利用阳光获取清洁燃料(附原文) 诸平 利用太阳能来获取清洁燃料,大家可能想到的就是太阳能的光电转化。据美国亚利桑那州立大学( Arizona State University ) 2019 年 9 月 3 日提供的消息, 该大学的研究人员可以利用光电合成电池( photoelectrosynthetic cell )从太阳能中提取清洁燃料。 亚利桑那州立大学生物设计院 (Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University , Biodesign Institute at ASU) 的研究人员,在新研究中描述的实验光电合成电池技术,将聚光半导体和能够产生清洁燃料的化学反应的催化材料结合在一起。随着天然能源的枯竭和人类对于能源需求的不断增长,能源供需矛盾越来越突出。 为了确保有足够的能源满足人类需求,新能源开发是社会面临的最大挑战之一。以前可靠的资源——石油、天然气和煤炭——通过释放二氧化碳和其他温室气体,正在降低空气质量,破坏土地和海洋,改变全球气候的脆弱平衡。与此同时,地球上迅速工业化,人口数量预计到 2050 年将达到 100 亿。清洁替代能源是一项迫切需要解决的问题。 亚利桑那州立大学应用结构发现生物设计中心( ASU's Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery )的研究人员正在探索新技术,为清洁、可持续能源铺平道路,以帮助满足令人生畏的全球能源需求。他们的最新研究成果已经于 2019 年 8 月 28 日在《美国化学会志》( Journal of the American Chemical Society )发表—— Brian L. Wadsworth, Anna Mary Beiler, Diana Khusnutdinova, Edgar A. Reyes Cruz, Gary F. Moore. The Interplay Between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 2019. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295 , Publication Date:August 28, 2019. 10.1021@jacs.9b07295.pdf 第一作者布莱恩·沃兹沃斯 (Brian L. Wadsworth) 及其合作者安娜·贝勒( Anna Mary Beiler )、戴安娜·库斯纳特迪诺瓦( Diana Khusnutdinova )、埃德加·雷耶斯克鲁斯( Edgar A. Reyes Cruz )和通讯作者加里·摩尔( Gary F. Moore )在文章中对于此项技术所涉及的聚光半导体和能生产清洁燃料化学反应的催化材料进行了描述。 这项新研究探索了其主要组成部分之间微妙的相互作用,并为理解潜在的燃料形成反应勾勒了一个理论框架。研究结果提出了提高这些混合技术效率和性能的策略,使它们更接近商业可行性。 通过这些技术生产氢和还原性碳,有一天可能会取代化石燃料资源,生产范围广泛的还原性碳商品,包括燃料、塑料以及建筑材料等。 亚利桑那州立大学分子科学学院的助理教授加里·摩尔说 : “在这项特别的工作中,我们一直在开发将光捕获和转换技术与基于化学的储能策略相结合的系统。”这种新技术不是直接利用阳光来发电,而是利用太阳能来驱动能够产生燃料的化学反应,从而将太阳能储存在化学键中。“这就是催化作用变得极其重要的地方。这是一种控制反应选择性和驱动这些转变的总能量需求的化学过程。” 日光之下有新事 太阳能的利用自古有之,不仅应用历史悠久,而且用之不竭。以阳光作为可持续的能源,生产碳中性的能源最具吸引力。事实上,近年来太阳能技术的应用取得了显著的进展。 光伏 (PV) 设备也就是太阳能电池,收集阳光并将能量直接转化为电能。改进材料和降低成本使光伏成为一个有吸引力的能源选择,特别是在阳光充足的地方,如美国的亚利桑那州等地,大型太阳能电池板覆盖数英亩,能够为成千上万的家庭供电。 摩尔指出 : “但是仅仅利用太阳能光伏发电是不够的。许多可再生能源,如太阳能和风能并不总是可用的,所以间歇性能源的储存是未来满足全球大规模的人类能源需求任何技术的关键部分。” 正如摩尔所解释的,借用自然手册( Nature's handbook )中的一页可以帮助研究人员利用太阳的辐射能来生产可持续的燃料。摩尔说:“有一件事是清楚的,在可预见的未来,我们可能会继续使用燃料作为我们能源基础设施的一部分,特别是在涉及地面和空中运输的应用方面。这就是我们研究中受生物启发的部分变得特别重要的地方——从自然( Nature )中寻找线索,了解我们如何开发新技术来生产无碳或中性的燃料。” 太阳能天赋 大自然一个更令人印象深刻的技巧就是利用阳光来产生富含能量的化学物质,这一过程在数十亿年前就被植物和其他光合生物所掌握。摩尔说 : “在这个过程中,光被吸收,能量被用来驱动一系列复杂的生化转化,最终产生出我们所吃的食物,并在很长一段地质时期内,产生我们现代社会所需的燃料。” 在目前的研究中, ASU 研究小组分析了控制通过各种人工设备生产燃料的化学反应效率的关键变量。布莱恩·沃兹沃斯说 : “在这篇论文中,我们建立了一个动力学模型来描述半导体表面的光吸收、半导体内部电荷迁移、电荷转移到催化剂层以及化学催化步骤之间的相互作用。” 该小组开发的模型基于一个类似的控制酶行为的框架,称为 Michaelis-Menten 动力学( Michaelis-Menten kinetics ),它描述了酶的反应速率和反应发生的介质 ( 或底物 ) 之间的关系。研究者将该模型应用于集光半导体与催化材料于一体的燃料生成技术装置。 第一作者沃兹沃斯说 : “我们将这些混合材料的燃料形成活性描述为光强度的函数。” ( 类似的 Michaelis-Menten 动力学模型 , 已被证明在分析抗原抗体结合、 DNA-DNA 杂化和蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用等现象方面很有用。 ) 在对该系统动力学进行建模时,研究小组有了一个惊人的发现。摩尔说 : “在这个特殊的系统中,我们不受催化剂驱动化学反应速度的限制。我们受限于将电子传递到催化剂并激活它的能力,这与照射表面的光强有关。布莱恩( Brian )、安娜( Anna )、戴安娜( Diana )和埃德加( Edgar )在他们的实验中表明,增加光的强度会增加燃料的形成速度。” 这一发现对未来此类设备的设计具有重要意义,目的是使其效率最大化。“简单地在混合材料表面添加更多的催化剂并不会提高燃料的产量。