, long enough that the infant has either died or been sent home. "Up until now, they have really had to practice medicine blindfolded," Kingsmore said in a telephone briefing with reporters. Dr. Neil Miller, director of informatics at Children's Mercy, said the software programs help doctors identify which genes to test, and analyze the data quickly. One of these programs, called SSAGA, allows doctors to order this test based on the child's symptoms, without having to know in advance which genes to test for. The software only maps genes associated with the child's symptoms. SSAGA does this for nearly 600 diseases, but the team is expanding this to include all 3,500 known disease genes, Miller told the briefing. The team developed a second software program called Runes that helps determine which of the suspected genes was most likely to be the cause of the child's illness. In the study, the team tested the system on four seriously ill babies whose conditions were suspected of having a genetic cause. Only one of the infants is still alive, a boy born with a rare heart defect that the team discovered is also shared by the child's 6-year-old brother. The infant underwent heart surgery. The testing also was able to diagnose a rare form of epilepsy in a baby girl, and identify the likely cause of a rare and lethal skin condition in a baby boy, which arose from a new genetic mutation that was not passed down from either parent. The team was unable to find out what caused another boy's heart defect. "We basically struck out completely, for now anyway," said Dr. Carol Saunders, clinical lab director at the hospital who helped interpreted the study results. Even though the study did not provide cures for the babies, she said, it could give parents more information about the cause of their child's illness and allow them to make decisions about what kinds of treatments they wanted to pursue. The test is projected to cost $13,500, but the team believes that may be worth it given the high cost of care in a neonatal intensive care unit, which runs roughly $8,000 per night. The next move is to broaden the test to include 100 or more babies to determine the benefits, costs and potential problems linked with the testing. Because the Illumina machine was not available in the United States, the team had to discount the time it took to ship the blood samples to Britain, where the actual sequencing was done. But Kingsmore said the hospital expects to receive its own HiSeq 2500 machine next month. Eventually, the hospital hopes to have its testing validated, so the researchers can do genetic testing on newborns in hospitals across the United States.
5 Names in Urban Ecology you should know By DNLee | February 23, 2012 | 1 Share Email Print The older I get and the more ‘seasoned’ I become in this science outreach arena, I come to believe more and more that role models matter. In each person there is the capacity to grow and prosper and for many people, this tenacity to thrive cannot be denied, no matter the circumstances presented to them. However, I cannot help but believe that no matter how inspiring these testimonies of perseverance and hard-work are, most of those individuals, at some point or another, prayed that they had had some sort of guidance to make the road a little less convoluted. And today, when I talk to young people or parents/teachers who ask me questions about science and education, it keeps coming back to their interests in know, Who has paved this road before? Because surely someone else has done it? No matter how independent and strong-minded we are, at the end of day, no one likes to feel all alone at the end of the journey. If we can’t have company, then we at least want know that we’re following in someone’s footsteps or that someone is following in ours. We want to be part of something. I like for people to know who these other people are – whether they be pioneers or masters or journeymen along the way. In fact, when comes to careers in nature and the outdoors, there are role models, alive and with us now, for people – young and young-at-heart to look up to. 1. David Lindo , The Urban Birder – Birder Wildlife Photographer Whenever I discuss lessons about the scientific method, I tell students that observation is the foundation of all scientific pursuits. The very act of paying close attention – watching and listening – is the beginning of every scientific endeavor. And no one embodies this more than David Lindo. A Londoner who began his hobby career as a Naturalist, Birder and Urban Ecologist at the age of nine. Naturalists are individuals who study the natural history of organisms, like plants and animals in the wild. If you have ever visited a State or National Park and went on a tour where someone pointed out different wildlife and explained to you how they lived, survived weather changes, competed for food/shelter/mates and died, then you met a Naturalist. You don’t have to have a college degree to become a naturalist, but it does take years of study to become a good one. Read more about Urban Bird Watching with David Lindo here . 