3000 BC The Mesopotamians of that era used rock oil in architectural adhesives, ship caulks, medicines, and roads. 2000 BC The Chinese refined crude oil for use in lighting and heating. 600–700 AD Arab and Persian chemists discovered that petroleum’s lighter elements could be mixed with quicklime to make Greek fire, the napalm of its day. 1750 A French military officer noted that Indians living near Fort Duquesne (now the site of Pittsburgh) set fire to an oil-slicked creek as part of a religious ceremony. As settlement by Europeans proceeded, oil was discovered in many places in northwestern Pennsylvania and western New York — to the frequent dismay of the well-owners, who were drilling for salt brine. Mid–1800s Expanding uses for oil extracted from coal and shale began to hint at the value of rock oil, encouraging the search for readily accessible supplies. 1859 Oil was first discovered when a homemade rig drilled down 70 feet and came up coated with oil. This rig was near Titusville (in northwestern Pennsylvania) and was owned by "Colonel" Edwin L. Drake. 1890s Mass production of automobiles began creating demand for gasoline. Before this, kerosene used for heating had been the main oil product. 1920 With 9 million automobiles in the United States, gas stations were opening everywhere. 1950–present With the growing use of automobiles, oil became our most used energy source . 1960 The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) was formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The group has since grown to include 11 member countries. 1970 Production of petroleum (crude oil and natural gas plant liquids) in the U.S. lower 48 States reached its highest level at 9.4 million barrels per day. Production in these States has been declining ever since. 1972 Oil well productivity for the Nation reached a high of 18.6 barrels per day per well. 1973 Referred to as the Arab Oil Embargo, several Arab OPEC nations embargoed, or stopped selling, oil to the United States and Holland to protest their support of Israel in the Arab-Israeli “Yom Kippur” War. Later, the Arab OPEC nations added South Africa, Rhodesia, and Portugal to the list of countries that were embargoed. Arab OPEC production was cut by 25 percent, causing some temporary shortages and the tripling of oil prices. Some filling stations ran out of gasoline, and cars had to wait in long lines for gasoline. 1973 In reaction to the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973, Congress passed laws that tried to protect consumers from gasoline shortages and high prices. The price controls of the Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973 were generally considered a failure, and they were later repealed. 1975 Congress passed the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 aimed at increasing oil production by giving price incentives. This act also created the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and required an increase in the fuel efficiency (miles per gallon) of automobiles. 1978–80 The Iranian Revolution, which began in late 1978, resulted in a drop of 3.9 million barrels per day of crude oil production from Iran from 1978 to 1981. At first, other OPEC countries made up for the drop in Iranian production. In 1980, the Iran-Iraq War began, and many Persian Gulf countries reduced output as well. By 1981, OPEC production was about one-fourth lower than it had been in 1978, and prices had doubled. 1980–85 OPEC kept prices high by producing less oil. Saudi Arabia acted as a “swing producer,” cutting more production than any other OPEC country. But high prices caused less oil to be used. For example, cars became smaller, using less gasoline. The drop in oil consumption meant that less oil needed to be produced. Thus, oil production from Saudi Arabia fell from 9.9 million barrels per day in 1980 to 3.4 million barrels per day in 1985. 1981 The U.S. Government responded to the oil crisis of 1978-1980 by removing price and allocation controls on the oil industry. For the first time since the early 1970s, market forces (supply and demand) set domestic crude oil prices. 1986 In 1986, Saudi Arabia stopped holding back production, and other OPEC members increased production. This caused an oil glut, and prices were almost cut in half. Oil consumption grew quickly in the late 1980s because prices remained low. 1988 Alaska’s production at Prudhoe Bay peaked at 2.0 million barrels per day and fell to 1.0 million barrels per day in 1999. By then, U.S. total output had dropped to 7.8 million barrels per day, 31% below its peak. 1990–91 Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, 1990, causing crude oil and product prices to rise suddenly and sharply. Prices rose even higher when the United Nations (UN) limited the amount of oil that could be purchased from these countries. Between the end of July and August 24, 1990, the world price of crude oil climbed from about $16 per barrel to more than $28 per barrel. The price rose even higher in September, reaching about $36 per barrel. As UN troops began seeing military successes in Iraq, concerns about long-term supply problems were eased and oil prices dropped again. 1990 The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 required many changes to gasoline and diesel fuels to make them pollute less. The use of these cleaner fuels was phased-in during the 1990s. Since 1995, “reformulated” gasoline has been used in places with the worst pollution problems. Since 1993 For the first time, the United States imported more oil and refined products from other countries than it produced — owing to growing petroleum demand and declining U.S. production. 1997–98 The Asian financial crisis that occurred in 1997 had worldwide economic effects. As the Asian economies shrank, their demand for petroleum products declined. The slow demand for petroleum, along with the reluctance of OPEC to cut its production quotas, led to the plummet of oil prices in 1998. 2001 The Nation’s petroleum production measured an average of 11.0 barrels of oil per day per well, 41% below the 1972 peak. U.S. petroleum consumption reached 19.7 million barrels per day, an all-time high. Of every 10 barrels of petroleum consumed in the United States, more than 4 barrels were consumed in the form of motor gasoline. The transportation sector alone accounted for two-thirds of all petroleum used in the United States. To meet demand, crude oil and petroleum products were imported at the rate of 11.9 million barrels per day, while exports measured 1.0 million barrels per day. Net imports (imports minus exports) of crude oil and petroleum products more than doubled between 1985 and 2001. The five leading suppliers of petroleum to the United States that year were Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Mexico, and Nigeria. 