科学网

 找回密码
  注册

tag 标签: 英语写作

相关帖子

版块 作者 回复/查看 最后发表

没有相关内容

相关日志

推荐一篇好的故障诊断的paper
热度 1 Xueyan360 2013-2-15 06:09
今天读了一篇paper,关于故障诊断的paper。这篇paper是介绍结构健康监测的,感觉还不错。文章的题目是:An introduction to structural health monitoring,下载链接是: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1851/303.short 。如果是想看还下载不了的朋友,可以告诉我,我给你们传电子版的。 我认为这篇paper好的原因主要有两个。第一个是语言很好。这篇文章是两个english native speakers写的,用词准确,语言言简意赅又切中要点,读着就很舒服。对于我这种学习如何用英语写作的人来说帮助很大。另外一个原因是介绍了结构健康监测的基本知识,全面而通俗易懂。所以我觉得正在学习英文写作的故障诊断方面的学者可以读一下。 同时也希望有志同道合的朋友推荐好的paper给我。先谢谢大家了!
个人分类: 个人日记|3009 次阅读|1 个评论
[转载]英语写作检查软件汇总
热度 1 AbbyZhang 2012-12-21 08:43
1.StyleWriter(润色首推) 嵌入word使用。主要功能:检查拼写、语法等错误,润色文章。 本软件的诱人之处在于润色文章,可以有提示你对同义词做选择,让你的文章更地道。 http://www.editorsoftware.com/downloads/DWSWT.html 另外还有统计文章特征的功能,详见李泳老师的博文:从Stylewriter看英文写作 2.Triivi(检查首选) 英文输入软件,免费开源,具备词频调整、智能纠错,根据已经输入的字母猜出想写点词或短语,提高英文输入速度!标准版具有50万词汇量,专业词库(约20万词汇). http://www.triivi.com/ 3.Intellicomplete(推荐) 虽没有triivi专业词汇丰富,但定义性较强,且自定义语库方便,只需要一个快捷键Ctrl+Alt+J。 http://www.download.com/IntelliComplete/3000-2079_4-10062169.html 4.As-U-Type 是一款英文输入单词自动校正软件,根据软件自带的和自定义的校正词典,当你编辑文档输入的单词有误是,它会自动帮你校正。 此软件是在输入后按空格键后给出提示,没有实时提醒功能,这个很遗憾。 http://www.asutype.com/files/asutype-setup.exe 5.TypeTip 与As-U-Type功能雷同的辅助录入软件,具有实时提示及校正功能,但不能输入词组phrase,不过兼容性较好。 http://www.sharewareconnection.com/typetip.htm 6.金山写作助手 金山词霸自带工具。编写英文文档时,常常会遭遇当前语境不知该用哪个单词的尴尬,这时你会怎么办?打开词霸查找一通?哦,那太麻烦了。其实最简单的方法,是快速按动两下Alt键。这时词霸将自动弹出一个特别设计的“写作助手”模块,试着输入一下中文词汇吧。看到了吗?软件将自动弹出一组与搜索词对应的英文单词,如果感觉片面的解释无法帮助判断,还可以继续输入一个“分号”,这时“写作助手”将会在翻译结果中自动加入精选例句。 7.Bullfighter 可用作微软Word和PowerPoint的插件 ( www.fightthebull.com/bullfighter.asp) ,不过它只能在Windows操作系统中运行。Bullfighter的目标是找到并且删除你文章中那些难懂的部分。 8.whitesomke, WriteExperss 虽然WhiteSmoke也向中国和印度的母语非英语者推销这款产品,但公司表示他们最大的目标客户群仍是那些想让自己的文笔变得典雅一些的以英语为母语者。 http://www.jz5u.com/Soft/teach/waiyu/13557.html 9.http://www.grammarly.com/?q=grammargclid=CMyYrfSbqrQCFWJT4goddDQAwQ
个人分类: 软件|3539 次阅读|1 个评论
[转载]英语写作检查软件
why196 2012-10-6 16:28
1.StyleWriter(润色首推) 嵌入word使用。主要功能:检查拼写、语法等错误,润色文章。 本软件的诱人之处在于润色文章,可以有提示你对同义词做选择,让你的文章更地道。 http://www.editorsoftware.com/downloads/DWSWT.html 另外还有统计文章特征的功能,详见李泳老师的博文: 从Stylewriter看英文写作 2.Triivi(检查首选) 英文输入软件,免费开源,具备词频调整、智能纠错,根据已经输入的字母猜出想写点词或短语,提高英文输入速度!标准版具有50万词汇量,专业词库(约20万词汇). http://www.triivi.com/ 3.Intellicomplete(推荐) 虽没有triivi专业词汇丰富,但定义性较强,且自定义语库方便,只需要一个快捷键Ctrl+Alt+J。 http://www.download.com/IntelliComplete/3000-2079_4-10062169.html 4.As-U-Type 是一款英文输入单词自动校正软件,根据软件自带的和自定义的校正词典,当你编辑文档输入的单词有误是,它会自动帮你校正。 此软件是在输入后按空格键后给出提示,没有实时提醒功能,这个很遗憾。 http://www.asutype.com/files/asutype-setup.exe 5.TypeTip 与As-U-Type功能雷同的辅助录入软件,具有实时提示及校正功能,但不能输入词组phrase,不过兼容性较好。 http://www.sharewareconnection.com/typetip.htm 6.金山写作助手 金山词霸自带工具。编写英文文档时,常常会遭遇当前语境不知该用哪个单词的尴尬,这时你会怎么办?打开词霸查找一通?哦,那太麻烦了。其实最简单的方法,是快速按动两下Alt键。这时词霸将自动弹出一个特别设计的“写作助手”模块,试着输入一下中文词汇吧。看到了吗?软件将自动弹出一组与搜索词对应的英文单词,如果感觉片面的解释无法帮助判断,还可以继续输入一个“分号”,这时“写作助手”将会在翻译结果中自动加入精选例句。 7.Bullfighter 可用作微软Word和PowerPoint的插件 ( www.fightthebull.com/bullfighter.asp ),不过它只能在Windows操作系统中运行。Bullfighter的目标是找到并且删除你文章中那些难懂的部分。 8.whitesomke, WriteExperss 虽然WhiteSmoke也向中国和印度的母语非英语者推销这款产品,但公司表示他们最大的目标客户群仍是那些想让自己的文笔变得典雅一些的以英语为母语者。 本文引用地址: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-722391-585933.html
2155 次阅读|0 个评论
[用英语写论文之十二] 鼓励篇 老外的写作也不都是那么好的
热度 3 Enago 2012-8-14 19:42
英论阁 Enago 博文目录 英语不是我们的母语,所以我们总会觉得用英文写作很难。害怕的同时产生了敬畏,就会觉得老外的英文写作都很好。事实上并不是这样的。诚然,老外的口头表达能力,生活用语跟非英语国家的人相比,肯定不是一个量级的。但是,并不能说他们的写作水平就一定强。写作能力是训练出来的。即使用自己的母语做报告,没有思考上的障碍,也并不是每个人说话、写文章都是有条有理的。想想用中文写文章,作家写出来的东西跟普通人就是不一样。没有经过一定训练的人,即使用自己母语写出来的文章,也可能是颠三倒四,逻辑混乱的。只是说,他们的用词可能更加准确,地道一些。 实际上,很多老外的书面英语并不是我们想象的那么好,尤其是新手,比如还缺乏经验的研究生或者博士生。笔者修改过一些研究生的毕业设计报告,国外的学生在报告中出现的最大的问题就是逻辑不清楚,很容易出现思维的跳跃,让人觉得很怪异。而中国学生最大的问题则是文字、拼写、时态、名词复数、连接性介词上的错误。而在章节的逻辑上,反而问题比较少。可能是在数学或者物理等基础学科上,中国人的基础相对要更好,受到的逻辑训练要更多。对比国内跟国外的上课方式,在国内,老师也大都从一个原理开始,中间加入推导然后得出结果。习惯了这样的思维方式,中国人在写文章的时候,逻辑上不会有太大的问题。反观国外的课堂,原理、推导相对较少,但是在内容上非常广泛,导致了他们知识面广而理论深度不够。如果学生没有在课后花时间补充原理、推导的知识的话,写出来的报告总会觉的缺少了点什么。那就是原理部分总是说得不到位。 最近一个 PhD 学生刚刚完成了他的第一篇文章。在此之前已经被修改了十几道,结构上也被反反复复修改了好几道。我一般不去找他文字上的问题,因为我觉得他们在文字上的使用应该是较我更地道一点。所以看的主要是文章的结构。 在介绍一个器件的模拟的时候,比较容易接受的逻辑应该是这个器件用什么算法来计算比较适合,然后有什么工具采用了这种算法,接下来是介绍采用的工具的一些特点。但是这个学生的逻辑是,首先我用这个工具来模拟,然后这个工具采用了什么算法,最后介绍这个算法本身。存在的问题是,给人感觉你这个器件只能用这个工具来计算,而不能用别的工具。还有,在说到加工跟优化的时候,他先给出了实物照片,然后怎么加工,在描述加工时,提到尺寸的时候描述优化过程。这种逻辑看起来就感觉有点怪异,成了先加工再优化了。 这样的逻辑方式,中国人比较少。但是就会发生在老外身上,还不仅仅是提到的这一个学生。也许这是思维方式的不同造成的。不管怎么说,这个是他们存在的问题。 英文论文修改 笔者最一开始写的文章问题很多,但是没有人质疑过文章的结构。平时聊到文章的时候,他们都是说,你写的文章,思路很清晰,都看的懂。但是有些词用的很奇怪,我们都不那么用的。我想,这是对我们优势的肯定。逻辑上的问题,只能通过长时间的训练来弥补,很不容易。而且错误的逻辑会让文章变得很莫名其妙。而文字上问题,会让文章失色,但是不至于造成理解障碍,是可以经过一些额外的 语言润色 来完成的。 --- 英论阁 Enago 作者的英论写作经验交流 上一篇: 论文中单词的选择 下一篇: 也谈期刊的影响因子 博文系列一: 英论写作发表 (全) 博文系列二: 用英语写论文 (更新中...) 英文修改 英论阁 Enago 博文目录
个人分类: 用英语写论文|8916 次阅读|3 个评论
[转载]英语写作润色、检查软件
liuzi28 2012-8-11 03:33
1.StyleWriter(润色首推) 嵌入word使用。主要功能:检查拼写、语法等错误,润色文章。 本软件的诱人之处在于润色文章,可以有提示你对同义词做选择,让你的文章更地道。 http://www.editorsoftware.com/downloads/DWSWT.html 另外还有统计文章特征的功能,详见李泳老师的博文:从Stylewriter看英文写作 2.Triivi(检查首选) 英文输入软件,免费开源,具备词频调整、智能纠错,根据已经输入的字母猜出想写点词或短语,提高英文输入速度!标准版具有50万词汇量,专业词库(约20万词汇). http://www.triivi.com/ 3.Intellicomplete(推荐) 虽没有triivi专业词汇丰富,但定义性较强,且自定义语库方便,只需要一个快捷键Ctrl+Alt+J。 http://www.download.com/IntelliComplete/3000-2079_4-10062169.html 4.As-U-Type 是一款英文输入单词自动校正软件,根据软件自带的和自定义的校正词典,当你编辑文档输入的单词有误是,它会自动帮你校正。 此软件是在输入后按空格键后给出提示,没有实时提醒功能,这个很遗憾。 http://www.asutype.com/files/asutype-setup.exe 5.TypeTip 与As-U-Type功能雷同的辅助录入软件,具有实时提示及校正功能,但不能输入词组phrase,不过兼容性较好。 http://www.sharewareconnection.com/typetip.htm 6.金山写作助手 金山词霸自带工具。编写英文文档时,常常会遭遇当前语境不知该用哪个单词的尴尬,这时你会怎么办?打开词霸查找一通?哦,那太麻烦了。其实最简单的方法,是快速按动两下Alt键。这时词霸将自动弹出一个特别设计的“写作助手”模块,试着输入一下中文词汇吧。看到了吗?软件将自动弹出一组与搜索词对应的英文单词,如果感觉片面的解释无法帮助判断,还可以继续输入一个“分号”,这时“写作助手”将会在翻译结果中自动加入精选例句。 7.Bullfighter 可用作微软Word和PowerPoint的插件 ( www.fightthebull.com/bullfighter.asp) ,不过它只能在Windows操作系统中运行。Bullfighter的目标是找到并且删除你文章中那些难懂的部分。 8.whitesomke, WriteExperss 虽然WhiteSmoke也向中国和印度的母语非英语者推销这款产品,但公司表示他们最大的目标客户群仍是那些想让自己的文笔变得典雅一些的以英语为母语者。 http://www.jz5u.com/Soft/teach/waiyu/13557.html
1 次阅读|0 个评论
英语写作检查软件
热度 3 qianli8848 2012-6-26 09:11
1.StyleWriter(润色首推) 嵌入word使用。主要功能:检查拼写、语法等错误,润色文章。 本软件的诱人之处在于润色文章,可以有提示你对同义词做选择,让你的文章更地道。 http://www.editorsoftware.com/downloads/DWSWT.html 另外还有统计文章特征的功能,详见李泳老师的博文: 从Stylewriter看英文写作 2.Triivi(检查首选) 英文输入软件,免费开源,具备词频调整、智能纠错,根据已经输入的字母猜出想写点词或短语,提高英文输入速度!标准版具有50万词汇量,专业词库(约20万词汇). http://www.triivi.com/ 3.Intellicomplete(推荐) 虽没有triivi专业词汇丰富,但定义性较强,且自定义语库方便,只需要一个快捷键Ctrl+Alt+J。 http://www.download.com/IntelliComplete/3000-2079_4-10062169.html 4.As-U-Type 是一款英文输入单词自动校正软件,根据软件自带的和自定义的校正词典,当你编辑文档输入的单词有误是,它会自动帮你校正。 此软件是在输入后按空格键后给出提示,没有实时提醒功能,这个很遗憾。 http://www.asutype.com/files/asutype-setup.exe 5.TypeTip 与As-U-Type功能雷同的辅助录入软件,具有实时提示及校正功能,但不能输入词组phrase,不过兼容性较好。 http://www.sharewareconnection.com/typetip.htm 6.金山写作助手 金山词霸自带工具。编写英文文档时,常常会遭遇当前语境不知该用哪个单词的尴尬,这时你会怎么办?打开词霸查找一通?哦,那太麻烦了。其实最简单的方法,是快速按动两下Alt键。这时词霸将自动弹出一个特别设计的“写作助手”模块,试着输入一下中文词汇吧。看到了吗?软件将自动弹出一组与搜索词对应的英文单词,如果感觉片面的解释无法帮助判断,还可以继续输入一个“分号”,这时“写作助手”将会在翻译结果中自动加入精选例句。 7.Bullfighter 可用作微软Word和PowerPoint的插件 ( www.fightthebull.com/bullfighter.asp ),不过它只能在Windows操作系统中运行。Bullfighter的目标是找到并且删除你文章中那些难懂的部分。 8.whitesomke, WriteExperss 虽然WhiteSmoke也向中国和印度的母语非英语者推销这款产品,但公司表示他们最大的目标客户群仍是那些想让自己的文笔变得典雅一些的以英语为母语者。
个人分类: 科研笔记|8766 次阅读|4 个评论
英语写作作业
cgh 2012-5-16 06:57
题材如下,写议论文。 美国老师以为大多会选择继续手术,因为上英语课的多是东亚几个非英语国家的学生。 确实算不错的论题。 你是怎么想的呢? ----------- The Twin Problem... You are a highly skilled surgeon with a flourishing practice. You know you are very good at what you do and have earned the respect of your patients. ne day a Mr. and Mrs. Waterhouse come to see you. They are obviously very upset, and tell you they have a problem of life and death and need your help. The Waterhouses explain that they are the parents of 14-year-old twin girls named Irene and Meg. Some years ago Irene contracted a disease of the kid- neys, and she has been seriously ill ever since. Her kidneys are now so badly damaged that unless she receives a kidney transplant she will surely die within three months. Irene is a charming and open girl, full of vitality and intelligence. She is studying piano, and is so good that her teacher feels sure she will have a most successful professional career—if she lives. The parents tell you—as you already know—that the only kidney transplant which will be successful is one from Irene’s identical twin. All other kidney transplants are universally unsuccessful because of rejection by the recipients of the “foreign” tissue. Only Meg’s kidney can save Irene’s life. You also know that a kidney transplant between twins is a relatively safe operation. There is some risk, of course, as there is with any major surgery, but it is minimal. Both the donor and the recipient can get along on one kidney apiece. The obvious solution is for you to transplant one of Meg’s kidneys to Irene, and that is what Mr. and Mrs. Waterhouse ask you to do. But, they tell you, there is a serious problem. Meg has flatly refused to agree to the operation. Unlike her sister, Meg is depressed, socially backward, and shy. Her parents have focused on Irene’s illness and her musical achievements, and Meg feels profoundly rejected. Meg’s parents have told her about the urgent need for the transplant. They have explained that Irene will die unless she is given one of Meg’s kidneys. But Meg says she has always hated Irene, who has received much more love and attention than she has, and she—Meg—will certainly do nothing whatsoever to prevent Irene from dying. Every possible device has been used to make Meg change her mind, including extensive psychiatric treatment, but without success. In desperation, say the Waterhouses, they have come to you for help. In the state in which you practice you are permitted to operate on a person under the age of 18 if his or her parents consent to the operation. The patient, as a minor, has no legal rights in the matter. Mr. and Mrs. Waterhouse say they have decided to ask you to go ahead and perform the operation over Meg’s objections in order to save Irene’s life. They know you are the best possible surgeon, and say they will do whatever you decide—but they plead with you to decide to operate.
