才华胜容貌:再议美女科学家莫娜•贾勒希 ( Mona Jarrahi ) 诸平 张海霞博主的“ 巧遇美女科学家 Mona ”的博文访问量已经超过2万人次,我再想补充一点内容,使我们对于莫娜•贾勒希(Mona Jarrahi)美貌之外的内在才华有更深入的了解与认识。外在形象之美是父母给的,或者说是与生俱来的,当然也有人经过人造使自己形象更加迷人的。对于一个人的认识与了解,我们不仅要看其外在形象,更为重要的还是看她(他)的内心世界是否美丽,是否值得人们尊敬和爱戴。前不久为了抗击埃博拉疫情而献身的Mbalu Fonnie(穆巴鲁•方妮)和Alice Kovoma(阿丽斯•科沃玛),无论其长相如何,她们永远是我们活着的人心中最美的白衣天使。我也找到一些关于莫娜•贾勒希(Mona Jarrahi)的信息,读罢有一种感觉:才华胜过容貌。现将相关材料整理如下,供大家参考。 中学时代的心中梦想 莫娜•贾勒希(Mona Jarrahi)在伊朗出生,她现在是美国美国加州大学洛杉矶分校电气工程系(Electrical Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles)副教授。她早年毕业于伊朗谢里夫工业大学(Sharif University of Technology),获得电气工程学士学位,而她的电气工程硕士和博士学位则是在美国斯坦福大学(Stanford University)获得。她对于物理的钟爱,可以从高中阶段说起。高中阶段莫娜•贾勒希对物理很感兴趣,是因为她感到应用物理学中的有关定律,可以对我们日常生活中许多电子和机械的操作工具的工作原理作出解释。当然她并不满足自己已有的知识,渴望了解更多知识,发明能解决大问题,显著改善人们生活条件的新产品成为她心中的一个梦想,这种梦想成为促使她大学毕业之后再去美国求学的一种源动力。 现在,她作为密歇根大学一名电气工程和应用物理学教授,正在创新研发供高级医学成像、化学传感、大气研究、空间探索、安检以及工业质量控制等应用的太赫兹设备和系统。她带领一个专门从事太赫兹光电设备和系统研究的科研小组,不仅要为申请科研经费费心,也要为招收研究生和博士后来探索新的研究设想而考虑,还要撰写论文,为各种会议和研究机构作报告,同时兼任多种科学期刊和杂志的编辑和审稿人,并参与会议组织委员会和其他各种专业委员会。除了培养教育研究生和本科生,指导博士后学者进行科学研究之外,还要为研究生和本科生讲授太赫兹技术、光学和电磁学课程。不同领域之间的空白地带可能存在的机会更多一些,但是也对新领域的开拓者来说有更高的要求。因此,不断更新自己的已有知识,随时准备涉足新的研究方向也已经成为莫娜•贾勒希的未来发展方向。充满雄心别自卑,路遇障碍勿气馁也可以说就是她的座右铭。用莫娜•贾勒希的话说就是:Many opportunities exist in gaps between fields, so keep your knowledge up-to-date and be ready to dive into new research directions. Be ambitious and never think you aren't good enough. Believe in yourself and don't get discouraged by the obstacles along your way. 莫娜•贾勒希的研究兴趣涉及到太赫兹/毫米波电子学、光电子学和新材料(Terahertz/Millimeter-Wave Electronics, Optoelectronics, and Novel Materials);微波光子学和超快电光学(Microwave Photonics and Ultrafast Electro-Optics);太赫兹/红外成像和光谱学(Terahertz/Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy)等。 莫娜•贾勒希的隶属单位: 加州大学洛杉矶分校电气工程系(Electrical Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles); 加州纳米系统研究所(California Nanosystems Institute); 密歇根大学放射实验室(University of Michigan Radiation Laboratory); 密歇根大学光学和光子学实验室(University of Michigan Optics and Photonics Laboratory); 密歇根大学固态电子学实验室(University of Michigan Solid State Electronics Laboratory); 教育背景 2003年9月~ 2007年9月美国斯坦福大学攻读电气工程博士学位 Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 2001年9月~ 2003年9月美国斯坦福大学攻读电气工程硕士学位 M.S., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 1996年9月~ 2000年9月伊朗德黑兰谢里夫理工大学攻读电气工程学士学位 B.S., Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 受聘约定 2013年9月~今美国加州大学洛杉矶分校电气工程系副教授 Associate Professor, University of California, Los Angeles Electrical Engineering Department 2008年9月~ 2013年9月密歇根大学电气工程与计算机科学系助理教授 Assistant Professor, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department Applied Physics Program 2007年9月~ 2008年9月加州大学伯克利分校伯克利传感器和制动器中心博士后 Post-Doctoral Scholar, University of California Berkeley Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center 2001年1月~ 2007年9月斯坦福大学电气工程系助理研究员 Research Assistant, Stanford University Electrical Engineering Department 荣誉及获奖 时间 荣誉或获奖名称 2014 国际无线电科学联盟美国国家委员会的布克奖学金 Booker Fellowship from the United States National Committee of the International Union of Radio Science (USNC/URSI) 2014 IEEE纳米技术委员会纳米技术学者新秀奖 IEEE Nanotechnology Council Early Career Award in Nanotechnolog 2014 IEEE微波理论和技术学会杰出青年工程师奖 