我们需要考虑支撑半导体的吸光性能,这反过来又迫使我们更多地考虑催化剂的选择以及催化剂与吸光元件之间的界面问题。” 希望之光 在这种太阳能转化燃料的解决方案准备就绪,即将进入黄金时段之前,还有很多工作要做。要使这些技术切实满足人类使用需求的效率、可负担性和稳定性。摩尔说:“生物组件有自我修复和再生能力 ; 技术装配在这方面受到了限制。这是一个我们可以从生物学中学到更多东西的领域。” 当务之急是如何解决能源供需矛盾。预计到本世纪中叶,全球对能源的需求将从目前的 17 太瓦( 17 terawatts )增长到惊人的 30 太瓦( 30 terawatts )。除了重大的科学和技术障碍,摩尔强调,深刻的政策变革也将是必不可少的。“我们如何满足未来的能源需求是一个真正的问题。如果我们要以一种注重环境和平等主义的方式来做这件事,就需要严肃的政治承诺。” 这项新研究是迈向可持续未来的漫长道路上的一步。该小组指出,他们的发现很重要,因为它们可能与涉及吸光材料和催化剂的广泛化学转化有关。摩尔说 : “关键原理,尤其是光照强度、光吸收和催化之间的相互作用,也应该适用于其他材料。” 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 ASU research graces cover of ACS journal 10.1021@jacs.9b07295.pdf Abstract We report on the interplay between light absorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity at molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor liquid junctions. Factors limiting the overall photoelectrosynthetic transformations are presented in terms of distinct regions of experimental polarization curves, where each region is related to the fraction of surface-immobilized catalysts present in their activated form under varying intensities of simulated solar illumination. The kinetics associated with these regions are described using steady-state or pre-equilibrium approximations yielding rate laws similar in form to those applied in studies involving classic enzymatic reactions and Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic analysis. However, in the case of photoelectrosynthetic constructs, both photons and electrons serve as reagents for producing activated catalysts. This work forges a link between kinetic models describing biological assemblies and emerging molecular-based technologies for solar energy conversion, providing a conceptual framework for extracting kinetic benchmarking parameters currently not possible to establish.
不久前申请了一项发明专利,涉及低水头小水电的清洁能源技术。最近写了一篇英文论文,暂时上传到预印本服务器,现全文贴到我的博客,供大家研究参考,欢迎评头品足提意见。 其实原理很简单,仔细研判插图就能搞明白咋回事。 传统旋转式透平已经得到广泛应用,为何我要别出心裁搞复杂的平板式驱动透平?显然,前者的扇叶与水流夹角为锐角,且扇叶之间空隙很大,而我的则垂直,且全部截面受力,因而平板式效率能发挥到极限,且矩形截面更适合于河道。恕我冒昧估计,效率也许高出扇叶式旋转透平10倍? 尽管不用百叶窗,直接用整板,理论上也可以,但是体积太庞大,且在河道里翻转90度很麻烦。 用百叶窗叶还有一个好处:透平截面不一定非要严格矩形,理论上可以任意形状。 整个系统类似于在河道上架设自动开关水闸,任意时刻,在截面上的每一处都存在水流推力。 该发明类似于桥式可控硅电子逆变装置,只不过电流换成了水流,将直流水流,逆变成输出连杆的往复式交流运动。百叶窗的翻转触发一部分用高压射流,一部分靠框架的突缘,类比可控硅的控制栅极。 虽然触发翻转要用一点能量,但只要远小于采集到的流水动能,就是合算的。其实叶条只要偏转很小的角度,后续就可借水流作用力,完成90度翻转,因而触发能量的供应只是一霎那。 祖国河流秀美,资源丰富,九曲十八弯的流域遍布大江南北,如能用上此新能源,善莫大焉!欢迎洽谈合作转让事宜。 此系统也可用于风电,这时整个系统应建于可旋转基座上,并配以风向跟踪控制。 注意:本发明不适合海洋波浪能,因为这类能源不具备“直流”性,没有上下游的概念,波浪的方向随机而变,而用于定向的潮汐则没问题。 下图原本在文中,为方便阅读,特提前到此。 