http://www.yywords.com/Article/200905/1133.html accuse 与 charge 的区别 这两个动词均有“指控”“谴责”之意。区别如下: 1. accuse 普通用词 , 正式或非正式场合 ,私人或法律上均可用。被指控的 情节可轻可重 。常与 介词 of 搭配连用。如: If convicted, an accused person may appeal. 如果宣告有罪,被告可以上诉。 He was accused of smuggling. 他被指控走私。 He accused me of taking the money. 他指责我拿了钱。 They accused him of taking bribes. 他们指控他接受贿赂。 2. charge 多指 较严重的错误或罪行,而且往往向法庭提出正式起诉 。常与 介词 with 搭配使用。如: They charged him with theft. 他们控告他偷窃。 He charged me with neglecting my duty. 他指责我疏忽职守。 They were charged with receiving stolen goods. 他们被指控收受赃物。 A court has heard that a young civil servant arrested after shootings on Tyneside left one man dead is to be charged with murder. 经法庭审理后,在泰恩赛德河畔枪击中一男子致死后被捕的一名年轻公务员将被控犯有谋杀罪。 http://ask.koolearn.com/topic/show/308397.page to accuse someone of doing something wrong, 意为指控某人犯了错误。例如:someone can be accused of being dishonest, or of a fault like laziness.意为某人 被指责 不诚实或懒惰等 过错 。to be accused of a crime意思是被指控犯罪。 He himself was accused of incompetence. 他本人被指控为不称职。 And then you would start crying and accusing us of not caring if you died. 然后,你会哭起来,指责说即使你死了我们也不会在乎。 They were in great distress because they had been wrongfully accused of theft. 因为被冤枉为窃贼,他们深感痛苦。 He is accused of killing ten young women. 他被指控杀害十名年轻女子。 the police charge someone or charge them with committing a crime.指警方正式控告(formally accuse)某人或正式控告他们犯某罪。警方掌握犯罪证据有,正式指控某人犯罪,可以说to charge a person with a crime。指控某人玩忽职守或说谎等,可以说to charge someone with not doing their duty or lying。 对于一些小过失一般不用charge。总之,charge比accuse更正式。 Colonel Burr was arrested by order of President Thomas Jeffson and charged with treason . 根据汤姆斯·杰弗逊总统的命令,伯尔上校被指控犯叛国罪被捕。 He was arrested and charged with committing a variety of offences. 他被捕并被指控犯有多种罪行。 He was declared not responsible for the criminal acts with which he had been charged. 法庭宣布他与被控的罪行无关。 Mr Horta charged the premier with being politically weak. 霍塔先生指责总理政治上软弱无能。 http://www.legaltranz.com/archives/777 法律英语翻译 法律翻译词汇、法律翻译经验技巧、法律翻译作品、法律英语视听等 “accuse”和“charge”在用法上的区别 在刑事司法领域, accuse 一词经常出现,用来表示 “指控、控告” 。除accuse之外,charge也被用来表示之一意思。但这两个词之间,在用法上有一定区别,我们通常用charge sb. with a certain crime; 但在使用accuse一词时,通常的搭配是accuse sb. of a certain crim. 例1:The suspect was accused of rape. 译:嫌疑人被 指控 犯有强奸罪。 例2:They accused him of being a spy and shot him while he was riding a motocycle. 译:他们 指控 他是间谍,并在他驾驶摩托车的时候将其集中。 例3:Man accused in train crash faces murder charges . 译:制造火车相撞事故的男子面临谋杀罪的 指控 。 例4:The Police charged him with murder. 译:警方 指控 他犯有谋杀罪。 评:顺便提一句, charge一词不但可以用作动词,表示“指控”,也可以被用作名词,表示“指控的犯罪” 。例如:The two of them are acquitted on charges of “disorderly conduct” and “unlawful assembly” arising from the July 25 th demonstration. (他们两人被宣告无罪,他们曾被指控的犯罪是在7月25日游行中犯有“妨害治安行为”罪和“非法集会”罪。) 最后,谈谈 the accused (与the accuser相对)的这个词,它表示“ 被告人 ”,暗含的意思就是刑事案件中的被告人,所以,也可翻译为“刑事被告人”,在这里,它几乎等同于defendant这个词。但是,the accused绝对不会被用到民事案件之中以表示“被告”,民事案件中的被告一词还是多用defendant这个词。