2. Akiima Price , Environmental Educator Formerly the Chief of Education with the New York Restoration Project, this DC/Baltimore native found her way to a career in Environmental Education , via a serendipitous summer job experience. Now she is an Environmental Education Curriculum specialist who specifically focuses on how to involve urban audiences in environmental science and proactive initiatives to improve their own health and communities. Environmental Education are formal and informal science and social science studies about how nature works, how people interact with nature and wildlife, as well as our roles as consumers, protectors, and stewards. Most jobs in environmental education require at least a college degree and environmental educators work in middle/high schools, museums, and sometimes for non-profit environmental organizations. Learn more about what Akiima Price does, here : 3. Dr. Stewart Pickett , Urban Ecologist I was first made aware by Dr. Pickett March of 2009 when I was having a conversation with Dr. Peter Raven, yes, THE Peter Raven, and telling him my interest in urban ecology and diversity in science outreach. He told me about his colleague and suggested I look him up for future opportunities. Fast forward to May 16th and I’m attending the annual American Institute of Biological Sciences meeting in Washington, DC. I am sitting next to a distinguished gentleman who is tells me he enjoys my blog – Urban Science Adventures! and that he voted for me to receive my award . We share pleasantries and realize we know some of the same people, including person #5, below. It wasn’t until he walked away that I noticed his name tag, Dr. Steward Pickett of the Cary Institute of Ecosystems Studies. Dr. Stewart is a Researcher and Plant Ecologist and studies plant communities including different species that live in certain environments, especially human-dominated environments like inner-cities. At his professional level, a graduate degree in biology, botany, or ecology are required to design and carry out such large-scale scientific studies. If you want to know more about Urban Ecology, check out his presentation about the Baltimore Ecosystem Study, here . 4. Dr. Charles Nilon , Wildlife Ecologist Dr. Nilon studies how urbanization affects wildlife – both the communities of plants and animals and their habitats. He is a Professor in the Fisheries Wildlife Sciences Department at the University of Missouri. He and his students study how plants and animals respond to changes in their environment as human-development moves in, for example studying wildlife in more sub-urban areas and then tracking those changes as neighborhoods become more and more urbanized over time. College professors who conduct large-scale research projects and mentor other students require a graduate level degree, a PhD, in the life sciences such as biology, zoology, natural resources, ecology, or wildlife fisheries. Learn more about Dr. Nilon’s route to becoming a Wildlife Ecologist, here. 5. Dr. Tommy Parker , Biologist I must disclose that I know Tommy. We went to graduate school together and received our Master’s degrees from the same institution. We both grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, and like most inner-city kids spent our summers and after-school evenings playing outside in parks. We also realized we really enjoyed the outdoors, getting dirty and watching animals. Maybe that’s why kids like us grow up to come biologists who study wildlife who live in urban areas. Now, Tommy is an Assistant Professor of Biology and Head of the Urban Wildlife Research Lab at the University of Louisville. A graduate level degree in biology, ecology, or wildlife biology is necessary to have a successful career in urban wildlife biology. Wildlife biologists find jobs working in research labs at universities, government agencies like US Fish Wildlife or Forestry Services, and sometimes with non-governmental organizations like the Sierra Club. Learn more about Dr. Parker’s research of urban wildlife, here .