Fig. 1 river or stream low head hydro generator 从电学里可找到本发明的对映--桥式逆变电路图 下图为工作原理的动画演示: Shutter-like fluiddriven motor and tide power harvest system Abstract Why we haveto be addictive to rotary turbine for tide or wind energy harvest? Perhaps weare not smart enough to find a new way. Now I propose a rectangular crosssection turbine that works in reciprocation mode to harvest energy from anyflowing fluid. In a sense, fluid flows in similar way of electric DC (DirectCurrent), but reciprocal motion of device’s ram behaves in similar way of AC(Alternating Current), thus a DC-AC mechanic inverter is needed.Of course, inverse utilization of same mechanism renders an AC-DC mechanicrectifier , i.e. an exotic pump. Introduction The renewable energy is soplentiful, especially a great source of the running water hydrodynamic energyin all rivers and oceans. Nowadays, only high water head resources can beeffectively utilized for hydro electricity, but the main resource is of lowwater head, and never well developed in prior arts, though some experimentaltidal turbine projects are under research, such as the Fundy bay tidal energyproject in Canada. Here I present ashutter-like fluid-driven motor and try to apply it to the tidal power harvestsystem, as showed in fig. 1 , of course, it can apply to any low head rapidriver or stream. How it works? Shutter-like, aka louver-like motor, categorized in class of board motors, is basically the planar type thatreceives mechanic energy directly by planar surface from energy carrying fluidwhich current direction is vertical to the said surface, not by rotating bladesas in traditional rotary turbines where fluid direction is never vertical toany blade, but a small angle; and usually the former can interface either asquare or rectangular or even more complicated area with fluid power, but thelatter only circular area. For cycling work, all boardmotors including shutter-style, must run in reciprocal movement. Abstractly, the board motorabsorbs direct current energy of unidirectional flowing fluid, such as runningwater, and converts it into alternating “current” or motion of rigid movable parts,e.g. ram, in reciprocal mode, and so, in a sense, it is a special DC-ACconverter or inverter. Run with the unidirectionalflow produces effective work, anyway for recycling run, retraction is a mustfor next reciprocal cycle, but retraction is always counter-current, that iswhy the interfacing area perpendicular to flow direction should be reduced toalmost zero during retraction by whatever feasible method for save of overhead energyused by internal operation. In 2 -board mode(undrawn in fig. 1 ), hinging 2 parallel shafts via an end-slottedbar with central pivot pin, the 2 boards can work in 180° phasedifference that means one board’s retraction can always be assisted by theother forwarding board pushed by fluid. Update to 4 -boardmode is simple, as showed in fig. 1 : just combining the two pairs ofboards to form quartet in cross linkage configuration, the entire workinginterface area can be 100% ofstream vertical cross section, if not then only 50% . The quartet assemblyvirtually divides the whole stream to 2 quasi fluid channels, and if aseparator