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society Outstanding Young Engineer Award 2014 美国光学学会资深会士OSA Senior Membership 2013 科学家和工程师总统学者新秀奖 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers 2013 美国国家工程院固安捷基础前沿工程奖 National Academy of Engineering, Grainger Foundation Frontiers of Engineering Award 2013 国际光学工程学会资深会士SPIE Senior Membership 2013 国际微波会议最佳论文奖(第三名) Best Student Paper Award, 3rd place, International Microwave Symposium 2013 天线和传播国际研讨会最佳学生论文奖(第二名) Best Student Paper Award, 2nd place, International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation 2012 陆军研究办公室(ARO)年轻研究者奖 Army Research Office (ARO) Young Investigator Award 2012 美国国家工程院工程先锋 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Frontiers of Engineering 2012 美国海军研究办公室(ONR) 年轻研究者奖 Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award 2012 密歇根大学伊丽莎白•克罗斯比研究奖 Elizabeth Crosby Research Award, University of Michigan 2012 IEEE高级会员IEEE Senior Membership 2011 美国国家科学基金会(NSF) 早期职业能力发展奖 National Science Foundation (NSF) Faculty Early CAREER Development Award 2010 美国国防高级研究计划局(DARPA)青年职员奖 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Young Faculty Award 2008 国际微波会议最佳论文奖(第三名) Best Student Paper Award, 3rd place, International Microwave Symposium 2008 伯克利传感器和致动器中心工业咨询委员会会议最佳论文奖 Best paper award Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center industry advisory board meeting 2007 国际微波研讨会最佳学生论文奖(第一名) Best Student Paper Award, 1st place, International Microwave Symposium 2005 光子技术存取程序研究奖 Photonic Technology Access Program Research Award 2002 罗伯特•博世FMA奖学金Robert Bosch FMA fellowship 1995 伊朗全国物理奥林匹克竞赛银奖Silver medal, Iranian National Physics Olympiad 专业学会以及服务团体 专业学会成员 Professional memberships: IEEE激光与电光学会高级会员IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (Senior Member) IEEE微波理论与技术学会高级会员IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (Senior Member) IEEE电子设备学会高级会员IEEE Electron Devices Society (Senior Member) IEEE天线与传播学会高级会员IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society (Senior Member) 美国光学学会高级会员Optical Society of America (Senior Member) 国际光学工程学会高级会员International Society of Optical Engineers, SPIE (Senior Member) 编委会成员 Editorial Boards: IEEE微波杂志特刊太赫兹技术特邀编辑(2014年)Guest Editor of IEEE Microwave magazine special issue on Terahertz Technology, 2014 红外、毫米以及太赫兹微波杂志编委会成员,2013年至今Editorial board member of Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves, 2013-present 2011年发冷光能源国际会议专刊特邀编辑Guest Editor for International Conference on Luminescence Procedia Issue, 2011 会议组委会成员 Conference Committees: 2010年1次;2012年5次;2013年6次;2014年5次,2015年5月中旬之前已经确定有2次会议,即2010~2015年5月已经担任或者将担任19次会议组委会成员,详见如下: Member of the Technical Program Committee, Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, CA, May 10-15, 2015 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, 9th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Lisbon, Portugal, April 12-17, 2015 Member of the Technical Program Committee, Optical Society of America Advanced Photonics Meeting, Barcelona, Spain, July 28-31, 2014 Member of the Technical Program Committee, IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Tampa