Does Chinese matter in Science? As a scientist whose first language is not english but chinese, I often like to ask myself with questions such that as being a scientist, does chinese language or my native language matter to me? I think there are two different answers to this kind of question, either matters or does not matter at all. The situation indeed would be much more complex even for a singular person like yourself or myself, and the answers to this question could also be contradictory sometimes. Because the answers can depend greatly on how you see yourself in science. If you see you are purely a scientist, and work with science entirely in your own interests. The answer could be that chinese language isn't important at all, or chinese language does not matter. This sounds negative, but definitely has nothing to do with wether you are a patriot or not.... and wether you speak Chinese or not. Chinese language as being a tool in science is not important at all. Many people have to admit. However, if you see yourself as to be the one wanting to make communications with chinese people, then the chinese language itself as being a tool will turn to be extremely important. I have a very embarrassing feeling on these things, after I have formally published more than 4 academic books in two china's leading academic presses, including Science Press and Chemical Industry Press of China , I suddenly found that these books are not appreciated at all. This makes me feel a little regretful by spending too much time on writing them up.. In another words, as being a scientist, I have to make communications with my colleagues worldwide, so I have to return back to them, to make myself to be understood, and to be known to them as well. But I missed so many chances by doing something futility like this...................
阳光下彻底暴露：日本法西斯亡我之心不死，奴役亚洲的狼子野心不死。即使燕尾服褪去一半，野兽的狰狞凸现！ 日本法西斯听着：中国任人欺凌的时代一去不返了！还是穿好您的燕尾服，继续体面地混吧，起码看上去像个披着人皮的狼。 日本法西斯记住：在彻底洗心革面之前，无论您燕尾服多么漂亮，依然无法掩盖您的狰狞，您的邻居们只能准备好打狼钢枪。 Japan, China is no longer what she was. A beast is a beast no matter how you dress it up with whatever smart suits. You ought to live peacefully with your neighbours by repenting your past errors(your dispeakable past) thoroughlyincluding what you did to asian people. Otherwsiepeople in aisa will never trust a beast like you andthey will always carry a beast-shooter, yes all the time. Japan，be a smart beast by becoming human beings Asian, be vigilant,that beast is still around!
Zhang Y L, Qin B Q, Chen W M, Zhu G W. A preliminary study of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Lake Taihu. Soil, Air, Water ( Acta Hydrochimica E t Hydrobiologica ), 2005, 33(4): 315 – 323. A preliminary study of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Lake Taih.pdf