wall is inserted in between, though unnecessary, then 2 channelswill realize. The crossing linkage can bedone by rigid joint of opposite boards in separate channels, thus, the boardsin same channel always run in opposite direction. To fix the space conflict,one of the two crossing bars can be slotted in middle quoted range, and theother bar runs through the slot. For large planar motor, asingle board can be hard to flip for toggle of interfacing area, because ofeither non-negligible toggle energy consumption, or not enough turn aroundroom, that is why a shutter style motor is proposed, because every single vaneof shutter is just a fractional area of the whole. Compared with the fullshutter board area, the power interface area of shutter rib-frame is almostnegligible, so it is not necessary to flip the big size rib-frame, but justonly toggling all vanes of the shutter is enough. Toggling the shutter isidentical to say open or fold or close or unfold shutter in semantics, andwhere open shutter is mentioned, then it means fluid can pass the shutter andthe shutter is in retraction stroke; otherwise the shutter is confronting fluidand in working stroke. In the figure, closing orunfolding shutter is done by water jet, and opening or folding shutter byflange hit, though water jet can be optional. The timing of shutter toggleis important for efficient energy harvest, and solenoids can execute timinginstructions from logic control module. The water jet is produced byjet pump, and mini-size could be okay because of low energy consumption oftoggling shutter. The absolute pressure of water jet is better to equal thefluid static pressure plus atmosphere pressure plus a threshold value that isdetermined by engineering conditions, because if too high then not economicelse if too low unworkable. In fact, toggling vanes ofshutter should not be only credited to the jet power, but also the subsequentfluid power, because the yaw effect of fluid will assist and quicken thetoggling transition, though the jet initialized or triggered and created thevane’s non-equilibrium state, and that is also the reason why toggling energyis negligible. For convenience ofcharacterization, as the operating rationale aka working principle is wellexplained in context of all above description, I abstract and define such arationale as fluid-DC-AC that means the unidirectional fluid pushesvanes that are alternatively changing orientation in parallel or vertical tostream by aforementioned mechanism so as to output mechanic energy duringreciprocal movement. It applies to both planar and quasi planar vanes, such asplain board, shutter-like, or even umbrella-like. By narrowing a waterway, thewater current velocity can be increased significantly, so as to harvest moreenergy, as the illustrated river banks in the figure. As a rule of thumb, fluidmotor is