Trevor Quirk (2012). Writers should not fear jar-gon Nature, 487DOI: 10.1038/487407a 首先要明确的是，科普的本质目的是对读者某方面的不劳而获的满足。所以，假如在这世上不可能不劳而获的话，科普的存在总之多多少少必然是经不起推敲的。 专业名词不是为生造而生造的。相反，学术上至少在概念和理论方面都遵循最简原则，能少则少能免则免。在这种原则的基础上仍存在的专业名词当然是其中每个字都必不可少的。Nature的这篇专栏里举了intrin-si-cally pho-to-sen-si-tive Retinal Ganglion Cells（ipRGC）这个例子： Scientific lit-er-a-ture abounds with dis-tinc-tions that can seem pedan-tic. Consider the ‘intrin-si-cally pho-to-sen-si-tive reti-nal gan-glion cell’ — or ‘ipRGC’. The term refers to a spe-cific type of neu-ron located in the eye, and although the phrase is no fun to parse, every word in it is impor-tant. A ‘gan-glion’, loosely defined, is a mass of tis-sue, often found in the eye, so ‘cell’ refers to a spe-cific part of that tis-sue. Not all gan-glia are found in the retina, thus ‘reti-nal’ is jus-ti-fied. And not all reti-nal gan-glia are ‘intrin-si-cally pho-to-sen-si-tive’, so that stays, too. This is per-haps the hard-est truth for the more ide-al-is-tic sci-ence writ-ers to swal-low. It would take para-graphs of expla-na-tion to make all of the other sci-en-tific dis-tinc-tions con-tained in the term ‘ipRGC’. Many sci-ence writ-ers would hack away at the term (they call this process ‘dis-till-ing’), finally call-ing it, per-haps, a ‘spe-cial kind of gan-glion’ or a ‘neu-ron located in the eye’. Such word-ing is eas-ier to under-stand but it does not present the whole truth. I am not argu-ing that sci-ence writ-ers should always use jar-gon, but I do want to point out what can be lost when they donot. 在这段话里，作者指出了把ipRGC简化为其他更易于理解的短语时，必然要漏掉一些不可少的信息。其实整篇文章的主旨也就是这个。但是作者没有去讨论，漏掉这些信息的后果是什么。事实上，对于科普文章的读者来说，没什么后果。因为，他们不是来学习什么是ipRGC的。当你谈到这个东西的时候，你要做的只是保证不要用一些读者生疏的词，以防读者把眼神停在此处看不下去，于是把你的文章丢在一旁；至于你用的词是否准确描述了ipRGC是不重要的，只要读者顺利看下去就行了。 那么，为什么读者不需要知道ipRGC，你却非要提到ipRGC不可呢？为什么你不直接就把读者需要知道的事情说出来呢？因为读者需要知道的事情是结论，但又不相信单独的结论，所以你不能直接把结论（例如XX添加剂对人体无害）说出来了事，必须写一堆概念、分析、理论。这堆东西又不能让读者看不懂，必须让读者以为自己懂了。但放心——读者不会记住这部分的，这部分的效果是让读者相信最后的结论。读者记住的只是最后的结论。所以就算你在概念、分析和理论中胡说八道也不会造成什么害处。——这就是为什么在普通读者眼中伪科学跟科普没什么区别，没什么分辨能力。而伪科学跟科普本质上也确实没什么区别——它们都靠抓住读者不劳而获的心理为生。 也有一些“科普爱好者”读者，通过认准“松鼠会”、“果壳”这些品牌来确认自己追随的不是伪科学。这些读者也很可能有一些基本中学知识，甚至具备完好的分析能力。他会记住科普文章的原理部分，进行正常的逻辑演绎产生新的问题，然后去追问作者。这时作者往往只能尴尬地进一步用更准确的术语解释一下，然后读者还是被吓退了：“看来这个很复杂”。还有一些“爱好者”根据科普性质的原理阐述设计实验，在他们自家的厨房进行“实验验证”。这自然又产生新的问题，前去问作者。这时作者又只能尴尬地解释“原文的原理描述不严谨”……什么样的原理阐述能经得起进一步的演绎和推敲甚至实验验证呢？那当然是教科书上的阐述！ 我所说的“不劳而获”具体是什么？既想像专家那样自己获得辨别能力，但又不想负出成为专家的努力；既想得出分析后的结论（这种结论可信），又不想自己学习如何分析问题（相当于接受高等教育）；既想做研究又不想考研（指那些从科普文章或杂志上找东西在厨房做实验交给专家“批改作业”的“爱好者”），等等。 做科普事业的人大概都会说一句话：现在科普的市场很大。事实上，任何满足不劳而获的市场都必然是很大的。在此意义上科普的市场很大跟伪科学的市场很大没有什么区别。 Nature文章后面的网友评论有人提到精英主义，就是说，故意不用原术语，非要解释成普通用语，是一种精英主义，认为大众必然看不懂术语，一定要降低IQ才可能沟通。但是这个方面是老生常谈，赞同和反对的理由来来去去就是那些，我在此就不讨论了。 Read more: http://www.andrewsun.net/panta_rhei/archives/4866#ixzz23jVLPxhK
Computer vision is a diverse field and its researchers have multifaceted interests and aspirations. It should not be surprising that no two vision researchers think about the field in the same way. Different academic backgrounds foster alternative and potentially incommensurable interpretations. It is as if W.V.O Quine' s thesis that no observation can be "theory-independent" directly applies to vision: a researcher in computer vision cannot uphold a view on his own field that is objective and independent of their own predispositions, upbringing, and educational program. While I cannot speak clearly about the long-term goals of the entire body researchers in vision, today I would like discuss my own take on computer vision. I do not offer the world an objective account of why computer vision intrigues me, but by sharing with the world the reasons why I find vision exciting, perhaps together we can break the boundaries of machine intelligence. Cognitive Science is a computational study of the mind: McGill Cognitive Science One of the biggest accomplishments in the field of Artificial Intelligence was when Deep Blue, a chess playing program developed at IBM, beat the world chess champion, Garry Kasparov . But this was in the early days of artificial intelligence -- when computer scientists