温室发电种植两不误 诸平 温室在农业生产中的应用大家并不陌生，但是如果说温室不仅可以种植农作物，同时还可以发电，也许不一定相信会有这样一箭双雕的好事。但是，美国加州大学-圣克鲁 兹 斯分校（ University of California - Santa Cruz ）的研究人员已经将其变成现实，并与2012年已经将技术推向市场。更多信息请注意浏览来自 加州大学-圣克鲁 兹 斯分校的相关报道： Solar greenhouses generate electricity and grow crops at the same time November 4, 2017 by Jennifer Mcnulty Plants grown in this 'smart' greenhouse fared as well or better than plants grown in conventional greenhouses. Credit: Nick Gonzales The first crops of tomatoes and cucumbers grown inside electricity-generating solar greenhouses were as healthy as those raised in conventional greenhouses, signaling that smart greenhouses hold great promise for dual-use farming and renewable electricity production. We have demonstrated that 'smart greenhouses' can capture solar energy for electricity without reducing plant growth, which is pretty exciting, said Michael Loik, professor of environmental studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and lead author on a paper that appears in the current issue of the American Geophysical Union's journal Earth's Future . Electricity-generating solar greenhouses utilize Wavelength-Selective Photovoltaic Systems (WSPVs), a novel technology that generates electricity more efficiently and at less cost than traditional photovoltaic systems. These greenhouses are outfitted with transparent roof panels embedded with a bright magenta luminescent dye that absorbs light and transfers energy to narrow photovoltaic strips, where electricity is produced. WSPVs absorb some of the blue and green wavelengths of light but let the rest through, allowing the plants to grow. WSPV technology was developed by coauthors Sue Carter and Glenn Alers, both professors of physics at UC Santa Cruz, who founded Soliculture in 2012 to bring the technology to market. Loik's team monitored photosynthesis and fruit production across 20 varieties of tomatoes, cucumbers, lemons, limes, peppers, strawberries, and basil grown in magenta glasshouses at two locations on campus and one in Watsonville, California. Eighty percent of the plants weren't affected, while 20 percent actually grew better under the magenta windows, said Loik. Tomatoes and cucumbers are among the top greenhouse-produced crops worldwide, he said. In additional experiments, small water savings were associated with tomato photosynthesis inside the magenta glasshouses. Plants required 5 percent less water to grow the same amount as in more conventional glasshouses, he said. I thought the plants would grow more slowly, because it's darker under these pink panels. The color of the light makes it like being on the Red Planet, said Loik. Plants are sensitive not just to the intensity of light but also to color. But it turns out the plants grow just as well. Reducing the energy consumed by greenhouses has become a priority as the global use of greenhouses for food production has increased six-fold over the past 20 years to more than 9 million acres today—roughly twice the size of New Jersey, according to Loik. It's big and getting bigger, he said. Canada relies heavily on greenhouses for vegetable production, and their use is growing in China, too. Plastic greenhouses are becoming popular for small-scale commercial farming, as well as for household food production, he added. Greenhouses use electricity to control temperature and power fans, lights, and other monitoring systems. This technology has the potential to take greenhouses offline, said Loik, who specializes in climate change, plant physiology, water resources, and sustainable technologies. Cost per panel of WSPV technology is 65 cents per watt—about 40 percent less than the per-watt cost of traditional silicon-based photovoltaic cells. If greenhouses generate electricity on site, that reduces the need for an outside source, which helps lower greenhouse gas emissions even more, said Loik. We're moving toward self-sustaining greenhouses. Explore further: Plants communicate what type of light they want More information: Loik, Michael (2017), Supporting data for Loik et al. 2017 Wavelength-Selective Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Powering greenhouses for plant growth at the food-energy-water nexus. Earth's Future, UC Santa Cruz Dash, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.7291/D10T0W Loik_2017_Supporting_data_for_Loik_et.pdf Abstract Global renewable electricity generation capacity has rapidly increased in the past decade. Increasing the sustainability of electricity generation and the market share of solar photovoltaics (PV) will require continued cost reductions or higher efficiencies. Wavelength-Selective Photovoltaics (WSPVs) combine luminescent solar cell technology with conventional Silicon-based PV, thereby increasing efficiency and lowering the cost of electricity generation. WSPVs absorb some of the blue and green wavelengths of the solar spectrum but transmit the remaining wavelengths that are utilized by photosynthesis. WSPVs are ideal for integrating electricity generation with glasshouse production, but it is not clear how they may affect plant development and physiological processes. The effects of tomato photosynthesis under WSPVs showed a small decrease in water use, whereas there were minimal effects on the number and fresh weight of fruit for a number of commercial species. Although more research is required on the impacts of WSPVs, they are a promising technology for greater integration of distributed electricity generation with food production operations, as building-integrated solar facilities, or as alternative to high-impact PV for energy generation over agricultural or natural ecosystems.