Bay, FL, June 1-6, 2014 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Memphis, TN, July 6-12, 2014 Member of the Program Committee, Nano and Giga Challenges in Electronics, Photonics and Renewable Energy From Materials to Devices to System Architecture Symposium, Phoenix, Arizona, March 10-14, 2014 Member of the Program Committee, Quantum Sensing and Nanophotonic Devices, SPIE Photonics West, San Francisco, CA, February 1-6, 2014 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics, Bordeaux, France, September 16-21, 2013 Member of the Program Committee, Nano Science and Engineering, SPIE Optics and Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA, August 25-29, 2013 Member of the Program Committee, Optical Engineering and Applications, SPIE Optics and Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA, August 25-29, 2013 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Orlando, FL, July 7-13, 2013 Member of the Program Committee, International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging, Beijing, China, June 25-27, 2013 Member of the Technical Program Committee, IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Seattle, WA, June 2-7, 2013 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Chicago, IL, July 8-14, 2012 Member of the Technical Program Committee, Optical Society of America Optical Sensors Meeting, Monterey, CA, June 24-28, 2012 Member of the Technical Program Committee, IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Montreal, Canada, June 17-22, 2012 Member of Program Advisory Committee, 36th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW/THz), Huston, TX, October 2-7, 2011 Member of the Technical Paper Review Committee, IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Spokane, WA, July 3-8, 2011 Member of Technical Program Committee, 16th International Conference on Luminescence (ICL), Ann Arbor, MI, June 27 - July 01, 2011 Member of the Technical Program Committee, IEEE International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Baltimore, MD, June 5-10, 2011 Member of the Technical Program Committee, International Workshop on Optical Terahertz Science and Technology (OTST), Santa Barbara, CA, March 13-17, 2011 Member of Technical Paper Review Committee, IEEE International Conference of Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC), Chicago, IL, April 10-12, 2010 杂志审稿人 Journal reviewer for: 2008年至今担任23种期刊的审稿人其中包括《自然》(Nature)杂志的多种子刊如Nature Photonics,Nature Communications;8种IEEE期刊等。具体任职时间详见如下: ACS Photonics, 2014-present Optica, 2014-present Applied Optics, 2014-present IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2014-present Optics Letters, 2013-present Optical Materials Express, 2013-present Applied Physics Letters, 2013-present IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 2013-present IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science Technology, 2012-present IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2012-present Journal of Infrared, Millimeter Terahertz Waves, 2012-present Journal of Applied Physics, 2012-present IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2012-present IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2012-present Nature Photonics, 2012-present Nano Letters, 2012-present Nature Communications, 2011-present ACS Nano, 2011-present Nanoscale, 2011-present Optics Express, 2010-present Journal of Numerical Modeling, 2010-present IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2010-present IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory Techniques, 2008-present 基金项目评审员 Proposal reviewer for: 2009年至今先后担任美国国家自然科学基金评审员、美国能源部基础能源科学项目评审员(2012年至今)以及凯克基金评审员(2014年至今)。 W. M. Keck Foundation, 2014-present Department of Energy Basic Energy Sciences Program, 2012-present National Science Foundation, 2009-present 其他专业性服务 Other professional services: 2014年至今担任国际光学工程学会客座讲师(SPIE Visiting Lecturer, 2014-present); 2012年至今担任国际光学工程学会会员资格审查委员会成员(Committee member of the SPIE Membership Committee, 2012-present); 2011年至今担任IEEE微波理论与技术学会太赫兹技术与应用委员会成员(Committee member of the Terahertz Technology and Applications Committee of IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society, 2011-present); 2009-2013年曾经担任IEEE光子学学会密歇根东南分会技术活动副会长(Vice-chair of technical activities for IEEE Photonics Society, Southeast Michigan Chapter, 2009-2013) 学术影响力 根据谷歌学术搜索结果, 部分被引论文 Title Cited by Year Significant performance enhancement in photoconductive terahertz optoelectronics by incorporating plasmonic contact electrodes CW Berry, N Wang, MR Hashemi, M Unlu, M Jarrahi Nature communications 4, 1622 41 2013 Analysis of periodic metallic nano-slits for efficient interaction of terahertz and optical waves at nano-scale dimensions BY Hsieh, M Jarrahi Journal of Applied Physics 109 (8), 084326 30 2011 Terahertz generation using plasmonic photoconductive gratings CW Berry, M Jarrahi New Journal of Physics 14 (10), 105029 28 2012 Wideband, low driving voltage traveling-wave Mach–Zehnder modulator for RF photonics M Jarrahi, TH Lee, DAB Miller Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE 20 (7), 517-519 24 2008 Optical switching based on high-speed phased array optical beam steering M Jarrahi, RFW Pease, DAB Miller, TH Lee Applied Physics Letters 92 (1), 014106 23 2008 Design of reconfigurable metallic slits for terahertz beam modulation CW Berry, J Moore, M Jarrahi Optics express 19 (2), 1236-1245 22 2011 Ultrafast photoconductors based on plasmonic gratings CW Berry, M Jarrahi Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2011 36th ... 18 2011 High-speed optical beam-steering based on phase-arrayed waveguides M Jarrahi, R Fabian, W Pease, DAB Miller, TH Lee Journal of Vacuum Science Technology B 26 (6), 2124-2126 18 2008 Plasmonically-enhanced localization of light into photoconductive antennas CW Berry, M Jarrahi Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CFI2 17 2010 Terahertz radiation-band engineering through spatial beam-shaping M Jarrahi Photonics Technology Letters, IEEE 21 (13), 830-832 16 2009 Continuous-wave ultraviolet emission through fourth-harmonic generation in a whispering-gallery resonator J Moore, M Tomes, T Carmon, M Jarrahi Optics Express 19 (24), 24139-24146 15 2011 Principles of impedance matching in photoconductive