个人分类: 杂谈|3215 次阅读|0 个评论
博士之路系列十九:SCI论文英语写作实际体会
swuncyh 2012-2-14 12:05
SCI论文对英文表达要求非常严格,在写作中要注意逻辑组织是非常关键的,在写前一定要将所描述内容烂熟于心,在心中有一个清晰逻辑;写作过程中英语单词的准确合理使用是读者理解论文内容的关键,在用词前一定要将该单词意义准确把握,如果随便使用一个看起来意义相近的单词,读者阅读起来很难把握真意,在审稿阶段,很容易被审稿人拒稿;在论文中冠词的使用也是非常关键,用好冠词能够准确地指明描述对象,如果用不好,读者就无法准确地知道所指代对象,从而导致理解的困难,冠词不当使用是国内初次写作SCI的人士最容易出错的,我的第一篇文章审稿回来后,发现自己的冠词使用不当的地方太多了,结果审稿意见说审稿人阅读论文费了很大力,才理解了论文内容。所以写作能力的提高,必须经过多次写作与修改来提高,特别是高水平刊物投稿过程是一个非常锻炼写作能力的过程,因为当你写完后,需要通过审稿关和编辑关,高水平期刊除学术水平外,别外还在于英语表达务求标准,因为高水平期刊的受众面比较广、受众层次高、论文的指导作用大,代表世界先进水平。通过向这些期刊投稿,英语必须达到高水平方能被发表。平时经常有讲如何写英语论文,但这只是教条,必须经过实践来磨练,当然本博文也是“教条”,公供参考,要提高水平,必须要写英语论文,而且向高水平期刊投的论文,写十篇低级刊物论文所提高的写作能力可能不如发表一篇高水平期刊论文对英语写作能力的提高。在此推荐一篇美国教授关于中国学者论文常见英语描述问题的文章(The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written by Graduate Chinese Engineering Students ),其中给出了很多常见不当表述,在这次修改论文过程中,我阅读了该文,然后按照它逐步检查自己论文中是否有这些问题,结果发现自己论文有很多都能对上号的问题,基于该文建议,修改了自己论文近20处(全文共三页)。总之,高水平英语论文写作过程就是由按照汉语习惯和随意用词造句的写作,逐步过程到用规范标准的英语风格严谨 进行写作过程,只要成功发表一篇国际高水平期刊论文,那么英语写作能力就达到了基本要求,下面第二篇、第三篇...就不难了。
个人分类: 博士之路|865 次阅读|0 个评论
【英语写作重点词汇每日学】001
FrankZhao 2011-11-3 09:17
开始阅读之前,请思考以下短语和句型应怎么表达。学习完毕后,请回过头来,看你是否已经熟练掌握了这些重要的表达和搭配。 国际比赛 赢得/输掉 比赛 competition noun event in which people try to win sth 比赛 ADJ. international, national 国际比赛;全国比赛 knock-out 淘汰赛 dancing, piano, sporting, etc. 舞蹈、钢琴、体育等比赛 VERB + COMPETITION win 赢得比赛 : She won an international dancing competition. 她在一项国际舞蹈比赛中获胜。 lose 输掉比赛 have, hold, stage 举行比赛 : We’re going to have a competition to see who can swim the furthest. 我们将比一比,看谁游得最远。 enter, take part in 参加比赛 withdraw from 退出比赛 COMPETITION + VERB take place 比赛举行 be open to sb 某人可以参加的比赛 : The competition is open to all readers of the magazine. 这次比赛该杂志的所有读者都可以参加。 PREP. in a/the ~ 在比赛中 : I won the car in a competition. 我在一次比赛中赢得了这辆汽车。 ~ between … 之间的比赛 : a competition between the best teams in the country 国内顶级队伍之间的比赛 ~ for 为…的比赛 : a competition for the best chef 最佳厨师比赛 trying to achieve the same thing/gain an advantage 竞争 ADJ. cut-throat, fierce, intense, keen, serious, severe, stiff, strong, tough 残酷无情的竞争;激烈的竞争;艰苦的竞争 : intense competition for the contract 为赢得这项合同而进行的激烈竞争 direct 直接竞争 : Public transport is run in direct competition with the private sector. 公共运输业与私人运输业直接竞争。 fair, free, healthy, open 公平竞争;自由竞争; 正当的竞争;公开的角逐 domestic 国内竞争 foreign, global, international, overseas 国外 / 全球 / 国际 / 海外竞争 economic 经济竞争 VERB + COMPETITION be up against, face 面对竞争 go into 加入竞争 : to go into competition with British Telecom 加入与英国电信公司的竞争 beat off, fight off 击退…的竞争 : to fight off competition from foreign firms 击退了来自外国公司的竞争 PREP. against ~ 与… 的竞争 : They won the order against fierce international competition. 他们在激烈的国际竞争中赢得了订单。 in ~ with 在与…的竞争中 : We are in competition with some very large companies. 我们在与一些非常大的公司竞争。 in the face of ~ 面对竞争 : The gas companies are having to lay off staff in the face of stiff competition from oil. 面对来自石油方面的激烈竞争,一些天然气公司不得不进行裁员。 ~ among/between …之间的竞争 : There is a lot of competition between rival airlines. 航空公司对手之间竞争不少。 ~ for, ~ from 为…而竞争;来自…的竞争 : We face strong competition from other countries. 我们面临来自其它国家的强有力的竞争。 cooperation noun ADJ. close 密切的合作 full 全力配合 greater, increased 进一步的合作 act ive 积极的合作 effective 有效的合作 international, local 国际合作;区域合作 mutual 相互合作 : a society founded on mutual cooperation and shared prosperity 建立在相互合作和共同繁荣基础上的社会 cultural, economic, military, political, social, technical 文化 / 经济 / 军事政治 / 社会 / 技术合作 VERB + COOPERATION need, require 需要合作 ask for, call for, demand, seek 请求配合;呼吁合作;要求合作;寻求协作 : She called for closer cooperation on drugs control. 她呼吁在毒品控制上进行更为密切的合作。 They are seeking the cooperation of senior medical staff. 他们正在寻求高级医疗人员的配合。 enlist, get 争取合作;得到协助 : We are hoping to enlist the cooperation of women’s groups. 我们希望寻求妇女团体的协助。 give (sb), offer (sb) 给予(某人)协助;(为某人)提供协助 encourage, promote 鼓励合作;促进合作 : promoting cooperation between universities and industry 促进大学与企业之间的合作 ensure 保证合作 PREP. in ~ with 与…的合作 : The film was made in cooperation with the Sports Council. 该影片是与体委合作制作的。 with/without sb’s ~ 有 / 没有某人的配合 : With the cooperation of the public, the police may be able to catch this man. 在公众的配合之下,警方可能抓到这个人。 ~ among …之间的合作 : increased technical cooperation among large companies 大公司之间进一步的技术合作 ~ between …之间的合作 : political cooperation between the two groups 两个团体之间的政治合作 ~ from 来自…的协助 : You will need a bit of cooperation from your family. 你将需要家人的一点协助。 ~ in 在…方面的合作 : We asked for their cooperation in the collection of data. 我们请求他们在资料收集上提供协助。 ~ on 就…的合作 : They offered their cooperation on the project. 他们在这个项目上提供了协助。 ~ with 和…的合作 : We should like to thank you for your cooperation with us. 我们非常感谢你与我们的合作。 PHRASES a lack of cooperation 缺乏合作 a need for cooperation 需要合作 : There is a need for greater economic cooperation. 有必要加强经济合作。 teamwork noun ADJ. effective, good 有效协作;良好的配合 VERB + TEAMWORK emphasize, encourage 重视合作;增进合作 : The company says the aim is to encourage teamwork. 公司称其目的在于增进合作。 PREP. through ~ 通过合作 : achieving our success through effective teamwork 通过我们有效的合作取得成功
1 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载]对英语写作有帮助的句子
cs2bioinfor 2011-10-5 11:32
1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.   依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。   2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.   最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。   3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.   没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。   4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.   人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。   5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.   越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。   6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.   说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。   7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.   许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。    8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.   应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。    9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.   越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,像犯罪和卖淫。    10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.   许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客。    11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.   无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。   12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.   一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。    12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.   一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。   14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.   任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。    15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.   当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。   16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.   考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。    17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.   大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的    18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.   无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。   19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.   尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。   20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.   没有人能否认:教育是人生最重要的一方面。   21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.   人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。   22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.   在过去的几十年,先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。   23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.   事实上,我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。   24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.   我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。   25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.   人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。    26. The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.   从这几年我搜集的信息来看,这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。   27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.   现在,人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。   28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.   这是一个关系到生死的问题,任何国家都不能忽视。   29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:   我同意后者,有如下理由:   30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.   在给出我的观点之前,我想看看双方的观点是重要的。   31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.   这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。    32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I've collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.   尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展,用自行车的人数会减少,自行车可能会消亡, 然而,这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。    33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.   环境学家指出:持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题,而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。    34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.   考虑到这些严重的状况,我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。   35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people's physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.   使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康,并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。   36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.   尽管自行车有许多明显的优点,但是它也存在它的问题。   37. Bicycle can't be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.   在速度和舒适度方面,自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。   38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:自行车的优点远大于缺点,并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。    39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.   当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论,其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。   40. This issue has caused wide public concern.   这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。   41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.   必须指出学习只能靠自己。    42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.   许多人存在这样的误解,认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然,他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。   43. As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:   就我而言,我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点,有以下原因:   44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate. 人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。    45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.   即使最优秀的毕业生,要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。    46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.   人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化,近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。    47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.   现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。   48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.   一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。    49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.   对大多数人来讲,退休以后,阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。    50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.   对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说,找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的,正如那句老话:活到老,学到老。    51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students' doing a part-time job.   对于大学或高中生打工这一现象,校园里进行着广泛的争论。    52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.   通过做一份和专业相关的工作,学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力,而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。    53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.   近几十年,尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变,但必须承认,由于学费和书费日益飞涨,资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。   54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.   因此,业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。    55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.   通过上面的讨论,我们不难得出结论:业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响,我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作,这将有利于学生和他们的家庭,甚至整个社会。    56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.   现在,越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果,无法避免。    57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.   人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适,减少了大量劳动。    58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.   同时,随着这些机器带给我们的好处,员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。   59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.   没有人能否认这一基本事实:对于一般工人来讲,轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。   60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.   第二方面,失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。    61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.   成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识,使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。    62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.   根据最近的一项调查,越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。    63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.   通过以上讨论,我完全相信,随着现代社会的进步,幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。   64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.   近些年,国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。    65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.   许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用,应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。    66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.   但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。  67. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:   就我而言,我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制,理由如下:    68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.   另外,为了吸引旅游者,大量人工设施被修建,这对环境是不利的。   69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.   由于缺乏独特的文化,一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此,国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。   70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.   近些年,父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。   71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.   这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。   72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up. 许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点,通过学习,他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识,当他们长大后,这些对他们就业是大有好处的。   73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.   首先,额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出,孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后,从事一些体育活动,而不是额外的学习,是非常重要的。    74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.   孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期,缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。    75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.   第二,从心理上讲,大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。   76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.   当别的孩子在玩耍的时候,很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。    77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.   而且,由于要额外地学习,孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流,很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。    78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:尽管额外学习的确有很多优点,但它的缺点不可忽视,且远大于它的优点。因此,放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。    79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.   任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。    80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.   现在,父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。    81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.   父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。   82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.   然而,这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑,他们指出,孩子总是呆在家里,和父母在一起,是不健康的。    83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.   尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力,但是必须承认,与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比,他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。    84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出如下结论:尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的,但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。    85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.   应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园,这将对孩子,家庭,甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。   86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.   只要一提起艺术和文化项目,一些政府领导就会兴奋不已,他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园,城市中心漂亮的雕塑,还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中,没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。    87. But is it really the case? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.   这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上,基础设施建设非常重要,应该放在首位。    88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.   那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客,这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。    89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.   然而,很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。    90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.   通过以上讨论,我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面,基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。   91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.   那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点,将会付出他们无法承受的代价。    92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.   农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势,这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。 93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.   一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入,而且能学到一些新技术。    94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.   必须指出,农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加,并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。    95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.   尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献,然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。    96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.   许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场,他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。    97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants' lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.   建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验,知识和信息,这些将有助于发展农村经济。    98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.   总之,我们应理智考虑这一问题,重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。    99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.   尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分,然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。   100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.   我认为,首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。    101. In addition to the obvious problem--loneliness, another major obstacle, in my opinion, is the alien environment of campus.   除了孤独这一明显的问题之外,我认为另一个困难是对校园环境的不熟悉。   102. Freshmen often get lost on campus; fail to find the way to dormitory or library.   新生常常在校园迷路,不知道去宿舍或图书馆该怎么走。    103. Most important of all, apart from their hometown and parents, students couldn't catch sight of any familiar face and have to suffer from homelessness, which can cause certain serious mental disease.   更重要的是,离开了家乡和父母,看不到任何熟悉的面孔,他们不得不忍受思家之苦,这可能会导致严重的精神疾病。   104. In the first place, school authorities should provide far more services to help freshmen to get used to the new life as soon as possible.   首先,学校应提供更多的服务,帮助新生尽快适应新的生活。  105. The senior and junior students could share their own experience about how to overcome the difficulty they have ever met, how to adjust to the new environment with the new students.   高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他们的经历:如何克服遇到的困难,如何适应新的环境。    106. At the same time, young people should be encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop their interpersonal skills, which may help them greatly to reduce dependence on their parents and are essential in the maintenance of healthy mental condition.   同时,应该鼓励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往,发展他们的交际能力,这将帮助他们极大地减少对父母的倚赖并且保持健康的精神状态。    107. In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem and make our maximum contribution to help them spend their first day on campus smoothly.   总之,我们应重视这个问题,尽最大努力帮助他们平稳度过他们最初的校园生活。   108. There is a general discussion over fashion in recent years. One of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, which he or she likes, regardless of fashion.   近些年,关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服,而不管是否时尚。   109. This issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.   这一问题已被越来越多的人所关注,尤其是父母和教育专家。   110. Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes. And they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.   许多年轻 人一提到时尚服装就兴高采烈。他们似乎被时尚服装那多彩的面料,各种不同的款式所吸引。   111. Many people seem to overlook the basic fact: the major function of clothing is to keep us warm and comfortable.   许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实:衣服的基本功能是保持我们舒适和温暖。    112. Furthermore, people who addict to fashion clothes have to spend more time going shopping and pay more attention to the impression they make on others. As a result, it is impossible to devote enough time and energy in their study and job.   而且,沉湎于时尚服装的人们不得不花费更多时间逛商店,更加注意自己 给别人的印象。因此,他们不可能有足够的时间用于学习或工作。   112a. No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world. Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.   没有人能否认这一重要事实:最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。    114. There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.   关于这个问题,有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车过多而公交车不够。   115. Meanwhile, the numbers of people, who have access to their own cars, have risen sharply in the recent years.    同时,拥有私人轿车的人数这几年却在快速增加。   116. Moreover, many people, including drivers and cyclists, do not obey the traffic rules properly, especially at busy intersections. And this undoubtedly worsens the already grave situation.   而且,许多人,包括司机和骑自行车的人,不能很好地遵守交通规则,特别是在繁忙的十字路口,这无疑使本已严重的状况雪上加霜。   117. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of public buses should be increased.   在城市私人轿车的数量应得到控制而公交车的数量应该增加。    118. When asked what kind of school they are willing to send their children to attend, many parents say they would choose a boarding school rather than day schools for their children.   当问到愿意将孩子送到哪种学校的时候,许多父母认为他们会选择寄宿学校而不是日制学校。    119. Many survey show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.   许多调查显示越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和 设施。   120. At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional ideas that day schools play an extremely important role in children's study.   同时,仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用。   121. On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.   一方面,寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用,尤其是最近几年,这是无可争辩的。   122. Students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.   离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。    123. What's more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.   而且,生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间,这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。   124. On the other hand, the contribution of day schools can't be ignored.   另一方面,日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。   125. Due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.   因为较高的学费,大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。    126. Since it is unnecessary to consider student's routine life, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.   由于无需考虑学生的日常生活,日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。    127. Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.   而且,学生生活在自己家中,有舒适的生活,并有更多机会和父母交流,这对他们个性的培养是有利的。    128. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论,寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。    129. There is much discussion over science and technology. One of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.   关于科学技术存在许多争论,其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时,传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?   130. As for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.   我认为,传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事,这是社会进步的自然结果。    131. In the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.   首先,传统技术方法有些部分是有害的,并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。   132. Although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.   尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的,然而在许多偏僻的地方,仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。   133. In the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.   第二点,许多传统技术方法已经过时,应被现代科技所取代。    134. Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.   尽管许多人保持着传统观念,认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用,但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。    135. From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.   通过以上讨论,我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡,坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。    136. At the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.   当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时,我们比任何时候更需要森林。   137. Nothing is more important than to receive education.   没有比接受教育更重要的事。   138. We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.   我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。  139. There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.   无可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。   140. It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.   全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。   141. There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.   毫无疑问,我们的教育制度令人不满意。   142. An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create any pollution.   使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。   143. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.   我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。   144. So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.   时间是如此珍贵,我们不能浪费它。   145. Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.   虽然我们的国家很富有,但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。   146. The harder you work, the more progress you make.   你越努力,你越进步。   147. The more books we read, the more learned we become.   我们书读得越多,我们越有学问。    148. To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this really the case?   对于一般人来说,他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作,然而这是真的吗?   149. By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.   通过体育锻炼,我们能够始终保持健康。   150. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.   听音乐能使我们放松。   151. On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.   我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。   152. It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.   该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。   153. Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.   违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。   154. There is no one but longs to go to college.   人们都希望上大学。  155. Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.   既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃作运动。   156. It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.   可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。   157. Summer is sultry. That's the reason why I don't like it.   夏天很闷热,这就是我不喜欢它的原因。   158. The progress of the society is based on harmony.   社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。   159. We should bring home to people the value of working hard.   我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。   160. Taking exercise is closely related to health.   作运动与健康息息相关。   161. We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.   我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。  162. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.   我们的交通状况令人不满意。   163. Smoking has a great influence on our health.   抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。   164. Reading does good to our mind.   读书对心灵有益。   165. Overwork does harm to health.   工作过度对健康有害。   166. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.   污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。   167. We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.   我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。    168. Weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.   家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题,不仅是城里人,而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。   169. As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.   众所周知,假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。    170. Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.   现在,愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ,我们每人都应该接受法制教育。   171. From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngsters' behavior.   从上面我所提到的,我们可以清楚地看到,电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。    172. There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.   人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先,我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次,国民经济正在迅速发展,而且出生率已经得到控制。    173. My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.   我对解决这个问题的建议如下:首先,迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次,有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后,对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。    174. People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. Others, however, lose heart and give in.   人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败,有人能够经得起考验,从失败中汲取教训,并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而,另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。    175. It is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.   人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。    176. As a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." Now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.   常言道:事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面,科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。    177. Let's take cars for example. They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. Furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.   就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气,而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外,汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。    178. It is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.   普遍认为,在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升,还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。   179. There is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.   毫无疑问,需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。    180. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.   由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。    181. With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000years.   随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行,数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。    182. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First, it enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world and promotes friendship and understanding. Second, it is financially beneficial to China, which needs more foreign currencies for its modernization program.   旅游业给中国带来许多好处。首先,它使中国人了解外界,并有助于促进友谊和理解。其次,在经济上也有利于我国,因为中国现代化建设需要大量的外汇。    183 Tourism, however, gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to inefficient transportation system.   旅游业也引起许多问题。例如,它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。    184. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the many different sorts of expensed during long distance travels.   此外,中国人民的生活水平还没有高到足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。   185. As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step.   至于我,我相信,随着我国经济的发展,这些问题必将逐步解决。   186. A much better and brighter future awaits us.   我们期望有一个更加光明的未来。   187. When an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realizes it on its own.   每当机遇降临,伴之而来的是成功的希望,但是机遇不能自行实现成功。    188. If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. Otherwise, you will take no advantage of opportunities when they come to visit you.   假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志,你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。否则,机遇来临你却无法利用。   189. The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. The successful person always makes adequate preparations to meet opportunities as they duly arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see pass by.   成功者与失败者的区别在于处理机遇的态度。成功者做好充分准备迎接机遇的适时来临。而失败者工作懒散,眼看机遇悄然而过。    190. In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use of them to achieve purpose.   我的观点是:在我们的社会里,人人都有许多机遇,但是只有那些做好充分准备并且高度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。    191. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.   人类学家已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。    192. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.   一个地方的人口越多,对其水。交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大    193. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.   儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前,很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。    194. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.   父母的教导如果坚定,理性,始终如一,孩子就有可能充满自信。    195. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.   电视,这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑我们的生活和世界。    196. Television is more than just an electronic appliance; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.   电视不仅仅是一件电器;它是表达的手段和交流的载体,并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。    197. I am always amazed when I heard people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.   每当我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情,说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话,我都倍感诧异。    198. One of the great early writers wrote that: Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. If this is true, then the present situation should make us wonder whether the measure that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50 is reasonable.   一位伟大的作家曾写到:工作是医治人间一切病痛和疾苦的万应良药。 如果是这样的话,那么现在的状况应使我们想一想,强迫普通工人在50岁退休是否合理。    199. "The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them." Such is the remark made by Bernard Shaw, a great writer. This view has been shared now by more and more people.   著名作家萧伯纳曾说过:在这个世界上取得成功的人,都努力去寻求他们想要的机会,如果找不到时,他们就自己创造机会。这一观点现在正在被越来越多的人所接受。   200.Everything has two sides.任何事物都具有两面性.
