现代读书人要作研究，研究就得写叫做 paper 的东西，写 paper 就得参考文献，参考了文献就得在文章中引用处注明并且后面列出文献的名称和出处。这样作有两个好处：一曰尊重知识产权；不然就是剽窃；二曰追溯责任，如果错了被引用，参考文献也有责任，谁叫谬种误传呢？ 文章中引用参考文献的注明方式，最初采用是用数码方式。例如 文献 对 中国、美国、巴西和韩国的水泥工业碳排放趋势做了说明。 然后在文章的参考文献栏目写上 Kim Y., Worrell E., Carbon emission in the cement industry: an international comparison. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2002, 7:115-133. 这个方法注明了来源，至于文献 是什么，作者是谁，可以到参考文献里查。文献编号 28 是按照文献出现的次序排序的。 人类有个毛病，它总是有不满，不满的力量使得后来人们发现这个文献注明法有个毛病，如果前面增删一个文献，整个次序就错了，如果文章的段落调动涉及文献，整个编码就乱了。于是不满者发明了按作者姓氏字母排序排列参考文献的方法，有人告诉我叫罗马法，即在最后的参考文献栏目，按姓氏字母排序，例如 Kim ， Worrell （ 2002 ）对中国、美国、巴西和韩国的水泥工业碳排放趋势作了分析说明。 Kim Y., Worrell E., 2002 ， Carbon emission in the cement industry: an international comparison. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 7:115-133. 这下好了，文章内容再调整，文献排列不用动，因为排序与出现顺序是独立的，真有点以不变应万变的精神。不仅如此，而且还让读者知道什么人，哪一年完成了这个工作。 这种罗马法出来后很快就流行起来，在中国，至少《生态学报》就采用这个方法。 可是就在罗马法流行时，中国的一些专家制定了个《期刊（技术）标准》，硬是把历史的车轮扳回去，参考文献要用数码法。这样增删一个文献，整个次序就错了的毛病就发扬不光大了，把写文章的读书人，有时候弄个半死。开始有些期刊坚持罗马法，可是胳膊拗不过大腿，情报学专家每每要作期刊排序，编辑告诉我，参考文献不符合《期刊标准》，期刊排序就要扣分或者干脆不列入，一个期刊，叫《管理 ** 》据说就曾经遭此厄运，后来不得不服，有点不可不戒的样子。结果十多年过去了，期刊就这么折腾着读书人。 按说读书人被折腾了，早就应该提出修改意见，可是就是没有人提意见。我曾经想就此事写篇文章，可是窃自思，又不是我一个人的事，说了不知道得罪谁，何必呢？中国知识分子的贱发挥了作用。按照古今多少事，都付笑谈中的原则，我就一直没有写，不自由而自在地活着。可是最近，最近我女儿也要写论文了， 85 后，埋怨这个标准，父爱，我才冒死谏一谏。我还是自私吧！至于中国还有多少过时的技术标准，古今多少事，都付笑谈中喽。
一个硬指标--- 从地球到火星飞行时间就要 6-8 个月。 美国宇航局计划2030年将6名宇航员送往火星。从地球到火星飞行时间就要6-8个月。 这里包含这几个硬指标。 硬指标; 1.美国教授申请需要Cell,Nature,Science这样的论文。而且，一个中国学者申请Assistant Professor时，同时有发表的Nature，Science，Plant Cell论文。 2.美国申请Full professor 要有70篇论文 3.中国申请院士一般都有科技进步二等奖以上的奖项 4.在世界一流大学，一年发表CNS论文要在200篇以上。东京大学比较典型，哈佛大学教授发表CNS论文也是一般论文。以庄小威为例，都是CNS论文，60多篇。 5.一些伟人，座4奔5.以范曾为例。 6.国际化---明尼苏达大学，在中国每年招生2000人。 我们研究一些硬指标，依据一些硬指标，多心平气和！ 一、DavidTilman实验室 发表论文： Selected Publications Fargione, J., J. Hill, D. Tilman, S. Polasky and P. Hawthorne. 2008. Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science 319: 1235-1238. Clark, C.M. and D. Tilman. 2008. Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands. nature 451:712-715. Tilman, D., J. Hill and C. Lehman. 2006. Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science 314:1598-1600. Tilman, D., P.B. Reich and J.M.H. Knops. 2006. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability in a decade-long grassland experiment. Nature 441:629-632. Hill, J., E. Nelson, D. Tilman, S. Polasky and D Tiffany. 2006. Evironmental, economic, and energetic costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proceedings fo the National Academy of Sciences 103:11206-11210. Reich P.B., S.E. Hobbie, T. Lee, D.S. Ellsworth, J.B. West, D. Tilman, J.M.H. Knops, S. Naeem and J Trost. 2006. Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO 2. Nature 440:922-925. Tilman, D. 2004. Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:10854-10861. Mitchell, C., D. Tilman and J. V. Groth. 2002. Effects of grassland plant species diversity, abundance, and composition on foliar fungal disease. Ecology 83:1713-1726. Kennedy, T. A., S. Naeem, K. M. Howe, J. M. H. Knops, D. Tilman and P. Reich. 2002. Biodiversity as a barrier to ecological invasion. Nature 417:636-638. Tilman, D., P. B. Reich, J. Knops, D. Wedin, T. Mielke and C. Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294:843-845. Tilman, D., K. G. Cassman, P. A. Matson, R. Naylor and S. Polasky. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418:671-677. Tilman, D., J. Fargione, B. Wolff, C. D'Antonio, A. Dobson, R. Howarth, D. Schindler, W. Schlesinger, D. Simberloff, D. Swackhamer. 2001. Forecasting Agriculturally Driven Global Environmental Change. Science 292:281-284. Tilman, D. 2000. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. Nature 405:208-211. Tilman, D. 1999. The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles. The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture. Ecology 80:1455-1474. Tilman, D. 1998. The greening of the green revolution. Nature 396:211-212. Cohen, J. E. and D. Tilman. 1996. Biosphere 2 and biodiversity: the lessons so far. Science 274:1150-1151. Tilman, D. 1996. Biodiversity: Population versus ecosystem stability. Ecology 77(3):350-363. Tilman, D., D. Wedin and J. Knops. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379:718-720. Wedin, D. A. and D. Tilman. 1996. Influence of nitrogen loading and species composition on the carbon balance of grasslands. Science 274:1720-1723. Siemann, E., D. Tilman and J. Haarstad. 1996. Insect species diversity, abundance and body size relationships. Nature 380:704-706. Cohen, J. E. and D. Tilman. 1996. Biosphere 2 and biodiversity: the lessons so far. Science 274:1150-1151. Tilman, D. and J.A. Downing. 1994. Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature 367:363-365. Tilman, D., R.M. May, C.L. Lehman, and M.A. Nowak. 1994. Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371:65-66. Tilman, D. and A. El Haddi. 1992. Drought and biodiversity in grasslands. Oecologia 89:257-264.er 庄小威实验室 发表论文： H.M. van der Schaar, M.J. Rust, C. Chen, H. van der Ende-Metselaar, J. Wilschut, X. Zhuang, J.M. Smit, Dissecting the Cell Entry Pathway of Dengue Virus by Single-Particle Tracking in Living Cells, PLOS Pathogens 4 , e1000244 (2008) B. Huang, S.A. Jones, B. Brandenburg, X. Zhuang, Whole-cell 3D STORM reveals interactions between cellular structures with nanometer-scale resolution, Nature Methods 5 , 1047-1052 (2008) S. Liu, E. Abbondanzieri, J. W. Rausch, S. F. J. Le Grice, X. Zhuang, Slide into action: dynamic shuttling of HIV reverse transcriptase on nucleic acid substrates, Science 322 , 1092-1097 (2008) M. Bates, B. Huang, X. Zhuang, Super-resolution microscopy by nanoscale localization of photo-switchable fluorescent probes, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 12 , 505-514 (2008) E. Abbondanzieri, G. Bokinsky, J. W. Rausch, J. X. Zhang, S. F. J. Le Grice, X. Zhuang, Dynamic binding orientations direct activity of HIV reverse transcriptase, Nature 453 , 184-189 (2008) C. Chen, X. Zhuang, Epsin1 is a cargo specific adaptor for the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of influenza virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 , 11790-11795 (2008) J. Zheng, Y. Ding, B. Tian, Z. Wang, X. Zhuang, Luminescent and Raman active silver nanoparticles with polycrystalline structure, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 , 10472-10473 (2008) B. Huang, W. Wang, M. Bates, X. Zhuang, Three-dimensional Super-resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy, Science 319 , 810-813 (2008) M. Bates, B. Huang, G. T. Dempsey, X. Zhuang, Multicolor Super-Resolution Imaging with Photo-Switchable Fluorescent Probes, Science 317 , 1749-1753 (2007) S. Liu, G. Bokinsky, N. G. Walter, X. Zhuang, Dissecting the multi-step reaction pathway of an RNA enzyme by single-molecule kinetic fingerprinting, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 , 12634-12639 (2007) B. Brandenburg, L. Y. Lee, M. Lakadamyali, M. J. Rust, X. Zhuang, J. M. Hogle, Imaging poliovirus entry in live cells, PLoS Biol. 5 , e183, 1543-1555 (2007) M. D. Stone, M. Mihalusova, C. M. O'Connor, R. Prathapam, K. Collins, X. Zhuang, Stepwise protein-mediated RNA folding directs assembly of telomerase ribonucleoprotein, Nature 446 , 458-461 (2007) B. Brandenburg, X. Zhuang, Virus trafficking - learning from single-virus tracking, Nat. Rev. Microbiology 5 , 197-208 (2007) Y. Zhou, X. Zhuang, Kinetic analysis of sequential multi-step reactions, J. Phys. Chem. B 111 , 13600-13610, (2007) H. M. van der Shaar, M. J. Rust, B. Waarts, H. van der Ende Metselaar, R. J. Kuhn, J. Wilschut, X. Zhuang, J. M. Smit, Characterization of the early events in Dengue virus cell entry by biochemical assays and single-virus tracking, J. Virol. 