2019 -2020 年， IJAC 发表了一系列国内外知名学者的高质量综述，其中包括 美工程院院士、全球高被引 top1 学者 Anil K. Jain 教授、 美外籍院士 Brian D. O.Anderson 教授、北京科技大学贺威教授等，内容涵盖 图像处理 、社交网络、视觉追踪、 水下机器人、室内导航 等诸多领域，综述大合集，全文免费下！ 【01】 来自 美国工程院院士、密歇根州立大学 Anil K. Jain （ 全球高被引 Top1 ） 团队和 Jiliang Tang 团队合作带来的特约综述。文章总结、讨论了与对抗样本及其应对策略相关的研究，系统且全面地综述了图像、图形、文本领域的前沿算法，概览了对抗攻击与防御 (adversarial attacks and defenses) 的主要技术与成果 ， 全文开放获取！ Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Images, Graphs and Text: A Review Han Xu, Yao Ma, Hao-Chen Liu, Debayan Deb, Hui Liu, Ji-Liang Tang, Anil K. Jain 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【02】 来自英国斯克莱德大学 Luo Xichun 教授团队，文章详细综述了计算机数控系统中用于加工自由曲面的刀具轨迹插补和光滑化方法，同时对技术路线进行了分类、并讨论了各自的优点及局限性 ， 全文开放获取 ！ Toolpath Interpolation and Smoothing for Computer Numerical Control Machining of Freeform Surfaces: A Review Wen-Bin Zhong, Xi-Chun Luo, Wen-Long Chang, Yu-Kui Cai, Fei Ding, Hai-Tao Liu, Ya-Zhou Sun 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【03】 电子鼻 是模拟动物嗅觉器官开发出的一种高科技产品，响应时间短、检测速度快、重复性好，其应用场合囊括环境监测、产品质量检测、医学诊断、爆炸物检测等。随着生物芯片、生物技术的发展、集成化技术的提高及一些纳米材料的应用，电子鼻还将有更广阔的应用前景。 今年 4 月， IJAC 发表综述，一文尽览电子鼻技术的软件算法、硬件组件、应用领域及未来发展，全文开放获取！ Electronic Nose and Its Applications: A Survey Diclehan Karakaya, Oguzhan Ulucan, Mehmet Turkan 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【04】 自主式水下机器人(AUV)是一种工作于水下、具有智能行为的作业机器人，其主要由自动驾驶、导航定位、自诊断和故障处理、测量设备和能源等组成，被广泛应用于军事和民用领域。本文旨在定性分析海洋环境对AUVs路径规划的影响。以可预测和不可预测的环境行为模型为参考，本文总结了应用于单AUV和多AUVs的路径规划算法，简要讨论了AUV路径规划中涉及的问题，从环境类型、生成路径类型、路径成本(path cost)和防撞特性(collision avoidance features)等方面对算法进行了比较，并讨论了各种方法的优缺点。全文开放获取！ A Comprehensive Review of Path Planning Algorithms for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles Madhusmita Panda, Bikramaditya Das, Bidyadhar Subudhi, Bibhuti Bhusan Pati 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【05】 本文综述了原子力显微镜（AFMs）在高精度应用背景下压电作动器（PTAs）迟滞建模与控制的最新进展，并详细讨论了在可实现的带宽和精度的前提下，滞环建模和控制的现状、发现及结果，最后提出了未来的挑战和可能的研究方向，以期更好地推动视频原子力显微镜的发展。 A Survey on Modelling and Compensation for Hysteresis in High Speed Nanopositioning of AFMs: Observation and Future Recommendation Maniza Armin,Priyo Nath Roy,Sajal K. Das 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【06】 研究和开发可大范围推广的低成本、便携的室内行人航迹推演系统，需要突破哪些难关？中科院自动化所杜清秀教授团队对基于惯性传感器的行人航迹推演系统 ( 简称 IPDR 系统 ) 的相关研究从微观和宏观角度进行了高度总结和概述。首先，将 IPDR 系统解耦成若干独立的子问题，并分别讨论和总结了各个子问题所涉及的技术与解决方案；其次，提出了一个 IPDR 系统的通用框架，并把具体的 IPDR 系统视为解决每个子问题的技术组合；最后，基于上述研究，创新性地提出了一个通用的 IPDR 技术路线图结构。 A Survey of the Research Status of Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Systems Based on Inertial Sensors Yuan Wu, Hai-Bing Zhu, Qing-Xiu Du, Shu-Ming Tang 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【07】 近年来，多轴直升机在空中摄影、货物运输、搜索营救等方面得到广泛应用，而3D视觉追踪系统对于获取多轴直升机的位置信息至关重要，其较传统的2D视觉追踪更具研究前景、也更具挑战性。在此背景下，北京科技大学贺威教授团队系统综述了3D视觉追踪系统中的三大关键技术，并详细分析了若干典型3D视觉追踪系统，最后提出未来发展方向及需应对的挑战。IJAC特约综述，全文开放获取，欢迎下载阅读。 A Survey on 3D Visual Tracking of Multicopters Qiang Fu, Xiang-Yang Chen, Wei He 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【08】 所谓的AI复原，其实就是应用了超分辨率技术。什么是超分辨率？其涉及的模型与算法有哪些？研究前景如何？当超分辨率与深度学习技术相结合，又会带来哪些新思路？英国思克莱德大学Jin-Chang Ren教授团队特约综述为您解答... Deep Learning Based Single Image Super-resolution: A Survey Viet Khanh Ha, Jin-Chang Ren, Xin-Ying Xu, Sophia Zhao, Gang Xie, Valentin Masero, Amir Hussain 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【09】 本综述来自控制与系统科学领域国际著名学者、美国工程院外籍院士、澳洲科学院院士、IEEE终身会士Brian D. O. Anderson教授团队，集中讨论了社交网络中，舆论动力学模型的最新研究进展。文章部分内容整理自Brian教授在CCC2018大会上的主题报告。 Recent Advances in the Modelling and Analysis of Opinion Dynamics on Influence Networks Brian D. O. Anderson, Mengbin Ye 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 【10】 得益于网络2.0及智能手机的发展，遍布全球的网民(或称大众)借助便利的网络生产出海量优质内容。在此环境下，众包概念应运而生，它让降低成本与提升效率得以两全，备受世界商业巨头们的青睐。究竟何为众包？构建产品研发众包平台需要哪些技术支持？众包模式还面临着哪些现实挑战？来自英国诺桑比亚大学的研究人员给出了答案... Key Crowdsourcing Technologies for Product Design and Development Xiao-Jing Niu, Sheng-Feng Qin, John Vines, Rose Wong, Hui Lu 全文下载 ↓↓↓ 哈工大高会军团队: 基于强化学习的多速率系统控制器最优化研究 综述：自主式水下机器人的路径规划算法 【程学旗陈恩红团队】社交网络的传播背景：模拟与建模 高被引Top1团队综述：图像、图形及文本领域的对抗攻击及防御 【精选好文】服务机器人物品归属关系学习新策略 【专题好文】基于神经网络的新型乳腺癌检测框架 综述：用于自由曲面加工的新型计算机数控方法 港科大-微众AI杨强团队：用于生成对话系统的迁移多层注意力网络 帝国理工学院：自然语言处理中大数据的智能收集与分析 北大王立威团队: 零样本细粒度图像分析新模型 英国克兰菲尔德大学: 用于故障监测与诊断的全新多层分析算法 【综述】美外籍院士Brian Anderson: 社交网络中舆论动力学研究进展 2020年9-10月会议变动汇总 2020年8月会议变动汇总 2020年7月会议变动汇总 2020年6月会议变动汇总 2020年5月会议变动汇总 2020年4月会议变动汇总 2020年3月会议 科技部新政速览 2020年1-2月会议日历 2020年国际学术会议参考列表 观前沿 | 自动化所陶建华：音视频中情感计算的问题与挑战 本周亮点 | IJAC被DBLP收录 最新约稿 10mins微课 | 英语论文写作高频错误: 小冠词の大不同 【名校好课】MIT最新深度学习公开课 一款强大的公式编辑器 如何在不平坦的科研路上狂奔？ 复杂公式转LaTex：一张图片，三步搞定！ 提升科研效率的几款小工具 【主编报告】如何写好一篇学术论文?
有些研究论文无论语言多优美，表格多漂亮，统计方法多准确，还是可能会被拒稿。主要原因是研究主题不具有明显临床意义或者研究主题已经有许多相关的文章发表。临床医护人员平时的临床工作比较繁忙，在此基础之上，还有临床研究的需求，因此如何确保选定的科研课题日后可以被期刊主编和审稿人认可至关重要。 针对临床医护人员在开展临床研究方面的方法学需求， Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 发表了姚晓梅教授团队关于治疗、诊断、预后、病因、筛选和预防研究的临床研究方法综述 。 该综述包括两个部分。第一部分通过一个流程图向大家展示经过文献检索后，如何判断应该进行原创研究还是系统评价，或者需要寻找新的研究课题。 临床研究主要有六大类别直接与病人的结局密切相关：治疗、诊断、预后、病因、筛选和预防。第二部分针对这六大临床研究类别，利用表格总结了目前被广泛接受和应用的最新的关于如何进行科研，如何报道和撰写论文，以及如何评价已发表的相关研究的方法学工具或文章 。每一种研究类别可以分为原创研究与系统评价。希望此论文能助力临床医护人员有的放矢地开展科研工作。目前该文已在 Journal of Evidence-based Medicine 正式刊出，欢迎学习和引用。 点击链接免费获取全文： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jebm.12384 作者介绍 姚晓梅 ，加拿大安大略省癌症医学指南中心（世界最大癌症指南中心）方法学负责人，北美医学指南协会指导委员会委员，McMaster University流行病和生物统计系兼职教授，上海复旦大学附属儿童医院特聘PI。兼任 Surgical Oncology 和《中国循证儿科医学杂志》等编委。曾任 BMJ Evidence-based Medicine 、 Evidence-based Nursing 和 Annals of Internal Medicine-ACP Journal Club 编辑7年，从事临床医生工作9年。在 JAMA Internal Medicine 、 BMJ 、 Cancer Treatment Reviews 等杂志以第一、第二作者或通讯作者发表论文40余篇，担任 Cochrane 、 Cancer Treatment Reviews 、 Journal of General Internal Medicine 等多本杂志的审稿专家。 论文链接： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jebm.12384 关于期刊 The Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine is the official English language journal of the Chinese Cochrane Centre. The journal aims to present the newest research results and promote the international understanding and development of evidence-based decision-making, research, practice, and education. Papers in any of the following type will be considered: editorial, commentary, systematic review, clinical trial and register, methodology, policy-making and management, drug safety, education, patient safety, and knowledge translation. The journal encourages submissions from interdisciplinary studies and all manuscripts are blind peer reviewed. 期刊链接： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/17565391 投稿链接： https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/journalebm 扫描二维码关注期刊微信公众号：
立足于企业现状的智能制造及发展 沈斌 转载于《机械制造》杂志，2020年第1期 摘 要： 介绍了以德国工业4.0与中国制造2025为代表的各国工业发展战略计划,分析了大部分制造企业存在的亚健康症状,论述了数字化是智能制造的基础这一论点。提出实施智能制造,一方面必须针对企业现状,另一方面要面向未来的发展趋势。对制造执行系统进行了分析,并对比了制造执行系统中的生产计划与企业资源计划系统中的生产计划,给出了智能制造发展三阶段、生产管理和控制三层次、企业金字塔计划和控制模式。在企业实施智能制造、提高经济效益的过程中,制造执行系统是最佳切入点。 关键词： 智能制造 数字化 发展 制造执行系统 综述 1 工业发展战略计划 近十年来,世界各国为了应对科学技术的迅猛发展和国际市场的竞争,制定了许多工业发展战略计划,例如美国于2012年提出的工业互联网、德国于2013年提出的工业4.0、中国于2015年提出的中国制造2025等。这些工业发展战略计划虽然侧重点不同,但具有相同的目标,即建立智能工厂,如图1所示。 因为各国具有不同的基础和环境,所以工业发展战略计划实施的途径各不相同。中国是制造大国,要实现制造强国,必须要“开道超车”,即以创新的思维,开辟新的途径,沿着智能制造的方向,实现伟大的中国梦想。 2 智能制造 什么是智能制造？目前还没有统一、公认的定义。这其中有两个原因：其一,不同的人从不同的技术背景出发,给出了不同的定义；其二,技术是与时俱进的,会不断革新与演化。对于智能制造,笔者认为制造是本体,智能是灵魂。 智能制造的宗旨是将最新的通信和网络技术、工业软件技术、人工智能技术、大数据技术、系统管理技术等新兴技术与制造业深度融合,实现产品全生命周期活动的数字化、网络化和智能化,构建更优化的产品价值链和生产过程,生产出更好的产品,提高企业的经济效益。 由此可见,实施智能制造,一方面必须针对企业现状,实实在在解决企业存在的亚健康症状,使企业在激烈的市场竞争中生存下来；另一方面要面向未来的发展趋势,通过顶层设计,打好转型升级的基础,使企业获得核心竞争力和核心竞争优势,主导或引领市场。 3 制造企业亚健康症状 目前,大部分制造企业存在的亚健康症状,也就是痛点,大致有11个方面。 (1) 设备综合效率(Overall Equipment Effectiveness,OEE)低。2013～2014年,MES国际与LNS调查公司对全球的离散、流程等行业进行了调查,被调查企业的平均设备综合效率为71%。如图2所示,设备综合效率达到80%为优秀,中国被调查企业的平均设备综合效率为37%。实际上,许多中国企业的设备综合效率低于30%。 (2) 产品和原材料库存量、在制品量居高不下。所谓“外行看热闹,内行看门道”,产品、原材料和在制品大量积存,会占用企业的流动资金。 (3) 交货周期长、交货误期多。企业生产存在悖论现象,一方面是库存积压,另一方面是不能及时交货。 (4) 生产过程状况不透明。投入原材料,产出产品,但中间过程不透明,像一个“黑匣子”。 (5) 产品质量较差,质量原因不能追溯,客户投诉不能及时得到解决。 (6) 存在繁多的纸质文件,数据、信息中断。 (7) 信息技术软件系统孤岛化,并且各自为政,不能实现数据和信息的共享。 (8) 生产计划协调能力差,生产处于失控状态。 (9) 生产缺乏柔性,反应能力差。 (10) 生产过程中数据、信息没有积累和分析，没有将这些数据、信息转换为企业的数据资产，是一个极大的浪费。 (11) 缺乏全体员工参与,以及企业持续自我改进的文化。 上述这些亚健康症状,不可能通过某个软件系统或自动化系统得到解决,属于一个系统化的问题。只有通过智能制造的整体解决方案,分步实施,才能逐步改善。 4 数字化 约翰·惠勒曾说过it from bit(万物来自信息),其中,it指代物质,bit指代信息。简单而言,传统工业就是原子的重组,制造业做的事情几乎就是将每个原子再重组,这是重要且最重要的基础,即数字化是智能制造的基础。 当今处于数字科技和互联网的时代,来源于数据和信息的重组。未来的趋势是数字化、网络化和智能化,重组数据和信息相比重组原子,可能得到更大的获益。由此可见,智能制造的意义就是如何以数据的自动流动化解不确定性,使正确的数据在正确的时间、以正确的方式传递给正确的人和机器。 德国工业4.0实质上就是产品生命周期中价值链的整体升级和重组。在产品生命周期中,所有参与价值创造的实体形成网络,实现所有相关信息的实时共享,从而获得随时从数据中创造最大价值流的能力。以此为基础,通过人、物体和系统的连接,实现跨企业价值网络的动态建立、实时优化和自组织,这样便可以根据不同的标准对成本、效率和能耗进行优化。 曾有德国学者问,工业4.0强调的是工业数字化,中国在开展智能制造,是否超越了德国？笔者在大学本科时的学位论文是开发设计一个计算机辅助工艺设计系统TJCAPP。1983年笔者本科毕业留校后,张曙教授对其作了技术鉴定,成为中国的第一个CAPP(Computer Aided Process-Planning)系统。笔者从此一直从事企业数字化与信息化教学、研究工作。工业4.0和中国制造2025发展战略计划发布之后,就分别称之为工业4.0和智能制造,这只是称呼上的不同。综合国内一些学者和专家的意见,笔者认为智能制造有三个发展阶段，依次为数字化制造(Digital Manufacturing)、灵巧化制造(Smart Manufacturing)和智慧化制造(Intelligent Manufacturing),如图3所示。 笔者曾参加和评审了多个国家工业和信息化部的智能制造项目。实际上这些项目只能称为数字化制造,是智能制造的第一阶段,或称之为智能制造的第一个版本。由此可见,中国现阶段开展的智能制造与德国工业4.0的工业数字化,是异曲同工的。 综合以上分析,数字化是智能制造的基础,没有数字化制造,智能制造只能是“空中楼阁”。 5 制造执行系统 企业如何实现数字化转型升级？在成都召开的2015第二届中国数字工厂推进大会上,笔者提出了企业要彻底数字化。数据和信息就如同是工业4.0与智能制造中流动着的“血液”,数字化指将数据转变为信息,通过网络化和智能化的决策,创造有用的价值。目前,企业最大的浪费是数据的浪费,没有积累产品全生命周期的数据。 1990年,美国先进制造研究协会(Advanced Manufacturing Research,AMR)首次提出制造执行系统(Manufacturing Execution System,MES)的概念。笔者曾于1990年1月至1992年6月,作为中方专家先后两次赴联邦德国波鸿鲁尔大学,参加一个为期近20个月的中德两国政府合作项目研究工作,主要开发独立制造岛中一个作业计划与实时生产调度系统,当时的翻译为生产指挥系统,对应德语Leitstand。 在数字化制造生产管理中,有两个及其重要的系统——企业资源计划(Enterprise Resource Planning,ERP)系统和MES。有人认为,ERP系统中已经有了生产计划的编制,为何还要MES中的生产计划？实际情况是,ERP系统中的生产计划和MES中的生产计划是两个不同级别的生产计划。 ERP系统中的生产计划是产品级的生产计划,其范围涉及整个企业或集团,在时间上属于长期或中期计划,如半年或几个月。 MES中的生产计划是工序级的生产计划。众所周知,一个产品由许多零部件组成,每个零部件的加工由多道工序完成。一道工序在一台机床上操作完成,如在车床上完成,称之为车削工序；在铣床上完成,称之为铣削工序；在热处理车间进行热处理,称之为热处理工序。部件需要装配,同样分为若干个装配工序。为了与ERP系统中的生产计划相区别,将MES中的生产计划称为作业计划。作业计划的范围涉及一个车间、一个制造单元或一条生产线等,在时间上属于短期计划,如一周、一天,甚至一个班次。 由此可见,ERP系统中的生产计划与MES中的生产计划,在时间跨度和详细程度上是不同的,两者与设备控制共同组成生产管理和控制中的三个层次，如图4所示。 ERP系统中的生产计划、MES中的生产计划,以及设备控制是生产管理和控制的三个不同层次,作用各不相同,相互之间无法替代。这三个层次分别由不同的软件系统加以实现,相互之间既有联系,又有区别。三个层次数据信息的详细程度和时间节拍不尽相同,各司其职。 ERP系统中的生产计划,是产品级的生产计划,涉及整个企业或集团的主生产计划,也是基于理想状态的一个生产计划,是企业宏观指导的生产计划。MES中的生产计划,根据主生产计划的要求,分解为零部件的物料清单(Bill of Material,BOM)。如果是自制的零件,还需分解为零件加工工序,制定作业计划。在制定作业计划时,要考虑企业车间中实际生产设备的负荷,也就是在满足主生产计划规定的时间范围内,生产设备是否有空闲安排加工零件。如果是外购件,需要装配为部件或产品,那么要制定装配作业计划。 按照传统的企业生产管理的金字塔计划和控制模式,将MES仅近似理解为执行系统,这是不全面的。MES应是企业生产管理集成的核心软件系统,是一个生产指挥系统。 企业金字塔计划和控制模式如图5所示。首席执行官根据董事会作出决策,管理整个企业,指挥部门经理或主管去实施各项具体活动。同理,在离散型制造中,MES根据ERP系统中的生产计划,分解出零部件物料清单表、零件加工工序订单,根据实际生产资源,详细优化并作出加工计划,分配加工任务。与此同时,根据实际生产过程情况的反馈,及时调整作业计划,实时实施智能生产调度,使生产计划与生产实际进程保持同步,进而真正实现在计划优化目标下的生产,使企业取得最佳的经济效益。实际生产过程情况的反馈,可以通过MES中机器数据采集和工况数据采集终端得到,普遍采用监控与数据采集系统(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System,SCADAS)。由此可见,MES管理着企业的实际生产进程,实现生产计划与实时智能生产调度,是生产管理的“首席执行官”,因此完全可以将MES称为生产指挥系统。 MES小而精。小指这一系统针对一个车间、一个单元或一条生产线的一个生产单位,精指这一系统统一考虑了这一生产单位中的所有资源,并精确地为每个班次做出优化资源配置,根据所反馈的实际生产状况,迅速做出修正,使生产计划与实际生产保持同步。这样的同步也称为虚实同步,可以使实际生产在优化的计划和合理可行的资源配置下进行。 企业通过实施EMS,可以在以下几个方面获得显著的益处： (1) 通过作业计划优化,在同样的生产资源环境下,提高10%～20%的效益； (2) 根据精确的生产进度控制,实现准时生产法,减少50%左右原材料库存和在制品积存量； (3) 通过合理的作业计划和实时智能生产调度,将生产设备综合效率提高为原来的两倍； (4) 实现生产过程的透明化,最大限度保证最短的产品交货周期； (5) 实现产品质量的实时监控,保证100%质量原因追溯率； (6) 合理配置人力资源,通过精确的工作量和薪酬计算,调动员工的积极性。 6 结论 智能制造与智能工厂是发展的方向,在特定行业、基础好的企业中,应该开展这一方面的应用研究。对于大多数企业而言,应该开展局部,如智能制造单元、智能产品、智能生产线等的应用研究。 工业4.0的精髓是创造新的价值链和价值网络,并不断提高数字化程度,最终实现自动化和智能化。 智能制造的核心是数字化、信息化、智能化,目的是提高企业产品设计、制造和服务能力,使企业在市场竞争中获得生存或主导地位。 实施MES是企业提高经济效益的最佳切入点。 笔者最后提出一点建议：不能解决企业的生存问题,就不要涉及数字化制造；不能实现企业的长远发展,就不要奢谈智能制造。 参考文献 欧阳生.精益智能制造 .北京:机械工业出版社,2018. 朱铎先,赵敏.机·智:从数字化车间走向智能制造 .北京:机械工业出版社,2018. 沈斌.准确理解制造执行系统(MES) .http://blog.sceincenet.cn/blog-39413-1191053.html,http://blog.sceincenet.cn/blog-39413-1191819.html,http://blog.sceincenet.cn/blog-39413-1193019.html. Abstract ： The industrial development strategic plan of each country represented by German Industry 4.0 and China Manufacturing 2025 was introduced, the sub-health symptoms of most manufacturing enterprises was analyzed and the argument that digitization is the basis of intelligent manufacturing was discussed.In terms of the implementation of intelligent manufacturing, on the one hand it must be directed at the present status of the enterprise, on the other hand, it must face the future development trend.The MES was analyzed, and the production plan in the MES and the production plan in the ERP system were compared.Three stages of intelligent manufacturing development, three levels of production management and control, as well as the enterprise pyramid plan and control mode were given.MES is the best cut-in point in the process of implementing smart manufacturing and improving economic efficiency. Keywords ： Intelligent Manufacturing Digitizing DevelopmentMES Overview 中图分类号： TH16 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 1000-4998(2020)01-0001-04 收稿日期： 2019年9月 作者简介： 沈斌(1955—),男,教授,主要研究方向为制造系统与自动化、工业4.0与智能制造。 (编辑 尔 东)