英国自然出版集团(NPG)在2011年夏天创办了其旗下的第一份Online and open access(在线开放浏览 、开放获取)杂志Scientific Reports,并于2011年6月14日上线。它包含了生物学、物理学、地球和环境科学。录用后要求所有作者交版面费,其发表方式是在线,不定期。到2012年4月13日,已经发表360篇论文。 其版面费(article-processing charge ,APC)标准为: 1)1350美元( The Americas ) 2)1046欧元( Europe ) 3)142500日元( Japan ) 4)890英镑(UK and rest of world)
Design of a Water-Soluble Hybrid Nanocomposite of CdTe Quantum Dots and an Iridium Complex for Photoinduced Charge Transfer Yu Wang, Steve Li, StephenV. Kershaw*, Frederik Hetsch, AnthonyY.Y. Tam, Guangcun Shan, AndreiS. Susha, Chi-Chiu Ko, Vivian Wing-WahYam, KennethK.W. Lo*, AndreyL. Rogach Yu Wang, Dr. Steve Li, Dr. Stephen V. Kershaw, Frederik Hetsch, Anthony Y. Y. Tam, Guangcun Shan, Dr. Andrei S. Susha, Prof. Chi-Chiu Ko, Prof. Vivian Wing-Wah Yam, Prof. Kenneth K. W. Lo and Prof. Andrey L. Rogach Article first published online: 12 APR 2012 | DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201101005 Fast electron transfer : Picosecond charge transfer between CdTe quantum dots and a novel water-soluble organo-Ir dye is shown. This process allows hot electron transfer from the nanoparticles to the organic component before cooling is complete and before Auger relaxation processes can compete for the carrier’s excess energy. Understanding and controlling fast charge transfer is a key to making improved solar-energy conversion devices. Keywords: charge transfer; dyes; iridium; quantum dots; time-resolved spectroscopy
再转载: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=478347do=blogid=365102 于一些磁性体系、镧系和锕系元素及相关化合物的静态计算(电子迭代),经常会遇到“难收敛”的问题。 下面给出几个相关Flag及设置方法:(有些话从说明书上摘录的,不大好翻译,就copy了,请见谅) 1、LMAXMIX Default: LMAXMIX = 2 An additional flag controls up to which l quantum number the onsite PAW charge densities are passed through the charge density mixer. Higher l-quantum numbers are usually not handled by the mixer. In order to obtain fast convergence to the groundstate, you can try the following setting: LMAXMIX = 4 for d elements LMAXMIX = 6 for f elements 这个FLAG对于含d电子和f电子的体系是非常重要的,很大一部分体系的收敛问题可以通过设置合适的LMAXMIX值来解决。 2、ALGO, IALGO, LDIAG If the self-consistency loop does not converge within 40 steps, it will probably not converge at all. In this case you should reconsider the tags IALGO, LDIAG, and the mixing-parameters. 这是说明书上的建议。 一般情况下,或使用IALGO=48时遇到收敛问题的话,可以考虑设IALGO为38(4.5以前的版本可设为8),或设置ALGO=Normal or Fast (in VASP.4.5 and later versions)。 3、NELMDL NELMDL gives the number of non-selfconsistent steps at the beginning; if one initializes the wave functions randomly the initial wave functions are far from anything reasonable. The resulting charge density is also 'nonsense'. Therefore it makes sense to keep the initial Hamiltonian, which corresponds to the superposition of atomic charge densities, fixed during the first few steps. Choosing a 'delay' for starting the charge density update becomes essential in all cases where the SC-convergence is very bad (e.g. surfaces or molecules/clusters chains). Without setting a delay VASP will probably not converge or at least the convergence speed is slowed down. NELMDL might be positive or negative. A positive number means that a delay is applied after each ionic movement — in general not a convenient option. A negative value results in a delay only for the start-configuration. 