antennas CW Berry, M Jarrahi Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 33 (12), 1182-1189 14 2012 Broadband terahertz polarizing beam splitter on a polymer substrate CW Berry, M Jarrahi Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves 33 (2), 127-130 14 2012 High-power tunable terahertz generation based on photoconductive antenna arrays M Jarrahi, TH Lee Microwave Symposium Digest, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International, 391-394 12 2008 Spatial quantized analog-to-digital conversion based on optical beam-steering M Jarrahi, RFW Pease, TH Lee Journal of Lightwave Technology 26 (14), 2219-2226 10 2008 Optical spatial quantization for higher performance analog-to-digital conversion M Jarrahi, RFW Pease, DAB Miller, TH Lee Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 56 (9), 2143-2150 9 2008 Enhanced light–matter interaction at nanoscale by utilizing high-aspect-ratio metallic gratings SH Yang, M Jarrahi Optics letters 38 (18), 3677-3679 6 2013 Plasmonic photoconductive detectors for enhanced terahertz detection sensitivity N Wang, MR Hashemi, M Jarrahi Optics express 21 (14), 17221-17227 6 2013 Toward Ultrafast Pump-Probe Measurements at the Nanoscale BY Hsieh, N Wang, M Jarrahi Optics and Photonics News 22 (12), 48 6 2011 Broadband terahertz modulators based on reconfigurable metamaterials and their potential application in terahertz imaging M Jarrahi Electromagnetic Theory (EMTS), 2010 URSI International Symposium on, 640-642 6 2010
女性在各学术领域取得了明确的成就,但是在科学界男性和女性间的表现仍有差距,虽然已逐渐进步,女科学家仍然面对待遇较低、升职机会较少、拿到较少的基金、相较于同资格的男性更可能离开科研等情况。美国科学发展协会( American Association for the Advancement of Science )在 2010 中的一项调查 1 中发现 52% 的女性表示在她们的职业生涯中曾遭受性别歧视,而这样的情况仅有 2% 的男性遇到,这个差距不止有社会正义( social justice )上的意涵,也牵涉到科学质量。全球女性科学家因为性别歧视持续面临重大挑战。 许多研究调查显示优秀的女性不选择科研作为她们的职业。 2006 年,一项针对伦敦英国皇家化学学会的化学博士生进行的调查 2 ,在超过 70% 的博一女学生表示她们打算继续研究生涯,但到了博三仅剩下 37% 的人有这个打算,而男性则是有 59% 。为什么会有这样的现象?女性无法继续她们的科研生涯有 如下几项原因 : 个人责任 :女性通常因为家庭价值与责任倾向离开科研生涯。美国伯克利加利福尼亚大学法律教授玛丽•安•马森(Mary Ann Mason)与她的同事发现 3 不论男性或女性博士后,在没有孩子的情形下离开科研的比率都在 20% ,没有显著不同。但是有小孩或是计划生育的女性博士后,对比同样条件的男性,其离开科研的比率比男性高出 2 倍。此外,根据一项研究 4 显示在天文学、物理学、生物学领域担任教职员的女性,其平均育儿数比同领域的男性来得更少( 1.2 与 1.5 )。当然,兼顾事业与家庭对男性女性来说同样困难,女性似乎更容易为了家庭放弃自己的职业生涯。 偏见 :令人惊讶的是,不论男女,都对女性科学家存在性别歧视。耶鲁大学微生物学家乔•汉德尔斯曼( Jo Handelsman )进行一项实验 5 发现两性都下意识对女性存在歧视,这在我 早前的博文 中叙述过。 薪资差异 :女性科学家面临的另一个问题是男女间的薪资差异,而这可说是让女性科学家感到最沮丧的原因。在欧盟 6 , 2006 年公部门女科学家的薪资所得平均比男科学家少了 25% 到 40% ;这个差距在美国更大,尤其是物理学和天文学领域,女科学家比男科学家少赚了 40% 。 不过,年轻的女性科学家似乎没有遇到这么明显的歧视,国家研究理事会 7 发现全职的科学和工程领域教授阶级有 8% 薪资差距,但年轻的教职员则没有明显的差距。 任职于麻省理工学院的美国分子生物学家南茜•霍普金斯( Nancy Hopkins )一直积极提出这个女性遭受不平等待遇的议题。在 90 年代中期,霍普金斯认为她与其他的女性遭受 MIT 技术性性别歧视,她的抗议促成了专门委员会的成立,专门关注这项议题,也因为她的努力,让这个不平等的状况逐年获得改善。霍普金斯说:「 这个很显然是长期存在的问题,要改变它必须要花一段时间。 MIT 认可这个问题对女科学家来说就是非常重要的一步。 」 针对这个问题,许多大学开始推行家庭友好政策,像是提供儿童照护协助、延长新手父母的任期等。此外,有些大学为女性保留名额,这或许是确保年轻女科学家能有女性榜样的好方法。德国总理和前物理学家安格拉•默克尔( Angela Merkel )在2010年成立 AcademiaNet ,透过这个在线平台表扬女科学家的成就,有助于她们参与会议委员会、成为董事会成员等。这些努力可以帮助改变科学的面貌,并给予妇女平等的机会追求科研职业生涯,通过她们的贡献累积声望。 您对这个问题又有什么看法呢? 