still weren't sure on what it means for a machine to be intelligent. Chess is a well-known thinking-man's game, and at first glance it seems that a machine can only be worthy of being dubbed intelligent if it performs competitively on intelligent-people activities such as chess. Chess: Human vs. Machine: Slate article about Deep Blue Given the plethora of tasks that humans can effortlessly perform in daily life, is engineering a machine to rival humans on just one such task bringing researchers any closer to building truly intelligent machines? The problem with chess is that it has a "finite universe problem" -- there is a finite number of primitives (the chess pieces) which can be manipulated by choosing a move from a finite set of allowable actions. But if we think of normal life (going to work, eating dinner, talking to a friend) as a game, then it is not hard to see that most everyday situations involving humans involve a sea of infinite objects (just look around and name all the different objects you can see around you!) and an equally capacious space of allowable actions (consider all the things you could with all those objects around you!). Intelligence is what allows us to cope with the complexities of the universe by focusing our attention on a limited set of relevant variables -- but the working set of objects/concepts we must consider at any single instant is chosen from a seemingly infinite set of alternatives. I believe that everyday human-level visual intelligence is greatly undervalued by people -- and there is a very good reason for this! The ability to make sense of what is going on in a single picture is such a trivial and autonomous task for humans, that we don't even bother quantifying just how good we are at it. But let me reassure you that automated image understanding is no trivial feat. The world is not composed of 20 visual object categories and the space of allowable and interpretable utterances we could associate with a static picture is seemingly infinite. While the 20 category object detection task (as popularized by the PASCAL VOC ) does have a finite universe problem, the grander version of the vision master problem (a combination of detection/recognition/categorization where you can interpret an input any way you like) is much more complex and mirrors the structure of the external world well. Robotics Challenge: Build a Robot like Bender Any application which calls for automated analysis of images requires vision. A robot, if it is to be successful interacting with the world and performing useful tasks, needs to perceive the external world and organize it. While some see vision as just one small piece of the " Robotics Challenge " (build a robot and make it do cool stuff), it totally unclear to me where to draw the boundary between low-level pixel analysis and high-level cognitive scene understanding. Over the years, I have been thinking more and more about this problem, and I've convinced myself that the interesting part of vision is precisely at the boundary between what is commonly thought of as low-level representation of signal and what is considered high-level representation of visual concepts . While some view computer vision as "applied mathematics" or "applied machine learning" or "image processing in disguise", I passionately believe the following: Computer Vision is Artificial Intelligence I am not promulgating the thesis that all aspects of machine intelligence are visual, but I want to assure you that there are enough high-level semantic capabilities which must be set in place for vision to work, that it is not worthwhile to think of vision as smaller problem than general purpose intelligence . I believe that once we have made progress on vision (not in the narrow-universe setting) to the point where generic visual scene understanding is effectively solved, there won't be much left that needs to go into the "ethereal" mind which cognitive scientists want to empower machines with! The only way to make machines truly understand scenes, objects, and their interactions