2005 The record-setting hurricane season of 2005 caused massive damage to the U.S. petroleum and natural gas infrastructure. The Gulf of Mexico, one of the nation's largest sources of oil and gas production, was dealt a one-two punch by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita during August and September. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 was passed. It required increased use of renewable fuels for transportation and new measures to reduce pollution from gasoline and diesel. Gasoline prices broke $3.00 per gallon for the first time. 2006 Refineries began using more ethanol, a renewable fuel, in response to the Energy Policy Act. 2008 For the first time, crude oil price broke $100 per barrel and gasoline prices broke $4.00 per gallon. EIA网站上给出了石油及其利用的历史轨迹，很客观，特别是认为中国人在公元2000以前就开始利用原油点灯和加热。同时还列举了与石油相关的重大事件，请大家参考！ 2010 On April 20, 2010, an explosion and fire occurred on the offshore drilling rig Deepwater Horizon, which had been drilling an exploratory well in the Gulf of Mexico. The accident killed 11 crewmembers and left oil leaking from the unfinished well into the ocean for months. On May 27, 2010, Secretary of the Interior Salazar announced a 6-month hold or "moratorium" on deepwater drilling. 参考资料： http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=tl_petroleum
The Gulf of Mexico area, both onshore and offshore, is one of the most important regions for energy resources and infrastructure. Gulf of Mexico offshore oil production accounts for 29 percent of total U.S. crude oil production and offshore natural gas production in the Gulf accounts for 12 percent of total U.S. production. Over 40 percent of total U.S. petroleum refining capacity is located along the Gulf coast, as well as almost 30 percent of total U.S. natural gas processing plant capacity. http://www.eia.gov/special/gulf_of_mexico/index.cfm 图中4个粉红色圆圈代表战略石油储备基地，墨西哥湾内的深红色散点是美国的油气平台
据EIA最近公布的国际能源展望2011的研究表明，到2035年中国和印度的能源消费将占世界的一半。 Strong economic growth leads China and India to more than double their combined energy demand by 2035, accounting for one-half of the world's energy growth according to EIA's recently released International Energy Outlook 2011 (IEO2011). The IEO2011 projects that China and India together will consume 31% of the world's energy in 2035, up from 21% in 2008. China, which surpassed the United States as the world's largest energy consumer in 2009, is the predominant driver of growing energy demand. By 2035, China's projected energy consumption is 68% higher than U.S. energy consumption. Global energy consumption grows 53% between 2008 and 2035, representing an average annual growth rate of 1.6%. Energy growth varies greatly between developed and developing countries. Energy demand in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD nations, which was nearly the same in 2007, diverges sharply in the projection as non-OECD growth further accelerates, averaging 2.3% per year compared to only 0.6% per year for OECD nations. At this rate, non-OECD nations account for 83% of global growth and consume 67% more energy than OECD nations by 2035, although their energy consumption is still far lower on a per capita basis. Additional IEO2011 highlights include: World oil prices remain high, but consumption of petroleum and other liquids continues to grow; both conventional and unconventional liquid supplies are used to meet rising demand. Natural gas has the fastest growth rate (1.6%) among fossil fuels over the 2008-2035 projection period. China and, to a lesser extent, India and the other nations of non-OECD Asia consume coal in place of more expensive fuels in the Reference case, which assumes no policy changes that would restrict the use of coal. China alone accounts for 76% of the projected net increase in world coal use, and India and the rest of non-OECD Asia account for another 19% of the increase. Renewable energy is projected to be the fastest growing source of primary energy over the next 25 years, but fossil fuels remain the dominant source of energy. 参考资料 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=3130
An airplane’s digital flight-data recorder, or “black box,” holds massive amounts of data, documenting the performance of engines, cockpit controls, hydraulic equipment and GPS systems, typically at regular one-second intervals throughout a flight. Inspectors use such data to reconstruct the final moments of an accident, looking for telltale defects that may explain a crash. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/black-box-analysis-0912.html 飞机“黑匣子”什么样子？
According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), the U.K. had 2.9 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves in 2011, the most of any E.U. member country. In 2010, the U.K. produced 1.4 million barrels per day (bbl/d) and consumed 1.6 million bbl/d of oil. （ http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=UK ） 2000年－2012年英国石油产量与石油消费对比图 2010年英国石油出口（左）与进口国家分布图，石油主要从挪威进口
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics . Note: Latest data available for the U.S. are 2009, international data are 2008. Coal reserves are relatively stable from year to year. Download CSV Data The United States leads the world with over 260 billion short tons of recoverable coal reserves—28% of total global reserves and 50% more than Russia, which possesses the world's second largest reserves. Despite significant U.S. coal production since the industrial revolution , recoverable domestic coal reserves at current mining levels would last 222 years. Coal reserves are reported by coal types : bituminous and anthracite (46%), subbituminous (41%), and lignite (12%). Appalachia is the largest producer of bituminous and anthracite coal, while large quantities of subbituminous coal are produced in the Powder River Basin (covering much of Wyoming , as well as parts of Montana). Texas leads lignite production. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=2930 #
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