今天讲科技论文的摘要写作，这是我国年青作者的科技论文中写得最糟糕的一部分。这里主要讲期刊或会议论文的 ordinary article 摘要的写法要领。 摘要的作用 与文题一起，提供论文内容梗概，引起读者注意； 准确提供论文信息，便于检索刊物或工具（如 SCI ， EI ， ISTP ， MR ， AMR 等）检索、评论。 摘要的内容要素： 本文的目的或拟解决的问题； 解决问题的主要方法和过程； 本文主要结果和结论； 本文的创新之处。 其中，头三点必须讲清楚。 摘要的基本特征： 独立性。 情报检索时可游离于正文之外； 自恰性。 内容简明、连贯，不看正文可知大概； 准确性。 恰如其分地概括正文内容，语义确切，描述客观； 简洁性。 言简意赅，控制字数，通常以 100 ～ 150 字（中文）或 120 ～ 180 个词（英文）为宜。 摘要写作的常见问题： 1. 过多地讲述立题背景、研究意义、实用价值等。 讲述立题背景和研究意义是引言中的内容，摘要中可以基本上不讲（学位论文摘要中可以讲几句）；国内年青作者喜欢大段务虚，绝无必要；有些论文中常见对于 设计有参考价值之类的语句，也无必要，是浪费摘要的有限文字资源。 2. 字数过少，语焉不详。 国内作者论文的摘要字数偏少，特别是写英文摘要时常把相应的中文摘要的内容贪污了。近年来有所改进，但仍不理想。 3. 字数过多，脉络不清。 4. 首句重复文题。 5. 引入文献号码。 请注意，论文被检索时，离开了正文，文献号码毫无意义；若一定要在摘要中引述文献，应列出论文作者、篇名和来源。 6. 不加注释地采用专业缩略语。 7 引述具体方程、公式，难以被检索收录（数学论文可有少数例外）。 摘要案例分析 下面列举我在改稿过程中遇到的三个案例，通过点评指出它们的不足之处： 【案例 1 】 题目 ： On 3-diameter-stable graphs of diameter 4 摘要 ： The concept of l-diameter-stable graphs was first proposed by J. Hartman and I. Rubin in . In this paper we shall give a necessary and sufficient condition for a graph with a diameter 4 to be 3-diameter-stable. 点评 ： 题目太短，开首的 On 用得大了； 摘要太短；用了文献号 。 【案例 2 】 题目 ： An Improved Algorithm for DPIV Correlation Analysis 摘要 ： In a digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) system, the correlation of digital images is normally used to acquire the displacement information of particles and give estimates of the flow field. The accuracy and robustness of the correlation algorithm directly affect the validity of the analysis result. In this paper, an improved algorithm for the correlation analysis was proposed, which could be used to optimize the selection/determination of the correlation window, analysis area and search path. This algorithm not only reduced considerably the amount of calculation, but also improved effectively the accuracy and reliability of the correlation analysis. The algorithm was demonstrated to be accurate and efficient in the measurement of the velocity field in a flocculation pool. 点评 ： 题目偏短；用了不常见缩略词； 摘要中五句话中有三句（蓝字标出）用处不大，作者提出的具体算法的特征和分析步骤语焉不详。 【案例 3 】 题目： Cavitation Characteristics of High-Velocity Flow with and without Aeration on the Order of 50M /S 摘要 ： This paper presents an experimental study of cavitation characteristics with and without aeration at flow velocity 50m /s , which was performed in the non-circulating type water tunnel at authors laboratory. Variations of pressure and cavitation number with air concentration, pressure waveforms with and without aeration as well as cavitation erosion level of concrete specimen with and without aeration on the order of 50m /s were obtained. Effectiveness of cavitation control by aeration on the order of 50m /s was analyzed. 点评 ： 题目中用了不必用的数字； 摘要中首句与题目重复；未说明结果的特征和创新性。 关于英文摘要的写法，科学网上已有《英语摘要写作指南》（ http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/showtopic-119847.aspx ），内容很全面，朋友们可以参考。 写于 2010 年 12 月 11 日
摘要在一篇文章中占有举足轻重的位置，很多情况下读者仅仅浏览一篇文章的摘要部分。因此，摘要应包含文章的精华内容。 摘要应放在一篇文章的最后撰写。 所有摘要都有版面或字数的限制。 摘要应包括： 1. 文章的成果概述。 2. 取得这些成果所需的实验、研究、推导或模拟过程的列举。 3. 文章对于科技进步可能带来的直接影响。 4. 简短的陈述句。 摘要应避免： 1. 实验细节。 2. 正文中未提到的内容。 3. 未经证实的推断。 4. 长句。 How to write a good abstract Abstracts are the single most important part of your manuscript. Often, other researchers will only read your abstract. Therefore, they must contain all the important details of the paper. Your abstract should be the last portion of the paper you finish writing. It is somewhat weird for me to say this, because I do not personally believe that there is any set order of writing that is clearly superior to others. However, because the abstract MUST contain all the major points from the other sections of the paper it is important to finalize these sections before making a final review of the abstract. All abstracts have space or word limits. This is because their purpose is to save the time of researchers. This achieved in two ways. They help researchers determine if they have interest in your paper or the expertise to understand it without forcing them to read the entire paper. They will not be able to do this if your abstract is as long as the paper! What should abstracts contain? A summary of the results of the paper. This is most important item. This means tell the reader what new science you have contributed in abstract. A list of the experiments, studies, derivations, or simulations that were performed to obtain these results. Any direct consequence your work might have on other science or technology. Short declarative sentences. Short declarative sentences are easy to understand. Consequently, they convey information quickly and accurately, which is the goal of an abstract. What should be avoided in and abstract? Experimental details. The methods, theories, or simulations used should be listed, but do not list experimental parameters or give details about machinery, technical equipment, simulation methods, or theoretical foundations. Content not addressed in the paper. Keep the abstract focused on the content of the paper. If you don't talk about in the paper dont talk about it in the abstract. Try not to focus on work outside your paper, and when you do mention outside work it should be only to show the reader why your work is important. In addition, dont list possible applications that are not justified by the content of your main text. Unsupported speculation. The abstract should be a factual report. All of the content of the abstract should be directly supported by results of your work or inferences based on your work and a reference. Long sentences. A reader with sufficient background knowledge should be able to understand what you did on the first read through of your abstract. Long or complex sentences can often force the reader to reread the sentence many times before they understand it. In many cases, the reader will simply stop reading your paper.