3057 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载]英语写作必背200句
热度 1 bxlh2008 2011-9-11 13:29
1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.   依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。   2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.   最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。   3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.   没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。   4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.   人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。   5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.   越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。   6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.   说到教育,大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。   7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness.   许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。   8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.   应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量,努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。   9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.   越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题,像犯罪和卖淫。   10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.   许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少,以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车,而车上可能已满载乘客。   11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.   无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。   12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.   一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。   12a. A proper part-time job does not occupy students' too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.   一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间,事实上,把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。   14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.   任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。   15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.   当前,一提到即将开始的学校生活,许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而,对多数年轻人来说,校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。   16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.   考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。   17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.   大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力,而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的   18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.   无可争辩,现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。   19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.   尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。   20. No one can deny the fact that a person's education is the most important aspect of his life.   没有人能否认:教育是人生最重要的一方面。   21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.   人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。   22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.   在过去的几十年,先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。   23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.   事实上,我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。   24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.   我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。   25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.   人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。   26. The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.   从这几年我搜集的信息来看,这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。   27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.   现在,人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。   28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.   这是一个关系到生死的问题,任何国家都不能忽视。   29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:   我同意后者,有如下理由:   30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.   在给出我的观点之前,我想看看双方的观点是重要的。   31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.   这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。   32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information I've collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.   尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展,用自行车的人数会减少,自行车可能会消亡, 然而,这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。   33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.   环境学家指出:持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题,而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。   34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.   考虑到这些严重的状况,我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。   35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to people's physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.   使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康,并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。   36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.   尽管自行车有许多明显的优点,但是它也存在它的问题。   37. Bicycle can't be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.   在速度和舒适度方面,自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。  38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:自行车的优点远大于缺点,并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。   39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.   当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论,其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。   40. This issue has caused wide public concern.   这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。   41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.   必须指出学习只能靠自己。   42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a person's education is a most important aspect of his life.   许多人存在这样的误解,认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然,他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。   43. As for me, I'm in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:   就我而言,我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点,有以下原因:   44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate. 人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。    45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.   即使最优秀的毕业生,要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。   46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.   人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化,近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。   47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.   现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。   48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.   一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。   49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.   对大多数人来讲,退休以后,阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。   50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.   对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说,找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的,正如那句老话:活到老,学到老。   51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students' doing a part-time job.   对于大学或高中生打工这一现象,校园里进行着广泛的争论。   52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.   通过做一份和专业相关的工作,学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力,而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。   53. Although people’s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.   近几十年,尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变,但必须承认,由于学费和书费日益飞涨,资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。   54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.   因此,业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。   55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.   通过上面的讨论,我们不难得出结论:业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响,我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作,这将有利于学生和他们的家庭,甚至整个社会。   56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.   现在,越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果,无法避免。   57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.   人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适,减少了大量劳动。   58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.   同时,随着这些机器带给我们的好处,员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。   59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.   没有人能否认这一基本事实:对于一般工人来讲,轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。   60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.   第二方面,失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。   61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.   成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识,使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。   62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.   根据最近的一项调查,越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。   63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.   通过以上讨论,我完全相信,随着现代社会的进步,幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。   64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.   近些年,国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。   65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.   许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用,应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。   66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.   但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。  67. As for me, I'm firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:   就我而言,我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制,理由如下:   68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.   另外,为了吸引旅游者,大量人工设施被修建,这对环境是不利的。   69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.   由于缺乏独特的文化,一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此,国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。   70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.   近些年,父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。   71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.   这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。  72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up. 许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点,通过学习,他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识,当他们长大后,这些对他们就业是大有好处的。  73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.   首先,额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出,孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后,从事一些体育活动,而不是额外的学习,是非常重要的。   74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.   孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期,缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。   75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.   第二,从心理上讲,大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。   76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.   当别的孩子在玩耍的时候,很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。   77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.   而且,由于要额外地学习,孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流,很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。   78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldn't be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:尽管额外学习的确有很多优点,但它的缺点不可忽视,且远大于它的优点。因此,放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。   79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.   任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡,正如那句老话:只工作,不玩耍,聪明的孩子会变傻。   80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.   现在,父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。   81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.   父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。   82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.   然而,这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑,他们指出,孩子总是呆在家里,和父母在一起,是不健康的。   83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.   尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力,但是必须承认,与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比,他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。   84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents' desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出如下结论:尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的,但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。   85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.   应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园,这将对孩子,家庭,甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。  86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.   只要一提起艺术和文化项目,一些政府领导就会兴奋不已,他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园,城市中心漂亮的雕塑,还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中,没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。   87. But is it really the case? The information I've collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.   这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上,基础设施建设非常重要,应该放在首位。   88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.   那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客,这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。   89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.   然而,很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。   90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in people's life and economic growth.   通过以上讨论,我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面,基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。   91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.   那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点,将会付出他们无法承受的代价。   92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.   农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势,这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。 93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.   一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入,而且能学到一些新技术。   94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.   必须指出,农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加,并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。   95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.   尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献,然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。   96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.   许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场,他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。   97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants' lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.   建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验,知识和信息,这些将有助于发展农村经济。   98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants' lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.   总之,我们应理智考虑这一问题,重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。   99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.   尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分,然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。   100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.   我认为,首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。   101. In addition to the obvious problem--loneliness, another major obstacle, in my opinion, is the alien environment of campus.   除了孤独这一明显的问题之外,我认为另一个困难是对校园环境的不熟悉。   102. Freshmen often get lost on campus; fail to find the way to dormitory or library.   新生常常在校园迷路,不知道去宿舍或图书馆该怎么走。   103. Most important of all, apart from their hometown and parents, students couldn't catch sight of any familiar face and have to suffer from homelessness, which can cause certain serious mental disease.   更重要的是,离开了家乡和父母,看不到任何熟悉的面孔,他们不得不忍受思家之苦,这可能会导致严重的精神疾病。  104. In the first place, school authorities should provide far more services to help freshmen to get used to the new life as soon as possible.   首先,学校应提供更多的服务,帮助新生尽快适应新的生活。  105. The senior and junior students could share their own experience about how to overcome the difficulty they have ever met, how to adjust to the new environment with the new students.   高年级学生可以与新生一起分享他们的经历:如何克服遇到的困难,如何适应新的环境。   