4、mixing-parameters 对于一些难收敛的体系,可以使用“linear mixing”,具体详见VASP说明书中的“Mixing-tags”。 For an initial linear mixing (BMIX ~ 0) an optimal setting for A(AMIX) can be found easily by setting Aopt=Acurrent*Γmean. For the Kerker scheme either A or q0(i.e. AMIX or BMIX) can be optimized, but we recommend to change only BMIX and keep AMIX fixed (you must decrease BMIX if the mean eigenvalue is larger than one, and increase BMIX if the mean eigenvalue is smaller than one). 尽管VASP说明书中给出了调节AMIX和BMIX的一些较为明确的建议,但是实际去调节的时候,还是挺难的,但原则上说,是可以通过调节这两个Flag来使得收敛问题得以解决的,只是得有耐心。 5、kmesh, SIGMA 收敛问题还跟kmesh及SIGMA(当使用ISMEAR不等于-5 和-4时)的设置有关。要达到同样的精度,较小的SIGMA则需要较大的kmesh;而且,当SIGMA较小时,若kpoints不够多,也会出现难收敛的情况。 P.S. 对于不同系统的计算,问题的原因不一定一样,因而可能解决之一问题的方法也不一定会一样。其实以上大部分都来自VASP的说明书,只是我在遇到收敛问题时试过这些方法. 写得比较仓促,以后再修改及补充。 希望有这方面经验的朋友也把自己的见解提出来一起讨论。 金属表面体系。换算法,改Mixing都不管用。 收敛和k-mesh有关系吗?谢谢了 别改Mixing。 你把IBRION设为3,然后把SMASS设为0.6试试看 不好意思,我没说清楚 IBRION是对应离子步的算法 我的问题是电子步不收敛 dE 一直0.1左右反复, 200步也不收敛 改IALGO为38, 增加NBANDS都不行:( 那你试试不要采用自恰计算。但是仍然采用damping驰豫。 是不是你的初始构型离平衡态太远了。 还没遇到过这种问题,可能比较运气吧。 调一下cutoff试试。 IALGO我一直用48,5x5x1 Kpoints。我做金属的表面体系都是在100步内就OK了。 如果愿意,可以把INCAR贴出来,让大家出出注意,这样更可能有的放矢。 应该不会 有的时候甚至弛豫出来的结构再进行static的计算都不收敛 收敛跟k-mesh是有一定关系的。 你INCAR中没有设置ISMEAR,应该就是使用默认的ISMEAR=1。此时SIGMA应该也是默认值0.2。 你看看OUTCAR中的EENTRO的值,看是不是符合要求(一般要求小于1 meV/atom,这与你想要的精度有关,如果你要求精度不高的话,这个标准可以设大一些)。 有几个方向你可以试试,或许会有用: 1、如果EENTRO的值够小,你可以尝试加大SIGMA。(SIGMA较大时,相对收敛会快些) 2、增加k点多。 其实就是说,要调整k-mesh和SIGMA。一般SIGMA跟k点数会有一定的关系。 若想达到同一精度,SIGMA越小所需要的K点数就越多。如果SIGMA较小,而k点数不足,有可能会出现难收敛的情况,也可能得到不准确的结果。 3、调节AMIX与BMIX 我之前也遇到过难收敛的问题,当时调这两个参数,还是有点用的。具体调节的方法VASP上有讲到一些,但可能还是要多试才知道。我现在一时想不起来细节了,你先试试,如果有情况,再一起讨论。 VASP的说明书也有提到,如果电子迭代超过40次仍未收敛的话,一般就很难收敛了。当然,我想这只是VASP说明书的一个建议,并不是绝对的。一般设置NELM=60(默认)就够了,如果60次都不能收敛,那可能就要找找问题或是改相应的设置了。 有不对或不妥的地方,大家帮忙指正:) 从你的INCAR来看,貌似没什么问题。如果还是不收敛的话,你可以增加一点截断能,比如400 eV,并把POTIM减小至0.1。另外,添加三个tag:NELM=100; NELMDL=6; WEIMIN=0. 大家遇到收敛问题怎么解决啊??? 小弟仔细读过使用手册,并结合一些帖子,可是还是解决不了问题。恳请高手指点。 以下是我所用的方法和遇到的问题: 解决方法一:设置scf参数 a1. Iterations. 加大循环次数。计算过程中默认50次,我的体系无论加多大次数就是不收敛。 可能这不是主要原因。我现在一般设置一个中等大小的值400。 a2. mixing.对强阻尼体系,降低mixing值到0.01-0.05.甚至用mixing=0.001,diis n=0.保存TAPE21文件, 再用mixing=0.03,diis n=10.我都用了,都不收敛。分析结果计算过程中有能量跳跃,因此我分析我的体系就 是较强的阻尼,因此我设置mixing=0.03,这个因该可以吧? a3. lshift, vshift.手册上未解释怎么用。 这个我不懂。请问在什么情况下用?怎么用?大家一般设置值为多少? 解决方法二:用occupations指定电子占据。 b1. 直接指定分子占据,由于小弟的量化基础薄弱,弄不懂怎么指定。 我是按论坛上的方法之一,先算一个单点能,然后得到所有不可约表示的电子占据数。但是, 我计算单点能虽然scf收敛了,但是计算得到的能量明显不对,估计是收敛到激发态上去了。请问怎么指定到基态? 另外,对电子占据大家都有什么具体的着?哪位有这方面的文献和资料?我算单点的输出文件在附件中,请高手帮我 指定一下基态的电子占据。先谢谢了!!! 这是最重要,最有用的方法,可是我不懂,郁闷啊!!! b2. 用keeporbitals或freeze控制能量跳跃,但是我的体系用这个关键词还是无法得到几何结构收敛。我只用过 keeporbitals=20,10,5. 但是scf有几个收敛,可是最后得不到几何结构收敛。 大家一般设置值为多少?freeze又该如何设置? b3. smearq. 