Genome-wide Association Studies in Ancestrally Diverse Populations: Opportunities, Methods, Pitfalls, and Recommendations 全基因组关联研究(GWASs)主要关注欧洲血统的人群，但重要的是要更好地代表多样化的人群。增加研究参与者的多样性将促进我们对所有人群遗传结构的理解，并确保遗传研究具有广泛的适用性。为了促进和促进多血统和混合群体的研究，我们概述了主要的方法学考虑，并强调了机会、挑战、解决方案和需要发展的领域。尽管人们认为分析来自不同人群的遗传数据是困难的，但在科学和伦理上这是必须的，而且有一个不断扩大的分 析工具箱来做好它。 精神疾患的GWAS多样性与全球多样性相比较。主要的项目MD, major depression (490,999); SCZ, schizophrenia (205,661); PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder (188,932); BIP, bipolar disorder (51,710); ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (55,230); AUT, autism (46,350); AD, alcohol dependence (52,848); AN, anorexia (14,477)（图1）。 常用的多血统GWAS流程（图2），红色是多血统背景分析流程，蓝色是主要人群组分析流程（单一血统）。左边的是成层（stratified meta-analysis）meta分析策略，右边是联合混合模型策略（joint mixed-model approach）。 本文还综述了目前的方法，陷阱等（table2）。 关于QC的更多细节和方法在附加表中（要钱没看到，希望好心人能分享一下，谢谢） 专用术语 Admixed Population: A population of individuals with ancestors from two or more populations. Admixed can also be used to refer to individuals. Fine-mapping: Analytical procedures designed to refine GWAS loci to a smaller set of likely causal-variant candidates to facilitate interpretation and follow-up studies. Genetic Correlation: The correlation of genome-wide genetic effects between two phenotypes, which is often estimated for a subset of genomic variants (e.g. SNPs in a GWAS). Genotype Imputation: Estimation of genotypes at genetic sites that have not been directly measured, using data from a reference panel to infer genotypes based on LD and haplotype structures. Accuracy depends on availability of suitable reference panels. GWAS: Genome-wide association study. Analysis of common genetic variants across the whole genome for association with a phenotype. GxE: Gene-by-environment interaction refers to genetic effects on a phenotype that vary based on environment or vice versa. Haplotype: A group of alleles that are correlated with one another because they are inherited together on a chromosome. HWE: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the expected balance of genotypes within a population assuming random mating; infinite population size; and no mutation, migration, or selection. Tests of deviations from HWE are used in quality control to detect technical issues with genotyping. Note that there are also non-technical reasons for deviation from HWE (e.g., selection, population structure, admixture, non-random mating). LD: Linkage disequilibrium. Alleles in LD are physically linked on a chromosome, which leads to non-random coinheritance such that their frequencies in a population are correlated. Major Population: A group of individuals with shared genetic ancestry. A heuristic simplification of the complexity of human demography, but useful for describing groups that are likely to have relatively similar allele frequencies and LD patterns due to shared ancestry. Common examples used in practice include continental ancestry groups or ‘‘super populations’’ as defined by the 1000 Genomes Project (e.g., African, Admixed American, East Asian). PCA: Principal-component analysis. PCA of genotype data is commonly used to examine population structure in a cohort by determining the average genome-wide genetic similarities of individual samples. Derived PCs can be used to group individuals with shared genetic ancestry, to identify outliers, and as covariates, to reduce false positives due to population stratification. Population Stratification: Underlying population structure within a sample that is correlated with a phenotype, which can confound genetic association tests. PRS: Polygenic risk score. A value computed from an individual’s genotype data that quantifies genetic influences on a particular phenotype; also known as polygenic score (PGS), genetic risk score (GRS), or risk profile score (RPS). Reference Panel: A set of genetic variants from a population. Reference panels are used to design arrays, impute genotypes, catalogue genetic variants, and identify regions that are similar and different among populations. SNP Heritability: Proportion of phenotypic variance that is explained by additive genetic effects of a set of SNPs. 文章链接： https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.051
IGBT结构设计发展与展望 Development and Perspective of IGBT Structural Design 李碧姗;王昭;董妮 中车永济电机有限公司 在线阅读 下载PDF 首先从绝缘栅型双极性晶体管（IGBT）的物理模型展开讨论,分析了影响IGBT性能的几个重要特性参数,对其结构的优化和改进提供了理论支撑。其次论述了IGBT问世以来的主要结构设计发展历程,以及国际主流IGBT设计 首先从绝缘栅型双极性晶体管（IGBT）的物理模型展开讨论,分析了影响IGBT性能的几个重要特性参数,对其结构的优化和改进提供了理论支撑。其次论述了IGBT问世以来的主要结构设计发展历程,以及国际主流IGBT设计厂商对各自IGBT产品结构做出的独创性改进。最后对目前研究的新技术热点如逆导型IGBT半导体器件进行了介绍,并对IGBT器件的发展方向提出展望。 In this letter, the physical model o f insulated gate bipolar transistor （IGBT） was discussed firstly. Several important parameters that affect the performance of IGBT were analyzed, in order to provide theoretical support for the optimization and improvement of IGBT structural design. Moreover, the development of IGBT structural design and creative improvements made by different mainstream designers from the appearance of IGBT were mainly discussed. Furthermore, a new attractive research point, reverse conducting IGBT semiconductor device was introduced to explore the prospect ofIGBT development. 作者简介：李碧珊（1989-）,女,陕西西安人,硕士,助理工程师,主要从事IGBT器件设计,目前研究方向为IGBT可靠性和IPM工艺.
本文转载自小木虫（原文链接： https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/jbXqWkQKG2Uil5c46o105A ） 文章来源：小木虫论坛 作者：ljxue 编辑：颜惜 首先说一下，写综述，包括书稿，一般情况下一篇文章引用不超过3个图片的情况下大都不收费（一个figure中的a、b、c等只算一个），当然我也遇到过例外的。 和一个德国教授交流的时候，他说，一般情况下这些杂志是非常欢迎你引用他们图片的，所以大都不收费。收费的情况不是没有，但是很少见。遇到这种情况，大家一般都避开这些图片了。 现在很多杂志社都和Rightslink（ http://www.copyright.com/content/cc3/en/toolbar/productsAndSolutions/rightslink.html)#opennewwindow ） 有合作，可以通过他们直接搞到版权，很方便。Science、nature、 ACS、 Weliy、 Elsevier、AIP、RSC、Springer都是可以通过Rightslink搞到版权的。这个网站需要注册，注册是免费的。一个小tip，登录进去的时候选择保留登录信息，下次你再要其他版权的时候，直接跳到你的账户，非常方便。APS、 IOP、 PNAS等需要联系杂志社要版权，根据他具体的要求提供详尽的信息。 建议看各个杂志的具体要求，比如PNAS的情况就比较复杂。 下面是APS要求提供的信息，一般都差不多。 To request permission to republish APS-copyrighted material, please provide the following information: Title of journal Title of article Name of author Volume number, page number (or article identifier), year Indicate if you are requesting to republish in print, online, CD-ROM, and/or other format Indicate if you wish to republish all or portion of article; if a portion describe the specific material, e.g., figure numbers, excerpt Indicate how the material will be used, e.g., in a book, journal, proceeding, thesis, etc. Indicate the title of the article/thesis/chapter etc., and the name of the publication in which your work will appear Indicate the name of the publisher Indicate whether or not a fee will be charged for the publication 下面说一下具体的步骤。 比如说引用ACS上的文章，进入你需要引用文章的页面，在页面上找到“rights permissions”,点击进去，按部就班地填好就是了。ACS比较爽快，直接跳到一个页面说你用吧，一般我都把这个页面保存下来了。 其他有些杂志如Wiley，还需要你填写综述的大体信息，包括大约什么时候出版，大约印多少啊什么的，给个大概数字就行。 各个出版社设置的选项略有不同，你可以选择合适的选项，点击下面的quick price，看看需要付多少钱，金额是0就对了。如果试了可能的选项，但还是需要付钱的时候，建议联系该杂志。 最后补充一下虫友提出的一些问题。 这两天有朋友问我关于会议论文的版权问题，觉得还是挺典型的，就拿他的例子上来说一下。比如这篇文章： http://proceedings.spiedigitalli ... px?articleid=891506 页面上貌似没有rights permissions那一项，但是你把页面拉到最下方，就会看到Information for Authors一栏，其中一项是Reprint Permissions，点击进去就看到他具体的要求了。很明显不能通过Rightslink获得版权，需要联系他们，提供他们所需要的具体信息。 If you are seeking permission to use previously published material, please contact reprint_permission@spie.org . In your e-mail, please include the following information: Title and author Volume, issue, and page numbers What you would like to reproduce Where you will republish the requested material. 再有一个例子： http://www.opticsinfobase.org/ol/abstract.cfm?uri=ol-36-14-2635 在页面左侧有author那一栏，下拉菜单里有copyright一栏，点击进去会找到如下内容: Permissions For OSA to consider a copyright permission request we require in writing by fax, mail, or e-mail: a complete citation of the item to be reproduced, including figure numbers, etc., a clear explanation of the intended use of the item, and the requestor's complete contact information. Please direct further questions regarding copyright to copyright@osa.org . 概括来说，找到给author指导意见的那一栏，基本就能找到copyright的具体要求了。 在初次投稿的时候，是不需要提交版权的。一般是在审稿后，编辑决定接受，或者认为修改后就可以接受的时候，会要求你提供版权文件。我所知道的就是这些，欢迎虫子们再进行补充。