参考资料: Cell Associates Barriers for Women Scientists Survey Report (AAAS, 2010) Royal Society of Chemistry Change of Heart (RSC, 2008) Goulden, M., Frasch, K. Mason, M. A. Staying Competitive (Center for American Progress, 2009) Ecklund, E. H. Lincoln, A. E. PLoS ONE 6, e22590 (2011) Moss-Racusin, C. A., Dovidio, J. F., Brescoll, V. L., Graham, M. J. Handelsman, J. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 16474–16479 (2012). European Commission. She Figures 2009 (European Communities, 2009) National Research Council Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty (National Academies, 2010) ∷ Eddy 博士国际期刊发表支持中心内容由 意得 辑 英文修改 专家 团队 支持提供 ∷ 【意得辑提供专业 英文论文编校 、 学术论文翻译 、 英文期刊发表一站式服务 www.editage.cn 】 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 登录 意得辑专家视点 频道取得更多发表相关信息与资源
2011-02-18 看到今天科学网上翻译的一则《科学》社论: 科研工作值得女性“费心”尝试,因有兴趣就到英文原文链接去读了原文。 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6019/821.full 作为正在走这条路的过来人, 对其中一句深表同意,摘录下来给路过这里的年轻女生科学家看。 To be a mother and a scientist is well worth the effort. 如果你对做研究感兴趣,没必要像Rosalind Franklin 和 Barbara McClintock 那样牺牲做妈妈的温暖和乐趣。
美国的FASEB Journal是一本我喜欢的科学杂志,尤其是这本杂志每一期 由主编Gerald Weissmann主笔的社论,不光是言之有物,还常常是笔下生花。 记得Weissmann写过一篇社论,讲科学论文摘要的写作。他说,如果你的科学论文是一篇散文(Prose),那么这篇文章的摘要则是一首诗(Poem)。这个比喻毫不过分地强调了文字简练、明快,构思精致,语言表达准确,并且有“郁郁夫文采”对于摘要的重要性。事实上,很多人(没有做过调查统计,但我估计是多数人)读科学论文先读摘要。摘要有吸引力,才进一步去读文章。根据我的经验,美国很多教授审查科研基金申请也是先用五分钟读摘要。摘要如果没有吸引力,这篇申请书多半要进垃圾桶。 Weissmann最近有篇社论,纪念“历史上第一位女科学家”、公元4世纪埃及亚历山大港的希帕蒂娅(Hypatia)。她在那时已经得出天体运动轨迹不是正圆而是椭圆的结论,并开始思考“日心说”,早于伽利略一千年。希帕蒂娅对真理的执着追求,她对束缚人的头脑的宗教教条的严格批评,和她在思想界的巨大影响,使她成为刚刚得势的基督教教堂的敌人。六十岁时,希帕蒂娅被埃及主教、后来被封圣的圣西利尔(St. Cyril)麾下的基督教暴徒在大街上绑架,用贝壳凌迟处死,成为第一个为科学献出生命的科学家。希帕蒂娅的死标志了希腊-罗马哲学和科学的式微。欧洲从此堕入中世纪的漫漫长夜。电影Agora讲的就是希帕蒂娅的故事。 Weissmann的社论引用的一段希帕蒂娅的语录说:“Fables should be taught as fables, myths as myths, and miracles as poetic fancies. To teach superstitions as truths is a most terrible thing. The child mind accepts and believes them, and only through great pain and perhaps tragedy can he be in after years relieved of them. In fact men will fight for a superstition quite as quickly as for a living truth often more so”。说得何其好! 有空时,读一读科学杂志上科学论文以外的内容是件赏心悦目的事。除增加知识外,读一些老资格编辑的文字,能够帮助英语非母语的人(甚至英语为母语的人)了解英文的修辞和文采,写出更好的英文。 Portrait of Hypatia of Alexandria (c355–415 CE)
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome Photo: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Credits: Michael Marsland/Yale University Credits: Micheline Pelletier/Corbis Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize United Kingdom USA Israel MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom Yale University New Haven, CT, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel b. 1952 (in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India) b. 1940 b. 1939 Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award. Printer Friendly Comments Questions Tell a Friend The 2009 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Medicine Prev. year The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 Prize Announcement Press Release Scientific Background Information for the Public Speed Read Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Nobel Lecture Interview Other Resources Thomas A. Steitz Nobel Lecture Interview Photo Gallery Other Resources Ada E. Yonath Nobel