Zhang Y L , Qin B Q, Zhu G W, Zhang L, Yang L Y. Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics with relation to fluorescence in Lake Taihu, a large shallow subtropical lake. Hydrobiologia , 2007, 581: 43 –52 . Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption characteristics in relat.pdf
在天目湖典型湖泊流域系统，河流水体有色可溶性有机物吸收系数及陆源类腐殖质荧光组分显著高于湖泊水体，反映了流域河流输入是天目湖有色可溶性有机物的主要来源。丰水期河流水体有色可溶性有机物吸收系数及陆源腐殖质荧光组分显著高于其它季节，而类蛋白荧光组分则变化不大，说明流域水文过程（降雨和径流）控制有色可溶性有机物浓度和成分。利用平行因子分析法对有色可溶性有机物组成进行解析获得 2 种类腐殖质荧光和 1 中类蛋白荧光组分，有色可溶性有机物浓度与 2 种类腐殖质荧光组分强度存在显著正相关，并且河流样品相关性要高于湖泊，线性相关的斜率也不一样反映河流和湖泊水体中有色可溶性有机物组成差异。化学耗氧量浓度与有色可溶性有机物及 2 种类腐殖质荧光组分强度存在显著正相关，反映可以利用有色可溶性有机物吸收系数快速测定来推导 2 种类腐殖质荧光组分强度存在显著正相关，也反映了化学耗氧量更易于类腐殖质荧光组分耦合。 Zhang Y L, Yin Y, Feng L Q, Zhu G W, Shi Z Q, Liu X H, Zhang Y Z. Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Tianmuhu and its catchment basin using excitation emission matrix fluorescence and parallel factor analysis. Water Research , 2011, 45(16): 5110-5122. Characterizing chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Lake Tianmuhu and its ca.pdf
自从写了《 may the force NOT be with you ! 》之后，我发现自己的时运是非常的不济，命途是极其的多舛，似乎force（原力，星球大战的概念， 前文有解释 ）正离我而去。所以要写这篇博文，纯粹是为了转转运。（貌似越来越迷信了～～） 上文提了一种理论，思维状态和物质结构只是mind world和energy的一种pattern。根据Max Plank的认识，两者应该是一个东西，就是force。再次无耻地引用一下他的原文： All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent mind. This mind is the matrix of all matter. --------Max Plank 这段话同时出现了force和matrix，似乎是两部科幻巨作《星球大战》和《黑客帝国》（英文名是The Matrix， 这个中文翻译很难理解 ，我支持翻译成“母体”）的哲学背景。 这种看法下，mind和matter都只是force的不同pattern了，只是表现出的不同侧面，就像一个平面，有两个面（像基督教的三位一体的解释～～）。这样的话，整个理论更为简洁了，而且可以直接对应mind和matter的pattern，没有了怎么相互作用，各个pattern怎么联系到一起的问题。为了解释清楚一点，举一个布料的例子，一块布有两面，可以染上不同的图案。抖动这块布料的时候，布料上的波纹是在两面都有出现的。对应到物质的结构和mind的状态。 从这个观点来看的话，那真的是万物皆有识了！只是除了人脑，大部分的物体或组织没有足够的相空间，不能达到自我觉知（self awareness）的地步。 如果星球大战就是持这种世界观的话，哲学背景也太深刻了！ 最后，祝福一下自己： May the force be with ME ! 有一个游戏就叫《the FORCE》，和电影里的形象差异也太大了！ Human beings, vegetables, or cosmic dust, we all dance to a mysterious tune, intoned in the distance by an invisible player. ----- Albert Einstein
中国人大部分都是持唯物主义观点的，特别是搞科研的。看到题目可能就会嗤之以鼻，这是唯心主义观点，是错误的！各位看官姑且放下这个马克思灌输的成见，以平和的心态来看待。 我今天就是要argue一下唯心主义观点，看看是否能引起你的思考。本文会汇聚我前面博文的很多内容和思考，形成一个完整的理论和故事。首先提出一个理论或者图景，然后按照这个理论去解释一些唯物主义无法解释的现象，最后谈谈怎么检验这个理论。 Mind and Matter 首先需要说明的是，这个图景是结合了前人的很多观点，并不是完全是我空想的。 Mind world的实在性 。每个人都可以清晰地体会到自己思维存在的实在性，但从唯物主义的观点看，自己的mind是没有来源的，可能是一种illusion ！很多哲学观点或者数学推理都有前提，我们应该把mind存在也作为一个前提，就像对待1+1=2一样，认为是一个客观实在。我们把mind排除在客观世界以外，源于亚里斯多德，到笛卡尔就完全割裂开了，这种观点排除了个人看法的差异，使得我们统一认识了物质世界 。在人类认识发展的早期是非常有利的，相当与对自然做了简化，这种哲学观点取得了巨大的成功。可以说我们现在几乎所有科学知识都源于这种观念，以至于我们把这种看法当作了自然本身的属性！到了量子力学发展的阶段，越来越多的人认识到了意识的作用，典型的就是薛定谔 和普朗克。普朗克认为mind是所有matter的matrix，这个应该是电影《黑客帝国》的背景。 