在受保护的环境中生长的植物适应力较差 蒋继平 2017 年 8 月 30 日 前几天收到老板从 15 号农场发来的一组照片和一个电邮。他在电邮中说：“ Many plants of the survivors were dead after transplanted in the fieldtrial. And the farmer manager is complaining about it. ( 这些幸存者在移栽到大田后，许多植株已经死了。农场经理一直在抱怨。” 我看到这个电邮， 立即回复说：“ I understand it. Thisis because these survivors grew in the greenhouse, which is a protectedenvironment. When plants grow in a protected environment, they are very tender.Therefore, they are subjected to the damage caused by natural factors such as strongwind and very high temperature ( 我理解。 这是因为这些幸存者是在温室中成长起来的。 温室是一个受到保护的环境。 当植物生长在一个受到保护的环境中， 他们非常娇嫩。 因而，他们容易受到像强风和高温这样的自然因子的损害。” 这个事件不是第一次出现。 可以说， 这样的事在我的职业生涯中经常碰到。 我的职业生涯主要是在人工控制的环境中给植物接种病原菌， 接种后根据植物对病原菌抗性的反应来选择幸存者。 这些幸存者都是一直生长在温室中的。 温室中没有大风， 温度控制在一定的范围， 通常是最适合植物生长的区间，光照强度不如自然界。所以， 这些幸存者长得又高又嫩， 给人一种弱不经风的感觉。 它们被移栽到大田后， 要是不幸正好遇上刮大风， 或者极端的高温， 或者既刮大风又是高温， 那么它们中一些就会因为不适应这种环境而很快地死亡。 由此， 我得出一个人生感悟，在受到保护的环境中生长的植物缺乏适应力。 由植物的现象我联想到人生。 因为人也是生物的一种， 所以， 人也具有生物的一些共性。我从植物的这个现象上吸取经验教训。 我把这个经验教训应用到孩子们的教育培养上。 我认为， 家庭是孩子们成长的最重要环境。父母的一言一行直接给孩子们造成重要影响。 我想，把家庭当成温室， 让孩子接受最舒适的生活环境， 固然会使孩子们获得暂时的幸福快乐。 但是， 孩子们长大以后， 必然要到社会中去生存。社会是一个复杂的环境，不可能像家庭一样提供给他们最舒适的环境。 在这种复杂的处境下， 孩子们肯定会感到莫大的不适应。 本着这样的思路， 我决定为了孩子们长远的前程，在他们成长的过程中，人为地给他们制造一些挑战。 我的第一个挑战就是让孩子们学会吃苦耐劳的本领。因而， 在高中暑假期间， 我让儿子参加学校组织的学生伐木队， 进入沼泽森林地砍柴伐木。儿子的母亲坚决反对我的这种做法， 不过，理智和要强的儿子却自愿接受这个挑战， 毫无怨言地加入了这个伐木队。一个星期下来， 回到家时浑身多处红肿和伤痕， 他妈是一边流泪一边抱怨我的心狠。但是儿子本身却无怨言。 他说， 经过这样的一个星期才真正体会到爸爸的辛苦。 我的第二个挑战是让他们从小养成独立解决问题的能力。 我从送孩子进幼儿园的第一天起就对他们说， 从此以后， 你必须学会自己解决碰到的任何问题。 这是因为我不能进这个门， 所以， 我帮不了你。我几乎从来不帮孩子们做任何作业。 我的第三个挑战是让他们尽早学会独立生存的能力。在他们高二的时候， 就让他们自己开车上学。 在大学的署寒假， 都要求他们找一份假期的临时工作。 他们都认真地按照我的要求去做。 现在， 他们都已经学有所成， 独立在外工作生活， 在同龄人中算是比较出色的一员。