Lecture Interview Photo Gallery Other Resources See Also 'Imaging Life' - The story of advances in imagi var flashvars = {}; flashvars.CalendarDate = "2009-10-08"; var params = {}; params.quality = "best"; params.wmode = "opaque"; var attributes = {}; swfobject.embedSWF("/images/shortcuts/shortcut_bigblue_followus.swf?rand=818", "banner_zone818", "160", "250", "8.0.24.0", false, flashvars, params, attributes); 美以三位科学家分享2009年诺贝尔化学奖(图) 2009年10月08日 08:02:44 来源: 新华网 【字号 大 中 小 】 【 留言 】 【 打印 】 【 关闭 】 【Email推荐: 】 这是瑞典皇家科学院在斯德哥尔摩举行的新闻发布会上展示3位科学家的照片。 新华社记者吴平摄 图表:美以科学家分享2009年诺贝尔化学奖 新华社发 新华网斯德哥尔摩10月7日电(记者和苗 吴平)瑞典皇家科学院7日宣布,美国科学家文卡特拉曼拉马克里希南、托马斯施泰茨和以色列科学家阿达约纳特3人共同获得今年的诺贝尔化学奖,其中约纳特是自1964年以来首位获得诺贝尔化学奖的女科学家。 瑞典皇家科学院常任秘书贡诺厄奎斯特首先宣读了获奖者名单。他说,拉马克里希南、施泰茨和约纳特因对核糖体结构和功能的研究而获奖,核糖体是进行蛋白质合成的重要细胞器,了解核糖体的工作机制对了解生命具有重要意义。 随后,化学奖评选委员会主席贡纳尔冯海伊内和评委莫恩斯艾伦贝里通过投影仪图片展示,分别详细地介绍了3名获奖者的成就。他们介绍说,生物体每个细胞中都含有脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),基于DNA上携带的信息,核糖体便能合成蛋白质,如血红蛋白、免疫系统的抗体、胰岛素、皮肤中的胶原蛋白等。这些蛋白质在生命中具有不同的形式和功能,它们在化学层面上组成并控制着生命。因此,有关核糖体结构和功能的研究能够被迅速应用到实际中,没有核糖体存在,病菌就无法存活,当今医学上很多抗生素类药物都是通过抑制病菌的核糖体来达到治疗目的的。 他们说,3名获奖者通过独立的研究工作,分别采用X射线蛋白质晶体学方法绘制出3D模型来体现合成核糖体的成千上万个原子的位置,他们绘制的模型已被广泛应用于新抗生素的研制,以减少患者的病痛和拯救生命。 在记者招待会上,厄奎斯特拨通了约纳特的电话向她表示祝贺。约纳特在接受媒体现场电话连线采访时表示,获悉这一消息时她非常高兴,从来没想到自己能获此殊荣。她说,虽然自己的研究成果在生命科学中很重要,但仍有许多未解之谜等待科学家们继续寻找答案。 拉马克里希南1952年出生于印度金奈,施泰茨1940年出生于美国威斯康星州,约纳特1939年出生于耶路撒冷。他们将平分诺贝尔化学奖奖金1000万瑞典克朗(约合140万美元)。 成果解读: 核糖体生命化学工厂中的工程师 生命体就像一个极其复杂而又精密的仪器,不同零件在不同岗位上各司其职,有条不紊。而这一切,就要归功于仿佛扮演着生命化学工厂中工程师角色的核糖体:它翻译出DNA所携带的密码,进而产生不同的蛋白质,分别控制人体内不同的化学过程。 点击详细 诺贝尔化学奖揭晓 时隔多年女性再获殊荣 约纳特的获奖对女科学家,尤其是生化领域的女科学家将是一大鼓励。诺贝尔化学奖自1901年颁发以来,共有156名获奖者,但包括约纳特在内仅有4名女性,她们分别是居里夫人、约里奥-居里和霍奇金。 点击详细 诺贝尔化学奖得主感言: 诺贝尔化学奖得主约纳特:女性能有大作为 诺贝尔化学奖得主施泰茨:能得到重视真令人幸福 拉马克里希南:我太高兴了,今晚将开宴会庆祝 诺贝尔奖得主感言:我们只是一群努力者的代表 背景资料:近年诺贝尔化学奖得主及主要成就
美国斯坦福大学的Sharon R. Long是一名研究豆科植物紫花苜蓿与根瘤菌共生固氮的专家。她是唯一一名当选为奥巴马总统科学顾问团的女科学家。她的当选除了她自身的能力和魅力外,奥巴马总统为了美国的能源和环境而做出的长远考虑也是重要因素。因为通过大力发挥生物固氮作用,可减少化学氮肥的使用,进而减少化学氮肥生产过程中耗费的大量能源及对环境的污染。苜蓿是美国重要的农作物之一,在畜牧业养殖中有牧草之王之称,这种豆科植物只需靠根系的根瘤固氮作用即可满足自身对氮素的需要,而不需要化学氮肥。 她的实验室网址为: http://med.stanford.edu/profiles/Sharon_Long/ 或 http://cmgm.stanford.edu/biology/long/ (更详细一些) 下面是关于Sharon R. Long当选为科学顾问的报道: Stanford University plant biologist Sharon R. Long is the only woman on the team of science advisors assembled by Barak Obama in September. Long's lab studies the symbiotic interaction of Rhizobium bacteria and alfalfa roots to form nodules . Root nodules are able to take nitrogen from the air to form ammonia, which is used by plants to synthesize amino acids, nucleotides and other cellular components. This ability allows the plants to grow with less nitrogen fertilizer than required by other crops, making the process of great interest to the agricultural industry. There has, in fact, been some criticism of Obama's choice of Long because of her ties to the agricultural biotech company Monsanto , on whose board of directors she served until last fall. 当选总统科学顾问后,记者对其进行了采访,如下,可以到相关网站上听录音: ( http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=the-day-after-science-in-the-obama-08-11-05 ) Long was interviewed about science under the Obama administration by Steve Mirsky for the Scientific American Science Talk podcast. Listen to the interview . 