is to make machines know something about the fabric of human life, and it is important for machines to learn this for themselves from real-world experience. This goes beyond representing object appearance because folk physics, folk psychology, causality, spatio-temporal continuity, etc are all faculties which vision systems will need (at least the vision systems I want to ultimately build) for general purpose scene understanding. I don't want to undermine the efforts of cognitive scientists (which work on many of the theories/ideas I've delineated before), but perhaps only to convince them that I have been a cognitive scientist all along. I don't think placing a label on myself, by calling myself as either a cognitive scientist, a computer vision researcher, or AI researcher is very conducive to good research.
外部连接实验室主机amber3，在Xmanager中图形显示（gnuplot绘图，atomeye可视化）错误： xterm Xt error: Can't open display: xterm: DISPLAY is not set BK solution: ssh chn@161.122.22.21 -X http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-software-2/xterm-xt-error-cant-open-display-697237/ You should enable X forwarding. Note that should be enabled in ssh daemon settings. $ ssh -X Y@f10 # This should work Code： Excerpts from man ssh -X Enables X11 forwarding. This can also be specified on a per-host basis in a configuration file. X11 forwarding should be enabled with caution. Users with the ability to bypass file permissions on the remote host (for the user’s X autho‐ rization database) can access the local X11 display through the for‐ warded connection. An attacker may then be able to perform activities such as keystroke monitoring. For this reason, X11 forwarding is subjected to X11 SECURITY extension restrictions by default. Please refer to the ssh -Y option and the ForwardX11Trusted directive in ssh_config(5) for more information. http://space.itpub.net/22608279/viewspace-668170 os redhat as 4 只装xwindows 使用xmanger 3连接 错误如下： --------------------------- Xrcmd --------------------------- The server sent a disconnect packet. Received ieof for nonexistent channel 0. (code: 2) --------------------------- OK --------------------------- Sent password. Access granted. Sent X11 forwarding request... Succeeded. Sent the command line. /usr/X11R6/bin/xterm -ls -display $DISPLAY Start timer (TIMER_SHUTDOWN, 180). _X11TransSocketINETConnect() can't get address for localhost:6010: Name or service not known /usr/X11R6/bin/xterm Xt error: Can't open display: localhost:10.0 解决方法： 在/etc/hosts 中加入 127.0.0.1 localhost之后能进入图形界面
Edited byZuojun lao shi. Things that are easy to get are easier to be neglected, such as water. Who dare to say we can stay alive without water? However, not everybody attaches enough importance to water conservation. I do try to save water in my daily life, but I think I should do more. Only when you truly understand how important and essentail water is to our lives, can you cherish it consciously. So, you can do such an experiment: Don’t drink water for one day or two days until you feel very thirsty! Of course, please don’t eat food containing much water, such as fruits and vegetables,let alonesoup . Then, you can start to drink some water slowly… What’s your feeling? You may think it as the best thing in the world… If there were no drinkable water in our lives one day, what would we do? If there won’t be any drinkable water in the future, what kind of lives will our descendants have? I told my mom if there were no drinkable water in the world and we humans would have to be too thirsty to live, I would choose to commit suicide (and this is the ONLY reason that I would choose to commit suicide : ） Now, spring is coming! Weather in Beijing is so dry, which makes me feel uneasy. I have to drink more water, and try to make the air around me more humid; for example, to spray some water in the room or to put wet clothes indoors. I hope saving water is just one of the examples. There are many things that we should learn to cherish, including our lives and our offsprings… Ps: It's soooooooooo hard to write like a native speaker!
