产量与经济效益共赢的高效生态农业模式: 以弘毅生态农场为例 蒋高明、郑延海、吴光磊、刘慧、池云花、冯素飞、李勇、李彩虹、李宗奉、苏本营、董群、乌云塔娜、LUCAS Mario、LEFORT Zoe、REGOLINI Margot、曾祥伟、贺新华、郭立月、战丽杰、唐海龙、韦继光、周平、曾彦、杨煜、宋守宽、刘秀、甄珍、刘海涛、孟杰、李静、李霄、李占、丁娜、博文静、程达、梁啸天、徐磊、谷仙、宋彦洁、MUMINOV A.Mahmud、刘滨扬、赫晓霞、刘美珍、宁堂原、王空军、徐玉新、陈文浩 中国科学院植物研究所; 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院; 山东农业大学农学院; 山东农业大学资源与环境学院; 河北农业大学林学院; Natural Sciences at RWTH Aachen University, German; Forestry School of Engineers, France; 弘毅生态农场有限公司; 中国农业大学生物学院 科学通报, 2016, 62: 289-297 摘要 化学物质的大量投入以及元素不能循环导致农田生态系统退化, 耕地质量和产量均呈下降趋势, 食物链 受到污染. 本研究从低产田开始, 通过秸秆养牛,腐熟牛粪还田恢复地力; 以物理+生物方法控制虫害; 以人工+ 机械管理杂草, 停用农药,化肥和除草剂, 同时不用地膜,人工合成激素,转基因种子生产优质安全食品, 并在线上与线下销售. 10年的长期实验结果表明, 所在村庄农田生态环境改善, 减少农药用量58.3%; 物理+生物控虫效果明显, 每盏灯年捕获量从2009年的33 kg下降到2014年的2.1 kg, 下降93.8%; 年消耗秸秆1000 t, 秸秆利用率从1.1%提高到62.5%. 有机肥还田提高了土壤生物多样性, 有机果园蚯蚓数量317条 m2, 而普通果园只有16条 m2; 大量有机肥还田(75 t hm2), 土壤有机质从实验初期的0.7%提高到2.4%. 粮食产量从最初的11.43 t hm2提高到目前的17.43 t hm2, 其中冬小麦(Triticum aestivum),夏玉米(Zea mays),大豆(Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.)和花生 (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)产量分别超出山东省平均水平42.6%, 60.9%, 32.2%和38.1%. 由于质量好, 产品已销售往除西藏以外的30个省,市,自治区, 经济效益明显, 平均每公顷效益是普通农田的3~5倍, 带动所在村庄67户农民从事高效生态农业. 本研究可为国家制定生态农业发展规划,精准扶贫,农村环境保护等提供科学依据. 关键词：高效生态农业秸秆害虫控制杂草管理产量经济效益 High efficiency eco-agriculture model obtain both larger yield and economicbenefit：A case study in Hongyi Organic Farm JANG GaoMing1,2, ZHENG YanHai1, WU GuangLei1, LIU Hui1,2, CHI YunHua1,2, FENG SuFei3, LI Yong1,2, LI CaiHong1, LI ZongFeng3, SU BenYing3, DONG Qun4, WUYUN TaNa5, LUCAS Mario6, LEFORT Zoe7, REGOLINI Margot7, ZENG XiangWei3, HE XinHua3, GUO LiYue1,2, ZHAN LiJie1,3, TANG HaiLong4, WEI JiGuang1,2, ZHOU Ping8, ZENG Yah8, YANG Yu8, SONG ShouKuan8, LIU Xiu8, ZHEN Zhen1,2, LIU HaiTao1,2, MENG Jie1,2, LI Jing1,2, LI XJao1,2, LI Zhan3, DING Na3, BO WenJing1,2, YU XiaoFan1,2, CHENG Da1,2, LIANG XiaoTian1,2, LI LiJun1,2, XU Lei3, GU Xian1,2, SONG YanJie1,2, MUMINOV A. Mahmud1,2, LIU BinYang1,2, HE XiaoXia1,2, LIU MeiZhen1, NING TangYuan3, WANG KongJun3, XU YuXin4 , CHEN WenHao9 1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 2 College of Resources and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100040, China; 3College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai＇an 271018, China; 4College of Natural Resource and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai＇an 271018, China; 5 College of Forestry, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China; 6 Natural Sciences at RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany; 7 Forestry School of Engineers, Nancy 54000, France; 8Hongyi Organic Farm Co., LTD, Pingyi 273305, China; 9College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China） Abstract： Due to the input of a large number of chemical substances and the termination of elements cycling, the farmland ecosystem has been seriously degraded, with the quality of farmland and yield being decreased. High efficiency eco-agriculture has been believed to be capable of curtailing some hazardous effects associated with chemical agriculture. However, debates also exist on whether eco-agriculture can feed a world with increasing human population. We hypothesized that some improvements on high efficiency eco-agriculture may produce adequate foods and reduce environmental pollutions from chemical agriculture. This study began with feeding cattle by bio-processed corn straw, restoring the soil fertility by manure returning in Hongyi Organic Farm 2 hm^-2 low yield cropland. We applied physical＋biological methods for pest control; artificial＋mechanical for weed management, thus to put an end to pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides pollution. Meanwhile, without using plastic films, synthetic hormones, genetically modified seeds, we guaranteed the food quality and safety, and soled the products online and offline. The results of the 10 years experiment are as follows： The weight of pests captured by insect-trapping lamp reduced from 33 to 2.1 kg, reducing the amount of pesticide by 93.8%. The annual consumption of straw by cattle reached to 1000 t per year, increasing straw utilization rate from 1.1% to 62.5%. Organic fertilizer has be tested to improve soil biodiversity, for instance, the number of earthworms in organic orchard was 317 earthworms m^-2, while only 16 earthworms m^-2 in ordinary orchard. The soil organic