此次谈话中,她提到了她的研究方向,即豆科植物与根瘤菌之间的分子对话。以下是节录: Steve: You want to talk for just a couple of minutes about your particular expertise? You mentioned that it's in crop research in part and the specifics of what the administration plans to do in those areas? Long: My own area of research is on the symbiosis between beneficial soil bacteria and plants in legume family, and this is familiar to many because it's the basis for crop rotation. Plants such as beans, clover, alfalfawhich is what I studyor soybean are members of a plant family that have the unique ability to host beneficial bacteria in their roots. Now because of the bacteria and because they have the bacteria in their roots, these plants are actually able to flourish using nitrogen that the bacteria convert from a form that's in the air into a molecule that the plants make protein out of. That means that these plants don't need nitrogen fertilizer. This is the reason why, for example, the Native Americans had the practice of planting a little mound with squash, beans and corn. The beans didn't just produce a great seed, they also provided nitrogen nourishment for themselves and for the little mound of plants that were around them. Likewise crop rotation has been used in the ancient world, Mediterranean and in many other cultures throughout the world. That is important because crop rotation of that kind is a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture. And my work is very basic. I don't really study the applications in the field, but I do work on the question of how bacteria and plants can recognize each other in a highly specific way and how they can come together in a complex process so that the bacteria are benefiting the plant by providing them with the nitrogen that they need to make lots of protein, and in return, the plant, which can carry out photosynthesis, is able to provide sugars and other energy to the bacteria. So each partner benefits from the exchange. That's my great love in research. Whether that will be addressed in particular in the science plans of the future administration isn't known to me, but it is something that relates to energy, to productivity, to self-sustainability. So I hope that along with all of my colleagues in the United States who study this, I hope we'll all be able to make application and try to make our case for doing good science and create some benefits from that. Steve: Some enlightened self-interest for you then to be involved here. 一个博客上关于Long的介绍: Sharon Long: Recently stepped down as dean of Stanford University's School of Humanities Science to return to her research on the symbiosis of soil bacteria with alfalfa . Long resigned last year from the Board of Directors of Monsanto , an agricultural biotechnology corporation. A former MacArthur Fellow , Long is a member of the leadership council of the National Academy of Sciences. She has contribute d to the campaigns of both Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton. (来自: http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/09/obama-campaign.html )