手册上说先用smearq=一个值。几何收敛后再用smearq=0, restart 前面的TAPE21文件。 我设置 smearq=0.2,几何结构收敛了,但是我用smearq=0,restart不收敛。我用smearq=0.1计算连几何结构 都不收敛。请问大家设置smearq=多少合适?用smearq且令smearq=0之后的结果可信度有多大啊?我看过几篇文献, 但是都没有什么有用的东西。 我已收到你的邮件了,个人觉得在这么多方法中用smearq 再 occupations比较有效: 先用启用smearing (例如:smearq=0.02), 再根据结果文件指认电子占据一般都能解决问题, 例如: occupations A1 a//b B1 a//b E a//b . . . end. Dear Vasp Community: I'm trying to do some very basic defect calculations in a class of complex oxides with the stoichiometry AB6O12, where A=U,W,Re and B=Y,Yb,Lu. In most cases, especially when A=W, I haven't had any problems. But, I have had problems with convergence in two cases that I haven't been able to make any progress on. When A=U and B=Y, I can converge the perfect structure very nicely. But, when I look at an antisite defect, by replacing one Y with U, the calculation doesn't converge. The electronic iterations get stuck, changing by +/- the same amount. A number of colleagues have suggested I change the smearing, set ISPIN=2, set LMIXMAX=6, etc. Everything I've tried, either doesn't change the behavior or does fix the electronic iterations, but after 3 or 4 ionic iterations, the forces on the ions blow up (become unphyiscally large, like 100 eV/angstrom). The second problem, when A=Re and B=Lu, is that I don't get any kind of convergence, even in the perfect case. I get a warning at the top VERY BAD NEWS! internal error in subroutine IBZKPT: Reciprocal lattice and k-lattice belong to different class of lattices. 168 But all I've done compared to the A=U, B=Y case is change the POTCAR file. If I let it go, I get similar convergence problems as before. Any suggestions on what I might try to fix these problems would be greatly appreciated. I'm using ISYM=0 and a Monkhorst-Pack grid of 2x2x2 for these calculations, along with the GGA PAW pseudopotentials. Thank you, Blas Back to top admin Tue Jan 08 2008, 01:27PM posts 1815 1) for the electronic convergence --) LMAXMIX=6 should be set if you have rare-earth elements in the cell, for d-elements, please set it to 4 --) it may help to decrease the mixing parameters (AMIX, BMIX, and in addition AMIX_MAX and BMIX_MAX for the spin-polarized runs to improve convergence ) --) also, it may help to increase NELMDL (the number of non-selconsistent steps at the beginning) to improve the pre-convergence of the wavefunction --) maybe it also helps to use L(S)DA+U ( please check the electronic structure and compare to experiment, if results are available) 2) for the forces which suddenly increase: --) please check (in OSZICAR) if each ionic step was fully converged electronically up to the requested convergence limit (EDIFF) before the forces are calculated. (i.e. whether the forces were calculated after el. convergence is reached or because the number of electronic convergence steps (NELM=60, by default) was reached without actually being converged. The latter yields unreasonable forces. (in that