submersed in stream, generator is mounted on platform over water bodyand anchored to riverbed, and most applications work in shallow water exceptocean application. Coupling the fluid motor andabove-water generator is via transmission, such as sprocket mechanism, thoughdirect coupling may work if the generator is well water-sealed for submersibleuse and not big enough to block waterway. Comparison with rotary turbine Obviouslythe blades of a rotary turbine can only occupy very small percentage of wholecircular area, and there is a small angle between fluid force and blade surfaceso as to induce torque for rotation. Aquartet board turbine, usually in rectangular shape, can make full use of allcross section area of running fluid, and flowing force directly push boardsforward, such advantages can over-perform far greatly than the regular simplerotary turbine. Theloss of rotary turbine is only caused by friction, but for a turbine of boardtype, extra overhead energy is needed for driving jet pump and logic controllerand solenoid valves. Aslong as the fluidic power can cover the said overhead energy, i.e. overcomingthe breakeven threshold, then the fluid-DC-AC mechanism can work. Generallyspeaking, the overhead energy is very low, and none river holds dead water, sowhatever low head river resource can be utilized for energy production withthis invention. Ifdeployed in water body, such system is safe for fishes, unlike rotary turbinescan kill fishes. Thismechanism can also be utilized to harvest wind energy where an air compressorreplaces jet pump, but a yawing system or other complicated control system isneeded to track wind direction. Such system almost has no noise, and is safefor birds. Extended application – the fluid-AC-DC reciprocal pump Itis well known that most electric motors can also be used as generators withminor modification, though efficiency could be very low. Thisis also true in fluid circuit. Therefore, herein fluid-DC-AC motor can also be used as fluid-AC-DC pump with minor logicconfiguration, but the static leaking of fluid may frustrate some applicationsif substantial modification is not done. Postscript Fordetails, please check out my pending patent US15/267,122.
众所周知,水电站完全依赖于天然河流的不起眼的水头和恢宏的大流量。然而水电资源基本上是上帝的恩赐,三门峡如此,举世瞩目的三峡大坝也如此,只不过其人工雕琢的痕迹太过夸张而已。 通常来说,水电资源的压头都不惊人,著名的三峡也不过80 米,即8 个大气压而已,而更低的压头,e.g. 1个大气压, 占去绝大部分比例。 显然, 其能源产量拼的是大流量、高洪峰。因而占地规模、机组体量都是大块头的家伙。要是河流能产生类似常规液压300 多大气压的压力,小巧轻便当然就不成问题,不过梦想而已。 古老的射流技术,在小尺度规模上模拟水电资源非常容易。在产生超声震波的条件下,让三通射流管产生类似水电河流压力,区区几个大气压自不在话下。 在我发明的、当惊世界殊的基于魏氏热力学循环的射流热机隆重推出后,忽然发觉中小型能源生产,甚至家用型的,都蕴藏巨大的市场潜力。射流器的超声震波特性,为人造“水电站”的应用,实实在在打开了一扇充满希望的窗口! 再进而想到很多化学反应都是放热反应,为何不直接利用这白捡的反应热,而要去花大价钱烧锅炉呢? 注意:只有 放热反应 且放热量高到一定程度的反应,才能用于能源生产噢,且放热率高高益善。吸热的就免了吧,本身就不是省油的灯。 例如下列反应可用于射流器水电模拟: H 2 O + H 2 O + H 2 O + H 2 O + H 2 O + H 2 O = 6H 2 O ( ΔH = 凝结热,每单分子水约0.5eV电子伏特 ) 上述为气凝结成液体反应。