The snapshot: abstract and keywords 在本帖中， 理文编辑 学术总监Dr. Daniel McGowan将向大家展示如何写出吸引读者的摘要和关键词。 Your papers abstract is critical because many researchers will read that part only, rather than reading the entire paper. Therefore, it is critical that it provides an accurate and sufficiently detailed summary of your work so that those researchers can understand what you did, why you did it, what your findings are, and why your findings are useful and important. Your abstract must be able to stand alone, that is, to function as an overview of your study that can be understood without reading the entire text. Readers interested in learning details than could not be included in the abstract will inevitably proceed to the full text. Therefore, the abstract does not need to be overly detailed; for example, it does not need to include a detailed methods section. Even though the abstract is one of the first parts of your paper, it should actually be written last. You should write it soon after finishing the other sections, while the rest of the manuscript is fresh in your head, enabling you to write a concise but comprehensive summary of your study without overlooking anything important. Requirements for abstracts differ among journals, so the target journals instructions for authors should be consulted for specific details. Despite differences among journals, there are a few general rules that should be obeyed when writing an abstract: The word limit should be observed; 250 words is probably about average and commonly adopted as a word limit for abstracts, but many journals request shorter abstracts (for example, Nature Articles and BBRC both have a 150-word limit) while many others (for example, BioMed Central journals) allow longer ones. This is one very good reason why the target journal should be identified before you write your paper. Technical jargon should be avoided so that the abstract is understandable for a broad readership, although what is considered technical may vary depending on the target journals audience. For example, a test of anxiety would generally be clearer than elevated plus-maze test in an abstract, unless the journal was specifically targeted to behavioural researchers. Usually, there simply isnt enough space in the abstract to define and explain technical terminology. If such terminology is unavoidable, it should be defined in simple terms where it is first used. Like technical jargon, abbreviations should be limited as much as possible, although their acceptability may again depend on the target journal. For example, HIV is likely to be acceptable in abbreviated form by most journals. By contrast, RT-PCR might be considered acceptable by a journal reporting molecular biology techniques, but it would need to be spelt in full (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) in most journals at first use. Many journals provide a list of acceptable abbreviations on their websites. Necessary abbreviations used three or more times should be defined at first use; however, abbreviations used only once or twice should be spelled out in full unless doing so causes the word limit to be exceeded. Abbreviations that are defined in the abstract will need to be defined again at first use in the main text. Although some journals do allow references to be cited in the abstract, the vast majority do not. Therefore, unless you plan to submit to a journal that allows it, you should not cite references in your abstract. If we look at the instructions to authors for BBRC, we can see the following guidelines: The Abstract should be on page 2, i.e., after the title page The Abstract must be a single paragraph that summarizes the main findings of the paper in fewer than 150 words. A list of up to 10 keywords useful for indexing or searching should be included after the Abstract. Some journals request structured abstracts divided into sections such as background, objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Clinical journals may require additional or alternative sections. Therefore, it is again necessary to check the target journals instructions for authors to determine the particular formatting/outline requirements prior to writing. Abstracts are frequently followed by a list of keywords selected by the authors. The instructions for authors will state how many keywords are required and may even provide a list of recommended keywords. Choosing appropriate keywords is important, because these are used for indexing purposes. Well chosen keywords enable your manuscript to be more easily identified and cited. Thus, the keywords should be as specific to your manuscript as possible, and general terms, which could apply to an enormous number of studies, should be avoided. Example: Lets consider some appropriate keywords for the example title from the previous post: Region-specific neuronal degeneration after okadaic acid administration (note that this title is and one of two suggested alternatives for the poor title in the example in the previous post). Good keywords would be: okadoic acid, hippocampus, neuronal degeneration, MAP kinase signaling, and possibly mouse (or rat or whatever experimental animal was used). Poor keywords would be: neuron, brain, OA (as an abbreviation), regional-specific neuronal degeneration, and signaling 练习： Suggest 35 suitable keywords to accompany the title in the exercise in the previous post: Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in LV function and dose-related reductions in mortality and hospitalization rate in subjects with chronic heart failure from systolic dysfunction. They dont all have to relate to information contained in the title, so let your imagination run wild: it is the type of keyword rather than the content (the word itself) that is important to consider. 