106. At the same time, young people should be encouraged to communicate with their peers and develop their interpersonal skills, which may help them greatly to reduce dependence on their parents and are essential in the maintenance of healthy mental condition.   同时,应该鼓励年轻人和他们的同龄人交往,发展他们的交际能力,这将帮助他们极大地减少对父母的倚赖并且保持健康的精神状态。   107. In conclusion, we must lay emphasis on this problem and make our maximum contribution to help them spend their first day on campus smoothly.   总之,我们应重视这个问题,尽最大努力帮助他们平稳度过他们最初的校园生活。   108. There is a general discussion over fashion in recent years. One of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, which he or she likes, regardless of fashion.   近些年,关于时尚存在着广泛的争论。其中一个问题就是一个人是否应选择他喜欢的舒适的衣服,而不管是否时尚。   109. This issue is becoming a matter of concern for more and more people, especially for parents and experts in education.   这一问题已被越来越多的人所关注,尤其是父母和教育专家。  110. Many young people always go into raptures at the merely mention of buying fashion clothes. And they seem to be attracted by colorful material, various styles of fashion clothes. There is nothing, they maintain, that can't be compared with fashion clothes. In fact, fashion clothes had become indispensable part of youngster's life.   许多年轻人一提到时尚服装就兴高采烈。他们似乎被时尚服装那多彩的面料,各种不同的款式所吸引。   111. Many people seem to overlook the basic fact: the major function of clothing is to keep us warm and comfortable.   许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实:衣服的基本功能是保持我们舒适和温暖。   112. Furthermore, people who addict to fashion clothes have to spend more time going shopping and pay more attention to the impression they make on others. As a result, it is impossible to devote enough time and energy in their study and job.   而且,沉湎于时尚服装的人们不得不花费更多时间逛商店,更加注意自己给别人的印象。因此,他们不可能有足够的时间用于学习或工作。   112a. No one can doubt the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world. Experts in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that such situation would produce unfavorable effects on economic growth of local areas.   没有人能否认这一重要事实:最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的专家开始相信这种状况将对当地的经济发展产生不利影响。   114. There are several reasons for this problem. One of the main reasons is that the number of vehicles is increasing much more rapidly than building of roads. Another primary reason is that there seem to be too many private cars and not enough public buses.   关于这个问题,有很多原因。一个主要原因是车辆增加的数量远快于道路的建设。另一个主要原因是私家车过多而公交车不够。   115. Meanwhile, the numbers of people, who have access to their own cars, have risen sharply in the recent years.   同时,拥有私人轿车的人数这几年却在快速增加。   116. Moreover, many people, including drivers and cyclists, do not obey the traffic rules properly, especially at busy intersections. And this undoubtedly worsens the already grave situation.   而且,许多人,包括司机和骑自行车的人,不能很好地遵守交通规则,特别是在繁忙的十字路口,这无疑使本已严重的状况雪上加霜。   117. The number of private cars in urban areas should be limited while the number of public buses should be increased.   在城市私人轿车的数量应得到控制而公交车的数量应该增加。   118. When asked what kind of school they are willing to send their children to attend, many parents say they would choose a boarding school rather than day schools for their children.   当问到愿意将孩子送到哪种学校的时候,许多父母认为他们会选择寄宿学校而不是日制学校。   119. Many survey show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to recognize that boarding school provides better environment and facilities for children.   许多调查显示越来越多的人开始意识到寄宿学校能给他们的孩子提供较好的学习环境和设施。   120. At the same time, there are still many people who live under the traditional ideas that day schools play an extremely important role in children's study.   同时,仍有许多人持传统观点认为日制学校对孩子的学习发挥着极其重要的作用。  121. On the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.   一方面,寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用,尤其是最近几年,这是无可争辩的。   122. Students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.   离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性。   123. What's more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.   而且,生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间,这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。   124. On the other hand, the contribution of day schools can't be ignored.   另一方面,日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。   125. Due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.   因为较高的学费,大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。   126. Since it is unnecessary to consider student's routine life, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.   由于无需考虑学生的日常生活,日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。   127. Furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.   而且,学生生活在自己家中,有舒适的生活,并有更多机会和父母交流,这对他们个性的培养是有利的。   128. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.   通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论,寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。   129. There is much discussion over science and technology. One of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.   关于科学技术存在许多争论,其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时,传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?   130. As for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.   我认为,传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事,这是社会进步的自然结果。   131. In the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.   首先,传统技术方法有些部分是有害的,并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。   132. Although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.   尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的,然而在许多偏僻的地方,仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。   133. In the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.   第二点,许多传统技术方法已经过时,应被现代科技所取代。   134. Although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in people's life, an increasing evidences show that it is less useful than many people think.   尽管许多人保持着传统观念,认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用,但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。   135. From what has been discussed above, I firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. The maintenance of the traditional technology and methods is futile.   通过以上讨论,我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡,坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。   136. At the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.   当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时,我们比任何时候更需要森林。   137. Nothing is more important than to receive education.   没有比接受教育更重要的事。   138. We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.   我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。  139. There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.   无可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。   140. It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.   全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。   141. There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.   毫无疑问,我们的教育制度令人不满意。   142. An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won't create any pollution.   使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。   143. The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.   我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。   144. So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.   时间是如此珍贵,我们不能浪费它。   145. Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.   虽然我们的国家很富有,但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。   146. The harder you work, the more progress you make.   你越努力,你越进步。   147. The more books we read, the more learned we become.   我们书读得越多,我们越有学问。   148. To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that English often means a good opportunity for one's career, is this really the case?   对于一般人来说,他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作,然而这是真的吗?   149. By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.   通过体育锻炼,我们能够始终保持健康。   150. Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.   听音乐能使我们放松。   151. On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.   我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。   152. It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.   该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。   153. Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.   违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。   154. There is no one but longs to go to college.   人们都希望上大学。  155. Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.   既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃作运动。   156. It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.   可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。   157. Summer is sultry. That's the reason why I don't like it.   夏天很闷热,这就是我不喜欢它的原因。   158. The progress of the society is based on harmony.   社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。   159. We should bring home to people the value of working hard.   我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。   160. Taking exercise is closely related to health.   作运动与健康息息相关。   161. We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.   我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。  162. The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.   我们的交通状况令人不满意。   163. Smoking has a great influence on our health.   抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。   164. Reading does good to our mind.   读书对心灵有益。   165. Overwork does harm to health.   工作过度对健康有害。   166. Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.   污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。   167. We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.   我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。   168. Weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.   家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题,不仅是城里人,而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。   169. As is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.   众所周知,假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。   170. Today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. In order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.   现在,愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ,我们每人都应该接受法制教育。   171. From what I have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on TV has great influence on youngsters' behavior.   从上面我所提到的,我们可以清楚地看到,电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。   172. There are two reasons for the improvement in people's living conditions. In the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. Secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. Furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.   人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先,我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次,国民经济正在迅速发展,而且出生率已经得到控制。   173. My suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. To begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. Secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. Finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.   我对解决这个问题的建议如下:首先,迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次,有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后,对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。   174. People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. Others, however, lose heart and give in.   人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败,有人能够经得起考验,从失败中汲取教训,并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而,另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。   175. It is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.   人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。   176. As a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." Now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. On the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. People in many countries are suffering from public hazards.   常言道:事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面,科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。   177. Let's take cars for example. They not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. Furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. The noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.   就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气,而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外,汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。   178. It is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.   普遍认为,在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升,还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。   179. There is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.   毫无疑问,需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。   180. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.   由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。   181. With the opening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000years.   随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行,数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。   182. Tourism brings China a lot of benefits. First, it enables the Chinese people to know more about the outside world and promotes friendship and understanding. Second, it is financially beneficial to China, which needs more foreign currencies for its modernization program.   旅游业给中国带来许多好处。首先,它使中国人了解外界,并有助于促进友谊和理解。其次,在经济上也有利于我国,因为中国现代化建设需要大量的外汇。   183 Tourism, however, gives rise to a number of problems. For instance, it becomes a burden to inefficient transportation system.   旅游业也引起许多问题。例如,它增加了我国本来效率不高的运输系统的负担。   184. Besides, the living standard of the average Chinese is still not high enough to be able to afford the many different sorts of expensed during long distance travels.   此外,中国人民的生活水平还没有高到足以使普通中国人有钱支付长途旅行的各种开支。   185. As for me, with the development of our national economy, all these problems will certainly be solved step by step.   至于我,我相信,随着我国经济的发展,这些问题必将逐步解决。   186. A much better and brighter future awaits us.   我们期望有一个更加光明的未来。   187. When an opportunity comes, it brings a promise but never realizes it on its own.   每当机遇降临,伴之而来的是成功的希望,但是机遇不能自行实现成功。   188. If you want to achieve something or intend to fulfill one of your ambitions, you must work hard, make efforts and get prepared. Otherwise, you will take no advantage of opportunities when they come to visit you.   假如你要取得成就或要实现你的雄心壮志,你必须努力工作、艰苦奋斗、准备好条件。否则,机遇来临你却无法利用。   189. The difference between a man who succeeds and one who does not lies only in the way each treats opportunities. The successful person always makes adequate preparations to meet opportunities as they duly arrive. The unsuccessful person, on the other hand, works little and just waits to see pass by.   成功者与失败者的区别在于处理机遇的态度。成功者做好充分准备迎接机遇的适时来临。而失败者工作懒散,眼看机遇悄然而过。   190. In my opinion, there are plenty of opportunities for everyone in our society, but only those who are prepared adequately and qualified highly can make use of them to achieve purpose.   我的观点是:在我们的社会里,人人都有许多机遇,但是只有那些做好充分准备并且高度称职的人才能利用机遇达到目的。   191. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.   人类学家已经发现,恐惧,快乐,悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色,这在全人类是共通的。   192. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.   一个地方的人口越多,对其水。交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大   193. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language, they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.   儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前,很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。   194. Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.   父母的教导如果坚定,理性,始终如一,孩子就有可能充满自信。   195. Television, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.   电视,这项从迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术,正在步入一个新时代,一个极为成熟和多样化的时代,这将重塑我们的生活和世界。   196. Television is more than just an electronic appliance; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.   电视不仅仅是一件电器;它是表达的手段和交流的载体,并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。   197. I am always amazed when I heard people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield.   每当我听说体育运动能够在国家间建立起友好感情,说世界各地的普通人只要能在足球场或板球场上相遇就会没有兴趣在战场上相遇的话,我都倍感诧异。   198. One of the great early writers wrote that: Work is the grand cure of all the maladies and miseries that ever beset mankind. If this is true, then the present situation should make us wonder whether the measure that the average worker is obliged to retire at the age of 50 is reasonable.   一位伟大的作家曾写到:工作是医治人间一切病痛和疾苦的万应良药。 如果是这样的话,那么现在的状况应使我们想一想,强迫普通工人在50岁退休是否合理。   199. "The people who get on in this world are the people who get up and look for circumstances they want, and if they cannot find them, make them." Such is the remark made by Bernard Shaw, a great writer. This view has been shared now by more and more people.   著名作家萧伯纳曾说过:在这个世界上取得成功的人,都努力去寻求他们想要的机会,如果找不到时,他们就自己创造机会。这一观点现在正在被越来越多的人所接受。   200.Everything has two sides.任何事物都具有两面性.