case, please either increase NELM and/or try one of the above mentioned to improve the electronic convergence) --) if each of the ionic steps was converged, please check the relaxation history (XDATCAR file). Sometimes, especially the first ionic steps 'overshoot' a little. If that is the case, please choose a different relaxation algorithm (IBRION) and/or decrease the step width (POTIM) 3) the VERY BAD NEWS message is due to different lattice types obtained for the unit cell and the symmetrized k-mesh. (triclinic and simple monoclinic as it seems). maybe the axes ratios of the unit cells are not 1:1:1 ? please check. for the symmetry analysis, the Bravais Matrix , atoms' positions, and, if set, magnetic moments and atoms' velocities are taken into account. If nothing has been changed except the atoms in the PP, it seems strange that this warning shows up for some calculations whereas it does not for others. In any case, if ISYM=0 is set, symmetrization is not taken into account in the calculation later on, the only point to be careful with is the axis' ratio then. LDAU = .TRUE. LDAUL = LDAUU = LDAUJ =
Iron and steel are used widely in the world. The key processes for steelmaking including the basic oxygen steelmaking, the continuous casting and the hot rolling. As these processes are coupled to each other, integrated batch planning for each process is important for guaranteeing competitive steelmaking plant performance. we focus on one main batch planning for the processes of basic oxygen steelmaking, which are Integrated Charge Planning (ICP). ICP, for the given technical constraints (hard and soft constrains), deals with determining which slabs are assigned into one charge to minimize charge number; and maximum the sum of slab weight in all charges. As the problem is NP-hard, two new heuristics based on a variable neighborhood search (VNS) are designed, one is harmony search embedded guided VNS, and the other is simulation annealing embedded guided VNS. We highlight the summary of solutions obtained by each of them for comparisons of these algorithms. The data of the ICP are attached. README.txt Example Problem.rar Problem.rar
Yonghe Zhang ionocovalent theory applications (17) Application of the Zhang effective nuclear charge Base on the model of the Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* and effective pricipal quantum number n* : Z*=n*(I z /R) 1/2 Keyan Li and Dongfeng Xue derived a Ion electronegativity : X i =n*(I m /R) 1/2 /r i And YU Dian derived a electronegativity of the Noble Gas Elements : X y = 0.070n*(-E i ) 1/2 r c -2 Y. Zhang. Inorg. Chem., 1982, 21, 3886. Keyan Li and Dongfeng Xue , J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 11332-11337 喻典 , 重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2006 , 23 ( 3 ) 1-3.