上周，在IJAC优先在线发表的几篇论文中，麻省理工美国人文与科学院院士Tomaso Poggio的一篇有关深度学习的综述成为一大亮点。Poggio教授在这篇文章中阐述了有关神经网络深度学习的一个基本问题：为什么深层网络比浅层网络更好？ 文章内容延续了Poggio教授在2016年8月在中国人工智能大会（2016CCAI）上的演讲报告《The Science and the Engineering ofIntelligence》。 图1 来源于2016 CCAI 演讲PPT 图2 来源于2016 CCAI 演讲PPT “ 深度学习架构和机器学习模式的搭建，来自于神经学方面的研究进展，换句话说，同样的架构是存在于大脑皮质当中的。 关于深度学习，已经有成千上万的研究者在不同领域进行这方面的研究，比如无人驾驶、语音识别等等。可是我们还不清楚，为什么深度学习在这些工程应用中会起作用，深度学习的机理是什么？ 我们对这个问题很感兴趣另外一个原因是：探讨深度学习的机理也将有助于我们理解‘为什么大脑皮质会存在一些不同的层次？’ ” Poggio 教授在这篇文章中，将为您解读深度学习的关键理论、最新成果和开放式研究问题。 同时这篇文章也是IJAC即将发表的 Special Issue on Human Inspired Computing 中的一篇文章。该专题其他热文将陆续优先在线发表，敬请期待。 一点点题外话：小编在去年的CCAI大会上有幸拜访了Poggio教授，教授博学、谦逊而富有亲和力的形象给小编也留下深刻印象。他曾提到：期望能帮助年轻人更好的了解神经科学、理解机器学习。如果要在智能方面走得远，不能只靠计算机，还需要与人类本身的研究相互结合，才能碰撞出更多的东西。 接下来，小编将为您奉上这篇文章的具体信息，以及IJAC近期在线发表的其他文章链接，欢迎下载阅读 【 Title 】 Why and when can deep-but not shallow-networksavoid the curse of dimensionality: A review 【 Author 】 Tomaso Poggio, Hrushikesh Mhaskar, LorenzoRosasco, Brando Miranda, Qianli Liao 【 Abstract 】 The paper reviews and extends an emerging bodyof theoretical results on deep learning including the conditions under which itcan be exponentially better than shallow learning. A class of deepconvolutional networks represent an important special case of these conditions,though weight sharing is not the main reason for their exponential advantage.Implications of a few key theorems are discussed, together with new results,open problems and conjectures. 【 Keywords 】 Machine learning, neural networks, deep andshallow networks, convolutional neural networks, function approximation, deeplearning 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-017-1054-2 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 14, 2017 The other recentlypublished online papers include: 【 Title 】 Improvement of wired drill pipe data qualityvia data validation and reconciliatio 【 Author 】 Dan Sui, Olha Sukhoboka, Bernt Sigve Aadnøy 【 Keywords 】 Data quality, wired drill pipe (WDP), datavalidation and reconciliation (DVR), drilling models 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-017-1068-9 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 4, 2017 【 Title 】 Reaction torque control of redundantfree-floating space robot 【 Author 】 Ming-He Jin, Cheng Zhou, Ye-Chao Liu, Zi-QiLiu, Hong Liu 【 Keywords 】 Redundant space robot, reaction torque,reactionless control, base disturbance minimization, Linux/real timeapplication interface (RTAI) 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-017-1067-x 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 4, 2017 【 Title 】 A piecewise switched linear approach fortraffic flow modeling 【 Author 】 Abdelhafid Zeroual,Nadhir Messai, SihemKechida, Fatiha Hamdi 【 Keywords 】 Switched systems, modeling, macroscopic,traffic flow, data calibration 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-017-1060-4 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 4, 2017 【 Title 】 Navigation of non-holonomic mobile robot usingneuro-fuzzy logic with integrated safe boundary algorithm 【 Author 】 A. Mallikarjuna Rao, K. Ramji, B. S. K.Sundara Siva Rao, V. Vasu, C. Puneeth 【 Keywords 】 Robotics, autonomous mobile robot (AMR),navigation, fuzzy logic, neural networks, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS), safe boundary algorithm 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-016-1042-y 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 4, 2017 【 Title 】 Method for visual localization of oil and gaswellhead based on distance function of projected features 【 Author 】 Ying Xie, Xiang-Dong Yang, Zhi Liu, Shu-NanRen, Ken Chen 【 Keywords 】 Robot vision, visual localization, 3D objectlocalization, model based pose estimation, distance function of projectedfeatures, nonlinear least squares, random sample consensus (RANSAC) 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-017-1063-1 【 Publish date 】 Published online March 4, 2017 【 Title 】 Virtual plate based controlling strategy oftoy play for robots communication development in JA space 【 Author 】 Wei Wang, Xiao-Dan Huang 【 Keywords 】 Human robot cooperation, joint attention (JA)space, reachable space, toy play ability, a virtual plate 【 Full Text 】 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11633-016-1022-2 【 Publish date 】 Published online February 21, 2017 阅读更多IJAC优先在线出版论文： https://link.springer.com/journal/11633
四、 治 疗 1. 药物治疗 ACLF 的治疗包括早期识别、去除诱因和支持治疗 8，14，118，119 。早期治疗ACLF的诱因，如用替诺福韦治疗HBV感染复发的患者或用类固醇治疗酒精性肝炎患者，被证明可以降低患者死亡率 75，117，119-121 。然而，大多数ACLF治疗的重点是支持治疗 118 。 （1） 抗感染治疗： 如上所述，约35％ACLF患者的诱因是细菌感染 14 （表4）。因此，患有细菌感染的肝硬化患者早期使用抗生素的界限较低。在脓毒性休克患者中，每延迟1小时，总死亡的校正优势比增加1.1 122 ，123 。院内或者医疗措施相关感染的患者以及感染性休克的患者需要使用广谱抗生素，因为不恰当的初始抗微生物治疗会使死亡的校正优势比增加十倍 122，123 。和早期使用抗生素同样重要的是，一旦确定了病原体和/或患者临床症状改善，抗生素需要迅速降级。如果在使用广谱抗生素时，未能确定病原体且临床症状恶化，则应考虑抗真菌治疗 123 。此外，还需要预防ACLF患者双重感染（在原发感染上发生的继发性感染），应包括预防和控制呼吸机相关的肺炎、导管相关菌血症和尿道感染，做好手卫生、屏障预防措施和避免接触不必要的仪器 124 。 根据R.M.和CANONIC试验未发表的结果，无论是否合并感染的ACLF患者在院内均易新发细菌感染。的感染和非感染患者高度倾向于在住院期间发展新的细胞感染。 这些感染会成为该综合征的“第二次打击”。因此，预防、早期诊断和治疗这些继发感染是治疗ACLF的重要措施。 （2） HBV特异性治疗： HBV复发是亚洲患有ACLF的肝硬化患者的常见诱因。对HBV相关ACLF患者进行抗病毒治疗可改善肝功能、增加其短期和长期生存率 119-121，125，126 。因此，应尽快开始早期抗病毒治疗（如拉米夫定、替诺福韦、恩替卡韦或替比夫定） 121，127 。 （3） 免疫调节： ACLF患者可能会受益于旨在恢复免疫功能的治疗，如白蛋白、N乙酰半胱氨酸和G-CSF 117 ，128 。事实上，近期的一个随机对照试验的结果表明，使用G-CSF可预防败血症并改善非重症（即败血症、脑衰竭或多器官衰竭）的ACLF患者的短期存活率 128 。目前认为G-CSF通过将干细胞从骨髓移动到外周（包括肝脏）从而促进肝再生来发挥作用的。 （4） 肾功能不全和肾衰竭： 急性肾损伤（AKI）是ACLF最常见的器官衰竭类型 8，129 。AKI的常见原因包括肾前性、内源性和HRS 129 。AKI的治疗取决于其病因，而尿生物标志有助于鉴定AKI 的病因 129，130 。肾前性AKI的患者（即因过量利尿治疗而引起的低血容量相关的肾功能损伤）应使用晶体和/或白蛋白进行液体复苏。特利加压素或去甲肾上腺素是HRS的首选治疗，此外还应联合使用白蛋白扩容 129 。特利加压素或去甲肾上腺素拮抗HRS引起的内脏动脉血管舒张和肾血管收缩，前者可引起全身性循环功能障碍。最初认为白蛋白的作用是扩张血容量。但是目前发现白蛋白还存在调节ACLF患者全身性炎症的作用 7，105 。肾脏替代治疗用于重症AKI患者进行肝移植或肝肾移植的过度治疗，然而透析的剂量和时间尚未被充分研究。 （5） 心血管循环衰竭： 在处理败血症时，使用激进的液体复苏和血管收缩剂（即去甲肾上腺素）以维持足够的血压从而保证器官灌注对于拮抗与ACLF发生的血管扩张至关重要 14，131 。考虑到肝硬化患者易发生容量超负荷，目标平均动脉压应控制在60 mmHg，同时应注意晶体的补充量 118 。胶体，包括白蛋白，也可能引起容量超负荷。特利加压素或加压素可与之联用。越来越多的证据表明ACLF中的肾上腺功能不全可进一步损害血液动力学 132 。可以通过测量清晨随机皮质醇水平来评估肾上腺功能不全，但这仍有争议。如果皮质醇水平不能明确，肾上腺皮质功能不全可以通过促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）试验（也称共刺激素、二十四酰化物或Synacthen试验）估计肾上腺对应激的反应来证实。 （6） 脑功能障碍和脑衰竭： 用自来水灌肠、乳果糖和口服非吸收性抗生素（如利福昔明和新霉素）治疗脑病，可通过提高意识程度从而预防吸入性支气管炎、吸入性肺炎和呼吸衰竭 14 。在预防由腹泻引起的低血容量以及预防由乳果糖引起的高钠血症（血钠水平升高）是控制适当的乳果糖滴定剂量和灌肠非常重要。一天目标粪排便次数应该为3-4次 133 。低排便量不足以减少肠道产氨及增加血氨清除率。高排便量可能诱发高钠血症性脱水。因为III-IV级脑病患者发生支气管吸入（唾液或胃液）的风险较高，故他们应该插管。不推荐这些患者采用颅内压监测及使用甘露醇，因为ACLF相关肝性脑病患者不易发生脑水肿和颅内高血压 12 。 （7） 凝血异常： ACLF患者在血栓形成和无法止血状态之间的波动，故常难以控制ACLF的患者凝血异常 134，135 。在活动性出血和严重凝血异常情况下，应考虑输入血小板、冷沉淀物（从血浆中制备的用于增加纤维蛋白原水平的冷冻血液制品）和血液。然而，患者不应该预防性输血血浆以增加国际标准化比率。门静脉血栓形成的患者可能需要抗凝治疗以防止复发性静脉曲张出血。 2. 重症监护和肝支持设备 存在血管、呼吸道或大脑衰竭的患者必须转入重症监护病房，存在肾衰竭的患者建议转入。肝脏和凝血功能衰竭的患者仍然可以在常规病房中治疗，但需要密切监测。在CANONIC研究中 8 ，50％的ACLF患者转入重症监护室（86％为ACLF 3级）。由于ACLF患者的死亡率高，急需能够支撑重症患者（ACLF 2级或入院后3-7天的3级患者）至接受肝移植治疗的治疗方法。 体外肝支持系统是ACLF的潜在治疗方法 136，137 。人工生物肝支持系统使用含有肝细胞的中空纤维生物组织来支持病肝的代谢和合成功能。目前，只能获取到肿瘤肝细胞或猪肝细胞系（Vital Therapies ELAD和Alliqua HepatAssist2000系统）。近期一项随机试验比较了ELAD与标准药物治疗，未发现两者对生存有显著影响 136 。 非生物系统由白蛋白透析技术组成，该分子能够去除因肝衰竭和全身性炎症反应引起的潴留于血浆中的非水溶性物质以及促炎分子（如PAMP和ROS） 105 。此外，在肝衰竭患者中，因其内源性ROS使分子发生严重氧化、分子结构以及与非水溶性物质（肝衰竭所产生或潴留的物质，如胆红素、胆盐和药物）的结合位点饱和情况的改变，其白蛋白的生理功能严重受损。目前有三种不同的白蛋白透析系统：Gambro分子吸附剂和再循环系统（MARS）、Prometheus分离血浆成分和吸收（FPSA）系统和Fresenius Medical Care单程白蛋白透析（SPAD）。MARS是在ACLF患者中被评估的最多的一个系统，它可改善全身性血液动力学和严重肝性脑病 136，137 。 然而，两项大型随机多中心研究未能表明MARS和FPSA可改善患者的生存 138，139 。最后，一项人工肝装置（伦敦大学的肝脏透析装置）旨在清除和代替肝硬化患者的白蛋白功能不全并减少循环内毒素血症目前正在评估 140 。血浆置换是一种增加急性肝功能衰竭患者生存率的解毒系统 141 ，一项非随机研究中的结果表示它可改善ACLF患者的肝性脑病及其肝功能。 3. 肝移植 肝移植是ACLF患者唯一明确的治疗方法。然而，仅有少数几个研究评估了其可行性、选择标准（适应症和禁忌症）、时间点和疗效 96，142-148 。与急性肝衰竭患者相比，目前ACLF患者不能立即被列于高度紧急移植列表中。此外，由于ACLF的临床病程迅速进展，能够留给评估及将其置于移植列表上的时间通常很短。高龄、活动性酒精中毒、不能控制的感染和多器官功能衰竭是肝移植的主要禁忌症及除名的主要原因。目前普遍认为严重循环或呼吸衰竭和进行性脓毒症的患者必须避免移植。然而，对于大多数经验丰富的中心，器官支持（肾脏替代治疗和机械通气）使之不会成为ACLF患者进行肝移植的禁忌症。目前的数据表明，仅有不到一半的ACLF患者在列表上，且仅有10-25％的患者可进行肝移植，故而超过50-70％的患者在等候肝移植治疗是死亡 147 。美国最近的一项研究表明，具有高MELD评分（ 40）的肝硬化ACLF患者在等候肝移植时发生死亡的概率比1A级候选者（即急性肝衰竭患者）更高，几乎比后者高两倍 145 。确定移植列表上ACLF患者的选择标准及其优先级的标准将有助于通过及时的肝移植改善预后。几个研究表明活体供肝肝移植和尸体供肝肝移植的效果相似 146-148 。接受肝移植治疗的ACLF患者预后良好（图6），其5年生存率在74％和90％之间，与因其他指症而接受肝移植的患者相似 96，144-148 。 图6 肝移植增加了ACLF患者的生存率 慢加急性肝衰竭2级或3级（ACLF）患者确诊后3-7天的可能生存曲线，早期接受（28天）肝移植的患者（红色曲线；n = 21），未接受肝移植的相同ACLF等级的患者（绿色曲线；n = 120） 96 。该曲线上的百分比显示了患者28天、90天和6个月的存活率。获得许可根据JohnWiley and Sons的参考文献96改编。 4. 管理策略 来自CANONIC研究的三个新的评分系统-CLIF-COF评分（或CLIF-SOFA评分）、CLIF-C ACLF评分和CLIF-C AD评分可用于对肝硬化和急性失代偿患者进行风险分层，以指示是否需要早期肝移植及评估重症监护治疗是否有效 20，98 （图7）。ACLF的预后不仅取决于器官衰竭的数量或诊断时的CLIF-C ACLF评分，还取决于其对早期治疗的反应 96 。 由于近20％的ACLF3级的患者在治疗后会好转，故具有三个或更多个器官衰竭的患者应该转人重症监护室，并接受短期（3-7天）接受无限制的器官支持治疗。如在此干预后持续存在三个或更多次器官衰竭，可考虑有限的生命支持治疗，因为在没有接受肝移植治疗的情况下，死亡几乎不可避免 19 。在无早期肝移植可能的患者中，如早期干预（在第3-7天）后CLIF-C ACLF评分仍较高（ 64分）也被认为无效 96 。但是，这些标准需要进一步验证。有希望进行早期肝移植（包括活体供肝移植）的患者不应限制其治疗。对于不可能进行肝移植的患者，应该根据评分和实用案例评估来制定治疗方案。 5. 再生治疗 一些研究评估了集落刺激因子治疗对少部分ACLF患者的效果 128，149，150 。该细胞因子动员骨髓来源的干细胞，恢复嗜中性粒细胞的功能并促进肝细胞再生。在非重症ACLF患者中使用G-CSF可降低发生器官衰竭（或衰竭）和败血症的风险，并提高患者的存活率。G-CSF疗法似乎在败血症患者和重症ACLF的患者中无效。肝细胞和干细胞移植也是ACLF的潜在治疗方法 151 。 6. 生活质量 ACLF 好转的患者在出院后，可恢复社区活动能力、或者接受肝移植、或者被送到临时护理机构例如养老院或重新住院。患者30天内再入院率约为25％ 152 。根据NACSELD研究 153 结果，在长期随访的6个月中，27％的患者死亡，14％的患者接受肝移植移植，59％的患者没有接受肝移植。患者出院后，45％随后发生感染。发生重复感染的患者年龄较大，更应该使用质子泵抑制剂、利福昔明或用诺氟沙星预防SBP 154 ，155 。在上述三种情况下，患者易患细菌感染可能与肠道菌群紊乱或多耐药性细菌定植有关。更重要的是，感染相关的ACLF患者更有可能从肝移植列表中除名。 图7 ACLF或失代偿性肝硬化患者的管理策略 基于CANONIC研究 8 中患者死亡率的数据，提出了慢加急性肝衰竭（ACLF）患者的管理策略 8 。第一步是在开始接受医学治疗（包括器官支持）后3-7天评估ACLF等级。所有ACLF患者均应评估是否需要肝移植治疗，因为ACLF患者90天死亡率很高（20％）。因为ACLF 2级和3级的患者短期（28天）死亡风险高，故应尽早对他们进行肝移植治疗。在存在肝移植禁忌症的情况下，在确诊后3-7天出现四个或更多器官衰竭（OFs）或慢性肝衰竭联盟（CLIF-C）ACLF评分 64可能表示治疗无效。ICU：重症监护病房。获得许可根据John Wiley and Sons的参考文献 96改编。 五、 展 望 1. ACLF 定义 统一ACLF的定义是一个巨大的挑战。APASL和西方定义之间存在显著差异，不能通过协商解决。这些定义不仅在患者的特征、诊断标准和临床病程方面不同，最重要的是，它们对该疾病的整体认知也不同。APASL定义假设ACLF中的一系列事件均由肝损伤开始，肝损伤会引起急性肝衰竭以及肝外器官衰竭。而西方定义认为由于肝内及肝外发病机制的作用，肝功能发生急性损害（严重时称为肝衰竭）和其他器官功能不全（严重时称为器官衰竭）同时发展。这些机制包括来自病肝（如急性酒精性肝炎、病毒性肝炎或DILI）的DAMP或PAMP（通过侵袭脓毒血症中的细菌产生或来自于无明显诱因患者的肠道微生物菌群）大量释放相关的严重全身性炎症反应。这种争议只能通过进一步研究该综合征来解决。 2. 临床挑战 目前有关ACLF的研究都是在确诊ACLF后进行的，故有关ACLF发生前情况的数据很少。因此在该阶段进行前瞻性观察研究很有必要，尤其是评估全身性炎症反应的标志物，因为它们可能可以预测治疗的效果及预后。ACLF的肝脏病理学也未得到充分研究。在HBV感染相关的肝硬化患者中，ACLF存在亚大叶性肝坏死现象 27 。在酒精性肝硬化和活动性酒精中毒患者中，主要肝脏组织学特征是肝硬化基础上重叠严重酒精性肝炎。最后，最近的两项研究报道ACLF的特异性病变是严重胆管内胆红素沉积和胆汁淤积，该病变也可见于非肝硬化的脓毒症患者 156，157 。 3. 病理生理学 目前缺乏一系列关于ACLF发病前后的先天和适应性免疫系统功能的研究。这些研究对于了解ACLF的机制至关重要。此外，免疫系统功能可能在ACLF的临床病程中发生变化。在败血症中 158 ，ACLF患者的免疫系统在被激活后可能存在一段免疫抑制期，这会进一步促进细胞易位和器官衰竭的进展。 ACLF 中器官或系统衰竭的机制令人倍感兴趣。肝硬化中的肾衰竭被认为是继发于系统性循环功能障碍和肾脏灌注受损。然而，有关脓毒症研究的最新证据表明，肾衰竭也可能是肾脏炎症反应的直接作用的结果，肾脏炎症反应可损害肾微循环和细胞功能 159 。事实上，有证据表明，在肝硬化中，炎症反应可能与心功能障碍、脑病、肾上腺功能相对不全和肺功能障碍的发病机制有关 7 。 研究ACLF最大的困难是缺乏合适的动物模型。四氯化碳诱导的肝硬化大鼠模型是肝硬化的优良模型，但动物在出现肝外器官衰竭之前就已死亡 160 。胆管结扎的大鼠可作为急性肝衰竭和腹水模型，同时对该大鼠短期腹膜内使用LPS，该大鼠曾被用作ACLF的模型 161 。然而，该模型与肝硬化的人类患者显然不同，该模型不存在肝外器官衰竭。 4. 治 疗 对全身性炎症反应是ACLF的主要发病机制的认识在制定新的治疗方案中开辟了新的领域。这项认知将促进新的人工肝支持系统的发展，该系统能够去除由于器官衰竭而潴留的潜在的毒性分子，而且能够去除引起ACLF的促炎分子。全血浆置换 141 显然是去除PAMP、DAMP和自由基的另一种方法。 然而，ACLF管理的一个重要问题是预防。在这里有三种潜在的有效治疗方法需要探讨。第一种方法是通过长期口服施用难以吸收的抗生素预防细菌移位 107，110，162 。第二种是长期每周静脉内使用阿司匹林。在意大利的一项大型随机对照试验中的初步数据表明，该项技术可以预防失代偿性肝硬化患者发生细菌感染、AKI和肝性脑病，改善其生存 163 。最后，最近的研究表明，与ACLF发生有关的因子，缺陷性胆汁酸受体（也称为法尼酯衍生物X受体的特异性激动剂）参与的信号转导在肝脏炎症反应和肠道细菌移位中发挥核心作用 164-166 。奥贝胆酸是一种有效的胆汁酸受体激动剂。最近的动物实验的结果已经证明，奥贝胆酸可降低门静脉高压并改善细菌移位情况 165，166 ，表明它可能对ACLF患者有益。 参考文献 1. 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Acknowledgements The European Association for theStudy of the Liver-Chronic Liver Failure （ EASL-CLIF ） Consortium is endorsed by the European Association for the Study of theLiver and supported by an unrestricted grant from Grifols. The authors thank D.J. Kim for the supply of the published Korean data and the Data ManagementCentre of the EASL-CLIF Consortium for providing the unpublished European dataused in Figure 2. Author contributions Introduction （ V.A. ）； Epidemiology （ P.S.K. ）； Mechanisms/ pathophysiology （ R.M. andB.S. ）； Diagnosis ， screeningand prevention （ P.G. ， V.A. andJ.F. ）； Management （ R.J. ， G.G.‑T. ， U.T. and J.F. ）； Quality oflife （ P.S.K. ）； Outlook （ F.N. and V.A. ）； Overview of Primer （ V.A. ） . V.A. and R.M. contributed equally to this work. Competing interests statement V.A. has received research fundingfrom Grifols and has served on the scientific advisory board for Takeda. P.G.has received research funding from Grifols ， served onthe scientific advisory board for Ferring and Squana Medical and receivedresearch funding from Sequana Medical. R.J. has received research funding fromVital Therapies ， has served on the scientific advisory board for ConatusPharma and Takeda ， has ongoing research collaborationswith Gambro and Grifiols and is the principal investigator of an industrysponsored study （ Sequana Medical ） . F.N. hasserved on the scientific advisory board of Center Fract ， Croix Rouge Belgium ， Intercept ， Gore ， Bristol-Myers Squibb ， AbbVie ， Novartis ， MSD ， Janssen-Cilag ， Promethera Biosciences and Gilead ， and hasreceived grants from Roche ， Astellas ， Ferring ， Novartis ， Janssen-Cilagand AbbVie. All other authors declare no competing interests.