一般来说水气为单分子,液水为多分子氢键聚合物(通常6分子团),理论上是不同物质,但习惯上认为同一物质; 2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O - 483.6kj 上述为沉浸式氢气燃烧,燃烧唯一产物水气立即被凝结,故而发生内爆。水床大湿收起你的神通吧,本应用仅要反应热; 3NO 2 + H 2 O à 2HNO 3 + NO (ΔH = -138kj) 上述为 脱硝反应; SO 3 + H 2 O → H 2 SO 4 (ΔH = -228kj) 上述为 脱硫反应; Ca(OH) 2 + CO 2 à CaCO 3 + H 2 O (ΔH = -69.8kj or 944kj/kg) 上述为 固碳反应; NaCl+NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 = NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl (ΔH = -115kj) 上述为 固碳反应制小苏打,又称Solvay(索尔维)制碱法; 这样看来,一套优秀的魏氏射流热机,配上一个内嵌的寄生化工厂完全可行! 我已经申请专利的此类应用涉及: 1、 传统火电厂废热固碳技改蓝图+ 具有纯碱生产的一揽子方案。 2、 传统火电厂废热脱硫脱硝技改蓝图+ 具有硝酸、硫酸小规模生产的一揽子方案。 3、 更多的类似项目。。。 化工工艺流程很在乎反应产率和反应速率,而各反应物在反应器中可能的流速约 10m/s 左右,流过有限长度的射流管,费时也就若干秒量级。除非反应过程极易进行,通常液压流体冲击水轮机做功后,反应仅完成某个百分比。所幸全部液体、气体、中间产物都可以在射流循环中反复经过。浓度监控传感以及集中控制模块,可参与生产物分离、物料补给等工艺环节。 针对特定的化学反应应用,射流器、水轮机叶片、缓冲容器等等流体接触材料,可能有抗酸碱腐蚀的要求。 你可知道煤电厂每度电的二氧化碳排放高达1公斤?你可知道酸雨正在威胁生态安全?你可知道雾霾正在毒害公众健康?解决所有这些问题并非易事,我期盼我的系列发明将为人类的绿色生活带来曙光! 我坚信,不远的将来,原始 水电站在整体能源生产版图中的重要性必将逐渐褪色,与此同时化 工厂 的能耗将大幅降低,甚至能够从能源生产副业中牟利, 或至少解决化工厂自身能源消耗,哪怕略有盈余贡献给社会电网也好。
5 月 7 日 美国《纽约时报》视点栏目发表文章《红色中国,绿色中国 》: 随着海湾灾难性的石油泄漏,人们的话题再次转向清洁能源。 从太阳能板到节能灯泡,几乎所有方面都对这一技术提出需求。仅在 2009 年,全世界花在新的清洁技术方面的投资就达 1620 亿美元。 美国的技术、资本和创业精神使其很容易成为 21 世纪主宰这一技术的最大市场, 但由于最近的参议院能源法案的延误,使美国在形成一个有效的清洁技术政策方面正在失去一个关键因素:即鼓励创新、生产和必需的投资以将这些新技术推向市场的政治意愿。 美国在这方面拖延的时间越长,它越会把这一潜力巨大的国家财富的来源让给唯一能把握它的国家中国。 的确,中国要在清洁技术的全球市场中居于领导地位,还有很长的路要走。然而,与美国不同,中国在过去的几年,一直在构建自己以实现这一目标的工业政策。 中国决心成为清洁技术的全球领导者,与对对环境的关注没有多大关系,一切都与就业相关。在可预见的将来,中国政府最大的挑战是要确保充分就业和提高收入水平。 迅速发展的清洁技术行业是为数不多的可以提供足够数量的新就业机会的行业之一。 中国正忙于将全球气候变化的挑战转变成国家(发展的)机会,但它需要另一个 10 年来提升其技术以降低生产成本,才能确保其在清洁技术领域的主导地位。 美国忽视了自己在清洁技术方面的发展,而给予中国更多的时间来发展其能力,这不仅会使它输掉这场比赛,而且会最终丧失它。 潘发勤 摘译自 Red China , Green China http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/opinion/07Usher.html 与此同时,在同期《纽约时报》经济栏目的报道: 中国不断飙升的能源需求威胁排放目标 报道称,中国为自己制定了在清洁能源生产和降低全球温室气体排放的宏伟目标,但由于中国对石油和煤炭电力的需求激增,创有史以来单个国家在人类产生温室气体排放量方面的 6 个月增长最大纪录。 中国领导人是如此关心不断增长的能源使用和下降的能源效率,以致国务院本周举行特别会议。燃煤电力和石油销售第一季度攀升 24% ,紧跟去年第四季度的类似的增长率。 国务院总理温家宝承诺执行强硬政策以节约能源,包括政府将禁止给未能消除低效产能的公司审批任何新项目。温家宝还表示,中国必须找到一种方式,以实现能源效率 提高 20% 的五年计划的目标。 一名工人正在火车站卸煤。中国对煤电的需求猛增。 Adrian Bradshaw/European Pressphoto Agency 能源需求的增加受到钢铁等重工业的刺激 Full Article at The New York Times Red China , Green China http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/opinion/07Usher.html
奥巴马总统10月23日中午12点(美国东部时间)将在MIT做题为美国在清洁能源中的领导作用的演讲。MIT正在紧锣密鼓的准备之中。演讲的地点在著名的kresge Auditorium。按照惯例23日中午前后MIT附近的交通会有所紧张。MIT在网站上告诉师生员工座位比较紧张,希望大家谅解!我看看到时候有没有运气了,请大家关注我的跟踪报道。2009年3月奥巴马总统在白宫和MIT校长Susan Hockfield共同敦促大力推动清洁能源的研究资助,博主曾经做过相关报道( http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=222389 )。 