All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent mind. This mind is the matrix of all matter. --------Max Plank 什么是物质 ？从爱因斯坦的质能关系式也可以看出来，实质上是能量的有序排列。从量子力学的观点看，所有物质实际上也是波 。这是广为接受的观点，还得了诺贝尔奖的。研究量子力学的应该比我清楚多了。波的频率对应了能量的强度，所以，可以把物质看作是能量的有序排列。正是这种有序排列，才形成我们看到的大千世界，可以触摸，可以感受，以至于我们把它当成了全部的真实！ 虚无中的实在 。在真空中，是可以产生粒子的！这里说的真空是真的什么都没有，完全的理想的真空。这个已经通过实验侧面验证了 。真空中会不断有正粒子和对应的反物质产生，这正是霍金赖以成名的黑洞蒸发理论的根本依据。从这一现象中，也可以看出，我们眼见的物质下面，实际上还隐藏着一层深刻的东西。最新的弦理论，是有望成为统一四种基本力的大统一理论的唯一候选者，这在不断修正和检验 。这种理论认为，深层的是“弦”，弦的振动表现出粒子，再组成宏观的物质。实际上还是一种能量，真空中产生的粒子是能量波动的反映。 为什么会出现有序排列？ 这是一个混沌现象，混乱中是可以产生有序的pattern的，而且形态各异，姿态万千。对这一点有疑问的，可以看视频，直接看实验现象，非常直观 。能量的波动，产生有序的结构，形成我们所见的有形态的物质。 the Mind World . Mcginn Colin提到了一种观点“Dualism without God” （详见博文 Dualism Without God ）。这里的表述做了一些“改进”，结合了彭罗斯的相空间 （这种结合是我的原创）。在宇宙大爆炸的时候，不止产生了我们现在看到、摸到的，充满能量的宇宙，而且还有一个mind world，你可以看作是一个思维的“海洋”。这个海洋对应于物质的状态或者能量的pattern多样性，也就是彭罗斯的相空间。物体的有序状态就像一个管道，连接了思维的海洋。物体能够处于有序状态越多，相空间越大，这个管道越大，和mind world的连结也就越强。 the Mind Pattern . 我们的某种思维状态，对应mind world的某种pattern，mind本身也像energy，可以有混沌状态，产生pattern，这些都是自发产生的。mind的pattern和物质的pattern可能是一一对应的，高度有序的mind pattern对应于我们的高级思维。 人脑是连接Mind World的大通道 。这个观点在前面的两篇博文有详细阐述。人脑的相空间是非常大的，有人认为比整个宇宙的结构还复杂 ！从结构上来看，人脑有约1000亿个神经元，每个神经元大约与5000个其他神经元连接，而且神经元的排列也是非常有序的，突起形成的网络就更加复杂了。从功能上来看，主要可以分为兴奋性和抑制性两类，又可以分成100多个小类型，神经元连接的突触上，传递神经冲动的递质也有多种类型。最近，MIT有一个教授提出了人的自我在于脑内的神经连接（I'm my Connectome） ，认为自我就在神经是怎么连接的，这个才是稳定中有一定变化的。 这个mind world和能量又从何而来，那可能真的只有上帝知道了（天晓得）。 终极问题的回答 用这个理论可以回答很多终极拷问。 自由意志在这里 。博文第一篇，问了自由意志在哪里？从mind world的理论来看，自由意志就在这里了。我们的思维都是mind world活动的一小部分。 我是谁？ “我”应该是energy和mind的pattern，也就是body和mind共同构成自我。两个都重要，而且是互相对应的。如果你身体的大脑损坏了或者老了，相空间减小，映射到的mind world就小了，自己的思维能力也弱了。 灵魂是永恒的？ 首先，这个问题是有问题的。灵魂是不断在变化的，你的性格和想法是不断变化的，而永恒是不变的，两者不能共存。你想要永恒的是你什么时候的灵魂呢？小时候的？年轻的？老年的？在我们这个理论里，身体仍然会消亡。柏拉图早就认识到了有形有质的东西都会消亡，只有无形无质的才得永恒。我们理论里的mind world和energy是永恒的，而pattern是不断变化的，energy的pattern变化对应物质状态的变化，mind pattern的变化对应想法或者情绪的变化。所以，我的状态是会变化消亡的，组成“我”的mind和energy是永恒的！这似乎没什么意义了:( 因果与自由 。所有的物理观念都有一个因果关系，有一个cause，然后导出一个effect。整个过程环环相扣，如果一直追问下去，最终的因只能归之于上帝。这里面就没有人的自由空间。如果从mind world观点来看的话，这个因就在这里，mind world和energy有相互作用，从而影响energy的pattern，造成物质状态的改变。 思维创造宇宙 。从混沌理论知道，初始状态的微小改变足以造成大变化。从薛定厄的猫的思想实验来看，量子水平的状态确实需要意识的介入，才能决定最终的状态。mind world和energy的相互作用可能只是在量子水平，强度很低，但可以通过混沌效应放大，影响energy的pattern，也就是宏观物质的状态。每个原子、分子都受这个作用影响，那观测到的整个宇宙，都是受观测者的意识决定的，所以，mind决定了宇宙的形态！ 生命的意义 。如果你认真对待唯物主义的话，会发现生命只不过是一个原子的钟摆，自我是不存在的，人生也没有意义（详见博文第一篇“ 自由意志在哪里？ ”）。从本文的理论来看，生命又有什么意义呢？首先，人自我本身既由物质的body部分，也由mind world的部分组成。这是共同作用，才形成一个活蹦乱跳的人。body是与mind连接的通道，所以需要爱惜自己的身体。mind才是人的情绪、情感和思维的所在，是超出物质和body之上的，人更应该珍惜。在mind world里，有爱有恨，有喜怒哀乐，或许可以分成几个层次：（0）各种恨，这个就不多说了。（1）爱物。爱大千世界，爱旅游观光，体验物质世界的pattern之神奇；（2）爱自己。对自己有信心，珍惜自己的人生体验，包括心灵体验，爱看书，爱内省；心灵的体验包括自己的喜怒哀乐，哭骂怒笑，自己都能接受。（3）爱他人。爱惜保护社会的美好，遇到灾难，愿意奉献爱心。人始终是社会的动物，需要社会人情的温暖。（4）爱情。对一个人有强烈的美好感觉。这是两个人的情感共鸣，超出地老天荒，超出社会冷暖。（5）爱上帝。终极的爱，无条件的爱。这个我也比较模糊，但感觉到这是超出自然的一部分，是终极的源泉，存在的根本。 