个人分类: 论文写作|1751 次阅读|1 个评论
又是一年,金榜题名时
baiyunrui 2011-8-20 10:24
写给自己的话,当作给我自己勉励 一生能做多少意义的事情? 高兴是短暂的, 想到他给我带来的好处,不仅仅是科研经费, 抓紧宝贵时间,多出好paper,为下一个科研攻关打下良好的基础 青年这次机会给我自己一个喘息的机会和时间, 更重要的是面上的, 1)打下良好基础 2)攻克英语写作和口语的难关 因为,做学问是一生的财富!
个人分类: 净化心灵|1 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载]新东方修锐的GRE-ISSUE作文讲义
FrankZhao 2011-8-16 16:50
说明: 坦白说,新东方的关于GRE的课程中,作文部分的讲解是非常烂的。因为我其他部分也没怎么听新东方的课程,所以目前还不能做出GRE作文是新东方讲的最差的课程这一论断。 由于对于GRE作文比较打怵,所以我搜集并倾听了多位新东方老师的作文的网络课程: 唐静我听的是网友录音,简直是在骗钱; 张雷冬的argument课程讲的一般,但是我觉得还不如自己踏踏实实解读一遍官方指导(OG)更有收获; 韦晓亮的课程貌似比较有名,但是整个停下来还是觉得特别陈腐,收获很小; 相对而言,修锐同学的作文课程算是其中讲的最好的了,主要是他给人的感觉不浮躁,有些细节部分也可以看到他花了心思。因此,我特地转载了他的作文讲义,原文来源于太傻,格式和内容都比较混乱,我由于有完美主义情结,所以做了适当修正。 Analysis of an issue Issue 题目的分类方法: 题材 题目表述的抽象程度 核心思想 文章的论证结构 Issue preparing steps 找题目主题词确定主题分类;找主题限定词启发论证思路 Free writing / Brain storming (列每类主题大提纲); 针对具体题目提炼细节提纲 Example : Category C (+) Benefits of technology improvement: makes our lives more efficient; improves our living standard; frees people from repetitive and boring works; (-) Harmful effects of technology improvement: Traffic jam, pollution, accidents; impairs personal privacy; adversely affects quality of living; unemployment the alienation of family and friends unstable and unsafe Basic structure of a whole essay: 开头段 introductory paragraph; 2-3 句 正文段 body paragraphs; 2-4 段,每段 4-10 句 结尾段 conclusion; 2-3 句 Basic structure of an outline: Intro: Core statement; Body: Topic sentences Reasoning/ Explanation Example Conclusion: Conclusion sentence 抽象类题目和具体类题目 : 抽象类题目的应对策略:以偏概全,列举典型情况 How to write the introductory paragraph Basic requirement: Brevity 全文核心: Core statement (position) Core statement 的位置: End focus 不好的开头写法 : 以问句结束开头; 空洞,模糊的开头; 常用开头写法 : B+P: Background + Position, 背景 + 立场 C+P: Controversy + Position, 矛盾 + 立场 Examples: 11, 25, 26, 31, 41, 99, 103, 112, 131, 164, 190 Q+A+P ; Question + Answer + Position, 问题 + 回答 + 立场 Examples: 36, 49, 114, 121, 127, 183,184 E+P ; Example + Position, 例子 + 立场 Examples: 118. "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress." Paul Ehrlich, a chemist, discovered a drug to treat those afflicted with syphilis. It was named “Formula 606”, because the first 605 tests were mistakes. The lesson we can draw from this story is clear and simple: discovery or progress is often born in mistakes. P+E ; Position + Explanation, 立场 + 概述理由(提纲型开头) Examples: 17, 136, 196 O+P ; Old-saying + Position, 格言 + 立场 开头常用词汇 : 表示正评价,同意作者观点 动词: share in common, justify, vindicate 名词: agreement with, compatibility with, harmony with, in favor of 形容词: appropriate, proper, apt, suitable, justifiable, reasonable 表示作者的观点偏颇 overestimate, overemphasize, overstate underestimate, undervalue, oversimplify neglect, overlook, ignore unnecessarily, unfairly 表示负评价,不同意作者观点 形容词: inappropriate, improper, unapt, unsuitable, unjustifiable, unreasonable 动词: contradict, oppose, argue against, disapprove 名词: contradiction, discord, disharmony, friction 表示争论,悬而未决 让步: concede, admit, grant 尚未有定论: at stake, in question, at risk, at issue 表示某人有某观点 in sb ’ s viewpoint/ point of view/ standpoint/ position from sb ’ s view/ angle/ perspective to sb ’ s mind, for sb ’ s part, as far as sb is concerned 引述他人描述 according to 关于 When it comes to As for As to With respect to In respect of With regard to 他人观点 idea, concept, opinion, theory, issue 正文结构类型 直线型(完全赞成 / 完全反对) 有倾向观点 平衡结构 没有本质区别,就在于正面与负面论证所占比例 Basic structure of a body paragraph: Topic Sentence 主题句 Explanation / Reasoning (why) Example 举具体例证 反证句 反证句的原因分析 反证句例证 Conclusion 段落总结句 How to use an example To give an example and its definition Illustrations 主题句的语言问题 位置:正文段第一句; 尽量使用后置修饰语; One reason in one paragraph; Coherence with the core statement 引导主题句的标志语言 并列: On the one hand / on the other (hand); For one thing / for another (thing); In one sense / in another (sense); In the first place / in the second place To begin with First of all 递进: Further / furthermore; Moreover, besides, what is more, In addition, additionally, also, still Not only…but (also) 转折: It is true, it is correct, of course; No doubt, undoubtedly, surely; Do, may, seem, appear, sound; Admittedly/ Granted, granted that; Concede, admit, acknowledge + However, but, yet, nonetheless, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand 反证句的写法 Unless A, B; If not A, then B (negative effect) cannot, do not, fail to do, misconceive, misinterpret, misevaluate 结尾段的语言 in conclusion, to sum up; in summary, in sum; all in all, on the whole, overall; simply put ( in one word); obviously, understandably, accordingly; Basic structure of a conclusion paragraph: Reprise of the core statement (paraphrase) Explanation 反证 针对不同题目类型的论证结构 比较型 Comparison; 推理型 Reasoning; 问题解决型 Solution; 观点型 Claim 比较型论证 Comparison 题目标志语言: More than, less than, better than, worse than; A rather than B (AB); Instead of B, A (AB); Prefer A to B (AB) 审题要点: 通过主题词确定 A 、 B 双方; 看清题目倾向 基本论证思路: 分别分析 A 和 B 的正负优劣 做出自己的比较判断 Example: issue 227 A: existing social problems (+) Why: immediate: The solving of some existing problems is urgent and critical for the survival of a society. (-) Why: Overemphasis of some existing problems could cause harmful effects. B: long term research (+) Why: help future generation: The investment for long-term research is of great importance for the development of a society in the long run. (-) Why: controversial, unclear: The consequences of some research are unclear. 推理型论证 Reasoning 题目标志语言: Because (of), since, for; Thus, hence, therefore; Conclude, conclusion, conclusive; Consequent (ly), consequence; Result in / from, lead to, lie in; 审题要点: 分清论据和结论; 看清推理关系 基本论证思路: (+) 分析 A → B 的合理之处; (-) 釜底抽薪,直接质疑论据( A 不成立); 拆桥,质疑推理关系; 指出如果过分夸大 B 的不良后果 Example : A, 101, 222 (+) Why: The extinction of some species has nothing to do with human activities. The protection of some species is beyond human capability. Some urgent problems of human society may have higher priority than to save endangered species, and need greater cost in money and jobs. (-) 釜底抽薪,直接质疑论据( A 不成立); Some extinctions are caused by human activities, directly or indirectly. Human activities → pollution → ecological balance → climate → survival of human and other species 拆桥,质疑推理关系; Although some species became naturally extinct, human society still has the responsibility to save those species. 指出如果过分夸大 B 的不良后果 Some species possess great value to human race, some of which are not realized by human yet. 问题解决型论证 Solution 题目标志语言: The way to …, should, through, by 审题要点: 找出题目要解决的问题; 找出 topic solution 基本论证思路: (+) 分析 topic solution 的合理之处; (-) 指出 topic solution 的局限性、不合理之处; 给出 other solutions Example : B, 230 (+) Why: Youth make up a great proportion in the general population. Fashion culture is best rep resented by the trends of youth. (-) Other solutions Mainstream culture: adults, seniors: Adults and seniors are the primary producer of fortune, and are also the primary consumer of mainstream culture. Example 2: B, 234, 52 Characteristics of American society: Business society: The business of American is to do business Racial diversification WASP: White Anglo-Saxon Person (Puritan); Afro-American; Hispanic; Asian-American American history 观点型论证 Claim 题目标志: 仅一句话,且为判断句 没有出现前三种题目的标志词汇 基本论证思路: (+) 分析题目观点的合理之处; 分析作者得出此观点的理由,欲擒故纵 (-) 分析题目观点本身不合理之处,有条件时当作推理型题目论证: 釜底抽薪,直接质疑理由; 拆桥,质疑推理关系; 指出题目观点在某些场合的不良后果 Example : B, 232 (+) Why (or under what circumstances) would public expect political leaders to withhold information? Benefits: Authority Necessity: To avoid unnecessary disturbance or panic (-) 指出如果过分夸大 B 的不良后果 Extreme information → extreme power → corruption, autarchy Example : B, 40 (+) Reason: Why would media and society expect an individual to speak for a particular group? Benefits: political and economical Necessity: cost (-) 指出观点本身的缺陷: Since every one could have more than one identification, it is unreasonable to expect any individual to speak for any single particular group. Also, individual opinion usually could not represent the view of an entire group. B, 69 (+) Special social and historical circumstance and demands are fundamental condition for the creation of a great leader. (-) Other solutions For a leader to be successful, many other essential characteristics are needed. Knowledge: → broad vision → great target Justice courage, broad-mindedness, organization skills B, 73, 136, 142, 116 Individual responsibility: Material Spiritual Intellectual C, 68 Family patterns: Extended family Nuclear family Single family / divorced family DINK (-) Some aspects of social customs and ethics are not changed along with technology improvements. C, 129 (+) Benefits of eco-tourism: To raise the fund for environmental protection Publication (-) Drawbacks of topic solution: Large scale development of tourism could cause harmful effects. Constructions Pollution (-) Other solutions Government funding Social institutions 写作语言问题 Basic requirement: Variety 词汇多样性: 避免重复,同义词近义词替换原则; Significant, radical, critical, essential, fundamental, cardinal; of great importance 尽量使用具体词汇专用词汇原则,避免使用抽象通用词汇; 注意词汇的搭配 句式结构:常用句式变化 双重否定句; 同位语; 后置修饰语 用于正文段主题句 用于修改文章 插入语; 表示论证的前提条件: if (it occurs) at all; if (there is) any; if (sth is indeed) necessary; if ever The government should make, if any, restrictions on the arts. 表示递进推理: if so 表示取非: if not 被动句; 三大重点句型: 让步语气; 倒装句; 强调句 语言注意事项 尽量使用非人称主语原则; 形式主语: It is widely claimed that… There be: There is a controversy over … 第三人称泛指 : Unless one person undertakes more than he possibly can do, he will never do all he can do. 词义替换原则 ; 避免使用极端词汇原则; 最高级词汇 : 频率最高级: always, never, no, all the time, forever, by all means 顺序最高级: first, paramount, supreme 唯一性词汇: only, unique, exclusive, sole (ly) 感情色彩词汇: 过分肯定词汇: perfect, outstanding, extreme, absolute, total, complete, thorough 过分贬低词汇: reproach, condemn, curse , ironically, surprisingly 长短句结合原则; 体会练习句型演变 D 题库:理性与感性 Rational: Objective, reason, logic, rational, plan, discover, invent Emotional: Subjective, Passion, Emotion, Inclination: bias, prejudice, desire, hope, Intuition, Hunch, Creation Rational and emotional: Natural science Business Jurisprudence D, 196 (-) Some important discoveries are based on laborious works, not accidental. Absolutely, Edison knew thousands more ways of making a bulb that would not light than you and me know. F, 48 (+) Benefits: A shortcut to become famous quickly: to upset old authority Necessity: Some theories will become out of date; Some theories have inherent drawbacks (-) 指出如果过分夸大题目观点的不良后果 The primary goal: Development and Progress; Avoid vicious challenge F , 241 (+) Why: Disobedience of law is a sublime virtue under certain circumstances; (-) Problems of topic solution How to define just and unjust? People may have different criterion in their judgment. may result in social disturbance and chaos (-) Other solutions Legislation Amendment Mass media Issue preparing strategies 1. 复习课上所讲内容,把握文章结构,论证过程,论证语言,整理文章基本结构语言; 2. 熟读题目; 3. 列提纲:分类题库大提纲和具体题目细节提纲; 4. 全文练习; 5. 修改文章: self-correction, peer-correction 6. 模考; 7. 考前 2-3 天:把提纲、模板全部过一遍; 8. 改最后一遍文章 9. 广泛阅读
个人分类: 英文写作|3572 次阅读|0 个评论
(GRE写作必读)领略GRE作文思维发散的艺术(by Dincyfeng)
FrankZhao 2011-8-16 16:10
说明: 本文作者是太傻的作文版主Dincyfeng,性别不明,但是行文十分犀利,这篇对于改革前的GREissue写作的解析十分到位,目前GRE虽已进行了改革,但是作文部分的考察重点并没有变,只是通过题目前边的指导语对于写作的大体方向进行了限定。所以这篇文章对于新G的issue写作仍然有启发。 领略 GRE 作文思维发散的艺术 —— 兼谈 issue 十大破题策略 本篇文章包含 十大破题策略十八种破题方法 超过 30 个题目匠心独运的解读 一万六千字的倾心奉献 一直以来我都对 GRE 作文有着浓厚的兴趣,其最大的原因恐怕就在于 GRE 作文不同于之前经历的任何一种形式的考试,它的魅力在于有着充分的发散空间,可以自由挥霍。每一道题都可以是一片天空:揣度作者的态度;体会题目中字里行间的意思和那些意犹未尽的暗示;亦或对题目的本质刨根问底;都是一种很有意思的经历。在这里和大家分享一下 记得刚开始准备作文的时候,基本上就是按照参考书的提纲写的,然而随着对 AW 理解的深入,特别是看过市面上绝大部分参考书之后,觉得市面上的很多破题方式过于功利,虽然我承认这些破题方式非常的快捷有效,但是我一直觉得 GRE 作文的发散性不限于此。那个时候刚好也受到 kizen 前辈的那句 “ 只有 ETS 的要求才是王道 ” 的启发,于是毅然决然抛弃掉了所有的参考书,另起炉灶自己写自己的。不破不立,在扔掉参考书自己去思考这些 AW 论题的时候,才发现自己得到的比失去的要多。由于脱离了参考书的束缚, 相信会带来很多令人耳目一新的东西 。 先来回顾一下传统的破题方式 一般的来说破题无外乎三种方式,赞同 affirmative ,反对 negative ,中立 eclectic 1.affirmative 模式-对所给出的题目持完全支持的态度,论证题目中所包含的命题合理的原因。 2.Negative 模式-对所给的题目持完全否定的态度,论证题目中所包含的命题不合理的原因。 第三种中立 eclectic 即是介于这两者之间,采取折中态度,同时论述命题的合理和不合理性。 ETS 在的要求里明确强调过对于 complexity 的重视,于是乎对于每一道题站在中间确实是一种非常不错的选择。两边的利弊都考虑充分,即在字数上有了保障,也对于问题的复杂性有了论述,而中立的观点又分成了两种小的模式,大正小负以及大负小正,简单的讲就是赞成的理由多一些或者是反对的理由多一些。 个人认为单纯的这样分类过于粗略,太抽象以至于所有的发散思维都可以归类到这样的三种。虽然我也承认,就按照中立的写法,把两边论述清楚, 5 分甚至 6 分都是没问题的, 但是这样写未免有点太模式化, issue 作为一个辩题,不是只有赞同或者反对这么简单的态度,立场可以复杂化,选取的角度也可以很多样的。 一.传统正负立场的的稍稍改进 写提纲的时候,一个很快捷的方式就是按照 issue5.5 的 “ 正 ” 、 “ 反 ” 、 “ 正 / 反 / 合 ” 的方式来写,每篇文章顺着固定的 让步赞同 —— 转折提反对来写。那么这种正负立场稍稍改变一下说法,就可以显得不那么的模式化。 下面具体说一下: ( 1 )承认题目有价值的部分,同时说明题目需要注意的问题或者是负面影响 (大正小负) 这种破题大多数比较适用于建议类话题,典型的题目就是 issue11 11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 开头主题句: I contend that to some extent it is of essence to develop such a university while some relevant problems and negative influences shall never be overlooked. 中间段落: 世界性大学是很好的建议。因为 1. 世界性大学可以促进各国之间青年的交流。而这些青少年是未来的主心骨 2. 很多问题牵涉到多国利益,旨在解决国际问题的世界大学是有效的 3. 然而负面影响不可以忽略。大学的意识形态,教授材料,语言等等都是要考虑的。 这样的写法实际上是对题目的一个积极的回应,努力的提出改进措施。 ( 2 )在一个层次上肯定题目,在更高的层面上否定 (大负小正) 这种写法的精妙之处在于,让读者接受了你的之前的观点之后,笔锋一转,抬高角度让读者又抛弃掉之前的观点。 99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." 这道题可以先承认务实的重要性,在生活的各个领域这确实可以保证最基本的生存 接着可以说,然而人的需求不仅仅限于基本的生存,在满足的基本的生存需求之后,需要满足更高层次的需求(成就感,梦想),理想主义就是这更高层次需求的一个代表。 这样的破题引入了一个人的需求的层次概念,站在更高的角度去否定之前的层次 再说一个艺术类题目 131 ,这道题我的破题方式会比较罕见 131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society." 1. 人是一种社会动物,不可能和环境完全隔绝,因此艺术作品确实不可避免的参杂流行的脉动。然而同时每个人看待社会趋势又是带进了自己的主观色彩的,因此在有色滤镜后,不可能真实的反映这些脉动。比如说贝多芬的 “hero” 原本是赞颂拿破仑的伟大,但是社会的实际脉动是什么呢?拿破仑自甘堕落建立皇权,内忧外患。如果从贝多芬的艺术去了解当时的脉动是不准确的。 2. 诚然,从一个时代的某一件代表作品是不能真实的反映社会的脉动的,然而如果把一个时代所有的代表作品综合起来看,艺术是可以真实的反映时代脉动的,因为在众多的代表作品中总结出来的趋势避免了个人主观色彩。比如从莎士比亚的悲剧中感受到的可能只是命运的无奈,从达芬奇的 Mona Lisa 感受含而不露的神秘微笑,然而纵观这一个时代的代表艺术作品,都可以表现出对于宗教、封建束缚的反抗和对人文思想的启蒙,这个时代在历史上就称作为 “ 文艺复兴时代 ” 3. 即便是当代社会,艺术看起来更加多样性,似乎很难有一个趋势。然而多样性本身也是当代社会主题的一个特征。艺术的交融更多反映了世界更重视交融的趋势;流行艺术的节奏加快反映了社会的节奏同样越来越快 我在写这道题的时候,一直在找寻不同于平衡观点而又可以兼顾 issue 复杂性的立场,于是我先写艺术是不可以揭示脉动的,接着笔锋一转,引入了 “ 单个艺术作品 ” 和 “ 同时代所有的代表作品 ” 的不同层次,在更高层次上抛弃之前的观点,论证艺术是可以揭示社会脉动的。 这样写可以写出辩题的一个 “turn” ,而且不同于一般的否定之前的观点的方式,令人耳目一新。 同样是大负小正,也可以承认作者的观点,然后站在作者的角度指出其漏洞和忽略的情况 ( 184 ) 184"It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data." 作者的这个观点自然有其合理之处,先有数据再有理论符合人类认知的基本定律。 接着从作者的论点出发,如果没有数据的时候不能去得出结论,是不是就意味着认知停滞?作者的观点是一种消极的暗示。这个地方就是题设忽略的情况,没有数据的时候的一些假设和猜想正是通向真理的有效途径。 顺着题目继续说,要有足够的数据才能有结论,实际上很多时候数据是否足够是不得而知的,这便是题目的又一个漏洞。 那么这里的反对观点就是对作者漏洞进行攻击,正是体现思维复杂性和深度的好机会。 ( 3 )融合对立选项 (平衡观点) 很多题目总是会列出两个 item ,接受一个抛弃另一个,这个时候可以把找寻题设中两个认为对立的 item 之间的联系,指出两者是共存的 先说 144 144"It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value." 这个题目其实写成一般的平衡观点就是艺术家重要,同时说批评家同样重要,然后平衡一下 然而完全可以把相同的论述理由贯上不同的论点,说作者人为的把这两者的作用给分开了,实际上创作者和评价者合作起来才让我们对艺术有了更深刻的了解。从三个方面来说明这两者的结合。 1. 艺术品本身实际上就有很深刻的内涵和永恒的价值,同时批评家可以让大家明白艺术品的价值在哪里 2. 那些流传远久有永恒价值的艺术都是批评家们帮助筛选出来的 3. 批评家可以给艺术家一些有益的反馈 同样的三个理由完全可以写成一边倒的方式,也可以质疑题目的 either … or 的选择。 201"The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas—not to prepare them for a specific job." 这道题典型的破题方式便是强调这两者并不是对立的,教育的目标应该同时兼有二者。 二.前提论述(比如阐明某一领域的特征),在这个方向上拓展 (政治,法律) 这种方式尤其适合政治类和法律类,在定义了某一个领域的特征之后,相当于圈定了讨论的范围,接下来的论述方向就变得明确了许多。 先说说法律类的 180 180"Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated." 首先可以论述一下法律的本质作为前提 法律的本质决定了法律是不可能完善的。法律是为那些大多数人的利益制定的,迎合的是大多数的利益,保障的是相对的公平而不是绝对的公平。只有在问题引起损失并且引起足够的重视才可能被立法。这就决定了法律是一个 remedy 而不是 precaution 这样的本质决定了法律的不完善性,还是有很多漏洞可以钻的。 