2016 年 9 月， 埃及 Zagazig University 的 Hegazy Abdelmonem 教授 在 Frontiers of Medicine 发表 《新生儿脐带的解剖与胚胎学：综述与临床相关性 》。 Frontiers ofMedicine, 2016, 10(3): 271-277 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0457-8 摘要 脐带被认为是新生儿腹腔的一个缩影。尽管脐带很重要，但是在文献和课本中，脐带只是被描述为许多身体系统 ( 如泌尿系统、消化系统、心血管系统等 ) 的离散附属物。而不管是内科还是外科，在评估新生儿和婴儿时，都会考虑脐部的临床表现。本文主要介绍了与这些临床现象有关的脐带的基础知识。发育四周的胚胎，胎板发生折叠，这时脐带开始出现。最初的脐带只是出现在胎儿腹面的一个原始脐带环。最初的脐带含有连接蒂、脐带血管、卵黄囊管和血管、尿膜、肠环（ loop of the intestine ）。脐带发育过程中出现了变化，形成了“一条静脉两条动脉”的三条脐带血管，这三条脐带血管包裹在被称为华通氏胶的间质中。婴儿出生后，脐带血管退化，慢慢发育成韧带。先天性脐部异常包括脐疝、出血、分泌黏液、脐尿管异常、脐瘘。这些异常，有些需要及时手术干预，有些则恰当护理即可。脐带含有很多胚胎残余，因此容易引起很多临床异常。及早发现这些异常是阻止或减少可能的并发症的关键。 Anatomy and embryology of umbilicus in newborns: a review and clinicalcorrelations Abdelmonem A. Hegazy Department ofAnatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519,Egypt Abstract Umbilicus is considered a mirror of the abdomen in newborns. Despite itsimportance, the umbilicus has been stated in literature and textbooks asdiscrete subjects with many body systems, such as the urinary, digestive, andcardiovascular ones. This article aimed to address the basic knowledge of theumbilicus in relation to clinical disorders under one integrated topic to aidphysicians and surgeons in assessing newborns and infants. The umbilicusappears as early as the fourth week of fetal life when the folding of theembryonic plate occurs. The umbilicus appears initially as a primitiveumbilical ring on the ventral aspect of the body. The primitive umbilicuscontains the connecting stalk, umbilical vessels, vitelline duct and vessels,allantois, and loop of the intestine. Changes occur to form the definitivecord, which contains three umbilical vessels, namely, “one vein and twoarteries,” embedded in Wharton’s jelly. After birth, the umbilical vesselsinside the body obliterate and gradually form ligaments. Congenital disordersat the umbilicus include herniation, bleeding, and discharge of mucous, urine,or feces. Some of these disorders necessitate emergent surgical interference,whereas others may be managed conservatively. The umbilicus has many embryologicalremnants. Thus, the umbilicus is prone to various clinical disorders. Detectingthese disorders as early as possible is essential to prevent or minimizepossible complications. Keywords anatomy; embryology; newborns; umbilicus; Corresponding Author Abdelmonem A. Hegazy Cite this article Abdelmonem A. Hegazy. Anatomy and embryology ofumbilicus in newborns: a review and clinical correlations. Front. Med., 2016,10(3): 271-277. 更多信息，详见 http://journal.hep.com.cn/fmd/EN/10.1007/s11684-016-0457-8 或 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s11684-016-0457-8 感谢关注本刊博文，欢迎转载或引用。
黄酮类研究综述文集 诸平 将7篇与黄酮类物质研究有关的综述汇集整理成册，供大家参考。 其中有5篇是2003-2013年发表的期刊论文，另外2篇来自有关专著，共计362页，具体内容如下： Flavonoids ： Reviews By ZHU Ping(Ed.) Shashank Kumar and Abhay K Pandey. Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013,Volume 2013, Article ID 162750, 16 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750 , OR http://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/162750/ . Refs-166. Pedro F Pinheiro, Goncalo C Justino.Structural Analysis of Flavonoids and Related Compounds – A Review ofSpectroscopic Applications, Chapter 2 // In Venketeshwer Rao (Ed.). Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health. InTech, 2012. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-andhealth/structural-analysis-of-flavonoids-and-related-compounds-a-review-of-spectroscopic-applications OR http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/32937.pdf AGRAWAL A D. Pharmacological activities offlavonoids: A review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 2011, 4(2): 1394-1398. Harleen Kaur Sandhar, Bimlesh Kumar, Sunil Prasher, Prashant Tiwari, Manoj Salhan, Pardeep Sharma. A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Flavonoids. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 2011, 1(1): 25-41. Refs-71. TAPAS A R, SAKARKAR D M, KAKDE R B.Flavonoids as nutraceuticals: A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2008, 7(3): 1089-1099. Refs-72. Wenying Ren, Zhenhua Qiao, Hongwei Wang, Lei Zhu, Li Zhang. Flavonoids: Promising Anticancer Agents. Medicinal Research Reviews, 2003, 23(4): 519-534. DOI 10.1002/med.10033. Refs-133. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/med.10033/abstract Erich Grotewold. The Science of Flavonoids.Springer, USA, 2006. Flavonoids Overview.pdf
上周二通过了自己的PhD transfer exam，松了一口气。去年刚到组里的时候，另一位博士生说自己在准备transfer exam，我就在纳闷这是什么，他说明年你就知道了，到时候你也要做。果然，今年六月份导师跟我说，你现在有空就准备transfer report吧，我才开始去了解什么是transfer exam。 在爱尔兰高校里本科毕业就可以进行博士研究项目（类似于国内的直博？），所以Transfer是从MSc到PhD，一般是在就读12-18月后就需要进行的。意思是通过该exam来看学生是否已经理解透彻了课题，是否已经具备了继续进行课题的条件，已经做的课题是否具备足够的创新性。其实应该是跟国内的博士生开题报告挺像了。 我其实心里是抗拒的，因为听说别的课题组的学生也没做这个Transfer exam。便跟导师说我已经在中国取得硕士学位了，我可不可以不做，还是期望把时间和精力放在实验上。导师是个老派作风的人，只是说了it’s good for you。 Transfer report一般包括三章。第一章是文献综述，基本是未来PhD thesis的第一章。第二章是这一年来做的一些实验工作。第三章是未来的工作展望。尤其在写第一章的时候，发现对博士生帮助很大：一来“被迫”静下心来读一些经典文献，夯实了基础，理顺了topic的发展路线，不再“一瓶子不满，半瓶子咣当”；二来对自己的topic有了更深入和宽泛的理解，还可能会产生新的想法；三来第一章未来进行修改后可以直接用在PhD论文里，节省时间。 导师对论文的修改也是精益求精，他习惯于每一章分开修改，每一处语法错误都不放过。他虽才年逾五旬，一直耳朵听力却已不大好，用键盘打字使用“一指禅”。另外他是dean，白天经常开会，一个接着一个，所以一般晚上十点多会收到他的修改稿。更喜欢把论文打印出来，用笔直接修改，虽然我们会抱怨老大爷的字迹太难辨认了。最近我们有篇小的综述要改，我看他打印出来，趴在上面勾勾画画，十来分钟吧，就给我改好了些许语法。每当我们的每一章节发给他的时候，我们都开玩笑的说句sorry，辛苦您啦。他说this is my job。 Transfer report写完打印出来后，导师就需要找examiner和chair了。两名examiner都是学院里的老师，他们分别是一个做电化学的lecturer和一个做biomass的副教授，其中的一个会作为我将来博士答辩的internal examiner，因为他会知道我的进展是怎样的。External examiner则会在校外找（到时候我希望导师可以邀请个做生物电化学的大牛来哈哈）。Examiner会在至少两周前拿到report阅读，修改。 Transfer talk则是在exam当天的第一个环节，一般是15-25分钟的presentation，任何有兴趣的人都可以参加，并提问。观众离场后，两名examiner就report逐个有疑问的点进行提问，这时我才发现他们是很认真的读了，而且尝试理解我做的工作。所以第一章里写的每一句都必须要有理有据，不然他们就会提出质疑。大约四十分钟的提问，我还算从容应对，问题都是些很细节的，让我十分感动。被问到SCE和SHE的电势差时，我差点笑了，这也太也细节和“小儿科”了。我告诉他，使用3 M KCl时是0.2412 V。我看到坐在一旁细听的老板都笑了（提问过程中他只能听，不能替我回答）。提问环节后，我跟老板离场，两个examiner要讨论结果（是否pass）。最后，他们跟我握手说我做的不错，你通过了。最最后，两位examiner把他们修改标注后的我的report还给我。我看着上面细致的标记，感受到了他们的认真。 现在再回头看，transfer exam是导师培养学生的一种途径，其他组不做transfer则是另一种途径（可能他们导师开组会多等等）。学生从中理解了课题，拓宽了知识背景，尤其对于科研新手和非母语为英语的人来说，这是一次很好的锻炼。Examiner也给出了有益的建议，对课题将来的进展也有帮助。
摘要： 本文梳理了粒子滤波理论基本内容、发展脉络和最新研究进展，特别是对其在多目标跟踪应用中的一系列难点问题与主流解决思路进行了详细分析和报道。常规粒子滤波研究重点主要围绕重要性采样函数、计算效率、权值退化 / 样本匮乏和复杂系统建模展开。作为一类复杂估计问题，多目标跟踪一方面需要准确的目标新生 / 消亡与演变、虚警 / 漏检等建模技术，另一方面需要多传感器信息融合、航迹管理等复杂决策方法。暨有限集统计学应用于多目标跟踪后，粒子滤波进入一个新的发展阶段——随机集粒子滤波。基于不同的背景假设，可以构建不同近似形式的随机集贝叶斯滤波器并采用粒子滤波实现。但机动目标、未知场景、多目标航迹管理以及跟踪性能评价等仍是多目标粒子滤波的研究难点和重点。 Abstract: This paper reviews thetheory and state-of-the-art developments of the particle filter with emphasison the remaining challenges and corresponding solutions in the context ofmultitarget tracking. The research focuses of the general particle filter lieon importance proposal, computing efficiency, weight degeneracy, sample impoverishment, and complicated system modelling. Multi-target tracking involves a class of complex dynamic estimation problems that require both accuratemodels for target birth, death and evolution, false alarms and miss-detections,and efficient decision-making strategies regarding multi-sensor data fusion andtrack management. Specifically, with the introduction of finite set statisticsto multi-target tracking, recent years have seen the burgeoning development ofa new generation of particle filters, which is referred to as the random setparticle filter in this paper. Based on different scenario assumptions,different approximate forms of random set Bayesian filters can be establishedand implemented by the particle filter. However, manoeuvring target, unknownscenario, track management and tracker performance assessment remain keychallenges for the multi-target tracking particle filter. 引言 通过对某一随机变量的观测，对这一随机变量或者与之关联的另一随机变量进行状态估计 ( 即“滤波”），是信号处理研究的核心问题之一， 其广泛存在于航天航空、电子信息、控制工程以及机器人等科学、技术领域。 贝叶斯估计是解决这类问题最为重要的基本理论工具之一，也是粒子滤波的理论基础，其采用一簇加权的样本 ( 称为 “ 粒子 ”) 来近似表示状态变量的概率分布，通过粒子群迭代更新实现递归贝叶斯估计。自 Bootstrap 滤波器的出现 ，粒子滤波 (Particle Filter, PF) 迅速成为一种重要的非线性递归贝叶斯滤波方法。相比于卡尔曼滤波器 ( 最小均方误差估计器 ) 和 H∞ 滤波器 ( 最差情况下估计误差最小化 ) 等，粒子滤波对系统要求达到最低 ( 既不需要系统模型方程为线性，也不需要系统噪声为高斯分布 ) ，具有更好的算法可扩展性和普适性。然而，虽然经历二十 余年的发展 ，粒子滤波仍然存在一些理论、方法上的缺陷和实现上的挑战，特别是复杂条件下的多目标跟踪 对滤波估计提出了更高的要求。 当前，多目标跟踪具有广泛的军事和民用背景，是状态估计最具代表性的一类问题，也是先进滤波理论和方法最为活跃的应用对象之一。多目标跟踪问题的复杂性、重要性以及相关理论、技术发展 也推动了滤波理论、技术和方法的进步。特别是近年来，随着有限集统计学 (Finite Set Statistics ， FISST) 应用于多目标跟踪问题 ，粒子滤波进入了一个新的发展阶段，本文称之为随机集粒子滤波，成为当前的研究热点。然而，多目标跟踪粒子滤波仍然面临诸如不确定性表示、机动目标、未知场景、传感信息融合、航迹管理以及性能评价一系列的难点和挑战，这些仍需要更先进的滤波理论与方法。 粒子滤波的广泛应用和不断发展也促生了一些重要的研究综述、报告、编著等(见文中表1)，详细地反映了粒子滤波的阶段性发展或者在某一领域的应用概况。然而系统归纳和分析粒子滤波算法从单目标跟踪到多目标跟踪应用的发展脉络和研究分支的文献综述目前尚还缺失。因此，本文对已有综述内容不做重述，而是特别强调以下两个方面：(一) 围绕目标跟踪这一统一研究主题，梳理从常规粒子滤波到随机集粒子滤波的完整发展脉络、算法重难点以及前后联系；(二) 细致回顾和分析单/多目标跟踪粒子滤波最新研究进展、仍面临的挑战以及主要解决思路，着重分析随机集粒子滤波算法重难点，并进而指出今后的发展趋势和研究要点。 表 1 近十年来粒子滤波部分综述与专著 综述主题内容 文献 一般性 PF 综述或编著 参数近似贝叶斯滤波 非线性贝叶斯估计 PF 在金融与经济学领域的应用 PF 在地球物理学中的应用 PF 在无线通信中的应用 PF 在决策中的应用 PF 在扩展 / 群组目标跟踪中应用 PF 在 ( 无线 ) 定位中的应用 PF 在机器人中的应用 PF 在拐点检测、系统辨识等领域的应用 PF 在非一般模型问题中的应用 PF 在参数估计的应用 PF 重采样方法 ( 及 PF 并行化 ) 基于传感网 / 智能体网络的分布式 PF PF 收敛性 PF 稳定性 PF 粒子数自适应调整 PF 权值退化和样本匮乏 粒子方法 (Particle method) 随机点近似密度滤波用于目标跟踪 多目标跟踪建模与方法 本文章节安排如下：第 2 、 3 节阐述用于单目标跟踪的常规粒子滤波基本原理、方法、所存在的问题与主要解决思路。第 4 节阐述多目标跟踪粒子滤波主要思路、方法和最新研究进展，重点是随机集粒子滤波。第 5 节介绍多目标跟踪问题的难点与挑战，强调随机集粒子滤波依赖的重要支撑技术。第 6 节总结全文并简单展望。 全 文在线： http://epub.cnki.net/kns/download.aspx?filename=0kEZvw2d2BlaXZFMpVmSrZVWmNkbZVWZqVzd5pXRwQUUnBFW1E1UKF2UjVnZ3IVTwVjbLZ0cj5GcKJFUuh2LBB3UWhnWYJVdJVVVwMjZKpGbY9yQ2EzNwlHcSZWdMJUR0ADRK1kUxAnVXBlcrVHelVnZzBFVGNDRtablename=CJFDLAST2016 也请参见附件 粒子滤波理论、方法及其在多目标跟踪中的应用(re).pdf 勘误：第1989和1992页的参考文献 应该为 !! 参考文献(仅上述部分已有综述性文章)： 7 Cappé O, Godsill S J, Moulines E.An overview of existing methods and recent advances in sequential Monte Carlo. 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A survey ofmaneuvering target tracking, part VIc: approximate nonlinear density filteringin discrete time, Proc. SPIE 8393, Signal and Data Processing of SmallTargets 2012, 83930V, May 1, 2012 20 Mihaylova L, Carmi A Y,Septier F, Gning A, Pang S K, Godsill S. Overview of Bayesian sequential MonteCarlo methods for group and extended object tracking. Digital Signal Processing , 2014, 25 : 1–16 21 Yang X-J, Pan Q, Wang R, Zhang H-C. Development and prospect of particle filtering. Control theory applications , 2006, 23 (2): 261-267 ( 杨小军 , 潘泉 , 王睿 , 张洪才 . 粒子滤波进展与展望 . 控制理论与应用 , 2006, 23 (2):261-267 ) 22 Cheng SY, Zhang J-Y.Review of particle filtering. Journal ofastronautics , 2008, 29 (4):1109-1111 ( 程水英 , 张剑云 . 粒子滤波评述 . 宇航学报 , 2008, 29 (4):1109-1111) 23 Wang F, Lu M, Zhao Q,Yuan Z. Particle filtering algorithm. ChineseJournal of computers , 2014, 37 (8):1679-1694 ( 王法胜 , 鲁明羽 , 赵清杰 , 袁泽剑 . 粒子滤波算法 . 计算机学报 , 2014, 37 (8):1679-1694) 24 ChengS Y, Zou J W, Tang P. Review of derivative-free nonlinear Bayesian filteringmethods. Journal of astronautics , 2009, 30 (3): 843-857 程水英，邹继伟，汤鹏，免微分非线性 Bayesian 滤波方法评述，宇航学报， 2009, 30(3):843-857 25 Creal D. A survey of sequential MonteCarlo methods for economics and finance. Econ.Reviews , 2012, 31 (3): 245-296 26 Lopes H F, Tsay R S. Particle filtersand Bayesian inference in financial econometrics. Journal of Forecasting , 2011, 30 :168–209 27 Van Leeuwen P J. Particle filtering in geophysical systems. Monthly Weather Review , 2009, 137 (12): 4089–4114 28 Kostanjčar Z, Jeren B, Cerovec J.Particle filters in decision making problems under uncertainty. AUTOMATIKA: Journal for Control,Measurement, Electronics, Computing and Communications , 2009, 50 (3–4): 245-251 29 Thrun S, Burgard W, FoxD. Probabilistic Robotics , MIT Press,2005 30 Andrieu C, Doucet A, Singh S S, Tadic V.Particle methods for change detection, system identification, and control. Proceedings of the IEE E, 2004, 92 (3): 423-438 31 Johansen A M. SomeNon-standard sequential Monte Carlo methods and their Applications PhD thesis.University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2006 32 Kantas N, Doucet A, SinghS S, Maciejowski J M. An overview of sequential Monte Carlo methods forparameter estimation in general state-space models. 15th IFAC Symposium on System Identification, 2009, 15 (l): 774-785 33 Gao M, Zhang H.Sequential Monte Carlo methods for parameter estimation in nonlinearstate-space models. Computers andGeosciences , 2012, 44 : 70-77 34 Li T, Bolic M, Djuric P. Resampling methods forparticle filtering. IEEE Signal Process.Mag. 2015, 32 (3), 70-86 35 Li T, Villarrubia G, Sun S, Corchado J M, Bajo J.Resampling methods for particle filtering: identical distribution, a new methodand comparable study. Frontiers ofInformation Technology and Electronic Engineering , to be published, 2015, 16(11):969-984. 36 Hlinka O, Hlawatsch F, Djurić P M.Distributed particle filtering in agent networks. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine , 2013, 30 (1): 61-81 37 Hu X L, Schon T B, Ljung L. A GeneralConvergence Result for Particle Filtering. IEEETrans. Signal Process. 2011, 59 (7):3424–3429 38 Mbalawata I S, Särkkä S. Momentconditions for convergence of particle filters with unbounded importanceweights. Signal Processing , 2016, 118 : 133-138 39 Crisan D, Li K.Generalised particle filters with Gaussian mixtures. Stochastic Processes and their Applications , 2015, 125 (7): 2643-2673 40 Whiteley N. Stabilityproperties of some particle filters. Ann.Appl. Probab . 2013, 23 (6):2161-2603 41 Douc R, Moulines E,Olsson J. Long-term stability of sequential Monte Carlo methods under verifiableconditions,” Ann. Appl. Probab. 2014, 24(5): 1767–1802 42 Straka O, Simandl M, Asurvey of sample size adaptation techniques for particle filters, In 15th IFAC Symposium on SystemIdentification , 2009, 15 :1358-1363 43 P. Del Moral, A.D., Particle Methods: AnIntroduction with Applications. ESAIM Proceedings, 2014 44 Qiu C, Zhang Z, Lu H, Luo H. A survey ofmotion-based multitarget tracking methods. ProgressIn Electromagnetics Research B , 2015, 62 ,195-223 45 Yang W, Fu Y-W, Long J-Q, Li X. The FISST-basedtarget tracking techniques: A Survey . Acta Electronica Sinica , 2012, 40 (7):1440-1448 ( 杨威 , 付耀文 , 龙建乾 , 黎湘 . 基于有限集统计学理论的目标跟踪技术研究综述 . 电子学报 , 2012, 40 (7):1440-1448) 46 Yang F, Wang Y-Q, Liang Y, Pan Q. A survey of PHD filter based multi-target tracking . Acta Automatica Sinica , 2013, 39 (11): 1944-1956 . ( 杨峰 , 王永齐 , 梁彦 , 潘泉 . 基于概率假设密度滤波方法的多目标跟踪技术综述 . 自动化学报 , 2013, 39 (11): 1944-1956)
我打算给一个杂志上一篇文章写篇comment，于是给出版社写信询问他们是否接受comment投稿。 我收到回复 如下： Dear Dr. Cai, Thank you for contacting us. Currently for this journal, we only accept the following manuscript types: Article Review I suppose if you want to submit a review based on the paper that was published you can do so via our online submission system at: http://.......................................................................................................... Please do not hesitate to contact us should you have any further inquiries. 我的理解是，review是综述，是对很多论文的评价。那么对一篇论文的评价是否可以作为review向其投稿呢？
“The Sum of All Human Knowledge”: A Systematic Review of Scholarly Research on the Content of Wikipedia Wikipedia may be the best-developed attempt thus far to gather all human knowledge in one place. Its accomplishments in this regard have made it a point of inquiry for researchers from different fields of knowledge. A decade of research has thrown light on many aspects of the Wikipedia community, its processes, and its content. However, due to the variety of fields inquiring about Wikipedia and the limited synthesis of the extensive research, there is little consensus on many aspects of Wikipedia’s content as an encyclopedic collection of human knowledge. This study addresses the issue by systematically reviewing 110 peer-reviewed publications on Wikipedia content, summarizing the current findings, and highlighting the major research trends. Two major streams of research are identified: the quality of Wikipedia content (including comprehensiveness, currency, readability, and reliability) and the size of Wikipedia. Moreover, we present the key research trends in terms of the domains of inquiry, research design, data source, and data gathering methods. This review synthesizes scholarly understanding of Wikipedia content and paves the way for future studies. Mostafa Mesgari and Chitu Okoli John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, 1450 Guy Street, Montreal, Quebec H3H 0A1, Canada. E-mail: mmesgari@jmsb.concordia.ca, Chitu.Okoli@concordia.ca Mohamad Mehdi Computer Science, Concordia University, 1515 Sainte-Catherine Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada. E-mail: mo_mehdi@encs.concordia.ca Finn Årup Nielsen DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. E-mail: fn@imm.dtu.dk Arto Lanamäki Department of Information Processing Science, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulun yliopisto, Finland. E-mail: arto.lanamaki@oulu.fi
生命从来都不是一个静态的过程。微观如分子、复合物、细胞，宏观如组织、器官、个体，一直处于交流和动态调控的状态 。 《国家科学评论》（ National Science Review ） 2014年第2期刊登了加州 大学圣地亚哥分校的 傅向东 教授撰写综述文章“ Non-coding RNA: a new frontier in regulatory biology ”，从非编码RNA（ncRNA）的角度综述概括了ncRNA在调控生物学中的重要作用。 发现基因组中大量非编码序列是测序技术带来的惊喜之一。在人类基因组中，编码序列只占基因组的1.5%，大量非编码RNA的功能与存在意义吸引了科研界的巨大关注，并取得了令人瞩目的进展。该综述不侧重于列举ncRNA从机制研究到生物学功能的具体细节，相反的，通过将ncRNA与调控生物学的另一主要成员蛋白质家族相比，揭示ncRNA在调控生物学中的独特性，并对其在生物医学和生物技术中的应用进行展望。 综述指出，ncRNA通过多样化的方式发挥着调控作用：1）RNA作为酶可以催化反应，如自催化剪接的内含子； 2）RNA可作为分子骨架调节RNA/DNA/蛋白质之间的相互作用； 3）顺式作用RNA作为调控信号； 4）反式作用RNA作为分子sink，如假基因或者mRNA的某些元件可以起到竞争性缓冲的调节作用；5）RNA作为配体，结合靶蛋白，引起蛋白构象变化，触发下一步生物学过程；6）RNA作为细胞结构的组织者，如大ncRNA分子NEAT-1定位于细胞核特定区域，在组织基因组协调转录和转录后加工事件中扮演角色；7）分泌型RNA可以作为潜在激素信号分子分泌到胞外，对循环系统分泌miRNA 的检测可能提供一个独特疾病诊断标志物。 鉴于ncRNA在调控中的重要作用， 文章评述和展望了ncRNA的功能和机制研究的方法。由于ncRNA作为长链核酸分子的独特性，以及形成二级结构三级结构的能力，对于其结构和作用功能的研究需要新的手段，如CHAT-seq，ChIRP-seq，cross-linking IP，RNP重构及结构解析，基因组编辑方法TALEN,CRISPR等。同时，文章指出，ncRNA的研究数据需同基因组和蛋白组数据有机整合，才能更好的诠释ncRNA的功能。 欢迎至《国家科学评论》网站阅读原文： Non-coding RNA: a new frontier in regulatory biology Xiang-Dong Fu
印象中，科学网上曾经就“综述”有过大讨论，讨论过的一些问题有： “为什么中国人写的高质量的综述论文很少？” “研究生能否撰写综述？” “什么是综述？” “综述有什么用？” 等等。 这里以我的经历，谈谈我的看法—— 最近呆运不错，昨天收到通知，我的一篇综述论文被“ Physics Reports” (IF=22.910) 正式接受，即： Experimental econophysics: Complexity, self-organization, and emergent properties J. P. Huang Physics Reports, to be published in 2015. 【此文介绍了我对“实验经济物理学”（即“实验室真人统计物理学”）的总结与理解。】 这当然是好事，值得与关心我组成长的朋友们分享。但是，我突然想起与综述有关的一件事情来： 多年前，有一位本科生找我选修“科研实践”——这是一门 2 个学分的选修课。这位学生找我时说 :” 黄老师，我跟你做科研实践一学期，是不是就是读几篇文献，学期末写篇综述论文，就行了？ ” 当时，我很吃惊，就问： “ 你觉得这样就行了吗？ ” 学生答： “ 别的同学都这样。 ” 我说： “ 在我这里不行。 ” 为什么呢？ 很多同学以为写综述论文是一件很容易的事情，或者说，就是文献的堆积。这其实是一个误导。 什么是合格的“综述”论文？ 综述 = “ 综 ”+“ 述 ” 。 “ 综 ” 是对已有文献的综合，需要 “ 全面 ” ； “ 述 ” 是对已有文献的理解，需要 “ 深入 ” 。 “ 全面 ” 是为了 “ 承前 ” ， “ 深入 ” 是为了 “ 启后 ” 。而综述的最主要功效正是 “ 承前启后 ” ！ 从内容的份量上来看，“ 承前 ” 的内容需占 50% ，“启后 ” 的内容需占 50% 。回到上面的问题，对于勤奋的复旦物理系本科生而言，前 50% 在老师指点下，花些功夫，几乎就是小儿科，而后 50% ，因无积累，本科生基本无能为力。可是，事实上，这后 50% 的重要性远过于前 50% ！ 这是我对综述的理解——也是我拒绝本科生选修“科研实践”撰写综述论文的原因。用这个理解去检验一篇综述论文是否合格，应该可行。当然，可能有人问：“若用你的这个理解去 检验 你最近被 Physics Reports 接受的这篇综述论文，你的论文合格否？”我的回答是： “你知道的，站着说话不腰疼，我就是说说而已，我的论文肯定不合格。” “那为什么能被接受呢？” “因为今年年初投稿之后，天气一直不错，所以审稿人和编辑心情都不错。” 【1】审稿意见（摘要） Experimental econophysics, named by Huang, is a natural, reasonable outcome of extending laboratory experiments of traditional physics research to the field of econophysics. It becomes a new branch of econophysics due to the author’s pioneering efforts ...... In this regard, this review article is unique; it presents an urgent topic that would draw the attention of readers from physics to other fields. Also, the review article is well organized, and the sequence of sections is logical. The entire article surveys many works published in leading refereed journals, and the content reviewed is free of major errors....... I believe the present comprehensive review would be able to help inspire more researchers including econophysicists or beyond ...... In a word, owing to the potential impact of the review article, I rate it highly, and believe that publishing such a review at this time is a wise decision. 【2】编辑接受函（摘要） “this is a forward-looking review with the potential of inspiring considerable further work in the area.”