一、投稿信 1. Dear Dr. Defendi ML: I am sending a manuscript entitled “” by – which I should like to submit for possible publication in the journal of - . Yours sincerely 2. Dear Dr. A: Enclosed is a manuscript entitled “” by sb, which we are submitting for publication in the journal of - . We have chosen this journal because it deals with - . We believe that sth would be of interest to the journal’s readers. 3. Dear Dr. A: Please find enclosed for your review an original research article, “” by sb. All authors have read and approve this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. No part of this paper has published or submitted elsewhere. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and we have attached to this letter the signed letter granting us permission to use Figure 1 from another source. We appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers. 二、询问有无收到稿件 Dear Editors, We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3 August 2006 but have not, as yet, receive acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If not, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help. 三、询问论文审查回音 Dear Editors， It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our manuscript (No: ) for possible publication in your journal. I have not yet received a reply and am wondering whether you have reached a decision. I should appreciated your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible. 四、关于论文的总体审查意见 1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision are list below. 2. This is a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification. There are given below. 3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limited and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as – 4. Although this paper is good, it would be ever better if some extra data were added. 5. This manuscript is not suitable for publication in the journal of – because the main observation it describe was reported 3 years ago in a reputable journal of - . 6. Please ask someone familiar with English language to help you rewrite this paper. As you will see, I have made some correction at the beginning of the paper where some syntax is not satisfactory. 7. We feel that this potentially interesting study has been marred by an inability to communicate the finding correctly in English and should like to suggest that the authors seek the advice of someone with a good knowledge of English, preferable native speaker. 8. The wording and style of some section, particularly those concerning HPLC, need careful editing. Attention should be paid to the wording of those parts of the Discussion of and Summary which have been underlined. 9. Preliminary experiments only have been done and with exception of that summarized in Table 2, none has been repeated. This is clearly unsatisfactory, particularly when there is so much variation between assays. 10. The condition of incubation are poorly defined. What is the temperature? Were antibody used? 五、给编辑的回信 1. In reply to the referee’s main criticism of paper, it is possible to say that – One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1. This has now been corrected. Further minor changes had been made on page 3, paragraph 1 (line 3-8) and 2 (line 6-11). These do not affect our interpretation of the result. 2. I have read the referee’s comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lake toxicity data. I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omission. 3. Thank you for your letter of – and for the referee’s comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval. 4. I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes a report of additional experiments done at the referee’s suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed. 5. We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red. 6. We found the referee’s comments most helpful and have revised the manuscript 7. We are pleased to note the favorable comments of reviewers in their opening sentence. 8. Thank you for your letter. I am very pleased to learn that our manuscript is acceptable for publication in Cancer Research with minor revision. 9. We have therefore completed a further series of experiments, the result of which are summarized in Table 5. From this we conclude that intrinsic factor is not account. 10. We deleted the relevant passage since they are not essential to the contents of the paper. 11. I feel that the reviewer’s comments concerning Figures 1 and 2 result from a misinterpretation of the data. 12. We would have include a non-protein inhibitor in our system, as a control, if one had been available. 13. We prefer to retain the use of Table 4 for reasons that it should be clear from the new paragraph inserted at the end of the Results section. 14. Although reviewer does not consider it is important to measure the temperature of the cells, we consider it essential. 15. The running title has been changed to “”. 16. The Materials and Methods section now includes details for measuring uptake of isotope and assaying hexokinase. 17. The concentration of HAT media (page12 paragraph 2) was incorrectly stated in the original manuscript. This has been rectified. The authors are grateful to the referees for pointing out their error. 18. As suggested by both referees, a discussion of the possibility of laser action on chromosome has been included (page16, paragraph 2). 19. We included a new set of photographs with better definition than those originally submitted and to which a scale has been added. 20. Following the suggestion of the referees, we have redraw Figure 3 and 4. 21. Two further papers, published since our original submission, have been added to the text and Reference section. These are: 22. We should like to thank the referees for their helpful comments and hope that we have now produced a more balance and better account of our work. We trust that the revised manuscript is acceptable for publication. 23. I greatly appreciate both your help and that of the referees concerning improvement to this paper. I hope that the revised manuscript is now suitable for publication. 24. I should like to express my appreciation to you and the referees for suggesting how to improve our paper. 25. I apologize for the delay in revising the manuscript. This was due to our doing an additional experiment, as suggested by referees.