81 , 12019-12028 (2007) C. K. Payne, S. Jones, C. Chen, X. Zhuang, Internalization and trafficking of cell surface proteoglycans and proteoglycan binding ligands, Traffic 8 , 389-401 (2007) Y. Zhou, X. Zhuang, Robust reconstruction of the rate constant distribution using the phase function method, Biophysical Journal 91 , 4045-4053 (2006) M. J. Rust, M. Bates, X. Zhuang, Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), Nature Methods 3 , 793-795 (2006) G. Bokinsky, L. G. Nivon, S. Liu, G. Chai, M. Hong, K. M. Weeks, X. Zhuang, Two distinct binding modes of a protein cofactor with its target RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 361 , 771-784 (2006) M. Lakadamyali, M. J. Rust, X. Zhuang, Ligands for clathrin-mediated endocytosis are differentially sorted into distinct populations of early endosomes, Cell 124 , 997-1009 (2006) G. Bokinsky, X. Zhuang, Single-molecule RNA folding, Acc. Chem. Res. 38 , 566-573 (2005) X. Zhuang, Single-molecule RNA Science, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 34 , 399-414 (2005) M. Bates, T. R. Blosser, X. Zhuang, Short-range spectroscopic ruler based on a single-molecule optical switch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 , 108101 (2005) X. Zhuang, Unraveling DNA condensation by optical tweezers, Science 305 , 188-190 (2004) M. J. Rust, M. Lakadamyali, F. Zhang, X. Zhuang, Assembly of endocytic machinery around individual influenza viruses during viral entry, Nature Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 , 567-573 (2004) M. Lakadamyali, M. J. Rust, X. Zhuang, Endocytosis of influenza viruses, Micro. Infection 6 , 929-936 (2004) F. Patolsky, G. Zheng, O. Hayden, M. Lakadamyali, X. Zhuang, C. M. Lieber, Electrical detection of single viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 , 14017-14022 (2004) H. P. Babcock, C. Chen, X. Zhuang, Using single particle-tracking to study nuclear trafficking of viral genes, Biophys. J. 87, 2749-2758 (2004) D. Rueda, G. Bokinsky, M. M. Rhodes, M. J. Rust, X. Zhuang, N. G. Walter, Single-molecule enzymology of RNA: Essential functional groups impact catalysis from a distance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 , 10066-10071 (2004) M. Lakadamyali, M. J. Rust, H P. Babcock, X. Zhuang, Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 , 9280-9285 (2003) G. Bokinsky, D. Rueda, V. K. Misra, A. Gordus, M. M. Rhodes, H. P. Babcock, N. G. Walter, X. Zhuang, Single-molecule transition-state analysis of RNA folding, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 , 9302-9307 (2003) X. Zhuang and M. Rief, Single-molecule folding, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13 , 88-97 (2003) L. E. Bartley, X. Zhuang, R. Das, S. Chu, D. Herschlag, Exploration of the transition state for tertiary structure formation between an RNA helix and a large structured RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 328 , 1011-1026 (2003) X. Zhuang, H. Kim, M. Pereira, H. Babcock, N. Walter, S. Chu, Correlating structural dynamics and function in single ribozyme molecules, Science 296 , 1473-1476 (2002) R. Russell, X. Zhuang, H. Babcock, I. S. Millett, S. Doniach, S. Chu, D. Herschlag, Exploring the folding landscape of a structured RNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 , 155-160 (2002) X. Zhuang, L. Bartley, H. Babcock, R. Russell, T. Ha, D. Herschlag, S. Chu, A single-molecule study of RNA catalysis and folding, Science 288 , 2048-2051 (2000) X. Zhuang, T. Ha, H. Kim, T. Centner, S. Labeit, S. Chu, Fluorescence quenching: a tool for single-molecule protein-folding study, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 , 14241-14244 (2000) T. Ha, X. Zhuang, H. Kim, J. Orr, J. Williamson, S. Chu, Ligand-induced conformational changes of single RNA molecules, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 , 9077-9082 (1999) S.