姜黄素抗癌作用研究相关文献 ——PubMed数据库统计结果 诸平 1 姜黄素（ Curcumin ）研究文献变化 姜黄素化学结构式 1970～2014年9月下旬PubMed数据库收录了 相关研究论文近 7000 篇，具体年度收录量见图1：其中有关“ Anticarcinogenic Agents （抗致癌药物）”近 240 篇；“ Chemoprevention （化学预防）”近 190 篇。 化学预防是指利用化学复合物预防恶性肿瘤的发生 , 作为癌症治疗新方法之一 , 正受到广泛重视 。 大肠癌以及肺癌 、 前列腺癌 、 乳腺癌等 , 在确定了癌前病变的疾病或已确定了致病基因的疾病中 , 可以选定为高危组 , 并进行各种化学预防研究 。 图1 1970～2014年PubMed数据库收录姜黄素研究文献的变化 2 姜黄素与抗癌研究文献变化 姜黄素与癌症（ Curcumin, cancers ）结合作为检索词，通过 PubMed数据库可以检索到 相关文献近 1800 篇；其中以美国研究最多 604 篇，其次是中国（包括台湾 106 篇） 385 篇，印度位于第三（ 176 篇），其余均在 100 篇以下。年度变化见图2. 图2 1983～2014年姜黄素与抗癌研究文献变化 3 综述性文献的统计结果 姜黄素与抗癌研究的综述性 文献有400余篇，其年度变化见图3. 图3 姜黄素与抗癌作用的综述性研究文献变化 下面列举几篇综述性研究论文，供大家参考： Aliye Aras, Abdur Rehman Khokhar, MuhammadZahid Qureshi ， et al. TargetingCancer with Nano-Bullets: Curcumin, EGCG, Resveratrol and Quercetin on FlyingCarpets . Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(9): 3865-3871. http://www.apocpcontrol.org/paper_file/issue_abs/Volume15_No9/3865-3871%202.23%20Aliye%20Aras%20(MINI-REVIEW).pdf Sana Afreen, Mir S Adil, MohammedNassir M, Muniba Suad, Sidhra Fatima. Curcumin and its promising role in theprevention of cancer. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 2013; 4(12):1-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.041201 Turmeric Cancer http://greenhealthmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Anti-Cancer-Foods-2-Turmeric.pdf Noor Hasima, Bharat B Aggarwal . Cancer-linked targets modulated by curcumin. Int J Biochem MolBiol, 2012, 3(4): 328-351. http://www.ijbmb.org/files/ijbmb1209004.pdf DarveshA S , AggarwalB B , BishayeeA . Curcuminand liver cancer: a review . Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 ， 13(1): 218-228. Role of Curcumin in Cancer Therapy. CurrProbl Cancer, 2007, 31: 243-305. 参考了 289 篇参考文献，综述长达 63 页，详见： http://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/115719/current-problems-in-cancer-article-1.pdf Reason Wilken, Mysore S Veena, Marilene B Wang, et al. Cucurmin:A review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamouscell carcinoma . Mol Cancer, 2011, 10: 12. http://www.molecular-cancer.com/content/pdf/1476-4598-10-12.pdf 4 综述性论文作者关系图 其中美国德克萨斯大学（ University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center）的 Aggarwal, B B ，先后曾经撰写过20余篇有关姜黄素与抗癌作用的综述性研究文献，具体作者关系图见图4. 图4 综述作者关系图 5 Aggarwal, B B 的部分论文摘录 Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability , absorption and metabolism of curcumin : the golden pigment from golden spice . Authors: Prasad, Sahdeo , et.al. . ... Journal: Cancer research and treatment : official journal of Korean Cancer Association (Cancer Res Treat) , Vol. 46 (1): 2-18 , 2014 . ... Curcumin ( diferuloylmethane ) is a yellow pigment present in the spice turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) that has been associated with antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , anti cancer , antiviral , and antibacterial activities as indicated by over 6,000 citations. 24520218 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , USA . . ... Related Products: order online Targeting proteasomal pathways by dietary curcumin for cancer prevention and treatment. Authors: Hasima, Noor , et.al. . ... Journal: Current medicinal chemistry (Curr Med Chem) , Vol. 21 (14): 1583-94 , 2014 . ... In this review , we discuss in detail how modulation of these targets by curcumin is linked to prevention and treatment of cancer . 23834173 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas , 77030, United States . aggarwal@mdanderson.org. . ... AdipoGen anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse) mAb (Casper-1) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (Biotin) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (FITC) , anti-bcl-2 (human) mAb (Bcl-2/100) (R-PE) ... . ... Antibodies Online Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Catalase (CAT) , COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 8 (Arabidopsis) (COPS8) ... . ... Related Products: order online Chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic potential of curcumin in breast cancer . Authors: Sinha, Dona , et.al. . ... Journal: Current drug targets (Curr Drug Targets) , Vol. 13 (14): 1799-819 , 2012 . ... The current review critically analyzes various aspects of curcumin -related research conducted for molecular understanding of its efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer . 23140290 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Receptor Biology and Tumor Metastasis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata , West Bengal , India . dona.sinha@cnci.org.in . ... Related Products: order online Role of nuclear factor κB-mediated inflammatory pathways in cancer -related symptoms and their regulation by nutritional agents. Authors: Gupta, Subash C , et.al. . ... Journal: Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) (Exp Biol Med (maywood)) , Vol. 236 (6): 658-71 , 2011 . ... We will also discuss how nutritional agents such as curcumin , genistein , resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate and lycopene can modulate inflammatory pathways and thereby reduce cancer -related symptoms in patients . 21565893 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . ... Antibodies Online Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) . ... Related Products: order online Epigenetic changes induced by curcumin and other natural compounds. Authors: Reuter, Simone , et.al. . ... Journal: Genes nutrition (Genes Nutr) , Vol. 6 (2): 93-108 , 2011 . ... This review summarizes current knowledge about the effect of curcumin on the regulation of histone deacetylases , histone acetyltransferases , DNA methyltransferase I , and miRNAs . 21516481 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , 77030, USA . . ... Antibodies Online DNA (Cytosine-5)-Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin and liver cancer : a review . Authors: Darvesh, Altaf S , et.al. . ... Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology (Curr Pharm Biotechnol) , Vol. 13 (1): 218-28 , 2012 . ... This review also discusses potential challenges involved in the use of curcumin in HCC, such as bioavailability , pharmacokinetics , drug delivery as well as paucity of clinical studies. 21466422 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cancer Therapeutics and Chemoprevention Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin , the golden spice from Indian saffron, is a chemosensitizer and radiosensitizer for tumors and chemoprotector and radioprotector for normal organs. Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Nutrition and cancer (Nutr Cancer) , Vol. 62 (7): 919-30 , 2010 . ... Similar studies have also revealed that this agent can sensitize a variety of tumors to gamma radiation including glioma , neuroblastoma , cervical carcinoma , epidermal carcinoma , prostate cancer , and colon cancer . 20924967 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , Texas , USA . . ... AdipoGen GPX1 (human) (IntraCellular) ELISA Kit , GPX1 (human) (rec.) (His) , GPX1 (human) ELISA Kit , GPX4 (human) (rec.) (His) , anti-GPX1 (human) pAb . ... Antibodies Online Nuclear Factor (erythroid-Derived 2)-Like 2 (NFE2L2) , Glutathione Peroxidase 1 (Isomer 1) (GPX1) , V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 1 (AKT1) ... . ... Related Products: order online Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals . Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B . ... Journal: Annual review of nutrition (Annu Rev Nutr) , Vol. 30 , 2010 . ... Curcumin directly interacts with adipocytes , pancreatic cells , hepatic stellate cells , macrophages , and muscle cells . 20420526 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen anti-Leptin (human) mAb (HLEP 155) , anti-Leptin (human) mAb (HLEP 55G) , anti-Leptin (human) pAb , anti-Leptin (human) pAb (Biotin) , anti-Leptin (mouse) pAb ... . ... Antibodies Online Proinsulin (PI) , Insulin (INS) , Leptin (LEP) ... . ... Related Products: order online Pharmacological basis for the role of curcumin in chronic diseases : an age-old spice with modern targets. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Trends in pharmacological sciences (Trends Pharmacol Sci) , Vol. 30 (2): 85-94 , 2009 . ... Extensive research within the past two decades has shown that curcumin mediates its anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of inflammatory transcription factors (such as nuclear factor kappaB), enzymes (such as cyclooxygenase 2 and 5 lipoxygenase ) and cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor , interleukin 1 and interleukin 6 ). 19110321 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) , CTRP1 (globular domain) (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online 5-Lipoxygenase (LOX5) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) , Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) ... . ... Related Products: order online Modulation of anti-apoptotic and survival pathways by curcumin as a strategy to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Authors: Reuter, Simone , et.al. . ... Journal: Biochemical pharmacology (Biochem Pharmacol) , Vol. 76 (11): 1340-51 , 2008 . ... This article reviews the main effects of curcumin on the different apoptotic signaling pathways involved in curcumin -induced apoptosis of cancer cells, including the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, the NF -kappaB-mediated pathway as well as the PI3K / Akt signaling pathway. 18755156 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer , Hôpital Kirchberg, 9 rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg , Luxembourg . . ... AdipoGen Killer TRAIL™ (R1 specific) Soluble (human) (rec.) , Enhanced TRAIL Soluble (human) (rec.) Pack , Killer TRAIL™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , iz TRAIL Soluble (human) (rec.) , Super Killer TRAIL™ Soluble (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 10 (CD253/TRAIL) (TNFSF10) , Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, delta Polypeptide (PIK3CD) , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Regulatory Subunit alpha (PIK3R1) ... . ... Related Products: order online Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin , the anti-inflammatory agent , against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic , autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: The international journal of biochemistry cell biology (Int J Biochem Cell B) , Vol. 41 (1): 40-59 , 2009 . ... In the current review , we provide evidence for the potential role of curcumin in the prevention and treatment of various proinflammatory chronic diseases . 18662800 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX , USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Related Products: order online Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancer prevention. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Planta medica (Planta Med) , Vol. 74 (13): 1560-9 , 2008 . ... For instance, the potential of turmeric ( curcumin ), red chilli ( capsaicin ), cloves ( eugenol ), ginger (zerumbone), fennel (anethole), kokum ( gambogic acid), fenugreek ( diosgenin ), and black cumin (thymoquinone) in cancer prevention has been established. 18612945 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins . Authors: Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B , et.al. . ... Journal: Cancer letters (Cancer Lett) , Vol. 269 (2): 199-225 , 2008 . ... These aspects of curcumin are discussed further in detail in this review . 18479807 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Multi-targeted therapy by curcumin : how spicy is it? Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Molecular nutrition food research (Mol Nutr Food Res) , Vol. 52 (9): 1010-30 , 2008 . ... The present article reviews the key molecular mechanisms of curcumin action and compares this to some of the single-targeted therapies currently available for human cancer . 18384098 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , TX , USA . . ... AdipoGen α-Galactosylceramide , Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) ... . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) , Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) ... . ... Related Products: order online Bioavailability of curcumin : problems and promises. Authors: Anand, Preetha , et.al. . ... Journal: Molecular pharmaceutics (Mol Pharm) , Vol. 4 (6): 807-18 , 2007 Nov-Dec . ... Despite the lower bioavailability , therapeutic efficacy of curcumin against various human diseases, including cancer , cardiovascular diseases , diabetes, arthritis , neurological diseases and Crohn's disease , has been documented. 17999464 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory and Pharmaceutical Development Center, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin as Curecumin: from kitchen to clinic. Authors: Goel, Ajay , et.al. . ... Journal: Biochemical pharmacology (Biochem Pharmacol) , Vol. 75 (4): 787-809 , 2008 . ... Other clinical trials suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcumin in diseases such as familial adenomatous polyposis , inflammatory bowel disease , ulcerative colitis , colon cancer , pancreatic cancer , hypercholesteremia , atherosclerosis , pancreatitis , psoriasis , chronic anterior uveitis and arthritis . 17900536 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas , TX , United States . . ... AdipoGen anti-Caspase-1 (p20) (mouse) mAb (Casper-1) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (Biotin) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (FITC) , anti-p53 (human) mAb (Pab240) (R-PE) . ... Antibodies Online Tumor Protein P53 (TP53) , Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 2 (BIRC2) , Mdm2-Binding Protein (MDM2) ... . ... Related Products: order online Role of curcumin in cancer therapy. Authors: Shishodia, Shishir , et.al. . ... Journal: Current problems in cancer (Curr Prob Cancer) , Vol. 31 (4): 243-305 , 2007 Jul-Aug . ... No Abstract available. 17645940 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston , Texas , USA . . ... Related Products: order online Curcumin : the Indian solid gold. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Advances in experimental medicine and biology (Adv Exp Med Biol) , Vol. 595 , 2007 . ... Curcumin has been shown to exhibit antioxidant , anti-inflammatory , antiviral , antibacterial, antifungal, and anti cancer activities and thus has a potential against various malignant diseases, diabetes, allergies , arthritis , Alzheimer's disease , and other chronic illnesses . 17569205 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... AdipoGen α-Galactosylceramide , Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) ... . ... Antibodies Online Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) , CD34 Class III , V-Erb-B2 erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2, Neuro/glioblastoma Derived Oncogene Homolog (Avian) (ERBB2) ... . ... Related Products: order online Targeting signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription-3 for prevention and therapy of cancer : modern target but ancient solution. Authors: Aggarwal, Bharat B , et.al. . ... Journal: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Ann Ny Acad Sci) , Vol. 1091 , 2006 . ... Its role in cancer is indicated by numerous avenues of evidence, including the following: STAT3 is constitutively active in tumor cells; STAT3 is activated by growth factors (e.g., EGF , TGF-alpha , IL-6 , hepatocyte growth factor ) and oncogenic kinases (e.g., Src ); STAT3 regulates the expression of genes that mediate proliferation (e.g., c-myc and cyclin D1 ), suppress apoptosis (e.g., Bcl-x(L) and survivin), or promote angiogenesis (e.g, VEGF ); STAT3 activation has been linked with chemoresistance and radioresistance; and chemopreventive agents have been shown to suppress STAT3 activation . 17341611 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston , TX 77030, USA . aggarwal@mdanderson.org . ... Antibodies Online Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 (NCOA1) , Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) ... . ... Related Products: order online Spicing up of the immune system by curcumin . Authors: Jagetia, Ganesh Chandra , et.al. . ... Journal: Journal of clinical immunology (J Clin Immunol) , Vol. 27 (1): 19-35 , 2007 . ... This suggests that curcumin 's reported beneficial effects in arthritis , allergy , asthma , atherosclerosis , heart disease , Alzheimer's disease , diabetes, and cancer might be due in part to its ability to modulate the immune system . 17211725 Related Articles Read Full Text Affiliation: Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston , Texas 77030, USA . . ... AdipoGen Mega TNF-α™ Soluble (human) (rec.) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (Biotin) , CD269 (human)-muIg Fusion Protein (preservative free) , CTRP1 (globular domain) (human) (rec.) ... . ... Antibodies Online Interleukin 2 (IL2) , Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) , Interleukin 1 Receptor Like 2 (IL6) ... 更多信息请浏览： http://www.gopubmed.com/ Here are the studies on Cancer and Turmeric: Turmeric stops cancer from starting: Preclinical cancer research using curcumin has shown it inhibits carcinogenesis in a number of cancer types, including colorectal, pancreatic, gastric, prostate, hepatic, breast, and oral cancers, and leukemia, and at various stages of carcinogenesis.5 Turmeric stopped cancer from growing - Turmeric also helps to prevent angiogenesis – in other words, it prevents the tumor from creating its own blood supply to help the tumor grow even bigger.6 Turmeric stopped cancer from spreading - Turmeric stops metastasis – or the spread of cancer cells in certain cancers.7 Turmeric kills cancer cells - Turmeric also encourages cancer cells to commit suicide – apoptosis.8 There are current trials on turmeric and cancer to see if it can be used as a drug - There are currently at least nine ongoing trials investigating the effects of turmeric and curcumin as a cancer therapy.9 Turmeric can be used with Chemo if you are having chemo - Turmeric can be used in conjunction with chemotherapy. In fact, curcumin has been found to enhance certain types of chemotherapy and radiation and is now being used as a complementary therapy during chemo by some clinics.10 Turmeric can make chemo more effective - Turmeric has been found to enhance the effects of chemotherapy in certain cancers.11 Turmeric makes chemo more effective - Another study found curcumin made certain tumors more susceptible to the chemo so the chemo killed more of the tumor.12 Turmeric prevents certain cancers - Other studies have shown curcumin helps to suppress certain cancers.13 Turmeric has been used on the following cancers - Turmeric studies have shown that curcumin has been effective in: 1. Bowel Cancer14 15 2. Throat and esophageal cancer16 3. Colorectal cancer17 4. Breast cancer18 19 5. Cervical cancer20 21 6. Lung cancer22 23 24 7. Pancreatic cancer25 8. Prostate cancer26 27 9. Skin cancer28 更多信息请浏览： http://greenhealthmatters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Anti-Cancer-Foods-2-Turmeric.pdf 姜黄素的人工合成： 参考文献No. 54544 标题: Curcumin 作者: Scrimal, R.C. 来源: Drugs Fut 1987,12(4),331 合成路线图解说明: Synthesis of curcumin was first described by Lampe et al. In our laboratory curcumin has been synthesized by condensing vanillin (I) and acetyl acetone (II) in a medium of ethyl acetate using tributylborate as boron complex to avoid Knoevenagel condensation at C-3 of acetyl acetone. Curcumin is isolated from the reaction mixture by acidification and extraction with ethyl acetate. The organic layers are washed until neutral, dried and the solvent is removed. purified by chromatography over silica gel using ether/petroleum ether as the solvent. 参考文献No. 589471 标题: Labelled compounds of interest as antitumour agents - VII. - and -curcumin 作者: Threadgill, M.D.; Parveen, I. 来源: J Label Compd Radiopharm 2000,43(9),883 合成路线图解说明: The protection of 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol (I) with ethyl vinyl ether (II) and TsOH in dichloromethane gives the ethoxyethyl ether (III), which is treated with n-BuLi in THF to yield the phenyl lithium compound (IV). The reaction of (IV) with 2H-labeled DMF (V), followed by hydrolysis with HCl, affords the labeled 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VI), which is finally condensed with pentane-2,4-dione (VII) by means of B2O3 and tetrahydroquinoline in DMF. 合成路线图解说明: The protection of 4-bromo-2-methoxyphenol (I) with ethyl vinyl ether (II) and TsOH in dichloromethane gives the ethoxyethyl ether (III), which is treated with n-BuLi in THF to yield the phenyl lithium compound (IV). The reaction of (IV) with 14C-labeled DMF (V), followed by hydrolysis with HCl, affords the labeled 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VI), which is finally condensed with pentane-2,4-dione (VII) by means of B2O3 and tetrahydroquinoline in DMF.