有了法律不完善的这个前提,论述 Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system 的原因不是因为道德不能被立法,就变得容易了许多: 很多问题的产生只是因为法律规定不完善,特别是在新成立的领域里面比如网络商业,法律还没有健全,毕竟法律的发展总是落后于科学发展的。 政治类也可以用类似的方法,比如在涉及到政 府应该注重长线还是短线的时候( 56 ) 56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future." 可以这么写前提: 个人都是为自己的眼前利益去奋斗的,如果没有一个政 府的领导,很容易造成混乱,而政 府的作用在于,可以比一般的个体更能够全面的,长远的看社会发展,政 府的使命和作用决定了它不可以急功近利,鼠目寸光的解决社会问题。 然后就可以过渡到政 府应该长远的看待社会问题。 这样的前提论述的好处在于,给后文奠定了基础,在衔接上也显得更为自然,而且也是非常有利于反映对题目涉及领域的理解深度的。 同样的,很多领域的本质可以多思考一下,在考试中亦可作为 “ 段子 ” 使用,特别是在分领域写的时候,显得对很多领域有着深刻的了解,是一种不错的方法。 比如在论述科学的本质的时候可以写,科学的作用是探索未知世界,满足对于求知的欲望,消除对于未知的恐惧。在写到很多科学和投资利益的关系或者是关注科学家领域的时候同样可以用到。 三.分解题目,个个击破 ( 1 )将题目分离成几个独立的论断 这是一种在西方的文章中经常出现的思路,在 GRE 阅读中也体现的很明显,灵感来自于 NO.9 里有一篇文章曾经这么写 The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two accounts. 接着列举这两个方面是如何的 regrettable 北美范文中也经常出现类似的写法,值得学习。 159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds." 北美的开头: This statement actually consists of a series of three related claims: (1) machines are tools of human minds; (2) human minds will always be superior to machines: and (3) it is because machines are human tools that human minds will always be superior to machines. While I concede the first claim, whether I agree with the other two claims depends partly on how one defines “superiority”, and partly on how willing one is to humble oneself to the unknown future scenarios. 这种写法的好处在于, 通过分解题目,向考官展示了你对于这个题目关键点的掌握,对于命题的深刻理解。把一个题目分拆成三个,也易于结构的控制,使得框架非常的清晰,考官从分拆题目中也可以容易的把握你整体文章的方向。同时多个命题的论述在字数上也可以得到较好的保障。 当然这样的分解题目最好还是在开头提出来,要让考官对你的结构走向和预期讨论的范围一步了然。同时开头分解题目也可以对自己全局的思路做一个提纲的作用。 ( 2 )分析题目中的分论点的逻辑联系 这种方法比较适合于题目中带有直接或者间接的因果关系的部分。一个题目出来可以承认这个题目给出的原因,然后对于原因推出结果这个逻辑过程进行讨论。 7 、 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 其实可以分解成一个原因( The video camera provides an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life )和一个因果关系( so it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. ),题目暗示了一个因果关系,可以肯定这个原因,而不承认 video camera 的精确性导致了更为重要性。 这种方法算是分解题目的一种,只是重点在于对这个题目中的逻辑关系的论述。 实际上这是从 argument 中学到的一招,稍稍了解过 argument 的都知道,因果关系不成立是一类重要的逻辑错误。那么逻辑都是相通的, issue 中同样可以去否认提干中的逻辑关系,这也属于 qualify 题目的一部分, reject 另外一部分。 ( 3 )关键词分离写 ( 88 、 7 ) 这种方式在于分拆题目中的两个或者两个以上的关键评价标准或者对象 比如说 88 题 88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics." 以前一直认为这道题只能去论述科技和传统道德的影响关系,当破题已经山穷水尽,只能依靠论证、文笔取胜的时候,突然发现,其实完全可以把 customs 和 ethics 拆开分别论述。找出这两个 item 的有区分的地方,分离来写,既可以体现对于题目理解的精细程度,同时也可以体现 issue 的复杂性,避免了笼统论述的含糊。 大致立意如下: 1.customs 是可以被科技改变的,比如很多典礼和文化还有迷信都因为科学的进步而废除了,还是有很多传统被赋予了新的含义。 2. 但是 ethics 是很难被科技改变的,无论科技怎么变,道德是数千年以来人类共同承认的东西,是不会随着科技的发展而改变的,反过来是道德影响科技的发展 这样的破题避免了和大多数人同一个立意然后完全拼论证的境地,另辟蹊径。 同样的,上面说过的第 7 题也可以用同样的方式来破题 7 、 "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 这道题目其实有两个关键点,一个在于题目设定的逻辑关系(因果),另一个是题目给的判断 video 重要性的判断标准。那么完全可以从题目给的两个标准入手,一个是 accurate ,一个是 convincing ,分别论述 1. 摄影在 accurate 方面是有优势的。通过图像的再现,对于特定事件的细节都可以包含。 2. 然而摄影并不能作为一种 convincing 工具。因为摄影的片面性,很容易会造成曲解之类。而 written records 就可以解决这个问题。 这个破题方式的要点在于对关键词的分拆,最好要写出两个方面的差别,这样写的更为有层次感一些。如果两个 item 写出了同一个观点,那分开写反而会显得冗余。 四.抽象题目具体化 ( 136 、 212 、 37 、 25 ) 抽象化题目一向是题库中公认的最难以对付的一类话题,在韦小亮的大讲堂中的分类大多数属于 “ 行为类 ” 。这个分类还算颇有道理的,毕竟抽象类题目和个人的行为及判断标准联系不少。 个人认为,抽象类题目最难的地方在于,找不到一个有效的论述点。因为抽象类题目通常涵盖的概念非常的宽泛,甚至定义了关键词之后由于判断标准的无法准确建立整个话题仍然很难做到精细论证。这个时候不妨化抽象为具体,从更容易接触的地方来写这些话题。 然而就算是知道要把抽象题目具体化,如何具体化还是一个很需要讲究的话题。具体化的细节之间最好要有一定的层次和逻辑联系,防止零散的抽象化影响整体文章的逻辑联系。 由于抽象题目很难有一个通法,这里就多举几个例子,并且涵盖历史上著名的高频 136 、 212 先从 136 开始说起 136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare." 很容易发现,题目短的比题目长的更为难写,毕竟找到的切题点和发散点要更难,更需要自己的进一步具体加工化。 这一题记得 telsochina 老师有一种很不错的破题方法。在这里引用一下 通过对于一些极端的个例来讨论这个话题 “In this essay, I would argument that we human beings always have choices if we think twice about our situations and count on the support and help of our family and society to explore various On the other hand, efforts can be made to improve the situation at societal level when choice is indeed limited for individuals. The three extreme scenarios in our life may be used to illustrate my perspective: divorce, abortion and suicide.” 从看似最没有选择的三种情况出发,来论述即便是最极端的情况也是有选择的,进而可以推断在一般情况下同样有很多选择。从立场的选取来说,属于先主动的将自己放在一个论述的不利位置(看似最没有选择的三种情况),然后绝处逢生,令人拍案叫绝。 文章没有笼统的论述选择的存在性,而是将这一论述过程带进了具体的事例中,比如在 divorce 这种情况下,给出了 seeing a marriage counselor , seek help from their friends and families who know them well 这些选择的措施,令人信服。 文章的另一大亮点在于, 事例虽然选取的较为 “ 极端 ” ,但是却是社会上非常普遍和容易理解的情况,非常具有代表性。这也是抽象题目具体化需要注意的一点,虽然说是需要在个案分析中讨论题目,然而事例的选取要做到有信服力,就同时要兼顾普遍性和代表性 。 这一题的具体化也可以有另外的一些方式,这里我给出两种 比如从人的需求层面来说,分层次来论述 由 Maslow 心理学家的人的需求理论,人的需求是分为一个金字塔的,在满足了最基本的需求之后,才能继续追求更高层次的需求。而选择需求是属于一种较高层次的需求 那么从需求层次的最底层来看,人最基本的需求便是 “ 生理需求 ” ,也就是吃饭,睡觉这些维持生存的东西,在这个层面上,人是无力去追求所谓的 “ 选择 ” 的,因为生存是唯一的选择。所以一无所长而又好逸恶劳的人想要维持生机,犯罪作为他们的选择也就不足为奇。放眼自然界中,动物们为了生存常常没有选择,比如候鸟的迁徙。这些都说明,在满足最低层次的生存需求之前,谈论选择没有意义的。 在满足了基本的生存需求,安全需求,配偶需求之后,人们的选择开始多了起来。因为手上富余的资源更为丰富,人们可以选择求知,可以选择不同的工作方式。人和动物比较起来之所以不同,就是因为人类已经在更高的层次上有了选择的需求和权利。可以在不同的标准之上选择。 这样的具体化也算是借鉴了之前 “ 在一个层次上肯定,在更高层次上否定 ” 的破题方式。把层次分开讨论,也算是具体化的另一种方式。同样也选取了一些容易理解的,比较普遍的现象,更容易理解。引入了 “ 人的需求 ” 理论,从低层次到高层次逐一讨论,也显得条理性非常强。 同样的思路,同样的分层形式,我再用另外一种方式来破这道题。 这次选取的层面是: choice at different levels 从个人层面来讲,选择当然是多种多样的,从小到大人们面临的问题不是没有选择,而是选择过多。社会提供了一个内容丰富的舞台,在维持基本需求的情况下,自由选择是人们的一种基本权利,也是人类平等和民主进步的必然选择。 从社会层面来讲, Especially for those governments who set the ultimate goal of earning the welfare of all the citizens. 在涉及到国家利益的时候,通常是没有什么选择的。历史上充斥着不断的战争,那都是在利益纠纷的时候没有选择作出的最后决定。因为国家的主权不容许侵犯,人民的利益不容许亵渎。在这样的一个原则之下一个国家作出的选择通常是那个让民众利益最大化的选择,而秉承 “ 自由选择 ” 理念无视民众利益的政 府终将走向灭亡。 这个破题方式在 “ 社会层面 ” 的论述时其实有一点偷换概念,把范围限定在了 “ 把为人民谋取最大利益作为目标的政 府 ” ,但是仍然无碍于这篇文章在层次上将这道抽象题目成功的具体化,而且写出了每个层次的精髓。 花了这么多精力用三种破题方式去论述 136 ,只是想说,对于抽象题目,具体化的选取是很有讲究的。同样的,用类似的方式也可以使用在其他的抽象题目上。 212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable." 这道题上面的方法仍然适用,比如说刚刚讲的 at different levels 同样是一种很有效的破题方式 同样是从个人层面出发和社会层面出发,选取事例,这样的论述也更为有针对性和代表性。比如说从个人角度可以说对于经济利益的追求等等。从社会角度可以说环境污染和持续发展的权衡等等,这里就不再多讲了。 抽象题目除了分层次讲,同样也可以分为不同的抽象领域具体分析。这里略略的讲一下 37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect." 同样的,仅仅笼统的讲竞争和合作是很难讲清楚的,一个不错的解题思路是分为各个领域去破题,比如说在政治领域,经济领域,教育领域,科技领域等等 这样的横向展开将在后文详细论述。 再说一道题 25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible." 事情更为复杂,这是很难论述的,那么不妨分拆一下 从知识体系来说,是越来越复杂,从日常生活中的感受讲,是越来越简单。 1. 现在的研究学习的是前人的基础上的,所以人类知识的体系最终走向的是越来越复杂,比如古希腊的顶尖数学家们研究的几何只是现在中学生的普通作业题。几个世纪前 Newton 的经典力学现在也只是我们 college students 的课堂教学内容。相信不久之后,现在获得诺贝尔( Nobel )奖的成果也只是学生们日常的作业题。 2. 然而从我们生活感知的角度讲,却是变的越来越简单。一个手机现在已经包含了 MP3, game player, mobile 等等功能,让我们使用的方便。交通上也是一样。 抽象题目的论述先到这里。 五.定义法 这种方法是一个非常有用也非常体现思维深度的方法。最常用的有两种 ( 1 )对于关键词的定义 ( 17 、 159 、 127 、 64 ) 很多文章的 key point 就在于如何定义关键词,题目给出的概念不够明晰的时候,可以有不同的理解,而不同的理解就可以有不同的方向破题,最有代表性的就是 127 了 127"Facts are stubborn things. They cannot be altered by our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions." 这道题的一个很好的破题方式就是,根据 “fact” 的不同定义来讨论话题,怎么去理解 “fact” 决定了 fact 能不能被改变。 1. 如果 fact 作为一种自然客观规律,这样的 fact 是我们无法改变的,比如所有的生物终将死亡。时间是不能倒退的,这些是我们通过亲身感受可以感知到的,无论怎么努力,这些事实是不可能改变的。 2. 如果把 fact 理解为记录的史实,那么 fact 是有可能改变的。诚然发生过的事情不可以改变,但是历史本来就不可能完全真实的记录已经发生的事实。这样的情况下 “fact” 很多时候都是被改变的。 3. 如果把 fact 理解为人类发现的定律,这些 fact 同样是可以改变得,比如日心说,比如 Newton 的经典力学 之前提到的 159 题 159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds." 要深入的讨论,对于 superior 的定义就是很必要的,这个词的不同定义导致的就是不同的结论。 If the concept "superior" means calculating math problems at a faster speed, storing information in larger space and simulating results in a more accurate mode, it is unexceptionable that machines are superior to human. If the concept “superior” turns to other facets like analytical thinking, innovative solutions and emotional expression, of cause human beings would have inborn advantage. 再比如一些很模糊的关键词的地方就更加需要定义 64"Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it." 如果仅仅将 success 作为一个笼统的概念来论述,那么这个题目的论述会很抽象,因为你所默认的 success 和考官理解的 success 不一定一样,甚至是很可能不一样。毕竟每个人的价值观差异巨大,更不用说还要加上文化上的差距了。 那么对于笼统抽象的题目,将题目最关键的词 success 做一个限定,接下来的讨论就会顺畅的多,考官也会很容易抓住你的讨论前提,这样你的文章将会更容易被读懂,交流障碍小,自然会留下一个更好的印象。 从这个题目来说,可以将成功更为细节化定义,比如对于一个运动员来说,参加一次奥运会就是一种成功;对于商业精英来说,尽可能的盈利就是成功;对于政治家来说,构建和谐社会就是一种成功。细节化定义之后再来讨论 how to make the best use of it 就变得容易的多了。 定义法在 GRE 作文中的破题中占着很重要的地位,其中的一个巨大的好处就是,明晰了讨论的范围,使得讨论的思路非常的清晰。很多话题如果仅仅笼统的说,很容易造成例子和所讨论的对象不能精确的匹配。 实际上 GRE 的作文话题涵盖的范围很是广泛的,就算是在单个的话题中一个概念的涵盖也可以很宽泛的。就一个大话题泛泛而谈容易造成思维的不缜密,也很难把问题写的深刻细致。与其泛泛而谈,不如抓住一个方面或者一个定义把话题论述深刻论述清晰。定义法就提供了一个很好的基础,和前提论述的方法类似的好处,在一开始就定下基调。防止在论证段中突然来一句 “ 我这里的讨论范围是 XXX” ,这样未免显得有些突兀。 ( 2 )对题目暗示的场景进行定义 每一个 issue 题目都有着特定的感情、语气,有着自己的推理过程和结论。顺着作者得到这些结论的思路,就会对题目有一个更为全面的认识。 这个方式其实跟之前的前提论述有点相像,都是定义讨论的前提,可以作为让步段中对于作者观点的延伸,亦或作为衔接转折观点的基础。 比如上文中提到过的 issue56 题 56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future." 拿到这道题,可以先从作者的角度来想想这个题目暗示的场景。问两个问题: 1. 为什么作者要摒弃掉解决未来问题的机会而不是两者兼顾呢? 2. 题目的主题对象是 government ,从这个主题对象的特征我们可以 infer 出什么? 回答这两个问题,就可以说抓住了作者的思路了。作者在这里假定了一个没有说出的前提,那就是: 社会资源是稀缺的,不足以同时解决社会的近期问题和长远问题,所以取舍是必要的 ,这也是为什么作者摒弃了长远问题。同时作者也隐藏了另外一层意思: a government of the people, by the people and for the people should try to maximize the benefit of its citizens. 这就是政 府应该起到的作用 ,也就是为什么作者的论述主体是 “government” 。 那么在写这道题的时候,就可以在让步段的论述中定义一个场景:社会资源是稀缺的,没有办法同时解决近期问题和长远问题。必须在这两者之间作出选择。 接着在这个场景下论述:而短期问题常常是危及生存的,作者基于这样的考虑将有限的资源放在解决短线问题上,是一个不错的选择。 在接下来的反方向论证中,又可以定义另外一个场景:一个源自人民,一切为了人民的政 府应该从大局出发,考虑所有人的利益最大化,因为这才是作者所说的 “ 政 府 ” 的职责所在。 接着在这个场景下论述:政 府的职责决定了在处理问题的时候要以大局为重,不能鼠目寸光,仅仅顾及眼前的利益。 这样的场景定义充分展现了你对于这个 issue 题目的来源,背后的隐含暗示的理解,同时在定义的场景下论述也把题目的观点和自己的观点衔接的更加自然。 再说一个 issue11 11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 和 56 题同样的,可以想想文中的一下暗示的场景 1. 这些问题一般的大学为什么解决不了?为什么世界性大学可以解决? 2. 为什么是建立大学的方式,而不是其他的方式 ? 答案就是题目隐含的一些场景: 1. 很多问题单单靠一个国家是解决不了的,必须依靠多个国家的合作,合作中需要一些理念或者说智力支持,这是世界性大学才能解决的 2. 大学是优秀青年进修的场所,是各个国家未来的主心骨( backbone ),影响着未来各国对于合作的的理解。大学就是一种灌输合作理念很有效的方式 那么在写赞同这个题目的观点的时候, 从题目中 infer 出场景并进行定义,然后推广和细化讨论分析。这就是思维发散的又一种有效的方式。而且从题目出发,紧扣题目,也不容易偏离方向。 六.质疑题目的前提假设 ( 190 、 17 ) ( 1 )质疑价值观 这种破题方式需要对题目所隐含的前提或者说道德参考标准或者说语气有一个充分的认识。 谨慎使用, 以免走火入魔 这种破题方式的灵感同样来自于 argument , argument 中最需要练习的就是将作者的前提拎出来,然后当作靶子大肆攻击一番,然而值得注意的是 ETS 也明确过 issue 和 argument 要求是不一样的,所以 issue 质疑前提假设的时候也需要稍稍改变一下角度,写的和 argument 一样的话后果会比较严重 。 具体的说, argument 更多的注重批驳前提的逻辑错误,更多的有一点咬文嚼字的味道,具有非常强的客观性。而 issue 中质疑前提是一种对题目所隐含的价值观的质疑,仍然带有很浓烈的主观色彩。掌握了这一点,才是对质疑题目前提假设更好的把握。 和前面的定义题目场景方式有一点类似,也是需要挖掘作者的暗示和前提假设,但是这个地方是从道德标准或者说是价值观来入手更多一点 举个例子: 17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." 如果我来写,上来就会质疑这道题的一个隐含前提:作者不合理的假定法律是可以分为正义和不正义的 题目实际上把法律和正义的概念混为一谈了,法律的本质决定了法律是不可能代表正义的。法律是为那些大多数人的利益制定的,迎合的是大多数的利益,保障的是相对的公平而不是绝对的公平。只有在问题引起损失并且引起足够的重视才可能被立法。这就决定了法律是一个 remedy 而不是 precaution 这样的本质决定了法律的不完善性,不能和正义混为一谈。 推翻了这一条之后,就可以接着写,法律是必须要遵守的,无论合理不合理。 这样破题在推翻了题设前提之后,需要自己另外再建立一套前提,在这个先破后立的过程中展现自己立论的技巧,不失为一种妙招。 再举个例子 190"As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the art 这个地方作者也有两个很不合理的前提, 1. 只要社会中有人在饿肚子,就不应该去支持艺术。换言之,要完全消除了饥饿,贫困之后,才能继续支持艺术。 2. 作者错误的假定,支持艺术就不能得到资源的回报,不能对物质生活产生贡献 然而常识告诉我们饥饿,贫困是一个世界性难题,就算倾尽全部社会资源也不一定可以达到目的,如果非要先解决贫困问题,艺术很可能永远也发展不起来;而艺术很多时候是可以和物质互相促进繁荣的,比如一个好莱坞就可以解决大量的人口就业问题,同样可以缓解社会的饥饿贫困。 这一题使用质疑前提比 17 题就更为容易一点,因为这个地方作者的前提假设更为混乱。这样写也更为针对题目,并且也比较显示思考的深度。 需要指出的是,这种破题方式适用的地方并不是太多,因为题库中有明显的不合理前提的题目也并不多,只是在一些偶然场合也许会起到奇效。 ( 2 )攻击绝对语气 很多题目喜欢用 any 这个词语,这个词上其实就可以大做文章了。这个词其实很不好的暗示了一种绝对的立场,而绝对化的立场在讲究立场合理的 issue 中是不搭调的。 212 - "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable." 开头就可以攻击 by using the word "any" the author's ground may be absolute to some extent since in many cases the cost of the mean should weigh against the value of goal before making final judgment. 接着引出下文段落,重点写这里所说的 cost-benefit analysis ,独成一段。 还有很多题目喜欢用 only 这个词,一样的攻击,比如 issue138 138"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress." 从 only 出发,得到两个立意: 1. 这个地方用了 only ,实际上是一种很不好的暗示,只有通过犯错误才能进步,而完全忽略了人们对于总结经验中所取得的进步。 2. 同时 only 也似乎在错误的鼓励人们去犯错误,而仅仅通过犯错误是不会得到进步的 七.步步逼近,直探核心 这是所有的破题方式中最抽象的一种,需要对每个话题的讨论构架,争论焦点有充分的认识。实际上这种方法不仅仅可以用来破题,更多的可以用来拓展对题目的认识。 这种方法说白一点,就是一步一步缩小讨论的范围,找到争论的焦点位置。把握了这一点,那么题目向左走向右走就可以任意决定了。 下面举例子说明一下 还是刚才前面举例过的 131 题,顺便说一下我是如何想到这样的破题方式的 131"The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society." 按照一般的正负观点,向左走向右走都是可以的 而如果是向左走,大概可以是这样的观点:人是一种社会动物,不可能和环境完全隔绝,艺术作品不可避免的参杂流行的脉动。尽管这些艺术作品代表的都是个人的对于社会脉动的理解,然而这样的理解中或多或少的会反映出来这些脉动。 如果是向右走,大概可以这样反驳:诚然人是一种社会动物,不可能和环境完全隔绝,因此艺术作品不可避免的参杂流行的脉动。然而同时每个人看待社会趋势又是带进了自己的主观色彩的,因此在有色滤镜后,不可能真实的反映这些脉动。另外艺术同样也可以作为一种自娱,完全可以和社会没有关系。 对比一下就可以发现,两边都承认的一个讨论基础是:人是一种社会动物,不可能和环境完全隔绝,因此艺术作品不可避免的参杂流行的脉动。然而同时每个人看待社会趋势又是带进了自己的主观色彩的 双方争议的焦点是:究竟这样带着有色滤镜之后的艺术作品能否反映社会的脉动 这个地方就是题目的核心了,带着这个核心去思考问题,一个很有意思的情况是,反方的观点可以被正方拿过来使用,正方的观点可以被反方拿过来使用。因为核心部分是两边都承认的,顺着题目的核心来利用相反观点的例子也成为可能。 继续往下深入,反方说带着有色滤镜的艺术作品不能反映社会的脉动的原因是这些艺术作品会曲解社会的脉动,同时也完全有可能是自娱自乐,比如莎士比亚的悲剧中就很难找到一个时代的特征观点。那么正方就刚好可以利用这一焦点,避重就轻,承认单个的艺术作品不能反映社会的脉动,也承认莎翁的作品不能反映时代的观点,但是每一件艺术品可以反映一部分脉动,因此如果审视一个时代有代表性的作品,就完全可以体会到社会的脉动。把反方的例子进行拓展:比如从莎士比亚的悲剧中感受到的可能只是命运的无奈,从达芬奇的 Mona Lisa 感受含而不露的神秘微笑,然而纵观这一个时代的代表艺术作品,都可以表现出对于宗教、封建束缚的反抗和对人文思想的启蒙,这个时代在历史上就称作为 “ 文艺复兴时代 ” 。 至此,这个话题从核心问题出发,统一了两边的观点,这个时候向左走向右走就比较随意了。 再举一个例子 70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership." 这个题目向左走,就是革新可以带来成功;向右走,就是保持原来的班子可以成功 双方争论的焦点在于,新的领导层能不能比老的领导层更为成功 掌握了这个题目的核心,反方的观点也可以被正方利用 比如说反方也许会说老的领导层留下了很多宝贵的经验财富,良好的运作方式等等,那么正方就可以接着这个观点说,因为原来的领导层已经做的很好,想继续进步就没有以前那么容易了。同时新的领导层继承了原来的良好运作方式,更容易在已经有的基础上作出新改良,从而比原来更成功。 这样的探究题目的核心不是很适合在实际构架中运用,但是可以作为吃透题目的一种思维方式。 八.横向展开 ( 186 、 164 、 36 ) 横向展开,说的简单一点,就是常说的分情况讨论。也是一种指出题目在一些时候成立,另一些时候不成立的有效方法。 ( 1 )具体的领域展开 先讲讲适用场合 这就是常说的分领域讨论了,在题库中如果多留意的话,经常会看到有一些题目喜欢把领域列出来,比如说 issue99 和 issue70 99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." 70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership." 实际上这样的列出其实就是一种明显的提示:这个问题需要考虑不同的领域! 还有很多题目,带有 any field 或者 any profession 这样的字眼,其立场是很绝对的,这个时候也是使用分领域破题的大好机会。比如 87"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." 165"In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority." 这类题目的破题倒不是很难,甚至属于题库中最简单的部分,毕竟都把领域分好了,无论是凑字数还是整合构架都是很容易的部分。 这种方式同样也可以推广到其他的题目中去。 比如和上述提到的题目相近的题材也是可以借鉴的。比如说 issue164 164"Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes." 和上面说的 issue87 题其实是非常相像的,这个时候完全可以把 87 的思路拿来直接使用。分领域说明不同情况有不同结论。 这种方式需要注意的问题: 1. 很难写出除了并列以外更深层次的逻辑,仅仅是几个段落的零落容易使得构架松散,建议段首多使用一些逻辑连接词,比如 when it turns to the realm of…../In considering the field of…/When it comes to … 等等 2. 尽量写出每个领域独特的地方,如果两个领域用了同样一个理由,那不如合成一段来写,否则会显得非常的冗余。尽量写出分领域的特点也可以体现对各个场景的深刻理解。 ( 2 )抽象领域的展开 和上面具体领域展开不同的是,这样的展开仅仅是在不同的角度去考虑问题,多视角的考虑问题比单纯的具体领域展开要更为体现思维的复杂性和深刻性,两者相较而言,更推荐这种方式。 比较典型的是 issue121 121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species." 这道题可以从不同的角度来分拆题目 比如说从良知的角度来展开,尽管很多物种是由于自然的原因灭绝的,然而人类对于自然环境的破坏是不可否认的,需要对人类自身发展引起的后果承担一定的责任 从经济学的角度来看( cost-benefit analysis ),人类如果 make extraordinary efforts ,会严重损害人类自身的生活质量,甚至威胁到部分人的生存,这样的代价未免太大 从生物科学的角度来讲,要救助那些物种会带来什么样子的后果同样不得而知,大自然作为一个 intricate matrix of interdependent relationship. 我们的很多保护举动实际上却成为了加速灭亡其他动物的行经。 同时也需要关注每个论述角度之间的逻辑联系,尽量做到衔接自然 其他的题目也可以靠类似的思路展开,这里不再详述。 九.纵向展开 ( 112 、 51 、 170 、 153 ) 顾名思义,就是按照时间轴来展开,跟分情况讨论有些相像,但在段落逻辑联系之间联系要强一些。 ( 1 )分阶段讨论 在教育类领域应用较多一点,最典型的应用就是 issue51 和 issue112 51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student." 教育是否应该去满足学生的兴趣和需求这个话题可以从教育的各个阶段的性质着手,在初级阶段,应该有一个全面的课程。而在大学阶段,满足需求和兴趣就显得重要了 具体的说 For primary and secondary school students it is more imperative to adopt a national curriculum which ensures the comprehensive coverage of important subjects. At the nascent stage of education a broad foundation is required for subsequent advances in any particular field. Moreover most students might not be qualified to make their own decisions about their needs and where lays their greatest potential. However at college level education aimed at satisfying the needs and interests of every student has become necessary. Since college students have turned to be well-informed and responsible adults, education should be designed to help individuals to develop their own strengths and achieve their goals. 实际上这也是一种变相的具体问题具体分析的形式,体现了对于 issue 复杂性的理解。 再来一个 112 112"Some educational systems emphasize the development of students' capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions." 和 51 类似的,破题时可以说需要 case-by-case analysis 先定义题目中的两个关键词 Reasoning and logical thinking refers to deduction, inference that forges people's professional skills and generates practicality while emotions comprises sentiments, personalities that endow us thousands of subtle feelings. 然后分阶段论述: 1. 在初级的教育阶段,进行 emotional exploration 是更为必要的,这个时候要教会学生怎么做人,怎么控制和表达情感。 