November 22, 2011 — Emergency department (ED) physicians were more likely to order blood tests for infants and toddlers with unexplained fever than they were to order tests for urinary tract infections (UTIs), despite longstanding recognition that UTIs should be considered in any young child with an unspecified fever, reveals a study published online November 21 in Pediatrics . Physicians order urine tests for fewer than 18% of infants and toddlers who arrive in the ED with unexplained fever, the research shows. At the same time, physicians requested complete blood counts in 20.5% of visits, even though clinical recommendations suggest such testing is less likely to be needed than urinalysis. "Given that rates of UTI might be as much as 20-fold higher than rates of bacteremia in the post– era, physicians' practice patterns seem inconsistent with the epidemiology of serious bacterial infections," write Alan E. Simon, MD, from the Infant, Child, and Women's Health Statistics Branch, Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, and colleagues. Records analyzed for this study did not include children's vaccination status. The researchers examined records of some 1600 visits to EDs by children aged 3 months to 3 years and included in the 2006-2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey–Emergency Department, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The investigators focused on those instances when a child's fever had no recognizable source, such as a sore throat or earache. Fever without source accounted for 21.6% (95% confidence interval, 20.2% - 23.0%) of the cases included in the 2006 to 2008 survey, or an estimated 1.7 million ED visits per year nationwide, according to the investigators. The records showed that girls, who are at a higher risk for UTI, were tested more frequently, at 25.5% of the time compared with 10.4% for boys. However, physicians were also 3 times more likely to also include a complete blood count for girls (odds ratio, 3.27). By contrast, recent clinical guidelines suggest that all girls with FWS should undergo urinalysis to rule out a potentially dangerous UTI, whereas complete blood counts are unnecessary for “well-appearing” children under these circumstances. The rate of urinalysis increased among children with higher temperatures. Physicians were twice as likely to order urinalysis for children with temperatures of from 39°C to 39.9°C (odds ratio, 2.09), compared with children whose temperature was 38°C, and 5 times more likely to order it if the child's temperature was 40°C or higher (odds ratio, 5.18, P 0.1 for both). Although the rate of urinalysis increased among children with temperatures of 39°C or higher, still only 40.2% of girls and 15.0% of boys with temperatures 39°C or higher were tested for UTI. Despite a lack of complete blood count or urinalysis in 58.6% of the visits, physicians prescribed antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, in about a quarter of all visits, including 20% of visits in which no testing was performed. This agrees with findings "that antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for upper respiratory infections," the authors report. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the likelihood of a physician ordering urinalysis and a complete blood count increased if a patient had a high temperature, if the patient was a girl, and if the patient lived in a higher-income ZIP code. However, being 24 months to 36 months old was associated with lower odds of receiving these tests (odds ratio, 0.55) compared with children aged 3 months to 11 months. Although uncircumcised boys are also at a higher risk for UTI, the survey records did not include boys' circumcision status. The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Pediatrics . Published online November 21, 2011. Abstract 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/754065
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