原文名：Shadow detection: A survey and comparative evaluation of recent methods 发表于：Pattern Recognition 45 (2012) 1684–1695 英语：文笔通俗易懂，公式内容少。 阴影检测：综述及近期方法对比 Andres Sanin a,b , Conrad Sanderson a,b , Brian C. Lovell a,b a 澳大利亚NICTA, PO Box 6020, St Lucia, QLD 4067 b 澳大利亚昆士兰大学, School of ITEE, QLD 4072 摘要 本文对近期去除阴影的技术进行了综述和评价对比。阴影去除是目标探测、追踪的决定性一步。本文综述了近十年的方法，并基于特征分为四类：色相、物理、几何和纹理。挑选的评价标准主要是阴影检测、辨别率(discrimination rates)和颜色去饱和(colour desaturation)的定量、定性观察。另外，我们选用追踪表现作为评定阴影检测方法实用性的无偏方法。 评估结果表明所有的阴影检测方法都有着各自的用途，都有着优点和缺陷。在选择的方法中，几何方法有着严格的假设，对于多变环境适应性差，但其对于有着多个方向阴影的简单易建模目标是一个最直观的选择。色度方法是最快速的方法，但其对于噪音和低敏感度场景较为敏感。物理方法采用局部阴影模型可有效提高色相方法的准确度，但当目标与背景光谱信息接近时会失败。小区域的纹理方法对于周围是纹理的像素非常稳健，但耗时较长。大区域问题方法结果最精确，但其步骤较多，有着巨大的计算量。 2 检测移动阴影 。。。 2.1 阴影检测的有用特征 。。。 2.1.1 亮度(Intensity) 阴影检测最简单的假设就是阴影区域由于没有直射光源照射，因此较暗。但是由于有环境光，到底可以变多暗是个问题。这些假设可以用来评估阴影区域亮度衰减的范围，作为排除非阴影区域的第一步 。但没有方法是主要依赖亮度信息来区别阴影和目标的。 2.1.2 色度(Chromacity) 很多基于光谱特征的阴影检测方法都使用了色彩信息。 他们假设阴影区域变暗但是色度保持不变。 色度是独立于亮度的一种颜色量测。比如说，一个绿像素在阴影中会变为暗绿色，比绿色颜色深，但仍属于同一个色度。亮度衰减，色度不变的颜色模型通常为颜色恒常性 或线性衰减 模型。采用这些模型的方法往往选择能够更好区分色度和亮度的颜色空间或他们的组合 来替代RGB空间（如： HSV , c1c2c3 , YUV , 归一化RGB ）。 这些方法大多易于实现而且计算量较小。 但由于是在像素级做比较，容易受到噪声的影响 。对强光照敏感，且在阴影较为严重的情况下会失败 。 2.1.3 物理属性 线性衰减模型假设光源是纯净白光 ，但事实往往并非如此。室外的主要光源是太阳（白光）和天空反射光（蓝光）。一般来说，来自太阳的白光占据主导地位。但当太阳光被遮挡时，天空光的成分就增加了，把阴影区域里的色度向蓝色成分平移。Nadimi和Bhanu 提出一个考虑到光源的两色模型，更好的预计了阴影区域的颜色变化。后续工作增加了更多的通用非线性衰减模型来模拟室内外的光照条件 。另外，一些方法没有明确提出衰减模型，而是通过学习阴影区每个像素的表征来解决这个非线性的衰减问题 。这些尝试建模或学习阴影像素表征的方法都归为物理方法。通过学习或建模特殊场景，这些方法获得了较色度方法更加准确的结果（直接比较见 ）。然而，由于光谱属性的限制，它们的主要缺点就是无法处理背景和目标色度相似的情况 。 2.1.4 几何 理论上，已知光源、目标形状、和地面平面的先验知识，就可以预测出阴影的方向、大小，甚至于形状。一些方法利用这个信息来区分阴影和目标 。几何方法的优点在于其直接作用于输入帧，不依赖于背景估计的准确性。但几何方法也受到一些限制：特定目标类型，如行人（即直立人） 或车辆 ；要求目标和阴影的方向不同 ；假定光源唯一 或平坦的背景面 等。现有的几何方法都不能解决多阴影目标( 除外）或多目标被检测为一个单一的前景大目标的情况。 2.1.5 纹理 一些方法利用的是阴影区域仍保留大部分纹理的特点。基于纹理的阴影检测方法多分为两步：1.选择阴影像素或区域的候选区，2.基于纹理相关将候选区分类为前景或阴影。阴影候选区的选择是靠一个基于光谱特征的弱阴影检测器。然后，通过帧纹理与背景参考纹理的相关性，将阴影候选区分类为目标或阴影。如果候选区的纹理和帧、背景都相似，就分类为阴影。有很多方法采用很多技术来实现这个相关性（如归一化互关联 ，梯度或边缘相关性 ，正交变换 ，马尔科夫或条件随机场 ，Gabor滤波 ）。在纹理信息高度可区分时，基于纹理的 阴影检测 方法是一个可能的强有力的方法，它不依赖于颜色，并且对于光照变化鲁棒。但是纹理方法往往较慢，因为它要计算每个像素周围的一个或多个像素的对比。 2.1.6 时间特征 由于阴影和投影目标有着相同的移动特征，应用于目标的时间一致性滤波器同样可以应用于阴影 。这个滤波通过保留那些具有时间一致性的像素可增强检测结果。然而，和亮度特性一样，没有方法是主要依赖于这项特性进行阴影检测的。 参考文献： A. 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地震预测方法 Ⅰ: 综述 赵永红 1 , 杨家英 1 , 惠红军 1 , 徐少川 2 , 曹露青 1 , 卢倩云 1 , 李嘉琪 1 , 李进武 3 摘要 ：为了解各种地震预测方法的预测情况， 本文参考大量国内外研究成果， 以地应力法、钻孔应变观测法、GPS法、地下水异常观测法、氢同位素法、电磁异常观测法、电离层异常观测法、潮汐力谐振共振波法等多种方法为载体， 对这些地震预测方法进行总结和讨论.探究这些预测方法的原理、异常信息提取、与地震三要素的关系、预测实例及相关的进展. 关键词 ： 地震预测方法 综述 总结 Earthquake prediction methods Ⅰ: review ZHAO Yong-hong 1 , YANG Jia-ying 1 , HUI Hong-jun 1 , XU Shao-chuan 2 , CAO Lu-qing 1 , LU Qian-yun 1 , LI Jia-qi 1 , LI Jin-wu 3 Abstract : Research results related to various earthquake prediction methods were reviewed in this paper. The progress in method of ground-stress, method of borehole-strain observation, method of GPS, method of abnormal groundwater observation, method of hydrogen isotope change, method of electromagnetic anomalies observation, method of ionospheric anomalies observation, method of harmonie and resonance waves driven by tidal forces and other methods were summarized and discussed. The principles of these prediction methods’s were explored. The abnormal information was extracted. And the relationship among three elements of the earthquake was analysed. Key words : earthquake prediction methods review summary http://manu16.magtech.com.cn/geoprog/CN/abstract/html/20140117.htm 赵永红等2014-地震预测方法 Ⅰ综述 .pdf
Quantum anomalous Hall effect http://nsr.oxfordjournals.org/content/1/1/38.abstract HOT ~~ 由清 华大学物理系薛其坤教授担任通讯作者的综述文章Quantum anomalous Hall effect (译名：量子反常霍尔效应)已在 National Science Review （ NSR ） 2014 年 3 月份的创刊号 上发表。 这篇文章介绍了量子反常霍尔效应的概念、理论发展及其在实验上的实现。尤其着重介绍了如何通过对拓扑绝缘体薄膜的性质调控逐步逼近量子反常霍尔效应。 早在1879年发现的霍尔效应是自然界最基本的电磁现象之一 。一百多年来，物理学家在不同的材料中陆续发现了多种不同的霍尔效应：如普通导体中的正常霍尔效应，磁性材料中出现的反常霍尔效应，半导体材料中的自旋霍尔效应 。这些发现不但大大丰富了霍尔效应的内涵，还加深了人们对固体电子性质的理解 。20世纪80年代整数和分数量子霍尔效应的发现使人们开始利用数学中拓扑的概念用来理解物质形态，为凝聚态物理带来了巨大的概念突破，因此分别于1985年和1998年获得诺贝尔物理奖，并发展成为凝聚态物理中的一个重要研究方向 。 量子反常霍尔效应是磁性材料中反常霍尔效应的量子化版本，是一种不需要外磁场就可以实现的量子霍尔效应。这种量子效应不但是很多新奇拓扑量子现象实现的基础，也是量子霍尔效应能够走向应用的关键 。从理论研究和实验上实现量子反常霍尔效应，是多年来凝聚态物理学家追求的目标 。2013年由清华大学薛其坤院士领衔，清华大学、中科院物理所和斯坦福大学研究人员在美国《科学》杂志发表论文，报道了他们在首次在实验上观测到量子反常霍尔效应的工作(图1) 。这是凝聚态物理一次重大的实验突破，也是中国科学家为此领域做出的一次重大贡献。 图1 实验观测到的 量子反常霍尔效应（测量在30 mK温度下进行）。左图：霍尔电阻随磁场的变化；右图：零磁场下霍尔电阻（蓝）和纵向电阻（红）随栅极电压的变化 。 在此篇综述中，薛其坤院士及其合作者从最基本的霍尔效应开始，逐步介绍了各种霍尔效应及其对应的量子化效应的实验现象和物理内涵，尤其着重阐释了电子能带结构的拓扑性质对几种霍尔效应中所起的关键作用。在此基础上他们介绍了量子反常霍尔效应的概念的提出历史和理论发展。拓扑绝缘体是最终量子反常霍尔效应最终得以实验实现的基础材料 。这篇文章详细介绍了拓扑绝缘体的概念和其在真实材料中的实现，以及在拓扑绝缘体薄膜中实现量子反常霍尔效应的条件。随后，文章详细介绍了薛其坤院士所带领的研究团队如何结合分子束外延、扫描隧道显微镜、角分辨光电子能谱和输运测量等多种研究手段的结合制备出高质量的拓扑绝缘体薄膜，并通过能带工程、化学势调控、磁性掺杂等方式调控其电子能带结构、磁性和输运性质，最终实现量子反常霍尔效应。文章最后还对量子反常霍尔效应的重要科学意义和应用前景进行了阐述。 量子反常霍尔效应的实现为量子效应的实际应用开辟了一条道路。绝大部分量子效应只有在在微观尺度才能出现，因此其奇特的性质很难在实际器件中得以应用。量子霍尔效应利用电子结构的拓扑性质使其边缘态电子可以在宏观尺度保持其量子力学特征，尤其是无能耗的性质，这为量子器件的实现带来了希望。然而由于传统量子霍尔效应需要强磁场、极低温、高载流子迁移率样品才能出现，因此很难真正得到应用。量子反常霍尔效应是一种不需要强磁场、高迁移率样品，甚至原则上不需要低温就可以出现的量子霍尔效应，因此它有希望成为第一种在日常环境下（无磁场、大尺度、室温）可以应用的量子效应。 该工作在科技部973项目（2013CB921702、2009CB929400）、国家自然科学基金（11174343、11134008、11025419、11021464）以及教育部、中国科学院的支持。 引文列表： Hall E H 1879 Am. J. Math. 2 287 Hall E H 1881 Philo. Mag. 12 157 Nagaosa N, Sinova J, Onoda S, MacDonald A H and Ong N P 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 1539 Dyakonov M I and Perel V I 1971 Phys. Lett. A 35 459 Klitzing K V, Dorda G and Peper M 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 494 Tsui D C, Stormer H L and Gossard A C 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 1559 Avron J E, Osadchy D and Seiler R, 2003 Phys. Today 56 38 Haldane F D M 1988 Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2015 Onoda M and Nagaosa N 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 206601 Qi X L, Wu Y S and Zhang S C 2006 Phys. Rev. B 74 085308 Liu C X, Qi X L, Dai X, Fang Z and Zhang S C 2008 Phys. Rev. Lett.101 146802 Qi X L, Hughes T L and Zhang S C 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 195424 Yu R, ZhangW, Zhang H J, Zhang S C, Dai X and Fang Z 2010 Science 329 61 Nomura K and Nagaosa N 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 166802 Chang C Z, Zhang J, Feng X, Shen J, et al., 2013 Science 340 167 Hasan M Z and Kane C L 2010 Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 3045 Qi X L and Zhang S C 2011 Rev. Mod. Phys. 83 1057 通讯作者简介: 薛其坤,1984年毕业于山东大学光学系激光专业，1994年在中国科学院物理研究所获得博士学位。1992年至1999年先后在日本东北大学金属材料研究所和美国北卡莱罗纳州立大学物理系学习和工作。1999年至2007年任中国科学院物理研究所研究员、课题组组长，1999年至2005年任表面物理国家重点实验室主任。2005年起任清华大学物理系教授，同年11月被增选中国科学院院士。2010年至2013年任清华大学理学院院长、物理系主任，2011年起任低维量子物理国家重点实验室主任， 2013 年5月起任清华大学分管科研的副校长。 他是国际著名期刊Surface Science Reports、Physics Review B、Applied Physics Letters 、 Journal of Applied Physics 和 AIP Advances等的编委，Nano Research和Surface Review Letters的主编。薛其坤是国际著名的实验物理学家，其主要研究方向为扫描隧道显微学、表面物理、自旋电子学、拓扑绝缘量子态 、 低维超导电性等。 发表文章360余篇，包括 5 篇Science ， 9 篇Nature子刊, 31篇Physical Review Letters, 被引用超过7400余次。在国际会议上应邀做大会/主题/特邀报告100余次，其中五次在美国物理学会年会做邀请报告。 曾获何梁何利科学与进步奖（2006）、国家自然科学二等奖（2005、2011）、第三世界科学院物理奖（2010）、求是杰出科技成就集体奖（2011）、陈嘉庚科学奖（2012） 和 “万人计划”杰出人才（2013）等奖励与荣誉。 综述原文详见 National Science Review 网站： SPECIAL TOPIC : TOPOLOGICAL INSULATORS - REVIEWS: Ke He, Yayu Wang, and Qi-Kun Xue Quantum anomalous Hall effect Natl Sci Rev nwt001 first published online November 21, 2013 doi:10.1093/nsr/nwt029 (11 pages) o Abstract o Full Text (HTML) o Full Text (PDF)
如果从第一次接触大环内酯开始计算，已经在这个领域14年半了，虽然研究兴趣在不断转移，从最初的工艺研究到合成方法学研究，再转而投入构效关系研究，进而开始研究新靶点新作用模式，但万变不离其宗，我没有离开。 但研究时间长了，心里不免痒痒，最近两年逐渐琢磨什么时候写篇综述，但始终有些畏难心理，不敢写，怕写不出纲举目张的感觉，怕写不出新意来。这个领域有些非常好的综述，是“老人”写的，有些材料 甚至是内部材料，即公开文献是找不到的。在大环内酯研究中，应该说主力还是制药公司为主，充斥大量的专利文献，这是基础研究里面所不常见的。 常常看见一些研究生把开题综述拿去成功发表，不禁为之所骇然。想写综述久了，好事就上门了，Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry去年5月7日写信告知我拟出抗菌药物的综述专辑，要求我能否写篇自己领域的综述，7月20日交稿。不禁欣然答应。虽说日子很紧张，但是由于近学期末，教学等事务还是缠身难以动笔。自己多年养成写作习惯是脑中构思框架，不轻易动笔，一动笔必然如上发条一样快速写完。许多论文动笔其实就是两三天，好在没养成先中文后英文翻译的习惯，直接挥就；然后冷处理一周拿出再修改，经验告诉我刚写完的东西自己是挑不出毛病的。 尽管答应了，但一直到本科生答辩完毕，6月中自己开始动笔，QQ签名变成了“写综述中”，当年老同学还不解，这还要亲自动笔写，研究生干嘛呢？一动笔才发现困难还是估计不足，虽说大部分文献自己非常清楚，但还是少数文献由于不在自己研究兴趣范围内，已然忘却，需要重新阅读。就是很熟悉的文献也需要语言组织，挑出文献的贡献和重要成果也需重新阅读。一些非常重要的文献还需要反复揣摩，看看是否在他人综述中有些别人忽略的重要细节。文献的阅读是第一关。 接下来就是组织，借助专业文献软件该工作变得相对简单些，但是在某一小结内先写还是后写还是费思量，尤其是谁写开拓的贡献不敢弄错。有人说看看谁先发表的不是很容易么？呵呵，制药领域的特点肯定是现有专利后有论文（甚至没有论文），日期不是那么容易确定的，好几次几乎是同时发表。不过好在大部分比较熟悉，有迹可循也不是难事。一些文献非常重要，可能在不同地方反复引用，感谢文献软件，不然光这个编序号就能把人整疯了。 在写综述，特别注意了几点： 1）由于制药的特点，编排基本按结构修饰部位分门别类；但是常常遇到组合修饰需要考虑放在那里论述？2）注意是否有公认的构效关系结论是否被后来推翻的？当初导致错误的结论之原因在何方？3）是否有新的药理学突破，以及晶体结构解析突破？这些可为以后合理设计奠定基础？4）自己的贡献不夸大，但也别不好意思拿出来。5）自己认为今后的重点方向需要表述出来。6）中国期刊论文也要引用，这是推广的一个机会。 考虑到工作量实在大，所以一些结构式和表格还需要研究生的协助。后来发现这里也是错误的高发区，比如结构多一个基团少一个基团的，表格数字错的；这些多是copy后未尽全部修改惹的祸。 还剩一周时候，编辑来信提醒，自己觉得写完没有问题，但是肯定有许多瑕疵没有时间不能揪出来，就要求延期两周，这个后来证明是正确的。我不断打印原稿，70多页啊，每一版都有许多错误，有语言错误，有结构错误，也有修改二次引入的新错误。 慢慢的，自己也有些疲倦了，每回都觉得应该快没错误了，但每回都揪出一小撮。后来原稿越看越快，主要是太熟了，我尽量想法每次角度不同，比如这次主要查语言，下一次主要查结构，再下一次主要核对原文表格数据，或者主要看看细节，比如化合物的编号是否按顺序，这可是我最初最害怕的事情。根据化合物出现的先后，编上数字，便于文章中引用。但往往修改后就会面对重新校对的海量任务。我采取的策略是先用原文的原始编号，不编数字。待文章改得差不多了，顺序基本不会变时候，再全文按顺序编号。尽管如此，肯定还是会在后续的修改免不了重新编排的麻烦，不过少些改动而已。 尽管要求研究生检查错误，但是自己还是做到了事无巨细，每个方面自己都复查了好几遍。不过再投了初稿后，我还是发现了几处错误，只好等同行评审后再修改吧。 综述邀稿不是等于不需要同行评审，事实上审稿人还需自己推荐。我就推荐了这个领域做得好的四个专家。后来无意发现有一个还真是我推荐的。原因在于该美国人在PDF上修改后自动留下了电脑注册的用户名。他认为“ It is a thorough and thoughtful addition to the macrolides review literature, and up to date as well. The organization and structure are good, and the level of detail appropriate for this chapter. ”另一专家也认为“ The discussion of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) is sufficient and important, and the mechanism of action of macrolides presents clearly to readers. ” 该论文已经在2013年12月份发表。有兴趣的可以看下 http://benthamscience.com/journal/contents.php?journalID=ctmcissueID=119030 。 大功告成之日，其实倒反而一点不兴奋了，倒有些解脱的感觉，哦终于结束了！虽然综述很费时间，但也是对自己夙愿的一个告别吧。由于综述文献截止到去年7月，投稿之后到12月发表的几篇无法再评价和引用，也是小小的遗憾。 以此纪念。
《科学家》（ The Scientist ）杂志网站 2013年12月24日 报道了2013年生命科学领域的大进展，摘引如下，供大家参考。 2013’s Big Advances in Science A roundup of the stunning progress made in the life sciences this year By Kerry Grens | December 24, 2013 Most spectacularly evident in 2013 was how easily new techniques caught fire and spread to labs around the globe. Even researchers who don’t specialize in methods development are able to rapidly adopt—and improve upon—new approaches to answering their questions, and the result is an acceleration of progress and a cross pollination of disciplines. Here are some of the most exciting advances in the life sciences from 2013. JINSONG LI What can’ t CRISPR do? Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, or CRISPR, is a tool used for genome editing. In tandem with an enzyme called Cas9, the CRISPR approach allows scientists to write the genetic code any which way they want. A few years ago, CRISPR was known only for its role in immunity in bacteria and archaea. Now, labs around the globe are wrapping their arms around the technique for myriad purposes. “This new method is a game changer,” Rudolf Jaenisch, a founding member of the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, told The Scientist back in May. He and his colleagues generated a genetically modified mice with five mutations in less than a month, “whereas the conventional way would take three to four years.” In 2013, advances in CRISPR applications decorated the pages of high profile journals with head-spinning frequency. In December alone, scientists demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 can correct disease causing genetic defects in mammals and human stem cells. And two papers in Science just last week laid out ways to use CRISPR in genomic screens. MADELINE A. LANCASTER Organoids galore New types of lab-grown organ buds, also called organoids, popped up in 2013. In August, scientists raised small, three-dimensional models of embryonic human brains that could form some of the complex structures of the organ. “This demonstrates the enormous self-organizing power of human cells,” Jürgen Knoblich from the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science told The Scientist when his results were published. In November, American and Spanish researchers published their data on functional, renal progenitor-like cells developed from human stem cells. A few months earlier, scientists reprogrammed human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into liver buds that also took on three dimensions. The liver buds had seemingly normal metabolism and even hooked up to the host’s circulatory system when implanted in a mouse. Grow-your-own organs may not be so far off. “If you could use iPSCs to generate a truly functioning organ, then you would have this unlimited suitcase of spare parts that would be genetically matched to individuals,” Stephen Duncan, the director of the Regenerative Medicine Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin, told The Scientist in July. COURTESY RICARDO ROSSELLO Potent stem cells The ability to reprogram skin cells to pluripotent stem cells by a simple gene-expression formula opened up a world of new experiments. This year, researchers continued to push ahead with better and faster methods to reinvent the identity of cells. Several months ago, scientists in Israel found a way to overcome one of the biggest limitations of inducing stem cells—the technique’s inefficiency. Typically, just about one out of every 10 cells prodded toward pluripotency actually do what researchers want it to, but Jacob Hanna from Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science and his colleagues disabled a gene that represses pluripotency and voilà : near-perfect efficiency. “I never believed we’d get to 100 percent,” Hanna told The Scientist in September. “This shows that the process of reprogramming need not be random and inefficient.” The induction of pluripotent stem cells reached new lows, as it were, in 2013. Researchers were able to generate in vivo more primitive forms of stem cells that had been accomplished before. Another group reprogrammed cells from animals lower on the tree of life than mammals, including birds, fish, and insects. And yet another team skirted the usual step of inserting genes into cells and instead used small molecules to coax cells into a pluripotent state. J. CONNELL ET AL., UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN Expanded uses for 3-D printing 3-D printers can make everything from test tube racks to centrifuges to tonight’s dinner. So why not print out your own custom mini microbial universe? Researchers have developed a gelatin mold that can house bacteria in separate compartments. “It’s basically Jell-O with things suspended in it,” chemist and bioengineer Jason Shear from the University of Texas at Austin told The Scientist in October. The laser from a 3-D printer then builds a little entrapment around the bacteria. Although the bacteria are held in place, signals from the cells can move through the gel. Aleksandr Ovsianikov of the Vienna University of Technology in Austria, who was not involved in the project, pointed out that the technique allows researchers to build the mold any way they want. “This is a tool which potentially allows you to cross-link your gel, dress up your gel with biomolecules, or create channels in the same way,” said Ovsianikov. “This is a tool which is much more than 3-D printing.” M. CHOI Hydrogel implants In another brilliant example of manipulating scaffolded cells, researchers developed a hydrogel implant embedded with a fiber optic cable that can direct the activity of cells with light. In this case, the light stimulated cells in the hydrogel to suppress high blood sugar levels in diabetic mice. The hydrogel not only delivers light, it can detect it as well when the cells express fluorescent proteins. Seok Hyun Yun at Harvard University explained in October that his group didn’t actually invent anything new. “We put together somewhat disconnected, beautiful technologies to make work in a single system . . . and then found a way to make it all work inside the body,” he told The Scientist . The approach could give a new angle for developing cell-based therapies. The technique certainly needs some tweaking. HeLa cells are potentially tumorigenic and it’s not clear how the hydrogel would perform in different settings. WIKIMEDIA, METOC MacGuyver-style microfabrication Not all in scientific progress must involve fancier methods to solving problems. In fact, a little ingenuity and some Scotch tape goes a long way , according to Raquel Perez-Castillejos, a biomedical engineer at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in Newark. Scientists can use photolithographic technology to build little wells for culturing cells, but Perez-Castillejos and her colleagues found that cutting shapes into Scotch tape stuck to a glass slide works just fine. The team cut small rectangles and other shapes into the tape. They then peeled away the tape, leaving the shapes of tape on the glass and made a cast of the slide with a silicon-based polymer. Once the casts were hard, they could be taken off the slide, turned upside down and plated with cells for microfluidics experiments. “Sometimes we are trying to provide very high precision to problems that don’t require it, and we make it complicated for no reason,” Perez-Castillejos said in the March issue of The Scientist . WIKIMEDIA, INFERIS The next generation Up-and-coming in vitro fertilization techniques gave parents in Philadelphia their next generation, a baby boy born in May. Researchers at the University of Oxford used next-generation sequencing to create a method to check embryos for chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, and mitochondrial genome mutations. “Next-generation sequencing improves our ability to detect these abnormalities and helps us identify the embryos with the best chances of producing a viable pregnancy,” said Dagan Wells, a molecular geneticist at the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Oxford, in a statement . “Potentially, this should lead to improved IVF success rates and a lower risk of miscarriage.” The fertility doctor in Pennsylvania who used the technique to screen little Connor Levy when he was still a ball of cells said he expects the test to take off. Thumbnail image credit: Wikimedia, National Institute of Health . techniques , stem cells , roundup , end of year and crispr