对于上述练习，希望各位可以例举3至5个合适的关键词；同时也欢迎发来您自己的英文摘要以获得 Dr. McGowan 的改进建议。 在这里还需提请各位注意，Dr. McGowan 的母语是英语，无法阅读中文，因此请大家尽量使用英文回帖，如有任何需要与他沟通的学术和语言问题也请使用英语，Dr. McGowan 会及时回复大家的。 Dr. Daniel McGowan 曾任 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 副编辑，负责约稿，管理和撰写期刊内容。于2006年加入理文编辑（Edanz Group） 并从2008年起担任学术总监。Dr. Daniel McGowan 有超过十年的博士后和研究生阶段实验室研究经验，主要致力于神经退化疾病、分子及细胞生物学、蛋白质生物化学、蛋白质组学和基因组学。
小木虫 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1170664 SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法 要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文） 引言部分 （1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等 （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达 （3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等 方法部分 （1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等 （2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等 （3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等 结果部分 （1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等 （2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等 讨论部分 （1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等 （2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等 （3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。 摘要引言部分案例 词汇review Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 《脑研究评论》荷兰SCI被引用1774 We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景 SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇summarize Author(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571 Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physics Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:《物理学评论，D辑》美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇summarize Abstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. SCI摘要引言部分案例 attention SCI摘要方法部分案例 consider SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇outline Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次 Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994 《统计学纪事》美国 Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation. SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 回顾研究背景present Author(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661 Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERS Source: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994《分子生态学》英国 Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated. SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇describe Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993《普通精神病学纪要》美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926 Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment. 摘要引言部分案例 （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 attempt说明写作目的 Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 《美国统计学会志》被引用429次
Ten Steps to Writing an Effective Abstract http://www.sfedit.net An abstract is a condensed version of the manuscript, which highlights the major points covered, concisely describes its content and scope, and reviews its material in abbreviated form. It is usually the first section read and sets the tone of the paper for the reviewer. It must be concise and easy to read and must cover the important points of the paper. Many publications have a required style for abstracts; the Guidelines for Authors provided by the publisher will provide specific instructions. Stay within the publishers guidelines, or your manuscript might be rejected. Writing an abstract involves summarizing a whole manuscript and providing as much new information as possible. The best way to write an effective abstract is to start with a draft of the complete manuscript and follow these 10 steps: 1. Identify the major objectives and conclusions. 2. Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section. 3. Identify the major results from the discussion or results section. 4. Assemble the above information into a single paragraph. 5. State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence. 6. Omit background information, literature review, and detailed description of methods. 7. Remove extra words and phrases. 8. Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the essential information. 9. Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal. 10. Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not familiar with your work) and ask him/her whether it makes sense. Writing an effective abstract will improve the chances of your manuscript being accepted, encourage people to read it, and increase its impact. A number of studies have indicated that a badly written manuscript with poor use of English, even with good science, has less chance of being accepted and published.
标签: 摘要