MIT网站上打出的奥巴马总统演讲的通知 地图中红A指示的是奥巴马总统演讲的具体位置 空中俯瞰奥巴马总统发表演讲的 kresge 礼堂 kresge 礼堂全景图 奥巴马访问期间至MIT成员的一封信: President Barack Obama will visit MIT on Friday, Oct. 23. Details of the event were described in an e-mail sent this evening to the MIT community from Kirk Kolenbrander, MIT's Vice President for Institute Affairs and Secretary of the Corporation. The letter follows It is my great pleasure to announce that on Friday, October 23, President Barack Obama will be visiting MIT, where he will deliver an address in Kresge Auditorium on clean energy after meeting some of the MIT faculty and students whose work centers on energy. The President will be joined by Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick. President Obamas decision to speak about energy from our campus is a high honor and one that can truly be shared by the entire MIT community. Students, faculty and staff at the Institute are helping to frame the national policy debate on energy, push the frontiers of energy research, and revitalize energy education. With our flagship energy initiative MITEI MIT is bringing real-world solutions to the most challenging problems in energy. President Obama and President Hockfield both believe that the leading minds in science and technology must bring their talent squarely to bear on creating transformational energy solutions. We are thrilled to see MIT recognized as central to that historic effort. 奥巴马总统演讲期间媒体记者注意事项: TO RSVP: Members of the media who wish to cover the visit should contact the White House Office of Media Affairs details here: www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/MediaRSVPMITRemarks10-23-09/ NOTE: All names submitted for credentials must be accurate and reflect the identification media presents at the check point. WHEN: Friday, Oct. 23. Press check in: 10-11 a.m.; Program: 12 p.m. WHERE: Kresge Auditorium , 48 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. (Note: This is directly across from the main MIT entrance at 77 Massachusetts Ave. See map here. ) FOR MORE INFORMATION, CONTACT: Patti Richards, MIT News Office, 617.253.8923; prichards@mit.edu 访问过MIT的前美国总统如下: Harry Truman was scheduled to speak here while he was in office at MIT's mid-century convocation, but canceled the appearance because he was afraid he would be upstaged by the appearance of former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. He did appear for a speech years later, in 1956 , as an ex-president. Franklin Roosevelt made an appearance at MIT long before his presidency, in 1916, for the dedication of MIT's campus, when he was assistant secretary of the Navy. George H. W. Bush appeared at MIT in 1981, to address the annual dinner meeting of the MIT Sustaining Fellows in DuPont gymnasium, when he was vice-president. John F. Kennedy made a taped appearance, which was played during MIT's centennial celebrations in 1961. There is an unconfirmed report that Calvin Coolidge visited MIT and drank tea at Walker Memorial, but no information about when this might have taken place. 从 Main MIT entrance at 77 Massachusetts Ave看 Kresge Auditorium MIT将开放多个教室提供有限电视和网上直播(10月22日早上消息)