著名悼文 + 著名论断： 转载《在马克思墓前的讲话》（中文与英文） 关键词：马克思； 恩格斯； Karl Marx ； Frederick Engels ； Funeral speech 根据有关文献，《在马克思墓前的讲话》刊 载于 1883 年 3 月 22 日《社会民主党人报》第 13 号 。原文是德文，选自《马克思恩格斯全集》第 19 卷第 374 — 376 页。非常遗憾，我尚未对这篇经典文献的出处进行考证，也没有考证这篇历史性文献的英译者与中译者到底是谁。我期望学界有人对此文进行考证以便大家严谨引用或转载。 我认为，这篇著名悼文中有个著名论断似乎永远也不会过时，现抄录如下： “正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样， 马克思 发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等。所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成为基础；人们的国家制度，法的观点，艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的。因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样做得相反。” 真正喜欢做科学研究的人往往都有一个习惯，就是要看原始文献、或看原始数据，这非常重要。有时候，寻找原著就是一个非常有趣的探索过程。我在考证“活化石”术语的工作中，查阅了达尔文的《物种起源》（ 1859 年第 1 版）原著，内心充满着喜悦，颇有收获。 说老实话，我从来没有见过 马克思的德文原著，即使见到了，我也读不懂，因为我对 德文一窍不通。我家中收藏的 马克思《资本论》（中译本）是我哥哥赠送给我的。我翻阅过此书数页，感觉比康德的著作还要晦涩难懂。《资本论》真的成了我书柜中的摆设品。在现实面前，我们应该有足够的知识和勇气承认自己的无知与浅薄。 孙启高 2010 年 2 月 6 日写于美国 --------------------------- 关于马克思的病逝及葬礼 Karl Marx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx Karl Marx's Tomb at Highgate Cemetery London Following the death of his wife Jenny in December 1881, Marx developed a catarrh that kept him in ill health for the last 15 months of his life. It eventually brought on the bronchitis and pleurisy that killed him in London on March 14, 1883. He died a stateless person ; family and friends in London buried his body in Highgate Cemetery , London, on March 17, 1883. Several of Marx's closest friends spoke at his funeral, including Wilhelm Liebknecht and Friedrich Engels. Engels's speech included the words “ On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep—but forever. ” In addition to Engels and Liebknecht, Marx's daughter Eleanor and Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue , Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, also attended his funeral. Liebknecht, a founder and leader of the German Social-Democratic Party, gave a speech in German, and Longuet, a prominent figure in the French working-class movement, made a short statement in French. Two telegrams from workers' parties in France and Spain were also read out. Together with Engels's speech, this constituted the entire programme of the funeral. Those attending the funeral included Friedrich Lessner, who had been sentenced to three years in prison at the Cologne communist trial of 1852; G. Lochner, who was described by Engels as an old member of the Communist League and Carl Schorlemmer , a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society , but also an old communist associate of Marx and Engels. Three others attended the funeral— Ray Lankester , Sir John Noe and Leonard Church. Marx's tombstone bears the carved messages: WORKERS OF ALL LANDS UNITE , the final line of The Communist Manifesto, and Engels's version of the 11th Thesis on Feuerbach : “ The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways—the point however is to change it ” …… ---------------------------- 在马克思墓前的讲话 恩格斯 时间： 1883 年 3 月 17 日 地点：伦敦海格特公墓 http://baike.baidu.com/view/1286522.htm 3 月 14 日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。让他一个人留在房间里不过两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了 --- 但已经是永远地睡着了。 这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗着的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。这位巨人逝世以后所形成的空白，在不久的将来就会使人感觉到。 正像达尔文发现有机界的发展规律一样， 马克思 发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为繁茂芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实： 人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等。 所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成为基础；人们的国家制度，法的观点，艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的。因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样做得相反。 不仅如此，马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。由于剩余价值的发现，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或社会主义批评家所做的一切都只是在黑暗中摸索。 一生中能有这样两个发现，该是很够了，甚至只要能作出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。 但马克思在他所研究的每一个领域（甚至在数学领域）都有独到的发现，这样的领域是很多的，而且其中任何一个领域他都不是肤浅地研究的。这位科学巨匠就是这样，但这在他身上远不是主要的。在马克思看来， 科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量。 任何一门理论科学中的每一个新发现，即使它的实际应用甚至还无法预见，都使马克思感到衷心喜悦。但是当有了立即会对工业、对一般历史发展产生革命影响的发现的时候，他的喜悦就完全不同了。例如，他曾经密切地注意电学方面各种发现的发展情况，不久以前，他还注意了马赛尔 · 德普勒的发现。 因为马克思首先是一个革命家。他毕生的真正使命 , 就是以这种或那种方式参加推翻资本主义社会及其所建立的国家设施的事业，参加现代无产阶级的解放事业 , 正是他第一次使现代无产阶级意识到自身的地位和需要 , 意识到自身解放的条件， --- 这实际上就是他毕生的使命。斗争是他的生命要素。很少有人像他那样满腔热情、坚韧不拔和卓有成效地进行斗争。最早的《莱因报》（ 1842 年），巴黎的《前进报》（ 1844 年），《德意志－布鲁塞尔报》（ 1847 年），《新莱茵报》（ 1848 － 1849 年），《纽约每日论坛报》（ 1852 － 1861 年），以及许多富有战斗性的小册子，在巴黎、布鲁塞尔和伦敦各组织中的工作，最后是创立伟大的国际工人协会，做为这一切工作的完成 -- 老实说，协会的这位创始人即使别的什么也没有做，也可以拿这一结果引以自豪。 正因为这样，所以马克思是当代最遭忌恨和最受诬蔑的人。各国政府 --- 无论专制或共和政府 --- 都驱逐他；资产者 -- 无论保守派或极端民主派 --- 都纷纷争先恐后地诽谤他、诅咒他。他对这一切毫不在意，把它们当作蛛丝一样轻轻抹去，只是在万分必要时才给予答复。现在他逝世了，在整个欧洲和美洲，从西伯利亚矿井到加利福尼亚，千百万革命战友无不对他表示尊敬、爱戴和悼念。而我敢大胆地说，他可能有过许多敌人，但未必有一个私敌。 他的英名和事业将永垂不朽！ -------------- Frederick Engels ： On the 14th of March, at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever. An immeasurable loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America , and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic nature, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history: the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; that therefore the production of the immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved, and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case. But that is not all. Marx also discovered the special law of motion governing the present-day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has created. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark. Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy the man to whom it is granted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Marx investigated -- and he investigated very many fields, none of them superficially -- in every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries. Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved immediate revolutionary changes in industry and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez. For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to contribute, in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of its emancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung (1842), the Paris Vorwrts! (1844), Brsseler Deutsche Zeitung (1847), the Neue Rheinische Zeitung (1848-49), the New York Tribune (1852-61), and in addition to these a host of militant pamphlets, work in organisations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all, the formation of the great International Working Men's Association -- this was indeed an achievement of which its founder might well have been proud even if he had done nothing else. And, consequently, Marx was the best-hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments, both absolutist and republican, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultra-democratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow-workers -- from the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and America -- and I make bold to say that though he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy. His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work! ----------------------------
标签: 恩格斯