2013 年 2 月 3 日，发表在 Nature Climate Change 期刊上的文章 ， 在全球土壤温室气体平衡方面，蚯蚓扮演者至关重要的作用，它们的影响预计在未来几十年里将持续增长。蚯蚓常被认为是刺激土壤团聚体固碳的主要因素，但也是增加主要温室气体二氧化碳及一氧化氮排放的主因。因此，在蚯蚓影响土壤的过程中，它们是温室气体的碳源还是碳汇成为高度争议的焦点。对于蚯蚓对土壤温室气体平衡的整体影响，研究人员进行了定量的评述。其结果表明，尽管蚯蚓对土壤肥力有着巨大的益处，但它们却增加了净土壤温室气体排放。 研究指出，蚯蚓使土壤 CO 2 排放增加了 33% ，使土壤 N 2 O 排放增加了 42% 。但并没有指标表明蚯蚓对土壤有机碳含量的影响。在长期内（大于 30 天），蚯蚓所致的 N 2 O 排放明显增加，但 CO 2 排放减少。大量蚯蚓对土壤 N 2 O 排放的影响常常与相对较高的土壤有机碳含量及碳 / 氮比相一致。这强烈地表明，蚯蚓导致的土壤 N 2 O 排放成为土壤碳输入增加必不可少的副作用。同时也提出了一个问题，即蚯蚓导致的土壤 CO 2 排放是否也是蚯蚓导致的土壤碳固定必不可少的结果。研究结论指出，未来几十年内蚯蚓群落的变化将明显改变（可能是提高）土壤温室气体的通量。 原文题目： Greenhouse-Gas Emissions from SoilsIncreased by Earthworms 来源： Nature ClimateChange,2013(3):187–194.doi:10.1038/nclimate1692
关于“大气温室效应”的疑问 温室效应——原本讲的是玻璃暖房增暖的物理机制。 但温室效应这一概念已基本上查不到它的源头了。最早的关于 “大气温室效应”的文献是傅立叶 (Joseph Fourier) 的论文“ M é moire sur les temp é ratures du globe terrestre et des espaces plan é taires ”，这篇文章反复被引用。 印象中，上初中时老师讲解的温室效应是：玻璃屋顶允许阳光进入、反射红外的效应——即玻璃辐射有选择性。 最近查看有关温室效应历史方面的文献，发现人们作了一个补充性说明：太阳辐射能被温室内的植物、土壤和其他物体吸收，这些能量转化为加热温室的热量。另外，玻璃屋顶不允许被加热的空气上升并与外面的冷空气混合也非常重要。但是不管是那种解释，问题的关键是温室气体的吸收与再辐射不是温室效应的重要部分。 大气温室效应——温室气体吸收与再辐射来自地球表面红外辐射的增暖机制，这是目前被广泛采用的一种解释。 显然，“温室效应”与“大气温室效应”完全不同，继续沿用“温室效应”的概念属于用词不当，一些学者已发出了这样的感慨。 但是，有关“大气温室效应”的疑问并为因此而消失，反而更重了。因为，大气的主要成分是氮气 (N 2 ) 、其次是氧气 (O 2 ) ，二者占 95% 多，它们不是温室气体，不吸收及再辐射热辐射，试问，温室气体的吸收与再辐射的能量并不能被 (N 2 和 O 2 ) 吸收，何以使大气温度升高而制热？
标签: 温室