Zhang ionocovalent theory applications (16) Ion electronegativityderived fromZhang effective nuclear charge Base on the model of Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* and effective pricipal quantum number n* : Z*=n*(I z /R) 1/2 ZhangderivedIon electronegativity : X z = 0.241 n*( I z /R) ½ r c -2 + 0.775 where I z is the ultimate IE . R is the Rydberg constant, R = 2 p 2 4 2e 4 /h 2 = 13.6 eV, h is Plancks Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* is derived from Bohr energy model : E = - Z 2 me 4 /8n 2 h 2 ? 0 2 = - RZ 2 /n 2 and Zhang effective pricipal quantum number n*is derived from the observation-feedback calculation based on the consideration ofthe spatial screening of the electron orbitals and the Zhengsionization energies : n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n* 1(0.85) 1.99 2.89 3.45 3.85 4.36 4.36(4.99) Y. Zhang, J. Molecular Science 1, 125(1981) Y. Zhang. Inorg. Chem., 1982, 21, 3886. N. Bohr, Philosophical Magazine 26 , 1-25 (1913) N.-W. Zheng, Ko Hsueh Tung Pao, 1977, 22 (12), 531
空间电荷效应space charge effect; 1、所谓的空间电荷效应是指由于电子的分布导致空间存在一个电势的分布.在激光脉冲内这些出射的电子通过逆轫致辐射在激光场中得到能量一方面与气体作用形成气体等离子体 2、 形成了空间电荷层,其电势低于灯丝的电势,称为空间电荷效应.此空间电场会把带负电荷的电子拉回去,抑制电子发射,致使能达到阳极P的电子很小 夫兰克 赫兹实验仪 温度计( 250 ℃ ) 本世纪初,人类对原子光谱的研究逐步深入,人们发现卢瑟福于 1911 年提出的原子核结构模型与经典电磁理论存在深刻的矛盾。按照经典理论,原子应当是一个不稳定的系统,原子光谱应为连续光谱。但事实上,原子是稳定的,原子光谱是具有一定规律性的分离谱线。为了解决这一矛盾,丹麦物理学家玻尔( N.Bohr )根据光谱学研究的成就和普朗克、爱因斯坦的量子论思想,在卢瑟福核式模型基础上,把量子概念应用于原子系统,提出了半经典的氢原子理论,指出原子中存在能级。该模型的预言在氢光谱的观察中取得了显著成功。根据玻尔理论,原子光谱中的每条谱线表示原子从一个能级跃迁到另一个较低能级时产生的辐射。为此, 1922 年玻尔获诺贝尔物理奖。 为了证明原子中电子的运动存在一系列稳定状态 能级, 1914 年,德国物理学家夫兰克 (J.Franck) 和赫兹 (G.Hertz) 巧妙地改进了勒纳用来测量电离电位的实验装置。他们同样采用慢电子(几到几十电子伏)与单原子气体碰撞后电子状态的变化(勒纳观察的是离子)。他们用此装置测定了汞原子的第一激发电位,后又改进电路测出了汞原子的较高激发电位及至电离电位,得到了与原子光谱测量一致的结果,从实验上证实了原子内部能量的分立、不连续性,验证了玻尔理论,为量子理论的创立奠定了实验基础。这两位物理学家于 1925 年获诺贝尔物理奖。 实验原理: 根据玻尔理论的基本假设,原子只能处于一系列稳定状态(简称定态)中,每一稳定状态对应一定的能量值 E n (n=1,2, ) ,这些能量值是彼此分立的,不连续的。原子从一个稳定态过渡到另一个稳定态时,就吸收或放出一定频率的电磁辐射。辐射频率 取决于两定态能量之差 。 原子能量状态的改变可以通过具有一定动能的电子与原子相碰撞进行能量交换来实现。夫兰克 赫兹实验就是通过直接测量出电子碰撞时传递的能量值来证实原子能级存在的。夫兰克赫兹实验的原理图如图 31-1 所示。电子和原子的碰撞是在夫兰克 赫兹实验管中进行的,夫兰克 赫兹管是在抽成真空的电子管中充以某种气体,电子由电阴极发出,阴极 K 与栅极 G 之间的电压 U GK 是使电子加速的;在板极 A 与栅极 G 之间加的是反向电压,它使电子减速,用于探测电子通过 KG 后的状态。这样,电子在 KG 空间被加速时将会与被测气体原子发生碰撞。按玻尔理论,被测气体原子只能接收与其各能级之间能量差相等的能量,而不能接受其他量值的能量。如果电子的动能低于原子第一激发能量,它与气体原子的碰撞将是弹性碰撞,电子几乎不损失能量,因而可能穿过反向电压 U AG 达到板极 A ,被电流计 pA 检出;如果电子加速后具有的动能足够大,足以使气体原子产生激发的话,电子将与气体原子产生非弹性碰撞,把其一部分动能传给原子,使原子从基态跃迁到第一激发态,电子剩下的能量将不足以克服 GA 之间的反向电压,结果将引起板极电流 I A 急剧下降。随着电子继续加速和减速, I A 将随 U GK 周期性的变化, I A -U GK 曲线两峰值之间的电位差就是被测气体原子的第一激发电位。实验观察到的 I A -U GK 曲线如图 31-2 所示。它反映了在 KG 空间中气体原子与电子间进行能量交换的情况。 被测气体可以是惰性气体(如氖、氩气),也可以是汞蒸气。由于常温下汞为液体,因而需要用恒温加热炉,使管中有一定的汞饱和蒸气,其中的原子密度可通过调节加热炉的恒温温度来选择,温度越高管中汞原子密度越大,电子与原子碰撞的机会越多。本实验就是要通过实验测定汞原子的第一激发电位(公认值为 4.9 伏),进而证实原子能级的存在。 原子处于激发态是不稳定的。实验中被慢电子轰击到第一激发态的原子要跳回基态,应有 eU 0 ( U 0 是汞的第一激发电位)电子伏特的能量释放,产生波长为 的光波。 实验中可观察到夫兰克 赫兹管中有淡蓝色的光发出,光谱分析证实了这一波长光波的存在。 假如电子在被加速过程中获得的动能 eU GK 足以补偿原子束缚其电子的势能 eU Z 时,当这样的电子与原子碰撞时,就能从原子中分离出一个电子,使原子变成离子。由于板极电位为负,电子在碰撞后到不了板极,而正的离子才能到达板极形成板极电流 I A 而被电流计检出。通过测量这个电流的变化即可测出该原子的第一电离电位。汞的电离电位是 U Z =10.39V 。