As a registrant to Breast Cancer Research , you will already be aware of the high quality, open access research articles published in the journal. However, are you familiar with the subscription-related content also available? With an Impact Factor of 5.87, Breast Cancer Research is the leading breast cancer-specific research journal in the field. An institutional subscription would allow you and your colleagues full and unlimited access to comprehensive review series and opinion-led viewpoints - why not recommend a free institutional trial to Breast Cancer Research to your librarian ? To give you an example of the high calibre subscription content, the following review article has been made freely available for you to enjoy. Review Recent advances reveal IL-8 signaling as a potential key to targeting breast cancer stem cells Jagdeep K Singh, Bruno M Simões, Sacha J Howell, Gillian Farnie, Robert B Clarke a Breast Cancer Research 2013, 15 :210 (30 August 2013) Abstract | Full Text | PDF To access all of Breast Cancer Research's high quality subscription content, I encourage you to recommend Breast Cancer Research to your librarian to ensure you and your colleagues have access to the latest topical and up-to-date content from leading influences in the field. Please do forward this email to your colleagues if you feel it would be of interest to them.
1. 两篇颇具影响力的综述性论文 Douglas Hanahan 和 Robert A Weinberg 在 2000年发表在 Cell 上的《 The hallmarks of cancer 》累计被引用已经仅1.2万次（ Scopus ），谷歌学术搜索近1.8万次；几乎是每一位从事癌症研究的科研人员的必读的 经典综述性 文献 。但是11年之后，二位合作有撰写了一篇新的癌症研究综述性文献，2011年3月4日在 Cell 发表，题为《 Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation 》，将肿瘤的六种武器扩充到十种武器。不同数据库的引用统计结果如下： 1） The Hallmarks of Cancer • Review article Cell, Volume 100, Issue 1, January 2000, Pages 57-70 Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, R.A. Cited by Scopus (11879) 2） Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation • Review article Cell, Volume 144, Issue 5, March 2011, Pages 646-674 Hanahan, D.; Weinberg, Robert A. Cited by Scopus (3708) The hallmarks of cancer D Hanahan, RA Weinberg - cell, 2000 - Cell Press 被引用次数：17676 相关文章 所有 94 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Hallmarks of cancer : the next generation D Hanahan, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2011 - Elsevier The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative ... 被引用次数：5597 相关文章 所有 51 个版本 引用 2 Robert A Weinberg 和 Douglas Hanahan 的高引论文（被引千次以上） 2.1 Robert A Weinberg ： 美国科学院院士，世界着名的 Whitehead 研究所创始人之一，他曾发现了第一个人类癌基因 Ras 和第一个抑癌基因 Rb ，他的一系列杰出研究工作已经成为肿瘤研究领域乃至整个医学生物学领域的重要里程碑。 The hallmarks of cancer D Hanahan, RA Weinberg - cell, 2000 - Cell Press 被引用次数： 17676 相关文章 所有 94 个版本 引用 ncsu.edu 中的 The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control RA Weinberg - Cell, 1995 - Cell Press 被引用次数： 4135 相关文章 所有 5 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation D Hanahan, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2011 - Elsevier The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative ... 被引用次数： 5597 相关文章 所有 51 个版本 引用 Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. H Land, LF Parada, RA Weinberg - Nature, 1982 - europepmc.org Transfection of embryo fibroblasts by a human ras oncogene does not convert them into tumour cells unless the fibroblasts are established and immortalized before transfection. The embryo fibroblasts become tumorigenic if a second oncogene such as a viral or cellular ... 被引用次数： 2527 相关文章 所有 10 个版本 引用 更多 uu.nl 中的 Identification of a human DNA segment having properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma SH Friend, RA Bernards, S Rogelj, RA Weinberg … - …, 1986 - igitur-archive.library.uu.nl The genomes of various tumor cells contain mutant oncogenes that act dominantly, in that their effects can be observed when they are introduced into non-malignent cells. There is evidence for another class of oncogenes, in which tumour-predisposing mutations are ... 被引用次数： 2442 相关文章 所有 9 个版本 引用 Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements …, RL Beijersbergen, MW Brooks, RA Weinberg - Nature, 1999 - nature.com Abstract During malignant transformation, cancer cells acquire genetic mutations that override the normal mechanisms controlling cellular proliferation. Primary rodent cells are efficiently converted into tumorigenic cells by the coexpression of cooperating oncogenes ... 被引用次数： 1926 相关文章 所有 7 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells …, K Polyak, C Brisken, J Yang, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2008 - Elsevier The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key developmental program that is often activated during cancer invasion and metastasis. We here report that the induction of an EMT in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLEs) results in the acquisition of ... 被引用次数： 2443 相关文章 所有 34 个版本 引用 Tumor suppressor genes RA Weinberg - Science, 1991 - sciencemag.org Abstract For the past decade, cellular oncogenes have attracted the attention of biologists intent on understanding the molecular origins of cancer. As the present decade unfolds, oncogenes are yielding their place at center stage to a second group of actors, the tumor ... 被引用次数： 1609 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 i hEST2/i, the Putative Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Gene, Is Up-Regulated in Tumor Cells and during Immortalization …, Q Liu, S Bacchetti, DA Haber, RA Weinberg - cell, 1997 - Elsevier Telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that elongates telomeres, is repressed in normal human somatic cells but is reactivated during tumor progression. We report the cloning of a human gene, hEST2, that shares significant sequence similarity with the telomerase ... 被引用次数： 1844 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis …, P Savagner, I Gitelman, A Richardson, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2004 - Elsevier Metastasis is a multistep process during which cancer cells disseminate from the site of primary tumors and establish secondary tumors in distant organs. In a search for key regulators of metastasis in a murine breast tumor model, we have found that the ... 被引用次数： 1843 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E 1 A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product …, SH Friend, M Raybuck, RA Weinberg … - …, 1988 - staging-www.nature.com One of the cellular targets implicated in the process of transformation by the adenovirus EIA proteins is a 105K cellular protein. Previously, this protein had been shown to form stable protein/protein complexes with the EIA polypeptides but its identity was unknown. Here, ... 被引用次数： 1300 相关文章 所有 7 个版本 引用 scottsdalecc.edu 中的 Foundations of sport and exercise psychology RS Weinberg , D Gould - 2010 - books.google.com The latest edition of the best-selling sport and exercise psychology book on the market, Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Fifth Edition, provides a thorough introduction to the key concepts in the field. Written by internationally respected authors, it ... 被引用次数： 1751 相关文章 所有 10 个版本 引用 stanford.edu 中的 Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse …, EM Schmitt, RT Bronson, MA Goodell, RA Weinberg - Nature, 1992 - stanford.edu The retinoblastoma gene is mutated in several types of human cancer and is the best characterized of the tumour-suppressor genes. A mouse strain has been constructed in which one allele of Rb is disrupted. These heterozygous animals are not predisposed to ... 被引用次数： 1565 相关文章 所有 8 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 i hSIR2SIRT1/i Functions as an NAD-Dependent p53 Deacetylase …, RA Frye, TK Pandita, L Guarente, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2001 - Elsevier DNA damage-induced acetylation of p53 protein leads to its activation and either growth arrest or apoptosis. We show here that the protein product of the gene hSIR2SIRT1, the human homolog of the S. cerevisiae Sir2 protein known to be involved in cell aging and in ... 被引用次数： 1623 相关文章 所有 10 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion …, R Naeem, VJ Carey, AL Richardson, RA Weinberg - Cell, 2005 - Elsevier Fibroblasts often constitute the majority of the stromal cells within a breast carcinoma, yet the functional contributions of these cells to tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Using a coimplantation tumor xenograft model, we demonstrate that carcinoma-associated ... 被引用次数： 1635 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 Tumor spectrum analysis in i p53/i-mutant mice …, EM Schmitt, S Halachmi, RT Bronson, RA Weinberg - Current Biology, 1994 - Elsevier Background: The p53 tumor suppressor gene is mutated in a large percentage of human malignancies, including tumors of the colon, breast, lung and brain. Individuals who inherit one mutant allele of p53 are susceptible to a wide range of tumor types. The gene ... 被引用次数： 1458 相关文章 所有 5 个版本 引用 nih.gov 中的 The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition R Kalluri, RA Weinberg - The Journal of clinical investigation, 2009 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Abstract The origins of the mesenchymal cells participating in tissue repair and pathological processes, notably tissue fibrosis, tumor invasiveness, and metastasis, are poorly understood. However, emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal ... 被引用次数： 1546 相关文章 所有 8 个版本 引用 Cellular oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis H Land, LF Parada, RA Weinberg - Science, 1983 - sciencemag.org Abstract Two dozen cellular proto-oncogenes have been discovered to date through the study of retroviruses and the use of gene transfer. They form a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group. At least five distinct mechanisms are responsible for their ... 被引用次数： 1120 相关文章 所有 4 个版本 引用 lumc.nl 中的 Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis …, AL Richardson, K Polyak, R Tubo, RA Weinberg - Nature, 2007 - nature.com Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells have been recently described to localize to breast carcinomas, where they integrate into the tumour-associated stroma. However, the involvement of mesenchymal stem cells (or their derivatives) in tumour pathophysiology ... 被引用次数： 1331 相关文章 所有 13 个版本 引用 The neu oncogene: an erb-B-related gene encoding a 185,000-Mr tumour antigen …, SJ Decker, JA Drebin, MI Greene, RA Weinberg - 1984 - nature.com A series of rat neuro/glioblastomas all contain the same transforming gene (neu) which induces synthesis of a tumour antigen of relative molecular mass (M r) 185,000 (p185). The neu oncogene bears homology to erb-B and the tumour antigen, p185, is serologically ... 被引用次数： 1011 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer L Ma, J Teruya-Feldstein, RA Weinberg - Nature, 2007 - nature.com Abstract MicroRNAs have been implicated in regulating diverse cellular pathways. Although there is emerging evidence that some microRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, the role of microRNAs in mediating cancer metastasis remains unexplored. ... 被引用次数： 1307 相关文章 所有 14 个版本 引用 Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation …, MW Brooks, L Buday, AM Sizeland, RA Weinberg - 1993 - nature.com The proteins Grb2–Sem-5, Shc and Sos have been implicated in the signalling pathway from tyrosine kinase receptors to Ras. Grb2–Sem-5 binds directly to murine Sos1, a Ras exchange factor, through two SH3 domains. Sos is also associated with ligand-activated ... 被引用次数： 1051 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 The neu oncogene encodes an epidermal growth factor receptor-related protein CI Bargmann, MC Hung, RA Weinberg - 1986 - nature.com The neu oncogene is repeatedly activated in neuro-and glioblastomas derived by transplacental mutagenesis of the BDIX strain of rat with ethylnitrosourea 1. Foci induced by the DNAs from such tumours on NIH 3T3 cells contain the neu oncogene and an ... 被引用次数： 1104 相关文章 所有 5 个版本 引用 aacrjournals.org 中的 Oncogenes, antioncogenes, and the molecular bases of multistep carcinogenesis RA Weinberg - Cancer Research, 1989 - AACR Tumorigenesis in humans and laboratory animals is a com plex, mu11ÂĄstepprocess (1, 2). In humans, in whom the process has been studied only indirectly, measurements of age- depen dent tumor incidence indicate kinetics dependent on the fifth or sixth power of ... 被引用次数： 1005 相关文章 所有 5 个版本 引用 2.2 Hanahan, D — San Francisco, USA 3 highly cited papers in open-access literature. URL to this profile Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0534. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724. The hallmarks of cancer D Hanahan , RA Weinberg - cell, 2000 - Cell Press 被引用次数：17676 相关文章 所有 94 个版本 引用 protocol-online.org 中的 Studies on transformation of i Escherichia coli/i with plasmids D Hanahan - Journal of molecular biology, 1983 - Elsevier Factors that affect the probability of genetic transformation of Escherichia coli by plasmids have been evaluated. A set of conditions is described under which about one in every 400 plasmid molecules produces a transformed cell. These conditions include cell growth in ... 被引用次数：10000 相关文章 所有 7 个版本 引用 Patterns and emerging mechanisms of the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis D Hanahan , J Folkman - cell, 1996 - Cell Press 被引用次数：6172 相关文章 所有 6 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation D Hanahan , RA Weinberg - Cell, 2011 - Elsevier The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative ... 被引用次数：5597 相关文章 所有 51 个版本 引用 nih.gov 中的 Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis …, P Thorpe, S Itohara, Z Werb, D Hanahan - Nature cell …, 2000 - nature.com Abstract During carcinogenesis of pancreatic islets in transgenic mice, an angiogenic switch activates the quiescent vasculature. Paradoxically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are expressed constitutively. Nevertheless, a synthetic inhibitor ( ... 被引用次数：1888 相关文章 所有 9 个版本 引用 harvard.edu 中的 Induction of angiogenesis during the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia J Folkman, K Watson, D Ingber, D Hanahan - Nature, 1989 - web1.tch.harvard.edu It is now well established that unrestricted growth of tumours is dependent upon angiogenesis1, 2. Previous studies on tumour growth, however, have not revealed when or how the transition to an angiogenic state occurs during early tumour development. The ... 被引用次数：1863 相关文章 所有 8 个版本 引用 Techniques for transformation of E. coli D Hanahan - DNA cloning, 1985 被引用次数：1530 相关文章 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 MMP-9/gelatinase B is a key regulator of growth plate angiogenesis and apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes …, G Bergers, JE Berger, JA Helms, D Hanahan … - Cell, 1998 - Elsevier Homozygous mice with a null mutation in the MMP-9/gelatinase B gene exhibit an abnormal pattern of skeletal growth plate vascularization and ossification. Although hypertrophic chondrocytes develop normally, apoptosis, vascularization, and ossification are delayed, ... 被引用次数：1375 相关文章 所有 7 个版本 引用 Heritable formation of pancreatic β-cell tumours in transgenic mice expressing recombinant insulin/simian virus 40 oncogenes D Hanahan - Nature, 1985 - nature.com Abstract Following the transfer into fertilized mouse eggs of recombinant genes composed of the upstream region of the rat insulin II gene linked to sequences coding for the large-T antigen of simian virus 40, large-T antigen is detected exclusively in the beta-Cells of the ... 被引用次数：1141 相关文章 所有 5 个版本 引用 akadns.net 中的 Signaling vascular morphogenesis and maintenance D Hanahan - SCIENCE-NEW YORK THEN WASHINGTON-, 1997 - columbia.akadns.net Blood vessels are constructed by two processes: vasculogenesis, whereby a primitive vascular network is established during embryogenesis from multipotential mesenchymal progenitors, and angiogenesis, in which preexisting vessels (both in embryo and adult) ... 被引用次数：1164 相关文章 所有 21 个版本 引用 更多 Benefits of targeting both pericytes and endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature with kinase inhibitors …, E Bergsland, D Hanahan - Journal of Clinical …, 2003 - Am Soc Clin Investig Methods Drug treatment of transgenic mice. The mice in these studies were males and females of the RIP1Tag2 transgenic mouse lineage that were bred 45 generations into the C57Bl/6J background. Animals were treated from 5 to 10.5 weeks of age in the prevention ... 被引用次数： 1109 相关文章 所有 7 个版本 引用 sciencedirect.com 中的 Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis …, H Okuyama, F Viñals, M Inoue, G Bergers, D Hanahan … - Cancer cell, 2009 - Elsevier Multiple angiogenesis inhibitors have been therapeutically validated in preclinical cancer models, and several in clinical trials. Here we report that angiogenesis inhibitors targeting the VEGF pathway demonstrate antitumor effects in mouse models of pancreatic ... 被引用次数： 1120 相关文章 所有 18 个版本 引用 Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy G Bergers, D Hanahan - Nature Reviews Cancer, 2008 - nature.com Abstract Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways are affording demonstrable therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of cancer and in an increasing number of human cancers. However, in both preclinical and ... 被引用次数： 1045 相关文章 所有 10 个版本 引用 3. Robert A Weinberg 和 Douglas Hanahan 的合作者关系图 3.1 Robert A Weinberg 合作者关系图 3.2 Douglas Hanahan 合作者关系图
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《科学》-- 2012年 336 卷出版了关于计算生物学的系列综述文章，可以说是对计算生物学的肯定和未来发展的一些趋势。该专刊的网页是： http://www.sciencemag.org/content/336/6078.toc 这四篇文章分别是： A. Mogilner et al. Cell Polarity: Quantitative Modeling as a Tool in Cell Biology (细胞极性：定量模型作为细胞生物学的工具) D.R. Zerbin et al. Integraing Genomes (整合基因组) B.Munsky et al. Using Gene Expression NOise to Understand Gene Regulation (用基因表达噪声理解基因调控) L.G. Morelli et al. Computational Approaches to Developmental Pattering (用计算研究发育模式) 四篇文章包括了定量模型的建立，生物信息学，随机性的重要性和应用，计算与其在发育生物学中的应用，值得从事计算生物学、系统生物学、合成生物学、生物信息学、生物数学等学科人士的参考。 中国在计算生物学（或者系统生物学）领域的研究已经大大落后于国际，希望《科学》杂志的综述能引起国内学者对这一研究方向的关注。 计算生物学的研究之重点不是在计算，而是在定量模型的建立。计算是技术问题，但是如果不知道需要算什么，技术再好有能何如呢？只有对生物问题的合理定量化和模型的建立，才知道要算什么，才能很好地回答生物学问题。而为了建立好的数学模型，只有数学物理知识或者只有生物学知识是不够的。必须要生物学和定量科学学科之间的合作，只有这样才可能准确地提出生物学的问题，并且很好地把生物学问题转化成定量的计算（或者分析）问题。 我个人对计算生物学（或者系统生物学）的看法是：以定量的方法去研究生命科学问题。 学科之间的密切合作是做好计算生物学的基础。但是在国内因为种种制度上限制（经费申请，成果申报，项目经费分配等等），还有观念上的限制（一般比较喜欢在自己熟悉的领域进行工作，而对不太熟悉的领域不敢涉足）等原因，真正的合作并不容易实现。
