科技研究资料经过整理和计算各种必要的统计指标后，所得的结果除了使用适当的文字表达外，常常还需用统计表（table）进行表达分析。统计表主要以列的形式展示分析结果，具有避免冗繁文字叙述，便于阅读、分析比较等优点。 在制作统计表时，除了要求内容简明，重点突出，能正确表达统计结果，便于分析比较外，在标题（Caption）、标目（Heading）、分割线（Lines）、表格主体的数字（Data）、脚注（Footnotes）及其位置（Placement）和正文引述（Describe）也有一定的要求，以下就这几方面进行说明，希望对大家有所帮助。 1 标题 （Caption） 每个标题必需传达表格中要告诉读者的尽可能多的信息，比如： （1）表格反映的结果，包括扼要的统计描述； （2）如果可以应注明实验的研究对象； （3）得出该结果的条件背景，如：采用的处理方法或显示的相互关系等； （4）实验地点（仅室外实验时需要）； （5）如果可以应注明培养或处理的参数或条件(温度、媒介等)； （6）实验的样本量和统计检验结果； （6）如果可以应注明培养或处理的参数或条件(温度、媒介等)； （7）不要在两坐标轴标签之间用“versus”对其简单重述。 统计表的标题一般位于表的上方并左对齐。表序号位于标题前，按照表格在文章中出现的顺序用阿拉伯数字依次排列（如Table 1，Table 2……）。 例如： •Clinical characteristics of septic patients subjected to targeted metabolomic analysis of bile acids. •G6PDd allele frequency and G6PDd population estimates across malaria endemic countries (n = 99) and the subset of malaria eliminating countries (n = 35). •Planting date, mean planting density, and total number of seed clams planted in plots at Filucy Bay and Wescott Bay in 19XX 2 标目 （Heading） 统计表中含有横标目和纵标目，有时还可有总标目。 （1） 横标目： 列在表的左侧，向右说明各横行统计指标的涵义； （2） 纵标目： 位于表的上端，向下说明各横标目统计指标的内容； （3） 总标目： 对横标目或纵标目内容的概括，在需要时才设置。 标目内容一般按照从小到大、从先到后等顺序排列，便于说明规律性。标目应层次清楚，文字简明，分组合符逻辑，避免标目之间混淆或交叉；需要时注明计算单位(units)。 例如： 3 线条（Lines） 统计表的线条不宜过多，采用国际通用的“三线表”，不出现斜线、竖线，并省略了横分割线，复合表可适当添加辅助横线。 例如： 4 数字（Data） 统计表内数字需要用阿拉伯数字表示，小数的位数应该一致，且应按小数点的位次对齐，以便阅读。表内一般不留空格，为零时用“0”表示，无数字时用“—”表示，缺失材料可用删节号“…”填入。 5 脚注（Footnotes） 表格的脚注位于表格下方，主要包含阅读和理解表格所必须的信息，但并非表格的必须组成部分。通常可在表内以“*”等标记所要注解的部分。若有多处需要说明， 则以2个或2个以上的标示号区分，并依次说明。脚注内容不应与正文叙述重复，一般用于说明统计量值及P值，也可用于解释表中缩写文字。 6 位置（Placement） 一般情况，表格应紧随相应文字叙述之后，以便于读者的阅读。有时也可将其放置于论文章节最后（不少杂志要求论文提交时表格置于正文之后，或作为独立文件单独提交），以便于说明所有文字内容而避免叙述中断。切忌先出现表格而后出现提及表序语句的情况。另外，将表格嵌入正文中时，应避免将文字切割成零碎的文字小块，并尽量避免跨页列表。 7 正文引述（Describe） 论文中每一个表格都必须在正文中提及，并解释表格所表达的事物关系或趋势。 例如： “ DNA sequence homologies for the purple gene from the four congeners (Table 1) show high similarity, differing by at most 4 base pairs. ” 这里强调的是，叙述时不应没有任何解释性或结论性的表述而直接让读者参阅统计表。 例如： “ “Table 1 shows the summary results for male and female heights at Bates College.” ” 最后，我们通过下面的典型例子，加深对统计表总体布局的理解。 此文同步 刊载于 LetPub SCI论文写作辅导材料 ： http://www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=sci_writing_11 LetPub 提供 专业英语润色 、 同行资深专家修改 、 专业SCI翻译 、 发表支持 www.letpub.com.cn
http://library.bcu.ac.uk/learner/writingguides/1.17.htm Many types of writing will include tables or figures to present data orprovide illustrations or clarification. It is important, however, that theseare presented correctly and appropriately; that they are clear and easy tounderstand, and that they aid your reader in following your argument. Figures are graphs, diagrams or illustrations/images. Tables are data presented in tabular form. Basic considerations when using figures and tables 1 Figures and tables are not a replacement for your text. They shouldsupplement your writing, add evidence to make your argument stronger, help yourreader to understand complicated ideas or complex figures. Always ask yourselfwhy you are including a particular figure. If it’s just to pad your writing outor make it look pretty, then forget it; your figure or table must always servea purpose. 2 Your figures must be an integral part of your writing; don’t just throwone or two in at random. Your text should always refer to the figures or tablesthat you’ve included, with explanations and comments on the data orillustrations presented (see examples below). 3 All figures and tables must be given a title and be consecutivelynumbered, and these would normally be listed separately in your assignment,dissertation or thesis (usually at the beginning). Within your text, Table mustalways be written out in full, but Figure can be written Fig, Fig. or Figure;never use ‘the’ before the words,and always use actual numbers. In a longerpiece of work, these numbers would correspond to the chapter numbers(Fig 3.5;Table 2.1 etc) 4 If the figure has been taken from one of your sources, you must make areference to this source. The best way to do this is like you would do with anyother acknowledgement; a short reference (surname, year of publication and pagenumber as it’s from a specific page) within your text, after the title of thefigure/table, and then the full reference at the end as part of your main listof references. You may sometimes see the full reference given with thefigure/table. 5 The number and title must always accompany the figure or table in yourtext. Usually, this is put below a figure (often in italics), and above a table(usually not in italics). Don’t worry too much about this, but make sure thatyou are consistent. 6 Make sure that any data you present in this form is clear and easilyunderstood. If you have to use colour or shading ensure that it does notobscure the text, but it is recommended that you do not use colour. Also makesure that the categories, scales, groups etc that you are presenting areclearly labelled on the appropriate axis of the graph or table column. Example figures Notice the reference here to the source of this figure. Example tables Referring to tables and figures in your text You must always refer in your text to a table or figure that you haveincluded. You should do this using impersonal language. For example: Fig 4.1 shows an example of the type of engraving common in the late 19th Century. This is a good illustration of … As shown in Table 2.2, although the incidences of gun-related crime have increased in the UK, they are still low compared with most countries in the developed world. Literacy rates have also increased dramatically (see Fig 1.3). Try to include your figure or table as close as possible to the text towhich it relates, but without splitting it across two pages. Do not useexpressions such as as shown in the table below or the table above shows, norput the page the figure appears on; just use the number, as in the examples.
标签: tables