-C. Hong, M. Oh-e, X. Zhuang, Y. R. Shen, J. J. Ge, F. W. Harris, S. Z. D. Cheng, Orientation of side chains and adsorbed liquid crystal molecules on a rubbed polyimide surface studied by optical harmonic generation, Phys. Rev. E 63 , 0517061-7 (2001) J. J. Ge, C. Y. Li, G.I. Xue, I. K. Mann, S. Z. D. Cheng, J. Z. Zhang, D. Zhang, S. Wang, F. W. Harris, S.-C. Hong, X. Zhuang, Y. R. Shen, Rubbing-induced molecular reorientation on an alignment surface of an aromatic polyimide containing cyanobiphenyl side chains, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 , 5768-5776 (2001) X. Wei, X. Zhuang, D. Kim, S.-C. Hong, T. Goto, and Y. R. Shen, Vibrational spectroscopy of rubbed polymer surfaces, Mole. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 358 , 103-108 (2001) X. Wei, S. Hong, X. Zhuang, T. Goto, Y. R. Shen, Nonlinear optical studies of liquid crystal alignment on a rubber polyvinyl alcohol surface, Phys. Rev. E 62 , 5160-5172, (2000) X. Wei, X. Zhuang, S. Hong, T. Goto, Y. R. Shen, Sum-Frequency vibrational spectroscopic study of a rubbed polymer surface, Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 , 4256-4259 (1999) X. Zhuang, P. B. Miranda, D. Kim, Y. R. Shen, Mapping molecular orientation and conformation at interfaces by surface nonlinear optics, Phys. Rev. B 59 , 12632-12640 (1999) T. Qian, X. Zhuang, Y. R. Shen, Surface-monolayer-induced bulk alignment of liquid crystals: from nematic to smectic-a phase, Phys. Rev. E 59 , 1873-1879 (1999) X. Zhuang, R. Muenster, M. Jarasch, Y. R. Shen, Dye-induced enhancement of optical nonlinearity in liquid crystals and ordinary liquids, Mole. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 321 , 165-172 (1998) J. J. Ge, G.Xue, K. W. McCreight, S. Wang, F. W. Harris, S. Z. D. Cheng, X. Zhuang, S. Hong, Y. R. Shen, Surface studies of polyimide thin films via surface enhanced Raman scattering and second harmonic generation, Macromol. Rapid Comm. 19 , 619-623 (1998) R. Muenster, M. Jarasch, X. Zhuang, Y. R. Shen, Enhanced optical kerr effect of dye-doped isotropic liquid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 , 42-45 (1997) A. Le Calvez, S. Montant, E. Freysz, A. Ducasse, X. Zhuang, Y. R. Shen, Ultrafast orientation dynamics of liquid crystals in smectic phase, Chem. Phys. Lett. 258 , 620-625 (1996) X. Zhuang and Y. R. Shen, The application of nonlinear optics to the study of polymers at interfaces, Trends Polym. Sci. 4 , 258-264 (1996) X. Zhuang, H. S. Lackritz, and Y. R. Shen, Photo-isomerization of polymer monolayers and multi-layers on water, Chem. Phys. Lett. 246 , 279-284 (1995) X. Zhuang, D. Wilk, L. Marrucci, and Y. R. Shen, Orientation of amphiphilic molecules on polar substrates, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 , 2144-2147 (1995) X. Zhuang, L. Marrucci, D. Johannsmann, and Y. R. Shen, Dependence of liquid crystal bulk alignment on its surface monolayer, Mole. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 262 , 35-43 (1995) X. Zhuang, L. Marrucci, and Y. R. Shen, Surface-monolayer-induced bulk alignment of liquid crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73 , 1513-1516 (1994)
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