如果什么都不爱，无欲无求，那也没什么好说的了，估计这种人也不会看我的博客。 理论的预测和检验 一个好的理论不止能解释现有的现象和疑问，还应该能够作出预测，并且这些预测是可以检验的。本文的理论已经给出了一些终极问题的回答，还应该给出一些预测。既然人的思维是连接到一个共同的海洋里的，怎么思维看似孤立的，没有交集呢？我们需要语言进行沟通，还没有看到直接用意念交流的。这可能是要归因于mind world空间的广大，以至于每个人的思维就像一个孤岛，没有连通。mind world大到什么程度？你类比一下宇宙空间的广大，就有概念了。即使地球的人口已经达到70亿之多，如果把人均匀散落在宇宙空间的各个角落，人与人之间认识的概率也就接近0了吧。那我们不是永远没有思维的交集？请注意我前面只是说均匀地分布，实际上人与人之间的差异还是有大小不同的，不是均匀的。比如双胞胎，至少身体的结构会更为接近，包括大脑的结构，对应于mind world的距离也会更为接近，就有可能会有意识的交汇。我们可以在物质世界中，通过心理学实验进行检验。如果证明有意念的交流，则可以辅助证明这个理论的实在性。 最后，以罗素的一句话结束：Ask yourself only, what are the facts? 复杂的脑结构 , 2011_scienceReview_The Big and the Small Challenges of.PDF Brain graph construction 古老的问题：大脑是否足够复杂而足以认识自身? 参考资料： 【1】Russell, Bertrand. A History of Western Philosophy . Simon Schuster/Touchstone, 1967. 【2】Edelman, G. M, and G. Tononi. A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination . Basic books, 2001. 【3】Heisenberg, Martin. “Is Free Will an Illusion?” Nature 459, no. 7244 (2009): 164–165. 【4】“Neuroscience Vs Philosophy: Taking Aim at Free Will : Nature News”, n.d. http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110831/full/477023a.html. 【5】 The Grand Design by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow , n.d. http://www.randomhouse.com/book/77018/the-grand-design-by-stephen-hawking-and-leonard-mlodinow. 【6】McGinn, Colin. The Mysterious Flame: Conscious Minds in a Material World . Basic Books, 2000. 【7】罗杰·彭罗斯. 皇帝新脑 . Translated by 许明贤 and 吴忠超. 湖南科学技术出版社, 2007. 【8】Bassett, Danielle S., and Michael S. Gazzaniga. “Understanding Complexity in the Human Brain.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, no. 5 (2011): 200–209. 【9】斯蒂芬, and 霍金. 时间简史 . DynoMedia Inc., 1993. 【10】 Schrödinger, Erwin. What Is Life?: With “Mind and Matter” and “Autobiographical Sketches” . Cambridge University Press, 1992. 【11】 Lichtman, J. W, and W. Denk. “The Big and the Small: Challenges of Imaging the Brain’s Circuits.” Science 334, no. 6056 (2011): 618–623. 视频资料： 这几个视频对理解本文很有帮助，或许会让你有全新的看法。 【V1】霍金的宇宙，BBC出品 从微观的量子世界，到宏观的宇宙全景，都展现得淋漓尽致。展示了最新的弦理论，粒子都是弦的振动，对应不同的频率和能量。 有一个系列的6集，都很精彩，讲解通俗。这只是其中之一，第二集。 【V2】I‘m my Connectome, by Sebastian Seung 展示了脑的高度复杂的结构，并认为脑神经连接就是“自我”！ 这哥们是MIT的教授，和哈佛的几个小组合作，最近在Nature同期灌了三篇文章。还写了一本书，本人没钱买了。这才是真的“叫兽”，有木有？！ Seung, Sebastian. Connectome: How the Brain’s Wiring Makes Us Who We Are . None. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade, 2012. 【V3】 耶鲁的公开课《Death》 ，by Shelly Kagan 《death 死亡》讨论了自我的定义、自由意志等问题。仅凭Shelly的三寸不烂之舌，会让你觉得长生不老是很痛苦的一件事。 总共有26集，下面的只是第一集，只是介绍这门课讲些什么，还没进入正题，没什么实质内容。 【V4】神秘的混沌理论，BBC出品 给出了大量实验，说明混乱中可以产生有序的pattern。是自发的，而且不断变化。 ----------------------后记，2013/04/12 有一个理论biocentrism ，和本文的理论不谋而合！非常类似。 Lanza R, Berman B. Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe . 第1版. BenBella Books, 2010.
Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use a diffusion te.pdf Frontal white matter abnormalities following chronic ketamine use a diffusion tensor imaging study 我们的前期工作中， 发现慢性吸食K粉者存在明显的脑结构损害（包括脑白质和脑灰质的损害），损害部位主要集中在前额叶，而且氯胺酮依赖者的脑白质和脑灰质损害与氯胺酮使用总量有个关，即氯胺酮依赖者使用氯胺酮越多、脑白质和脑灰质损害越严重。
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120501-new-particle-beauty-large-hadron-collider-cern-science/ "Beautiful" New Particle Found at LHC Xi(b)* a "brick in the wall" for solving how matter's made, expert says. The CMS detector inside the Large Hadron Collider captured evidence of the new particle (file picture). Photograph courtesy Maximilien Brice, CERN Ker Than for National Geographic News Published May 1, 2012 An atom-smashing experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has detected a new subatomic particle—and it's a beauty. Known as Xi(b)* (pronounced "csai bee-star"), the new particle is a baryon, a type of matter made up of three even smaller pieces called quarks. Protons and neutrons, which make up the nuclei of atoms, are also baryons. (Related: "Proton Smaller Than Thought—May Rewrite Laws of Physics." ) The Xi(b)* particle belongs to the so-called beauty baryons, particles that all contain a bottom quark, also known as a beauty quark. The newfound particle had long been predicted by theory but had never been observed. Although finding Xi(b)* wasn't exactly a surprise, the discovery should help scientists solve the larger puzzle of how matter is formed. "It's another brick in the wall," said James Alexander , a physicist at Cornell University who conducts experiments with the LHC. (See pictures of the underground atom smasher .) Sorting Through the Mess Unlike protons and neutrons, beauty baryons are extremely short-lived—Xi(b)* lasted mere fractions of a second before it decayed into 21 other ephemeral particles. The particle also requires extremely high energies to create, so it's found nowhere on Earth except in the hearts of atom-smashers such as the LHC, operated by the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva. The new beauty baryon is a higher energy version of one that was detected last summer by scientists using the Tevatron particle accelerator at Fermilab in Illinois. (Related: "Heaviest Antimatter Found; Made in U.S. Atom Smasher." ) LHC scientists didn't detect the new particle directly. Instead they saw evidence of its decay in the messy aftermath of a proton-proton collision captured by the facility's Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. "Finding this particle is really very hard," CMS physicist Vincenzo Chiochia, a co-discoverer of the new particle, told Symmetry Breaking magazine. "Finding this complicated decay in such a messy event makes us confident in our abilities to find other new particles in the future." The CMS scientists say the new particle's existence has been confirmed to a sigma level of five, which means the researchers are 99.99-percent confident that the result isn't due to chance. Hunt Still on for Higgs The discovery is further confirmation that physicists are essentially correct in their understanding of how quarks are bound together, said Fermilab scientist Patrick Lukens, who was not involved in the study. The particle was predicted by a wildly successful theory in physics known as quantum chromodynamics, which models how quarks combine and are held together to create heavier particles. (Related: "Densest Matter Created in Big-Bang Machine." ) However, Lukens said, finding Xi(b)* has no bearing on the hunt for the Higgs boson , a particle that would explain why mass exists in the universe and that's also predicted by quantum chromodynamics. Cornell's Alexander added that the Higgs "is a huge pivot point for the entire theory" of quantum chromodynamics. "Whether the Higgs is or is not there—everything rests on that." Details of the new particle's discovery have been submitted for publication in the journal Physical Review Letters .