matters in 0–20 cm depth layer increased from 0.7% to 2.4%, thank to great amount of cattle manure being applied（75 t hm^-2）. The grain production also increased greatly from the initial 11.43 t hm^-2 to 17.43 t hm^-2. The wheat, corn, soybean and peanut yield were 42.6%, 60.9%, 32.2% and 38.1% higher than ordinary farmland around. Due to its good quality, the products have been sold to 30 provinces, cities and autonomous regions other than Tibet, with obvious economic benefits. The average benefit per hectare is 3-5 times that of ordinary farmland, driving 67 farmers in their villages to engage in efficient ecological agriculture. This study can provide scientific basis for the country to formulate the development plan of ecological agriculture, targeted poverty alleviation, rural environmental protection, etc Keywords : high efficient ecological agriculturestrawpest controlweedmanagementyieldeconomicperformance
有机果园生物多样性管理可显著提高生态与经济效益 孟杰 刘海涛 李勇 李彩虹 吴光磊 虞晓凡 郭立月 程达 梁啸天 Mahmud A. Muminov 蒋高明 有机农业被认为是农业可持续发展和人类健康维护的一种重要解决方案。由于围绕有机和常规果园生物多样性和生态经济效益差异的详细研究较少，一些争议尚无定论。有机果园管理主要包括利用天敌、有益杂草和土壤生物，有害生物控制等。本文对有机苹果园生物多样性管理进行了为期三年的实验研究：利用牛粪丰富土壤生物群落，应用本地草本植物抑制杂草，应用物理+天敌控制害虫，并与对常规管理模式进行了比较。结果表明，有机果园管理对土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物量碳和氮均有增强作用。16S rDNA序列高通量测序结果表明，表层土壤优势菌群是分解细菌和放线菌，果园有机管理带来丰富的细菌多样性，Shannon指数高于常规模式7%。有机果园根瘤菌相对丰度高于常规果园。蛇莓是一个理想的地被植物，通过生态位竞争优势控制杂草，减少杂草危害；杂草辛普森-香农–维纳和Pielou均匀度指数可分别减少38.2%、53.8%和16.9%；趋光性害虫重量和金龟甲害虫随物理+生物方法控制时间延长，分别下降35%和86%，从源头减少农药危害。有机果园表土层蚯蚓密度是普通果园的20多倍，最高可达369/平方米（0–20cm）。有机果园中蚯蚓优势种为食腐类，这些物种喜欢高有机质的土壤。由于不使用化学合成品，有机果园生产了更安全的苹果，可以有机水果价位销售，从而使有机果园产出投入比提高了103%。该研究清楚地表明，没有化学污染的生物多样性果园管理模式，增加了有益生物的生物多样性，减少了果树病虫害，提高了果园经济效益。 Biodiversity management of organic orchard enhances both ecological and economic profitability Jie Meng1,2, Lijun Li1,2, Haitao Liu1,2, Yong Li3, Caihong Li1, Guanglei Wu1, Xiaofan Yu1,2, Liyue Guo1, Da Cheng1,2, Mahmud A. Muminov1,2, Xiaotian Liang1,2, Gaoming Jiang1 Published June 23, 2016 Organic farming has been regarded as an alternative solution for both agricultural sustainability and human health maintenance. Few researches have concentrated on the differences of biodiversity and eco-economic benefits between organic and conventional orchards. Organic management (OM) of orchards mainly includes taking advantage of natural enemies and beneficial weeds as well as soil organisms and controlling harmful pests. Here we conducted a three-year experiment on the effects of managing biodiversity in an organic apple orchard, using cattle manure to enrich soil biota, propagating native plant to suppress weeds and applying ecological pest management to control pests. The effect was assessed against the conventional management (CM) model. We found that OM enhanced soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the dominant bacterial phyla of the top soil were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and OM had richer bacteria diversity with a 7% higher Shannon’s index than the CM. In particular, the relative abundance of rhizobium in the OM was higher than that of the CM. For OM, Duchesnea indica was an ideal ground-cover plant to control weeds through winning the niche competition and thus decreased weeds’ Simpson, Shannon–Wiener and Pielou index by 38.2%, 53.8% and 16.9% separately. The phototactic pests’ weight and scarab beetle’s population were effectively decreased by 35% and 86% respectively through long time control and prevention. OM had an average of 20 times more earthworms than CM, and the maximum density had reached 369 m−2 (0–20 cm soil). The dominant earthworm species of the OM were detritivores which preferring soil with high organic matter content. Due to no synthetic chemicals being used, the OM produced much safer apple fruits which were sold at high prices. Economically, up to a 103% increase of output–input ratio had been achieved in the OM. Our study clearly demonstrated that biodiversity management without chemical pollution increased the biodiversity of beneficial organisms, reduced antagonists of the fruit tree, and enhanced economic benefits of the apple orchard. Meng J, Li L, Liu H, Li Y, Li C, Wu G, Yu X, Guo L, Cheng D, Muminov MA, Liang X, Jiang G. (2016) Biodiversity management of organic orchard enhances both ecological and economic profitability. PeerJ 4:e2137 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2137
标签: 生态效益