2. 而在高等教育阶段, logical thinking and reasoning 的教育就更为重要了。作为一个成年人、社会人,不仅是要为自己负责,还要为家庭,社会负责。培养对应的工作技能就变得尤为重要。 涉及到教育类的题目这样的方法很多都是很适用的,毕竟初等教育的目标和高等教育的目标有着很大的差别。 分阶段写需要注意的问题:需要明确写出各个阶段的显著特点和题设条件在各个阶段为什么不完全适用的原因 ( 2 )短期和长远 这种方式也是从时间上来划分,灵感来自于之前的 issue56 题 56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future." 实际上其他的题目完全可以借鉴这道题的思想,既要考虑短期问题,也要考虑长远利益。 举两个例子 33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image." 这道题的破题其实很简单,承认题目在短期的事务中是非常的有作用的,然而在长期的利益考虑下,对于内涵的关注的重要性仍然不可以忽视。 另外一个例子 109"The purpose of many advertisements is to make consumers want to buy a product so that they will 'be like' the person in the ad. This practice is effective because it not only sells products but also helps people feel better about themselves." 同样可以在短期和长期这两个限度之内讨论这个问题。和 issue33 非常相似,这里不作详述。 十.评价题目的价值 ( 138 、 114 、 212 、 17 ) 淘完了题目的前提,定义完了题目的场景,再把题目分解来分解去,还是觉得不爽的话就把题目的价值也拿来评头论足吧。 这种方式的灵感同样来自于 GRE 阅读,在 NO.7 中有一篇文章是这么写的(略微改动): Freyre and Tannenbaum explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based on a lack of something. 在钱坤强的 “issue100“ 篇中, issue138 ( Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress )有一句话这么写的: The argument is merely negative, based on the act of being erroneous and even being fallacious. 北美范文中,同样有类似的方法: 17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." 开头中这样写道: it recommends an ineffective and potentially harmful means of legal reform. 将这种方法举一反三,同样可以给很多题目新的立意 114"Humanity has made little real progress over the past century or so. Technological innovations have taken place, but the overall condition of humanity is no better. War, violence, and poverty are still with us. Technology cannot change the condition of humanity." 这个地方对于题目给出一个整体价值的评价,可以这么写: 题目所说的论断太过于消极,完全忽视了人类在人性进步上所作出的努力,同时也忽视了科技在改变人类文明方面作出的巨大影响 至此文章正文结束,下面进入一些说明备注部分 对于每一种方法,都是一种发散的角度,可以选取其中的某几种然后进行加工。或者获得一个对题目更全面的了解,都是可以的。 下面来讲讲我的思路灵感来源 很多灵感在正文中已经写过,或来自于 GRE 阅读,或来自于北美范文,这些都是原汁原味的西方博学之士呕心沥血之作,从中细细品位,可以尝出很多不一样的滋味。 还有一些破题灵感源自和同学的讨论,也正如 ETS 颁布的 AW 的 intro 中建议的那样,你可以和同伴讨论,获得思路。 当然更多的来自自己平时生活中的经历感悟,比如说读过辛普森杀妻案的时候,我开始对西方的司法制度有所了解,也从中感悟出对于法律本质的见解。西方人对于法律和正义也是作为两个分开的概念,所以也不奇怪北美范文为什么一开头就把 issue17 骂的狗血淋头了。 再比如我曾经涉猎过外国美术史,所以稍稍的对于艺术有一些浅显的感悟。很多时候艺术跟宗教、政治的关联(特别是中世纪)是非常大的,那些文艺复兴中代表性的艺术作品合在一起代表的社会脉动启发了我,于是就想起了 issue131 那道艺术高频题中文艺复兴的例子。 GRE 作文破题的难度难在,题库中 244 道题领域涵盖范围之广,发散度之大,都是在传统中国文化教育中没有经历过的。从教育、艺术、文化、到跨领域的结合,在以高考为导向的教育中经常处于忽略的位置(尤其是理科生)。而在 GRE 作文中,可以说是打开了一个窗口,去想这些以前从来没有想过的问题。
个人分类: 英文写作|3112 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载](GRE/GMAT)逻辑写作AWA考试简明教程(by李笑来)
FrankZhao 2011-8-16 16:02
AWA 考试简明教程: (1) 简介 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 AWA ,是 “ A nalytical W riting A ssessment ” 的缩写。 GRE 考试与 GMAT 考试都有 AWA 部分,且两个考试的评分标准几乎完全相同。这也难怪,因为 GMAT 考试曾经在相当长一段时间里是委托 GRE 考 试的设计者 ETS 设计的。有些考生可能同时需要 GRE 和 GMAT 的成绩,因为他们所申请的学校里有的需要 GRE 成绩,而同时另外一些学校需要 GMAT 成 绩。不过,好消息是着两个考试其实是一回事儿,准备好一个,另外一个就可以自如应对。对于 AWA 考试最权威的介绍应该是 ETS 于 2003 年发表的官方文件 An Introduction to the Analytical Writing Section of the GRE General Test 1 ,考生不妨抽时间看看。 事实上,所有的读者如果有时间有意愿的话,都可以甚至应该把 “ 备考 AWA” 当作自我逻辑能力训练手段。这至少是我个人的体会。国内的教育体系某种意义上确实缺乏严格意义上的逻辑训练,这也是这个教育体系失败的重要原因之一。改变教育体系现状几乎超出任何一个普通人的能力范畴,然而既然如此,也恰恰因为如此,我们也只能靠自己为自己努力。 其实,准备留学考试,真的可能是英语学习方面最佳的自我教育手段之一。我的印象中除了 TOEFL/GRE 作文改变了我自己之外,还有 GMAT 语法题 目。当初把 GMAT 语法题目做上几遍之后就发现自己这才算明白什么叫 “Elegant and Effective English” 了。这两年在陆陆续续辅导高中生 SAT ,就觉得他们非常幸运,在那么早的时段里已经接触并熟练掌握 “Real English”—— 并且还是知识分子所使用的 “Sophisticated Language” ,而不是其他人在国内十年之后还在用的 “Simplified English, Naive Language” 。 AWA 考试分为两个部分,一个叫 “Argument Task” ,另外一个叫 “Issue Task” 。我一直不明白为什么中国学生习惯把 “Argument Task” 称作 “Argue” (这是动词),而把对应的另外一个 “Issue Task” 称为 “Issue” (这是名词) —— 难道是为了 “ 押韵 ” ? “Argue” 、 “Argument” 和 “Argumentation” 这三个词尽管 都是同一词根构成的,它们之间的内涵外延差异却非常大(读者不妨自己查查词典)。 如果我们能够通俗而又简明地概括这两个任务的本质的话,那么 “Argument Task” 要考生做的是 “ 破论 ”—— 分析题目中的结论及论证过程,分析并指出其缺点和错误( 30 分钟之内完成,大约 400-500 词左右的篇幅 );而 “Issue Task” 要考生做的是 “ 立论 ”—— 针对题目中的陈述发表自己的看法(即,你自己的结论),而后加以合理地论证( 45 分钟之内完成,大约 550-650 词左右的篇幅 )。 严格意义上来讲, AWA 考核的更多的并非中国学生所熟悉的 “ 形式逻辑 ” ( Formal Logic ),而是国内教材基本上从未涉及到的 “ 非形式逻辑 ” ( Informal Logic )。其实把 “Informal Logic” 翻译为 “ 非形式逻辑 ” 多少有些不伦不类。之前在 “ 八卦无所不在:( 5 )这世界就没有绝对的事物? ” 这篇文章中就抱怨过这事。当初把 “Formal Logic” 翻译成 “ 形式逻辑 ” 的时候,因为那时候还没办法预见将来要发展出一个 “Informal Logic” ,所以,那个翻译也就显得相当恰当。而后,出现了 “Informal Logic” ,就只能很尴尬地把它从字面上翻译成 “ 非形式逻辑 ”—— 搞得人看不出所以然来。如若不嫌罗嗦的话, “formal logic” 也许应该翻译成 “ 必须遵守形式的逻辑 ” ,而 “informal logic” 则是 “ 不拘泥于形式的逻辑 ” 。 如果读者愿意多花时间学习,在网上能够找到一个很好的逻辑基础教程,是 TTC ( The Teaching Company )出版的 24 集视频教程 Argumentation – The Study of Effective Reasoning (2nd Ed) ( 视频 torrent / 音频 torrent )。 不过,从另外一个角度出发, AWA 只是一个考试而已,考生大可不必天真地认为它可以全面彻底地考量一个人的逻辑能力。它和其它任何考试一样,只能做 到 “ 尽量 ” 达成预想的考试设计目标而已。为了考好这个考试,全面学习逻辑学倒也未尝不可(实际上,无论考不考这个考试,每个人都应该全面学习逻辑学),然 而,某种意义上,只需要考生能够拥有简单的、正常的、常识性的逻辑思考能力足矣 —— 足以应对 AWA 。 另外, AWA 考试是公开题库的,题库官方链接如下: · GRE AWA Pool of Argument Topics : http://bit.ly/2Bzsnh · GRE AWA Pool of Issue Topics : http://bit.ly/xx3BT · GMAT AWA Topics : http://bit.ly/PHyew 1 官方文件 pdf 下载地址: http://bit.ly/adHVI AWA 考试简明教程: (2) 论证的要素 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 所谓的 “ 论证 ” ( Argument ),简单地说就是为一个 “ 结论 ” ( Conclusion )提供足够的 “ 根据 ” ( Ground ): · Argument = Conclusion + Ground · Good Argument = Practical Conclusion + Solid Ground 结论是否现实可行非常重要,否则那结论便是空谈。而从严格意义上来讲,所有的结论必须建立在坚实的根据基础之上,否则便是空中楼阁海市蜃楼。 而 “ 根据 ” ( Ground )具体指的究竟是什么呢? “ 根据 ” 最基本的形式有两种: · 理由( Reasons ) · 证据( Evidences ) 这些都是基本的常识:理由要充分( Sufficient )、必要( Necessary );而证据要准确( Accurate )、可靠( Reliable );而无论是理由还是证据都应该与结论相关( Relevant ),否则就无法证明其结论之合理。 在一般的说理论证过程中,可以用作 “ 证据 ” ( Evidences )的,常见的有以下几种: · 事实( Facts ) · 数据( Data ) · 个人经验( Personal Experiences ) · 专家意见( Expert Opinions ) · 个案研究( Case Studies ) 后三种都有一些明显的局限性,所以使用它们的时候一定要格外小心。不过还好,它们在 AWA 的 “Argument Task” 题目中从不出现 —— 具体的原因以后我们会有专门的讨论。而在 “Issue Task” 中,我们将不得不大量使用后三种证据,所以,以后还要专门讨论使用这些证据的方法和要点。 为一个 “ 结论 ” 提供 “ 根据 ” 的手段,除了直接提供 “ 理由 ” 和 “ 证据 ” 之外,还有一种间接的方式 ——“ 类比 ” ( Analogies )。某种意义上, “ 类比 ” 是透彻说理的必备手段,因为我们往往必须使用类比完成从 “ 已知 ” 到 “ 未知 ” 的跨越。不过, “ 类比 ” 与其他任何手段一样,有它自己固有的局限和 “ 副 作用 ” ,所以在使用的时候必须仔细谨慎。 除了最基本的 “ 理由 ” 和 “ 证据 ” 之外, “ 根据 ” 还有一个重要的形式 ——“ 前提假设 ” ( Premises )。当我们说 “ 既然苏格拉底是人,那么他一定 会死的 ” 。在这个 “Argument” 之中, “Conclusion” 是 “ 他一定会死的 ” , “Ground” 是 “ 苏格拉底是人 ” 。我们之所以知道这个结论 能够被根据所支持,是因为这个 “ 根据 ” 的 “ 前提 ” (所有的人都会死)不仅是我们清楚了解的并且是我们确信无疑的。 很多的时候论证者不一定要把所有的 “ 前提假设 ” 都说清楚,因为毕竟有些前提假设是所有人都知道的,或者是论证者以为读者(或听众)已经清楚了解的。 当然,也有些时候是因为论证者自身忽略了这些前提假设(就好像我们能在 “Argument Task” 题目中常常看到的那样)。 最后一个 “ 论证 ” 的要素与 “ 结论 ” 直接相关,是结论的 “ 范畴与条件 ” ( Scopes and Conditions )。尽管这世界确实有一些绝对的事情存在(比如说 “ 所有的人都必然会死的 ” ),但在日常生活的大多数领域之中,很难存在一个 “ 普适结 论 ” ( Universal Conclusion )。一个结论正确、合理、现实与否,往往跟这个结论的 “ 范畴与条件 ” 是否清楚准确紧密相关。例如, “ 身高决定收入 ” 就是一个难以站得 住脚的 “ 普适结论 ” ,而 “ 很多时候,身高确实在某种程度上影响一个人的收入 ” 才是一个因 “ 范畴与条件 ” 没那么绝对而更容易站得住脚的结论。 现在,请回顾一下刚刚我们看到的若干个重要概念: · 论证( Argument ) · 结论( Conclusion ) · 根据( Ground ) · 理由( Reasons ) · 证据( Evidences ) · 事实( Facts ) · 数据( Data ) · 个人经验( Personal Experiences ) · 专家意见( Expert Opinions ) · 个案研究( Case Studies ) · 类比( Analogies ) · 前提假设( Premises ) · 范畴与条件( Scopes and Conditions ) 请务必花一点点时间弄清楚这些重要概念之间的相互关系,而后在认真思考一下这些重要概念在应用之时应该注意些什么? AWA 考试简明教程: (3) “Argument Task” 从哪里下手? by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 了解了 “ 论证的要素 ” 都有哪些之后,就很容易理解 “Argument Task” 应该从哪里下手了。以下以一道 GRE AWA“Argument Task” 真题为例: Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phyto chemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression. 要做的第一件事(即,所谓的 “ 下手 ” 之处)是找出这段 “ 论证 ” ( Argument )的 “ 结论 ” ( Conclusion )究竟是什么。在这道题里,结论是: North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression. (中文大意为:为了减缓疲劳和抑郁,北美人应该考虑有规律地吃豆制品。) 一般来说,锁定结论很容易,因为往往有标志词存在(在这道题里就是 “Thus” ): · accordingly · as a result · consequently · evidently · hence · in conclusion · so · therefore · thus 而除此之外的三句话,就是用来支持这个 “ 结论 ” 的 “ 根据 ” ( Ground )了:每句话都在尝试着陈述一个或者多个 “ 事实 ” (姑且不论这些 “ 事实 ” 是否真实可靠),而这些事实串起来又构成了 “ 理由 ” 。 根据: 1 最近的一项研究表明,北美人相对于亚洲人来说遭受 9 倍的疲惫、 31 倍的忧郁 2 亚洲人平均每天吃 20 克的豆制品,而北美人基本上不吃豆制品 3 豆制品中含有一种叫做 isoflavones 的能够抵御疾病的植物化学物质 结论:为了减缓疲劳和抑郁,北美人应该考虑有规律地吃豆制品。 请读者先自行分析一下这个论证的缺陷究竟都有哪些?我们应该如何应对这道题目? AWA 考试简明教程: (4) “Argument Task” 中不应该讨论的是什么? by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 看过之前的题目之后,如果考生想当然地开始在做文章中花费大量的篇幅攻击第一句话里的 “9 times more” 和 “31 times more” 的话,最终得分可能就会很低。 事实上,大多数考生之所以这么做,也是各种培训班里的 “GRE 写作老师 ” 教出来的。 可惜,即便是在教师队伍中,拥有正常 阅读能力的人也不占大多数,他们甚至并非 “ 阅读能力差 ” ,而是 “ 基本上没有阅读能力 ”—— 因为他们竟然作为教 “GRE 写作 ” 的老师却从来没有看过 ETS 的 官方文档,这样的事实可能令人惊讶,但却屡见不鲜 —— 事实上在任何领域中都可能随处可见类似的情况。 ETS 在其官方文档( http://bit.ly/adHVI )中说得很清楚: It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics … Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion. 也就是说,至于 “‘9 倍 ’ 或者 ‘31 倍 ’ 这两个数字是否准确 ” ,以及 “ 它们究竟是如何统计出来的 ” ,在 AWA 考试中并不重要,作为应试者应该知道这 些数字只是题目中的 “Arguer” 用来支持结论的证据。换言之,考生在 “Argument Task” 中应该假定题目中所陈述的数字就是事实,而分析的任务是 “ 这些事实是否真的能够很好地支持结论 ? ” 再比如,在作文中考生没必要花费篇幅分析第二句话里的 “20 grams” 是否准确,以及获取该数字的手段是否可靠等等。如果考生花费篇幅在这里的话,那么作文必然是低分,因为用来得分的篇幅被占用了,直接的结果就 是该透彻的地方无法展开,无需分析的地方占了大部分篇幅。考生应该假定 “Arguer” 经过统计之后算出来的数字确实就是 “ 亚洲人平均每天吃 20 克豆制 品 ” ;而着重去分析 “ 如果 ‘ 亚洲人 ’ 真的 ‘ 平均每天吃 20 克豆制品 ’ 的话,这个事实是否真的能够有效地支持 ‘ 北美人应该通过吃豆制品减少疲劳和抑郁 ’ 这个 结论? ” 在官方文档的另外一处, ETS 如此解释 “Argument Task” : You are not being asked to discuss whether the statements in the argument are true or accurate; instead, you are being asked whether conclusions and inferences are validly drawn from the statements. You are not being asked to agree or disagree with the position stated; instead, you are being asked to comment on the thinking that underlies the position stated. You are not being asked to express your own views on the subject being discussed (as you were in the Issue task); instead, you are being asked to evaluate the logical soundness of an argument of another writer and , in doing so, to demonstrate the critical thinking, perceptive reading, and analytical writing skills that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school. 所以,考生也不应该在作文中花费篇幅去讨论 “ 豆制品里是否真的有那种叫做 ‘isoflavones’ 的植物化学物质? ” ,以及 “ 那种叫做 ‘isoflavones’ 的物质是否真的有防病效果? ” 。更多地,考生要分析与讨论的是 “ 就算豆制品所含有的 ‘isoflavones’ 确实有防病效 果,但是这是否能够有效地支持 ‘ 北美人应该通过吃豆制品减少疲劳和抑郁 ’ 这个结论? ” AWA 考试如此设计,也有它的苦衷。它必须做到每一道题都 “… does not access specific content knowledge” 。于是,在 “Argument Task” 中,考生甚至连基本的统计学知识都不需要。不过,在 “Issue Task” 中,尽管 ETS 声明 “… but no topic requires specific content knowledge.” ,但是考生如果有很丰富的知识储备,自然而然在写文章的时候可以做到 “ 旁征博引 ” 、 “ 论证翔实 ” 。 而 ETS 的这种设计目标使得 “Argument Task” 太过简单 —— 然而大多数中国考生却因误解了这个任务的应对要点而低分;而另外一方面使得原本并不太难的 “Issue Task” 因大多数考生误会了 “ 知识储备 ” 的必要性( ETS 总是声称考试内容与背景知识无关)而低估了考试的难度,进而造成了 “Issue Task” 事实上的高难。当然,正如很多考生误解了应对 “Argument Task” 的要点一样,后面的讲解我们会看到大多数考生也会误解了应对 “Issue Task” 的要点。 AWA 考试简明教程: (5) “Argument Task” 中应该讨论的是什么? by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 那一篇能够获得高分的 “Argument Task” 作文应该讨论哪些内容呢? 首先,一个简单的起步方法是 先把 “ 论证 ” 重新用自己的话整理一遍 —— 这么做的好处在于我们能够 把其中的逻辑关系清楚地展现出来 : Arguer 的结论是什么呢? 结论是 “ 为了减缓疲劳和抑郁,北美人应该考虑有规律地吃豆制品。 ” 根据是什么呢? 根据如下 : 调查表明, “ 北美人比亚洲人遭受更多疲惫和压力 ” 。这个现象如何解释呢? 其解释是 另外一个现象: “ 亚洲人平均每天都要吃豆制品,而北美人却基本上不吃豆制品 ” ,而这个现象的解释是什么呢?是 因为 “ 豆制品中有一种防病物质( isoflavone )。 而后在文章中主要深入讨论的其实只有两大点: 1 “ 豆制品中有一种防病物质 ” 是 “ 亚洲人更少疲劳和抑郁 ” 的最合理解释么? 2 就算 “ 豆制品中有一种防病物质 ” 是 “ 亚洲人更少疲劳和抑郁 ” 的最合理解释,可是 “ 有规律地食用豆制品 ” 真的会减少 “ 北美人的疲劳和抑郁 ” 么? 说来说去,全都是因果关系的分析。其实,这根本谈不上是什么 “ 高级逻辑分析 ” ,仅需要常识即可,在之前讨论托福作文题目的时候,我们就提过 “ 如何分析 A 与 B 之间的因果关系是否成立、是否可接受,无非 可以从以下三个层面入手 ” : · A 不见得是 B 的理由( A is not necessarily the reason of B ) · A 不见得是 B 唯一的理由( A is not necessarily the only reason of B ) · A 不见得是 B 最重要的理由( A is not necessarily the most significant reason of B ) 把这点常识套进去,让我们来看看都可以讨论哪些要点: 首先,就算那个叫做 isoflavone 的防病物质确实能够防病,它是能够防止疲劳和抑郁的么?疲劳和抑郁只不过是 “ 病 ” 的一种而已。(如果真的是,直接提取出来制成药片,像维生素片一样给人服用岂不更好?) 其次,就算那个豆制品中含有的防病物质 isoflavone 确实能够防止疲劳和抑郁,但食用豆制品是不是防止疲劳和抑郁的唯一方法?是否其它食物中也有此种物质或者类似的物质? 进而,既然食用豆制品不见得是唯一的方法,那么有没有更好的方法?(比如减少工作压力)如果 Aruger 能够证明这是最好的方法倒也罢了,如若不能,这个结论就太过仓促了吧? 最后,有没有调查过北美人的食谱中是否普遍存在 “isoflavone” 这种物质呢?也许并不是只有豆制品中才有这种物质。如果最终发现北美人的食 谱中也普遍存在这种物质(即,即便北美人不食用豆制品他们也能日常摄入这种防病物质),那么就说明 1) 北美人的 “ 更多疲劳和抑郁 ” 并不是这种物质缺乏造成的; 2) 就算大量食用豆制品,北美人的疲劳和抑郁情况也不会有所改善。 以上并非所有可以讨论的要点,但起码都确实是足够重要的分析要点,因为这些分析都是按照 ETS 的要求,全部都是 “focusing on the validity of conclusions and inferences drawn from the statements.” 即,全部的分析都集中在每一个 Statement 与其它 Statement 之间所构成的逻辑关系是否严谨之上。 AWA 考试简明教程: (6) “Argument Task” 中最应该讨论的是什么? by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 在上一篇文章中,针对一道 “Argument Task” ,我做了如下的分析: 最后,有没有调查过北美人的食谱中是否普遍存在 “isoflavone” 这种物质呢?也许并不是只有豆制品中才有这种物 质。如果最终发现北美人的食谱中也普遍存在这种物质(即,即便北美人不食用豆制品他们也能日常摄入这种防病物质),那么就说明 1) 北美人的 “ 更多疲劳和抑郁 ” 并不是这种物质缺乏造成的; 2) 就算大量食用豆制品,北美人的疲劳和抑郁情况也不会有所改善。 这并不是什么靠 “ 聪明 ” 才能想到的要点,但这究竟是如何想到的呢? 说穿了这是一种习惯,且只不过是一种简单的习惯。 当我们看到任何一种因果关系(比如,针对某个现象的解释),我们都要问自己,是否有可能存在其它的理由(解释)呢?进而,有没有相反地理由(解释)存在呢?也就是说,当我们 看到结论的时候,要经常思考是否有 “ Alternative Explanation/Counter Example ” 存在呢 ? 这看似简单,却往往使很多人错过真相,乃至于他们一不小心就 “ 生活在另外一个世界 ” 之中,就好像法国诗人 Arthur Rimbaud 说的那样 “ True life is elsewhere. We are not in the world. ” (尽管 Arthur 的诗句原意应该不是我所刚刚描述的那样 )。 中国学生 AWA 考试成绩百分比等级很低(大部分学生拿到的是百分比等级不过为 33% 的 4 分而已),这是个事实。总有人会为这个事实做出解释。比如: 在 AWA 考试中,有大量的母语人士参加,这些人的存在,必然使英语非母语的中国考生成绩百分比等级降低。 这样的解释咋看过去非常合理,甚至好像没有任何漏洞。不过,只需要问自己一个简单的问题: “ 有没有 Alternative Explanation” 存在呢? 其实,造成中国考生 AWA 考试成绩百分比等级很低这个现象的原因,也许并非只有 “ 中国学生不是以英文为母语的 ” 。这种推论 需要一个 “ 前提假设 ” ( Premise/Assumption )总是站得住脚的才能够成立,可事实上它并非总是站得住脚: “ 英语母语使用者的语言水平就一定比第二语言习得者的语言水平高 ” 。另外,参加这个考试的英语母语使用者群体之内的语言水平实际上也必然参差不齐(更不消说逻辑水平也同样参差不齐)。 那么有没有另外的解释( Alternative Explanation )呢? 一个可能的 “Alternative Explanation” 是中国学生大多误解了考试任务。比如说, “Argument Task” 中明明应该分析 每句话之间 逻辑关系, 可是中国考生却大多在纠结某个单个句子之内的事实和数据 (这是他们花钱上培训班的时候从 “ 老师 ” 那里学来的 “ 技巧 ” ); “Issue Task” 中明明应该根据题目中的话题发表自己的看法,可是中国考生却大多在那里分析题目中的逻辑漏洞 …… 再比如说,这明明是 “ 逻辑分析考试 ” ,可是中国 考生却大多纠结在 “ 高级词汇 ” 、 “ 豪华句型 ” 、 “ 万能模板 ” 之类的肤浅的文字解决方案上 …… 中国学生在原本没那么难的考试中只因 “ 南辕北辙 ” 而无法获得高 分(哪怕正常的分数)。 如果能够想到这个 “Alternative Explanation” ,那么就可以开始着手判断这两个 “ 解释 ” 哪一个更合理,哪一个更具现实意义?合理性上,第一个解释显然不如第二个解释;从现实意 义上来说,第一个解释只能让中国学生放弃努力,接受原本不应该接受的 “ 现状 ” ;而第二个解释却能够让学生看到清楚的方向,也给他们带来了希望。哪一个解释 更好呢? 其实,这只不过是个习惯而已。可这简单的习惯确实能够改变一个人的整个生活,以及生存状态 —— 有时往往令人为之无比震惊。 另外,附上一段 ETS 官方文档中的名词解释: · alternative explanation —a possible competing version of what might have caused the events in question; an alternative explanation undercuts or qualifies the original explanation because it too can account for the observed facts · counterexample —an example, real or hypothetical, that refutes or disproves a statement in the argument 还有更为基础的名词概念: · argument —a claim or a set of claims with reasons and evidence offered as support; a line of reasoning meant to demonstrate the truth or falsehood of something · conclusion —the end point reached by a line of reasoning, valid if the reasoning is sound; the resulting assertion · analysis —the process of breaking something (e.g., an argument) down into its component parts in order to understand how they work together to make up the whole; also a presentation, usually in writing, of the results of this process · assumption —a belief, often unstated or unexamined, that someone must hold in order to maintain a particular position; something that is taken for granted but that must be true in order for the conclusion to be true 那为什么中国学生普遍误解考试任务呢?原因简单得令人尴尬:中国学生大多从未认真阅读过 ETS 的官方文档,包括各种培训机构中的 “AWA 作文老师 ” 也是如此。于是,大家都在 “ 想当然 ” 地准备并参加考试,而培训老师们也只不过在 “ 想当然 ” 、 “ 自说自话 ” 地做着他们的 “ 培训 ” 。这并不奇怪,人类都有这毛 病, “ 阅读不理解 ” ,甚至干脆 “ 坚决不阅读 ” 。看看身边有多少人买商品坚决不读商品说明书就知道这种恶习有多普遍了。 其实,这种尴尬跟 “ 中国学生 ” 和 “ 中国老师 ” 有关,但明显与 “ 中国 ” 无关。假设中国人设计了另外一种 AWA 考试,而美国人作为中文非母语使用者来参 加这个 AWA 考试(还有个前提就是中国人必须用美国人不习惯的方式设计 AWA ),那么美国学生和美国老师就算表现没那么差也强不出多少去,因为总体上来看 人类普遍讨厌阅读,甚至干脆不阅读,而硬着头皮阅读的人群中又有大部分人 “ 读了也不懂 ”—— 最可怕的是这些人不相信自己居然 “ 读不懂 ” 。 AWA 考试简明教程: (7) “Issue Task” 中的 “ 雷同 ” 评判政策 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 AWA 中的 “Issue Task” 要远比 “Argument Task” 难得多 —— 其实考试之外也是如此,建设与批评相比,各自难度相互间存在着天地之差。 只要什么东西难到一定程度,人们就会不由自主地 “ 找捷径 ”—— 情急之下,人们往往忘了自己要的是 “ 解答 ” ,一门心思只想找到一个 “ 解脱 ” 。于是,很 多人开始 “ 找范文 ” 甚至 “ 背范文 ” ;有些人意识到 “ 背范文 ” 危险,就四处找一些 “ 高级材料 ” 去背(不明白这怎么就不危险了?) —— 问 “ 老师,我背一些新概 念三册(或四册)有用么? ” 的学生屡见不鲜前仆后继。 ETS 在评判作文之时,要先用一个专门设计的 “ 雷同探测软件 ” ( ETS essay-similarity-detection software )过滤考生作文,而其机理与原则也会被参与人工评分的考官所运用。 ETS 的官方文档中如此说明: Your essay responses on the analytical writing section will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers during the scoring process. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within United States graduate schools and universities, ETS reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when there is substantial evidence that an essay response includes, but is not limited to, any of the following: · text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses; · quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language or ideas that appear in published or unpublished sources; · unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others; · essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have, in fact, been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person. When one or more of the above circumstances occurs, your essay text, in ETS’s professional judgment, does not reflect the independent, analytical writing skills that this test seeks to measure. Therefore, ETS must cancel the essay score as invalid and cannot report the GRE General Test scores of which the essay score is an indispensable part. 所以,考生 千万不能通过死记硬背的方法备考 AWA 。 背范文显然是死路一条,哪怕背例子、背理由、背句子都是很危险的。找来的理由、例子等素材,就算要背也一定要经过 “ 转述 ” ( Paraphrasing )之后再背诵。 绝对不要使用 “ 模板 ” 。 总计不过五六百字的文章,根本不需要什么模板,摆事实讲道理就算真需要 “ 模板 ” ,也 应该是 “ 思维模板 ” 而非 “ 文字模板 ” 。市面上可以找得到的一切 “ 套词 ” 、 “ 套句 ” 、 “ 万能模板 ” 统统不要用,那些都不是想要通过努力获得高分的人应该用的东西 —— 那些是最终肯定低分然而在挣扎过程中必须有所解脱的懦弱者所追求的必需品。 如果说 AWA 考试与 SAT 的作文考试有什么区别的话,总体上来讲只有考生素材积累上的区别。高中毕业之后,在其后的三、四年里,一个人的逻辑分析能 力发展实际上并没有想象得那么惊人,更可能的是 “ 无甚进步 ” 。然而,有良好的阅读习惯于积累习惯的人,在三四年的时间里却可以在素材积累上有巨大的飞跃。 尽管 ETS 总是声称 “ no specific content knowledge required ” ,但毫无疑问的是 “ 深入的思考 ” 与 “ 素材的积累 ” 明显是相互关联、相互影响、相辅相成的。从这个角度来说, AWA 考试需要考生哪怕临时抱佛脚也得多做一些功课( Do your homework well. )多做一些研究( Research = Search, Search and re-Search ),多思考、多记录、多积累才可以。 无论什么事只要涉及到积累(有什么事情不需要积累?),就必然不可能速成 。 不过,接下来的讲解会让考生明白,就算难,也没那么难。就算必须积累,也无需那么长时间去积累。不就是一个考试么,难能难到什么地步?再说,这又不 是古时候的科举 —— 科举之所以难,主要是因为最终胜出名额有限 —— 再优秀也可能白搭。但, AWA 考试是考生可能获得满分的考试 —— 事实上,大约每次考试都 有大约 4% 的人获得满分( 6 ), 12% 左右的人获得接近满分的成绩( 5.5 )。 AWA 考试简明教程: (8) “Issue Task” 的本质 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 之前说过 “Issue Task” 是 “ 立论 ” ,即 “Constructing your own argument” ,而这个 “Argument” 又应该是一个羽翼丰满、要素齐全的 “Good Argument” 。 “Issue Task” 要求考生根据题目中的话题发表并论证自己的看法,而非简单地 “ 同意 ” 或者 “ 反对 ” 题目中的陈述。 ETS 这样解释考生在考场上可能的选择: The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish . For example, you might · agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others · question the assumptions the statement seems to be making · qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue · point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others · evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective · develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example The GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a “right” answer—in fact, there is no correct position to take. Instead, the readers are evaluating the skill with which you articulate and develop an argument to support your position on the issue . 也就是说,最终能够让考生脱颖而出的不是考生的 “ 观点 ” 、 “ 立场 ” ,或者某个孤立的 “ 例子 ” 或者 “ 理由 ” ,而是 考生在整篇作文中所展现出来的表达能力和说理能力。 还有更重要的, “Issue Task” 作文 不仅仅是 “ 说理 ” ,还要求 “ 有说服力 ” ( Persuasive/Convincing )。 ETS 的官方文档中说得很清楚: The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing … The Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills that you have developed throughout your education. 再重新概括一下的话,就是在 “Issue Task” 中: 考生应该 写 “ 一篇 ‘ 有说服力 ’ 的 ‘ 立论 ’ 文 ” 。 而表达能力、说理能力也好,说服能力也罢,总体上来看都是 “ 思考能力 ” 的表现而已。所以, ETS 又说: It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position. “ 独立思考能力 ” ( critical thinking skills )的范畴非常广阔,很难一句话两句话就讲明白,但我们正在讨论的毕竟只不过是一个考试, 在这个考试中,其实只需要做到 “ 显得有思考能力 ” 就已经可以获得满分 —— 这显然比做到 “ 真正拥有很强的思考能力 ” 容易得多。 很多考生低分的最根本原因在于他们在自己的作文中 “ 只不过是单方面说明或支持了自己的立场 ” ,而没有考虑 “ 如何为自己的立场可能面对的质疑进行辩护 ” ,当然更谈不上在文章中提及这些 “ 必要的辩护 ” ,于是,最终写出来的只不过是一篇 “ 简单说明文 ” ,而非一篇 “ 有说服力的立论文 ” 。 对于自己的每一个主要论证过程,都要仔细想想 : · 别人会用什么样的理由质疑或者反驳我的观点? · 我应该怎样回应那些可能的质疑? 还记得在 “Argument Task” 中我们是怎样重点关注 “Alternative Explanation” 、 “Counter Examples” 的 么?我们自己写出来的 “Issue Task” 作文,会像我们质疑 “Argument Task” 题目一样被质疑,如果我们自己没有把这些要素考虑清楚,在论证过程中全然不顾那些可能存在的质疑,那么我们的文章就会被认为是 “A poor argument based on loose ground” 。 所以,一篇可能 获得高分的 “Issue Task” 文章,应该具备以下三个基本要素 (而非仅仅前两个): · 合理且现实可行的结论 · 翔实可靠并论述清楚的根据 · 针对可能的质疑进行辩护 无论什么事情说穿了都很简单。但是,有些所谓的 “ 简单 ” 往往是 “ 众里寻她千百度 ” 而后再 “ 蓦然回首 ” 才能看到的。这种 “ 简单 ” 往往因其真的简单而不被他人重视 —— 也许部分是因为他人不曾 “ 众里寻之千百度 ” ,更谈不上 “ 蓦然回首 ” ,所以无论如何也无法体会其巨大价值与意义。分享这样的感悟往往是很尴尬的,一方是兴奋地分享,另外一方却不以为然,整个过程一不小心就好像是一个迂回的精彩笑话被讲臭了一样 …… Footnotes: 1 某种意义上, ETS 的这种要求对中国考生来说确实太难 —— 因为中国考生在国内一生所接受到的教育都是 “ 自说自话 ” 、 “ 自以为是 ” 、 “ 无容置疑 ” 、 “ 永远正确 ” 的教育内容和教育方式, 6 年小学、 6 年中学、 4 年本科莫不如是。一转 16 年过去,被这种教育熏陶出来的学生多多少少都 “ 自以为是 ” 、 “ 自说自话 ”—— 尽管这些特征都是他们曾经最为憎恨的,不过当自己变成那个德行的时候却又以为 “ 天经地义 ” ,矛盾、可悲、却又不可避免。不客气地讲,这是一个把 ‘ 人 ’ 变成 ‘ 吸血鬼 ’ 的 “ 吸血鬼教育 ” 。尽管那些 “ 小鬼 ” 依然缺乏自信,但也(只)极度渴望自己说出来的话是 “ 掷地有声 ” 、 “ 无容置疑 ” 、 “ 永远正确 ” 的。他们最讨厌的就是来自他人的 “ 质疑 ” ,最不屑的就是 “ 解释 ” 、 “ 说服 ” ;他们中的大多数甚至糊涂到 “ 以为 ‘ 无需解释 ’ 是一种坚强的人生态度 ” 的地 步 …… AWA 考试简明教程: (9) 有时候我们所使用的语言会影响我们的思维 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 尽管我们使用语言表达我们的思维,可是,思考和表达并不总是一前一后的过程,有些时候,我们的思维会因我们所使用的语言(表达手段之一)而受到各种各样的影响。 成长过程中,父亲常常帮助我纠正不良的语言习惯,比如,有一次当他看到七八岁的我指责别人说脏话的时候,告诉我 “ 其实有的时候有些话 ‘ 话糙理不糙 ’…… 其实不说脏话的人不一定不脏;而有时候说点脏话有助于心理健康。 ” 关于这事我就不多作解释了,读者很容易明白这是多么真实而又健康的教育。 但是印象最为深刻的是他禁止我在任何情况下说类似以下的句式: “…… 本来 / 原本就是么! ” 现在想来真的感激父亲,他就那样简单而又 “ 粗暴 ” 地用几个星期的时间使我一生永不再用这样的句式 —— 它在生活中其实只有一个用处:找(最后的)借口。 长大之后,在一部关于某重大新闻事件的电影里看到报社的老板呵斥一位刚入行的记者: 永远不要再跟我说 “ 我认为 ……” 了!你的看法关我屁事?我要的是事实 …… 从那之后,那个毛头小伙刻意让自己的句子都用 “ 事实上 ” 作为开头,而为了配得起这个开头,后面的陈述不知不觉之间就真的剔除了很多 “ 偏见 ” 。电影里的这个小细节再次触动了我,这才明白原来在很多领域里,有些所谓的 “ 思维训练 ” ,其实只需要改改语言习惯就可以瞬间大有改观。当然,再次在心里狠狠地感激了一下父亲。 有些句式最好回避 1 ,而另外一些句式,最好经常使用,因为这些句式特别有助于独立思考习惯的养成,并且也有刺激思考的作用。 · …… 是一回事儿,而 …… 是另外一回事儿。 · …… 和 …… 其实根本不是一回事儿。 · …… 不一定 …… · …… 。可是,这并不意味着说 …… · …… 可能还有另外一种可能性(解释)。 · …… 看起来像 …… ,可是 …… · …… 。而事实却可能远比看起来的更为复杂(简单)。 · …… 。然而,(这个论断)反过来(陈述)却不一定成立 …… · …… 其实很可能与 …… 根本就没有任何关系。 · …… 之间不一定是单纯的因果关系,它们也可能互为因果。 2 · …… 之间的比较也许没有任何意义。 · …… 其实不过是表面现象,其背后的本质是 …… · …… 有个通常被忽略的前提。 · …… 尽管听起来很有道理,然而却完全不现实。 · …… 也许有人会说 …… ,但是这种质疑却 …… 这些句式的(英文)表达应该很容易,不过形式却可以千变万化 …… 这些句式看起来很简单,然而却往往能带来不同凡响的思考结果。平时遇到任何问题的时候,都不妨把这些句式套进去填空 —— 就当想着玩了,没多久就会体 会到这种游戏的有趣之处。不出意外的话,读者会发现自己不由自主就因为这些句式的运用而发生了思维上的巨大转变。例如, “…… 和 …… 其实根本不是一回事 儿 ” 这个句式往往瞬间就能使一个人 “ 脑子更加清楚 ” 。 (还有两个有趣的例子分别是: “…… 难道就没有一点可取之处? ” 和 “ 时间会证明一切的! ” 。) 1 另外一个例子是这样的一个句式: “ 要是 …… 就好了! ”—— 这是最浪费时间的句式 。 2 最经典的把 “ 互为因果 ” 关系理解为 “ 因果关系 ” 的论断之一是这个: “ 外因通过内因起作用 ” 。 AWA 考试简明教程: (10) “Issue Task” 的起点 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教 程 拿来一道 “Issue Task” 题目之后, 起点是先为自己 “ 炮制 ” 出一个有待论证的结论。 尽管事实上我们在正常世界里应该是通过论证的到结论,但 AWA 毕竟只是个考试,它所选择的话题从本质上已经被确定为 “ 无所谓结论的正确与否 ” ,所以我们可以如此 “ 反其道而行之 ” 。 一个简易的方法是给题目中的陈述加上 “ 范围或条件 ” ( Scope or Conditions ) : · 可以为其中的名词加上一些必要的范围或者属性上的限定。常用的范围限定词包括 “ few, some, more, most ” 等等,当然有的时候一些绝对的限定也是恰当的,比如 “ all, every, none ” 等等;而属性上的限定就是在名词前面加上恰当的形容词,比如 “methods” 和 “effective and efficient methods” 就是两个因属性不全然相同而范畴不同的概念。 · 也可以为动词加上必要的限定。常常用来限定动词的副词包括 “ seldom, often, usually, sometimes, partly, mostly, not necessarily ” 等等,当然有些时候一些绝对的限定也是恰当的,比如 “ never, always ” 等等。 · 当然也可以给整个句子加上限定条件,比如使用类似 “ in most cases…, more often than not… ” 之类的状语,或者使用诸如 “ when …” 、 “ whenever …” 、 “ if …” 、 “ while …” 、 “ whereas …” 之类的条件状语从句 …… 其实这么做不过是为了获得一个 “ 更加需要论证,且更加容易论证的结论 ” 。 有些时候,题目中的陈述已经包含一定的 “ 限定与条件 ” ,那可能就需要对整个题目中的陈述动个手术,否则无法得到一个能够令自己信服的 “ 结论 ”—— 连自己都不信服的东西是无法拿出来令他人信服的(起码这么做非常不容易)。 由于 ETS 在 “Issue Task” 作文中并不限制考生的立场,而是关注考生文章中所折射出来的 “ 说理能力 ” 与 “ 说服能力 ” ,用如此简单的方法跑出来的 “ 结论 ” ( Conclusion )已经足够应对考试, 写出来的作文是否能得高分,与这个炮制出来的结论无关, 与考生在作文中为这个 “ 结论 ” ( Conclusion )提供的 “ 根据 ” ( Ground )质量有关 。 “ Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. ” → More often than not , tradition and modernization are more or less incompatible, one have to compromise oneself to make a delicate balance . “ The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. ” → True well-being of a harmonious society would be enhanced when many of its people question authority by proper means when necessary . “ Artists should pay little attention to their critics. Criticism tends to undermine and constrain the artist’s creativity. ” → Almost all Artists often have to pay at least some attention to their critics, but they should remember undermining and constraining their creativity is not the primary purpose of criticism . 之后的任务已经变为:为这个炮制出来的 “ 结论 ” 提供 足够合理 、 足够有说服力 、 对可能的质疑提供了足够回应 的 “ 根据 ” 。 从某种意义上来说,拿着这样的一个 “ 结论 ” ,其后的写作任务大部分与 TOEFL 作文没什么区别,本质上还是如何做到 “Well developed” 而已。 AWA 考试简明教程: (11) 第三个 “ 秘密 ” 武器 —— 复述 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 几乎所有真正有效的学习手段都是简单、廉价、往往并不直接但却真正有效的。格外值得推崇的英语学习手段除了之前讲解过的 “ 跟读 / 朗读 ” 与 “ 查词典 ” 之外,还有一个就是 “ 复述 ” 。 每个文化中的每个人在这方面都一样 —— 终其一生绝大多数情况下都在复述别人说过的话。首先语言文字很难纯粹 “ 原创 ” ,其次绝大多数情况下确实也没有 必要 “ 独一无二 ” 。更为重要的是,第二语言学习者的目标绝大多数情况下不是为了从事诗人、小说家之类的职业,而是希望多掌握一门用来承载信息沟通交流的工 具 —— 这种情况下 “ 复述 ” 几乎占据了第二语言应用的全部。 这还真的并不是那么 “ 显而易见 ” 的事实。 ETS 在设计并举办 TOEFL 考试几十年之后才 “ 恍然大悟 ” 地在新托福考试中大面积添加了 “ 复述能力 ” 的考 量: TOEFL 作文部分中有综合测试,要求考生先读一篇文章,然后再听一篇与刚刚读过的文章相关的讲座,而后复述讲座内容以及讲座内容是如何与阅读文章内 容相联系的;口语部分中有先听再说,先读再说,听与读之后再说 —— 无一不是在考量考生的 “ 复述能力 ” 。 “ 复述 ” 不是一个可以孤立完成的任务。首先要 “ 输入 ” (听或读),再 “ 处理 ” (理解),而后还需要进一步的 “ 处理 ” (重新组织),而后再 “ 输出 ” (说或写) —— 听说读写无一不包。这就解释了为什么 “ 复述 ” 是最好的第二语言学习手段之一。 不过, “ 复述 ” 其实又并不像想象得那么简单。有多少次你曾经遇到某个朋友兴冲冲地推荐一篇文章,而当你问他到底好在哪里的时候他却居然支支吾吾?有多少次你曾经向某个朋友 “ 复述 ” 你刚刚看过的精彩电影,可是讲着讲着却 “ 讲臭 ” 了? 问题的关键并不在于 “ 复述 ” 之时所使用的是否是母语, “ 转述时所使用的是否为母语 ” 只影响 “ 输入 ” 与 “ 输出 ” 过程;而最终真正影响 “ 复述 ” 效果的是 “ 处理 ” 过程:关键在于 “ 全面理解 ” 、 “ 提取要点 ” 、 “ 理清脉络 ” ,以及 “ 合理重组 ”—— 这些是 “ 思维能力 ” ,是基于种种原因几乎所有语言训练课程中都全面忽略的东西,难也就难在这里了。 应该把 “ 复述 ” 变成习惯(事实上不论是母语还是外语都应该如此自我训练)。读过一篇好文章,就要尝试着复述一遍;看过一个好电影,也要尝试着复述一遍;日常生活中遇到了什么有趣的事情,还要尝试着复述 …… 备考的考生更应该如此,每读过一篇文章,就要尝试着复述。随便练过几篇,就知道这种 “ 简单 ” 的练习有多么 “ 神奇 ” 了 —— 写作文的时候将不由自主地能够运用更多的句式,更精巧的表达。有时想想都觉得奇怪,怎么会有那么多的考生居然可以做到在阅读考试中读懂若干篇 “ 天书 ” 一般的文章可是在仅仅几十分钟之后的写作考试中却幼稚得像从未受到过正规教育一般?解释很简单:他们在许多年里从来都未曾尝试 “ 复述训练 ” 。 对于备考 AWA 的考生来说,最好的 “ 复述训练 ” 材料是 GMAT 的阅读文章。那之中的每一篇文章都是 “ 逻辑清晰 ” 、 “ 论证严谨 ” 、 “ 论述复杂却又明 确 ” 的。随便复述上十几二十篇,能够掌握的句型、逻辑分析手段等等就足以对付 AWA 考试。真的没有必要四处找什么 “ 模板 ”—— 怎么就有那么多人非要死要活 走出金矿找沙子不可呢? 留学考试作文语法自检列表 by 李笑来 on 2010/01/15 in AWA ( GRE/GMAT 写作)考试简明教程 1 单词拼写错误 :作者未按照单词的正确拼写方式书写单词,但不包括由于英式英语和美式英语差异所带来的单词拼写差异。 2 名词单复数形式错误 :作者错误地使用了名词的数,包括:使用了不可数名词的 ” 复数 ” 形式,使用了集合名词的 ” 复数 ” 形式,在应该使用复数的地方使用了单数名词等。 3 单数可数名词未受限定 :句子中出现的单数可数名词之前没有使用限定词,包括冠词、不定代词、指示代词、名词或代词所有格、数词与某些形容词性的物主代词。 4 词性错误 :作者在选择词汇的过程中忽略了英文词性的特性,仅按照含义来使用词汇,从而发生了词性使用错误的现象。 5 修饰关系错误 :作者违反了词汇修饰的规则,采用了不恰当的修饰关系。包括用形容词修饰动词、形容词修饰形容词,副词修饰名词等。 6 搭配错误 :句子中出现了不合适的词汇修饰、限制、说明现象,或者错误地使用了固有的词汇搭配形式。 7 词序错误 :作者未使用正确的、符合习惯的表述语序来对内容进行陈述。其中包括修饰词顺序错误,该倒装时没有倒装等。 8 非谓语动词使用错误 :作者错误的使用了现在分词、过去分词、或动词的不定式。其中包括: o 现在分词和过去分词误用 :作者没有保证逻辑主语与分词的一致性,即当逻辑主语发出动作时使用了过去分词,而在承受动作或状态时使用了现在分词。 o 不定式与动名词误用 :动名词表达的是 ” 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 ” ;不定式表达的是 ” 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的 ” ,作者错误的使用了不定式或动名词。 9 介词误用 :作者错误的使用了介词。 10 连词误用 :作者错误的使用了连词。 11 关系代词误用 :作者在定语从句中错误的使用了关系代词。 12 冠词误用 :作者没有分清楚定冠词和不定冠词的区别,或对两个不定冠词的用法不清楚而错误的使用了冠词。 13 代词误用或指代不明 :作者使用的代词的数或者性与名词不匹配,或者读者无法直接判断作者使用的代词所指代的对象。 14 句子不完整 :句子中某成分,尤其是构成句子的主干成分残缺。 15 主谓不一致 :句子的主语和谓语在 ” 数 ” 上不满足一致关系。 16 违反主句专一原则 :当一个句子由多个分句组成非简单句时,作者没有确保有且仅有一个主句,即所有从句必须有连词、关系代词或者分号等引导或隔离,但必须保证有唯一的主句。犯此类错误的句子叫做 ” 流水句( run-on sentences ) ” 或 ” 逗号拼凑句( comma splice ) ” 。 17 比较句错误 :包括作者在比较句中的比较主体不一致,即在一个比较句中,作者所引入的两个比较对象不具备同样的本质和属性,即 ” 不可比 ” ,或比较级使用错误等。 18 并列主体不一致 :在并列成分中,作者没有做到并列双方在结构、功能、性质方面完全对等。 19 时态错误 :句子谓语动词所使用的时态与句子所在的上下文环境不一致。 20 语态错误 :句子谓语动词所使用的语态(主动 / 被动)与主语不一致。 21 语气错误 :句子没有根据上下文采用正确的实语气或虚拟语气。 22 不符合英语习惯用法 :句子或词等满足语法规则,但是不符合英美国家的母语使用者的表述习惯。 以上列表由 杜昶旭 老师根据我之前的一个 “ 语法自检列表 ” 补充并重新整理,目前用作 Langlib.com 上的作文批改根据。
个人分类: 英文写作|8239 次阅读|0 个评论
英文写作中常见搭配
热度 1 hcl2008222 2011-7-23 15:43
英文写作中常见搭配.doc 据说中国人的英语语法掌握比以英语为母语的人都好,但是当谈及写作或对话时,就矮人三分。我就是这样,自认为英语语法掌握没问题,但当用英语写作或交流时,平时学的单词、语法、短语都忘了,大脑一片空白。。。所以在有意识地收集一些英语学习资料,下面这个资料就是英语口语与写作中经常用到的,希望能为英语学习而刻苦中的博友们有所帮助。
个人分类: 英语学习交流|4376 次阅读|2 个评论
[转载]科研时间管理(马臻)
oaiwqiyao 2011-2-11 15:07
hi,马老师您好,非常欣赏你的博文和你的思考和感悟。 最近看了你关于个人修炼的文章,可否推荐一些你觉得比较好的关于如何训练和提高科技英文写作的书? 还有,关于时间管理,我看到很多谈时间管理的书都是关于工作,公司里面的东西,关于科研的(尤其是关于做实验以及理论学习的时间如何分配,科研生活如何协调),可否推荐一些书,或谈谈您的看法? 谢谢您的宝贵时间! 回答:关于科技论文写作,在国外时看到有人推荐《The Elements of Style》,然而我读了这本书感到对我的用处不大:这本书主要从英语写作的基本功角度写的,包括如何使行文更加简洁等,然而对科研论文的谋篇布局却没有涉及。后来读到《How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper》(第六版,北京大学已经引进出版:《如何撰写和发表科技论文》),感到这本书非常适合初学的研究生看,作者介绍了科研写作、投稿和科研伦理的方方面面,每一章都通俗易懂,很容易看懂。如果在科研写作方面没有任何基础的话,用这本书打基础是非常适合的。但是有一定基础的人读这本书就感到比较小儿科,感到这里说的都是常识。 使我有启发的是《The ACS Style Guide》(第二版),后来我又买了第三版。这本书不但有科研论文的基本功,包括如何使用缩略语,如何引用别人的文章,而且有资深的编辑、审稿人对于他们如何写作、审稿子看什么的体会。这本书还用笼统描述性的语言介绍了写文章各个部件的总的要求和注意事项。读了以后,就知道并不是你得到了好数据然后把数据罗列一下就行的,而是要有更多的分析和内涵。用美国化学会杂志征稿要求的语言来说,纯粹是报数据的文章是不收的,而要有深入的道理方面的讨论,能提高人们对这一个课题的科学认识。 我最推崇的是牛津大学出版社出版的《Write Like A Chemist》,这本厚厚的书把科研论文分解为各个部件,每个部件有“公式化”的写作方法、常用句型和注意事项。这本书并非笼统描述、看过就忘记的那种,而是讲解得很清楚,里面的内容也很实用,并且配了各种案例和习题。如果真的能够从头到尾读下来,能成为写作高手。而已经熟悉科研写作的人,也能从书中找到对自己经验方法的印证。这本由牛津大学出版社出版的书,字正腔圆,它不是左道旁门,而是正统的好书。而书店里卖的国内很多介绍科研写作的中文书过于强调英语的词法、句法,却没能介绍“上乘功夫”,读了那些,很难写出神采飞扬的好文章。 关于时间管理,我想说我并不是时间管理大师,否则我的“结局”会更好。但是:(1)时间管理的规律是客观存在的,不以人的意志为转移的。时间管理能导致好的结果,但是有好结局的人并不是一定就擅长时间管理,这和评价的标准有关系。(2)正因为我很早以前没有接触到时间管理这方面的书,所以我要学习这方面的道理,并且感到有些道理(虽然我也无法完全照着做。) 很多市场上时间管理的中文书是一些常识性的经验、体会,我推荐一本非常好的Brian Tracy写的《Eat That Frog!》(中文版已经引进出版:《吃掉那只青蛙》)。这本书非常适合大学生、研究生和科研工作者看,甚至高中生也能读懂。该书分为十多章,讲述时间管理的规律性的东西,看了以后会很有启发。如果真的能够用到自己身上,威力一定很大。还有本详细、深奥一点的,是《Time Power》(中文版《时间力》),比较枯燥。 你的来信促使了我的思考,是因为你引出了一个重要的话题:书上讲的那些东西,看起来很有道理,在理论上站得住脚,但是如何把这些规律用到具体的科研实践中呢?如何指导自己的科研和研究生阶段的生活呢?我本来想回答说:“只要你看了《Eat That Frog!》,你就能潜移默化地提高了。”但这个回答在闪躲。以下,也许我无法充分地回答你的问题,但我尽可能提供几点值得思考的东西。 时间管理理论的发展,正如现代管理理论的发展一样,经历了几个阶段。一开始,人们认为抓紧时间、每天工作十几个小时就是时间管理。后来人们认识到效率、统筹方法的重要性。再后来人们强调计划,就是拿出一张纸片,记下来我已经做了什么,我明天要做什么。这些只是比较初级的时间管理,因为这些都强调“做事”,却没有分清楚“做什么样的事情”。在高级阶段,人们认识到,每天都有无数的事情要做,而这些事情有的是重要的,有的是不重要的。重要的事情件数少,只占20%,但能带来80%的效用;而不重要的事情件数多,占80%,但只带来20%的效用。因此时间管理的秘诀就是帕累托的80-20定律。为此,我们应在做事之前甄别什么是重要的,什么是不重要的。时间管理大师说:你没有时间做所有的事情,但你有足够的时间做重要的两三件事。 举个夸张的假设性的例子(虽然我不是这么做):比如说留学生想进国内高校任教,准入条件是至少发两篇第一作者的JACS(美国化学会志)。“聪明”的人就会围绕着这个指挥棒转,一心只发JACS,一心只做对自己有利的事情(第一作者),而不从事辅助性的实验(即不发第N作者文章),因为他知道,几篇第一作者JACS就是能给能带来80%效用的20%事情。而“愚蠢”的人做了这个、做了那个,有的是搭仪器,有的是帮助老板写proposal,有的是帮助别人做实验(自己为第N作者),后来要么很少有文章,要么虽然文章出了一大堆,“有用”的却没有几篇。这就是所谓的80%的付出带来了20%的效用。 以上这个夸张的例子从一个角度来讲,说明80-20原理是客观存在的,从另一个角度去讲,说明这个原理的局限性:这个原理是从最终的“效用”为导向、为指挥棒的,并且这个“效用”受评价标准的影响而会有“无效”和“有效”的结论。比如说我认为帮助别人(自己为第N作者)对我的心理上是有效用的,但是有的评价体系不这么认为。因此,怎么做,取决于你自己对“效用”的认定,即价值观。 除了上面的假设性的例子外,还有些正儿八经的例子:比如说我很少看电视,很少出去购物(或者“一次购清”),我认为这些都不能产生“效用”。再比如有些科学家收到审稿邀请,随手就把稿子发给学生去审,他很“聪明”,他知道这些“杂事”不会给他带来很大的“效用”。还有的科学家把学生差一点的文章让课题组的“小老板”或者“大师兄”去精心修改,而自己则腾出手来“御驾亲征”修改“高档次文章”,因为后者能带来更大“效用”。 以上说了些80-20原理。这本《吃掉那只青蛙》当然还有很多很有价值的经验。现代人在时间管理上还有一个“陷阱”就是把“活动”当作了“效果”。一匹马整天在“活动”,但它没有“效果”。再比如一个研究生或者青年教师,到了学校上午去财务科报销、然后审稿子,下午参加各种会议、接待社会上来的推销员,晚上看报纸、看杂志,表面上看起来在“活动”,但没有产生多大“效果”。从书中,我领会到,“吃掉那只青蛙”的意思就是说“别人恶心吃青蛙,你要狠下心来吃掉那只最难吃的青蛙”(即跳出“舒适区”)。生活、工作,不是捡最简单的事情来做,而是捡难做的事情来做,捡别人不会做、不能做的事情来做。做了难的事情,你的能力就提高了,难的事情就难不倒你;而做了简单的事情,则永远只会做简单的事情。并且,这本书告诉读者,时间和精力花在什么地方,你的成就也在什么地方。比如说你花在研究化妆品上,你是“闲暇生活者”;你花在八卦别人上,你成为“八卦者”;你花在写博客上,你成为知名博主;你花在工作上,你成为业务骨干。 这本书所说的东西,我现在无法完全做到,但这本书能启发我做选择。比如说,有的机构请我当“绿色产品鉴定专家”,有的和我自己专业没有关系的杂志请我当英文技术编辑(校稿),有的留学机构请我给他们的客户提供有偿服务,有的报纸杂志请我写社会上大众也能写的文章,有的不公开发行的内部刊物请我写文章,这些我都推辞了。因为我知道,时间放在哪里,成功就在哪里。 关于如何安排看文献、做实验、写文章,王华峰在《科学新闻》撰文说,要1/3时间看文献,1/3时间做实验,1/3时间写文章。我认为具体的怎么安排,要根据以下两个因素进行调整:(1)你现在是什么身份;(2)你将来要做什么。很多留学生到了美国,老板是不会让你拿着他的钱而坐下来看文献的,而是一进实验室就赶鸭子上架似的让你做实验,利用业余时间看文献,后来又利用白天时间加上业余时间写文章。那些老板设计好了实验思路,就是让你来完成的。而对于博士后,更是如此,有拿个老板愿意你每天领着200美金的工资不干活?看到你坐在电脑前面,心里想白给你工资了。 也就是说,如果你只是想拿个文凭毕业、只是想对得起博士后的工资、或者只是想成为“有手的工具”的话,多花点时间做实验对你完全没有坏处,而且是非常有利的,因为别人只看“效果”。然而,如果你要放眼将来成为“学者”的话,看文献(甚至是看和自己课题无关的文献)是非常重要的。并且这是一条默默无闻的“不归路”:你看了文献,无法取得立竿见影的效果,在找工作的时候,国内的人只看你发了什么文章,你无法用“我看了5000篇文献”作为应聘的筹码。这里的关系就象《The 7 Habits of High Efficient People》里面所说的鸡和金蛋的故事:有的人杀鸡取金蛋,而你既要产金蛋的鸡,也要得到金蛋,于是就引出了“生产出东西”和“可再生产能力”这两者平衡(即可持续发展)的问题。
0 个评论
英语摘要的四大部分
proffeng 2009-1-22 11:07
英语摘要的四大部分 我在给许多科技工作者翻译和校对科技英语论文时,发现许多科技工作者对摘要的撰写缺乏专业技能。 英语摘要的规定是分成四大部分,即(1)陈述本研究的主要目的和范围;(2)描述本研究所使用的研究方法;(3)总结本研究的结果;(4)陈述本研究的主要结论。有可能的话,还可以陈述一下本研究的价值和意义。 我在审阅英文稿件的过程中,发现作者只要按照这四个步骤撰写摘要,其英语论文的写作质量也属于可读之列,规范和专业是其要旨,其获准发表的概率也就高多了。
个人分类: 未分类|5480 次阅读|3 个评论

Archiver|手机版|科学网 ( 京ICP备07017567号-12 )

GMT+8, 2024-5-23 10:03

Powered by ScienceNet.cn

Copyright © 2007- 中国科学报社

返回顶部