Kohn_nobel.pdf Nobel Lecture: Electronic structure of matter—wave functions and density functionals W. Kohn Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
从“化学物质”想起的 在我国，甚至其他一些国家，公众一说“化学物质”（ Chemical substances ），第一反应一定是“有毒”，“污染”，“致癌”，反正不是好东西。 看一看Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia， 什么是“化学物质”（ Chemical substances ）： In chemistry, a chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical bonds. They can be solids, liquids or gases. 看一看Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia对药品（drug）的定义： In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being. 看一看《中华人民共和国药品管理法》第一百零二条关于药品的定义： 药品是指用于预防、治疗、诊断人的疾病，有目的地调节人的生理机能并规定有适应症或者功能主治、用法和用量的 物质 ，包括中药材、中药饮片、中成药、化学原料药及其制剂、抗生素、生化药品、放射性药品、血清、疫苗、血液制品和诊断药品等。 看一看中国国家基本药物目录 第一部分 化学药品 和生物制品，205种 第二部分中成药，102种 看一看WHO Model List of Essential Medicines（世界卫生组织基本医药目录），全部是 化学药品 。http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/en/index.html 对比这些，不难有所感悟。
同事戏言要礼物，赠言如下： No matter how old we are, it is always worth pausing for a moment to appreciate the joys of living and how lucky we are to be alive. 格言看起来平淡，其实难以做到的。许多人只知道忙碌，知道 前行，却忘记暂时停顿和思考，感受。
An organotypic slice culture model of chronic white matter injury with maturation arrest of oligodendrocyte progenitors. References 1. Wilke S, Thomas R, Allcock N, Fern R: Mechanism of acute ischemic injury of oligodendroglia in early myelinating white matter: the importance of astrocyte injury and glutamate release. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 2004, 63:872-881. 2. Back SA, Luo NL, Mallinson RA, O’Malley JP, Wallen LD, Frei B, Morrow JD, Petito CK, Roberts CT Jr, Murdoch GH, Montine TJ: Selective vulnerability of preterm white matter to oxidative damage defined by F2- isoprostanes. Ann Neurol 2005, 58:108-120. 3. Back SA, Han BH, Luo NL, Chricton CA, Xanthoudakis S, Tam J, Arvin KL, Holtzman DM: Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia-ischemia. J Neurosci 2002, 22:455-463. 4. Segovia KN, McClure M, Moravec M, Luo NL, Wan Y, Gong X, Riddle A, Craig A, Struve J, Sherman LS, Back SA: Arrested oligodendrocyte lineage maturation in chronic perinatal white matter injury. Ann Neurol 2008, 63:520-530. 5. Fancy SP, Kotter MR, Harrington EP, Huang JK, Zhao C, Rowitch DH, Franklin RJ: Overcoming remyelination failure in multiple sclerosis and other myelin disorders. Exp Neurol 2010, 225:18-23. 6. Huang Z, Liu J, Cheung PY, Chen C: Long-term cognitive impairment and myelination deficiency in a rat model of perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Brain Res 2009, 1301:100-109. 7. Skripuletz T, Bussmann JH, Gudi V, Koutsoudaki PN, Pul R, Moharregh- Khiabani D, Lindner M, Stangel M: Cerebellar cortical demyelination in the murine cuprizone model. Brain Pathol 2010, 20:301-312. 8. Anderson JM, Hampton DW, Patani R, Pryce G, Crowther RA, Reynolds R, Franklin RJ, Giovannoni G, Compston DA, Baker D, Spillantini MG, Chandran S: Abnormally phosphorylated tau is associated with neuronal and axonal loss in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. Brain 2008, 131:1736-1748.
Hello, everybody! I'm new here and hope to make friends with you, I write English to improve my skills.Welcome everybody to pointout the mistakes inmy articles and we will go aheadtogether! This week I will write down some basic Chemistry concept, the first is about matter. What is matter? Remember you have learned it in your middle school. The matter:anything that is made up of atoms, and because atomhas mass and volume, so does matter.
标签: matter