《链路预测综述》成为Physica A 2011年发表文章中的最热门文章~ Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications January to December 2011 full year 1. !-- /a-- The Peter principle revisited: A computational study Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 389, Issue 3, February 2010, Pages 467-472 Pluchino, A.; Rapisarda, A.; Garofalo, C. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (5) 2. !-- /a-- Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 311, Issue 3-4, August 2002, Pages 590-614 Barabasi, A.L.; Jeong, H.; Neda, Z.; Ravasz, E.; Schubert, A.; Vicsek, T. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (528) 3. !-- /a-- A study of the spreading scheme for viral marketing based on a complex network model Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 389, Issue 4, February 2010, Pages 859-870 Yang, J.; Yao, C.; Ma, W.; Chen, G. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 4. !-- /a-- Link prediction in complex networks: A survey • Review article Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 6, March 2011, Pages 1150-1170 Lu, L.; Zhou, T. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (11) 5. !-- /a-- Evacuation dynamics with fire spreading based on cellular automaton Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 18-19, September 2011, Pages 3147-3156 Zheng, Y.; Jia, B.; Li, X.G.; Zhu, N. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (1) 6. !-- /a-- Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 272, Issue 1-2, October 1999, Pages 173-187 Barabasi, A.-L.; Albert, R.; Jeong, H. !-- Bookmark article/a -- 7. !-- /a-- Efficient promotion strategies in hierarchical organizations Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 20, October 2011, Pages 3496-3511 Pluchino, A.; Rapisarda, A.; Garofalo, C. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 8. !-- /a-- Empirical analysis of online social networks in the age of Web 2.0 Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 387, Issue 2-3, January 2008, Pages 675-684 Fu, F.; Liu, L.; Wang, L. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (29) 9. !-- /a-- Evolutionary game theory: Theoretical concepts and applications to microbial communities Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 389, Issue 20, October 2010, Pages 4265-4298 Frey, E. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (9) 10. !-- /a-- Multifractal detrending moving average analysis on the US Dollar exchange rates Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 20, October 2011, Pages 3512-3523 Wang, Y.; Wu, C.; Pan, Z. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 11. !-- /a-- Estimating risk of foreign exchange portfolio: Using VaR and CVaR based on GARCH-EVT-Copula model Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 389, Issue 21, November 2010, Pages 4918-4928 Wang, Z.R.; Chen, X.H.; Jin, Y.B.; Zhou, Y.J. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 12. !-- /a-- Identification of overlapping community structure in complex networks using fuzzy c-means clustering Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 374, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 483-490 Zhang, S.; Wang, R.S.; Zhang, X.-S. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (90) 13. !-- /a-- Thermomechanical properties of the WCA-Lennard-Jones model system in its fluid and solid states Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 250, Issue 1-4, February 1998, Pages 58-82 Hess, S.; Kroger, M.; Voigt, H. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (25) 14. !-- /a-- Statistical models for operational risk management Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 338, Issue 1-2, July 2004, Pages 166-172 Cornalba, C.; Giudici, P. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (22) 15. !-- /a-- Statistical analysis of daily gold price data Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 338, Issue 3-4, July 2004, Pages 559-566 Mills, T.C. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (5) 16. !-- /a-- Online social networks-Paradise of computer viruses Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 2, January 2011, Pages 189-197 Fan, W.; Yeung, K.H. !-- Bookmark article/a -- 17. !-- /a-- Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 316, Issue 1-4, December 2002, Pages 87-114 Kantelhardt, J.W.; Zschiegner, S.A.; Koscielny-Bunde, E.; Havlin, S.; Bunde, A.; Stanley, H.E. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (434) 18. !-- /a-- Theory of rumour spreading in complex social networks Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 374, Issue 1, January 2007, Pages 457-470 Nekovee, M.; Moreno, Y.; Bianconi, G.; Marsili, M. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (30) 19. !-- /a-- Hierarchical structure of Turkey's foreign trade Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 20, October 2011, Pages 3454-3476 Kantar, E.; Deviren, B.; Keskin, M. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 20. !-- /a-- Detect overlapping and hierarchical community structure in networks Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 388, Issue 8, April 2009, Pages 1706-1712 Shen, H.; Cheng, X.; Cai, K.; Hu, M.B. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (46) 21. !-- /a-- Correlation of financial markets in times of crisis Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 391, Issue 1-2, January 2012, Pages 187-208 Sandoval, L.; Franca, I.D.P. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (2) 22. !-- /a-- The 2006-2008 oil bubble: Evidence of speculation, and prediction Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 388, Issue 8, April 2009, Pages 1571-1576 Sornette, D.; Woodard, R.; Zhou, W.X. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (17) 23. !-- /a-- Value-at-risk estimation with wavelet-based extreme value theory: Evidence from emerging markets Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 390, Issue 12, June 2011, Pages 2356-2367 Cifter, A. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (1) 24. !-- /a-- Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two-dimensional cellular automaton Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 295, Issue 3-4, June 2001, Pages 507-525 Burstedde, C.; Klauck, K.; Schadschneider, A.; Zittartz, J. !-- Bookmark article/a -- Cited by SciVerse Scopus (312) 25. !-- /a-- Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the world-wide web Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Volume 281, Issue 1-4, June 2000, Pages 69-77 Barabasi, A.-L.; Albert, R.; Jeong, H. !-- Bookmark article/a --
Foreword: To meet my own interest in fuel cell, I overviewed the development of bipolar plate materials as the topic of a subject report. Attached below is the overview in recognition of my endeavor. Abstract: This article is a review of bipolar plate materials used in PEM fuel cells. Based on the major components, bipolar plates can be divided into three types: carbon-based, composite and metal-based, of which advantages and disadvantages are also discussed. 1. Introduction A fuel cell system can convert chemical energy directly into electricity. Early efforts to realize such energy conversion were already made around 1900. Over 100 years fuel cell technology has been studied in depth and now is driven mostly because of the energy needs and environmental issues. Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells, also known proton exchange membrane fuel cells, have such a name because the electrolyte is made of a polymer membrane. They have attracted more attention for their application in transport, stationary power generation and portable power. The schematic structure of PEM is given in Figure 1. It can be seen that the PEM consists of many components, one of which is a bipolar plate (BP). From the point of weight, volume and cost, the BP is much of importance in a cell system. It has a number of functions, such as even distribution of gases, prevention of gas escape, electrical connection between anode and cathode, and current collection . According to the major component elements, BPs can be categorized into three major styles: carbon-based, composite and metal-based, which are elaborated subsequently. Figure 1 The schematic structure of a PEM fuel cell 2. Carbon-based bipolar plates The traditional plate material is graphite. Graphite has a high electric conductivity, is chemically stable in the PEM fuel cell, can endure high temperatures making it suitable for the high-temperature PEM. However, one of undesirable aspects with graphite plates is the porous structure that makes them brittle and gas-permeable. Also, Making and maching of a graphite BP takes much money and time. The cost of graphite plates is about $200/kW far higher than the target figure $10-30/kW. In order to make the material gas-impermeable POCO impregnates the bulk material with a resin. This, however, reduces the maximum service temperature to 150℃ . Carbon/carbon plates are made from carbon and carbon fibers. A C-C composite is porous, so sealing is required. The common method is to cover the material surface with graphite carbon. Chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) is capable of it . C-C BPs possess such properties as gas tightness, high electrical conductivity, low density about that half of graphite as well as balanced flexural strength. The major weakness similar to that of graphite plates is that manufacturing of C-C BPs is time-consuming and costly. Expanded natural graphite has completely displaced the synthetic graphite technology as the material of choice for proton exchange membrane (PEM) . It has many advantages similar to that of synthetic graphite in terms of electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability and could also be made thinner, lighter weight and less brittle . The flow field channels in expanded natural graphite can also be embossed which results in a cost-effective manufacturing process . Expanded natural graphite can be used in almost any PEM, portable, micro or direct methanol fuel cell application and 85 percent of the fuel cell vehicles are using flow field plates from expanded natural graphite materials. Expanded graphite is a porous foil made of high surface area graphite particles. Thickness and porosity depend on the calendering process. Many researchers have been keenly interested in expanded graphite on account of its peculiar structure and excellent electrical conductivity and have used it to manufacture BPs by several methods . 3. Composite bipolar plates Composite plates can be classified as metal- or carbon-based. Los Alamos National Laboratory has developed a metal-based composite BP which combines porous graphite, polycarbonate plastic and stainless steel . Producing porous graphite is not as time consuming or expensive as producing non-porous graphite plates. The stainless steel and polycarbonate parts provide impermeability. Stainless steel also provides rigidity. The graphite resists corrosion and the polycarbonate provides chemical resistance and can be molded to any shape. Graphite composite material is a mixture of different types of graphite and carbon powders, fibres and a polymeric resin. Graphite composite BPs have been made using thermoplastic (polypropylene , polyethylene , polyvinylidene fluoride ) or themosetting resins (phenolics , epoxies , and vinyl esters ). The advantages of a thermoplastic material are the low cost, high availability, high chemical resistance, good mechanical properties and gas-impermeability , short cycle times in an injection moulding processing and easily recyclable . SGL Technologies uses PVDF for its BMA5 material . A major disadvantage of thermoplastic-based graphite composites is their low application temperatur. Another weak point is the limited creep resistance. Liquid crystalline polymer(LCP)/graphite materials are potentially alternative for BP due to their low viscosity and thus easy injection moldability. The low viscosity also avails carrying more graphite. Dupont uses a LCP as the polymeric binder. Ticona reports that it has introduced the world’s first PEM fuel cell prototype made solely of engineering thermoplastics. According to Ticona, the cost per kW for a new cell stack drops by nearly 74% to $1050 from $4000 required in aluminum, gold-coated stainless steel, graphite, or thermoset graphite composites. The LCP BPs can be injection molded without the need of costly machining and other finishing stages and then a relatively short cycle time is allowed, says Ticona. Further, the LCP is able to contain a carbon loading exceeding 85% and still process well. In addition, the LCP has an excellent high-temperature resistance and long endurance in the aggressive environment. Possible thermosetting resins include epoxies and vinyl esters. Advantages of thermoset polymers are the good chemical resistance, the creep resistance and low cost for phenolic and epoxy resins . Highly conductive epoxy composites developed by synergistic combinations of carbon black and expandable graphite were reported in the reference . Also, this material is of light weight, low cost, and mechanical integrity at higher temperature than 150C. Compared with those made of epoxies, BPs produced from vinyl ester have high corrosion resistance, balanceable combination of conductive and mechanical properties and can be produced readily . In spite of these attractive properties, thermosetting polymers are relatively low with respect to conductivity and mechanical strength. 4. Metal-based bipolar plates Metal-based flow plates can be made from crystalline or amorphous alloys. Major issues with metals are the extent of corrosion and contact resistance due to the formation of surface passivation film. Noble metals like gold and platinum possess very similar properties to Poco graphite and in some cases showed more superior performance. However, the high cost of these metals has limited their commercial application . Promising candidates are aluminum, titanium, stainless steel and nickel. In the article it is reported that flow plates are in constant contact with highly acidic solutions(pH less than 0 when in direct contact with the membrane). In such an environment metals are prone to corrosion and release multi-valent cations, which can increase membrane resistance and poison the electrocatalyst. Both aluminum and titanium have an excellent corrosion resistance resulting from a stable oxide layer, but the latter is more expensive. Davies et al. have shown that the contact resistance of stainless steels tends to decrease with increasing content of nickel and chromium because the oxygen-rich film decreases. However, for a long-term use coating is needed. Possible coatings are carbon-based, metal-based or obtained from surface treatment. Wang et al. reported that substrate steel has a significant influence on the behavior of SnO2:F coating. Similar to graphite, a significant drawback in the mass production of BPs from metals is the machining or etching of channels. Amorphous alloys have invited researchers’ attention on account of more excellent properties than their crystalline counterparts, such as high strength-to-density ratio, high corrosion resistance, high hardness and superplasticity in the supercooled liquid region . These unique properties result from the dense and random atomic configurations and would make amorphous alloys potential candidate materials of BPs in PEM fuel cells. Recently reported metallic glasses are Fe- and Ni-based. The problems considered most with them are their thermal stability, contact resistance and corrosion behavior. Inoue et al. developed a Ni-based glassy alloy, of which the corrosion rate in sulfuric acid was about 3 digits lower than SUS316L. Even after 350h durability test the deterioration of the morphology of the glassy separator could hardly be recognized. For Fe- and Ni-based materials exploited in the references , they are thermally stable because of their high glass transition temperature Tg and high reduced glass transition temperature Tg/T1 (T1 is liquidus temperature) . Contact resistance tests showed that the interfacial contact resistance will not be an issue of concern upon high compaction load. Although these preliminary results are encouraging, further work will go on. Improvement of proerties and long-term test are needed. To prepare bulk amorphous metal materials, new ways or systems need to be investigated. 5. Conclusions For a long endurance, such as in stationary applications, the graphite-based composites are best suited. For applications where size and weight are more important than endurance, metal plates and expanded foil plates are an attractive option. If strength is an additional criterion then only metal plates are a feasible possibility. In case that more balanced combination of properties is a concern, polymer composites will be the most possible candidate. 1. Borup, R.L. and N.E. Vanderborgh. Design and testing criteria for bipolar plate materials for PEM fuel cell applications. 1995. San Francisco, CA, USA: Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. 2. Cunningham, B.D., J. Huang, and D.G. Baird, Review of materials and processing methods used in the production of bipolar plates for fuel cells. International Materials Reviews, 2007. 52: p. 1-13. 3. http://www.poco.com/us/graphite/resinimpregnation.asp, 2005. 4. Ghouse, M., et al., Fabrication and characterisation of the graphite bi-polar plates used in A 0.25 kW PAFC stack. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 1998. 23(8): p. 721-730. 5. http://www.porvairadvancedmaterials.com/bipolar.htm, 2005. 6. Krassowski, D. and J. Gough, Expanded natural graphite: A breakthrough in flow field plate technology. Fuel Cell, 2005. 5(6): p. 20-22. 7. Yan, X., et al., Performance of PEMFC stack using expanded graphite bipolar plates. Journal of Power Sources, 2006. 160(1): p. 252-257. 8. Gallagher, E.R., Patent number US 2003-0160357. 2003. 9. Heo, S.I., et al., Development of preform moulding technique using expanded graphite for proton exchange membrane fuel cell bipolar plates. Journal of Power Sources, 2007. 171(2): p. 396-403. 10. Blunk, R., et al., Polymeric composite bipolar plates for vehicle applications. Journal of Power Sources, 2006. 156(2): p. 151-157. 11. Los Alamos National Laboratory Home Page. http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/contractor.pdf. 12. Dweiri, R. and J. Sahari, Electrical properties of carbon-based polypropylene composites for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Journal of Power Sources, 2007. 171(2): p. 424-432. 13. Chaug-Liang, H. and C. 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iGEM_whu_2011将会在今年10月15日赴HKUST参加iGEM亚太地区盛会 ，与全亚太地区来自其他顶尖学府共46支团队同台竞技。 （下图是今年igem亚太地区logo） 毕竟平日里本科生被日常课程、实验室实验、鸡阿姨等折腾的燋头烂额，研究生又多埋头于自己所谓的科研课题，恐怕没有多少人知道iGEM的存在。但是无奈的是，院内诸多本科生竟然并不知晓今年武大（以生科本科生为主）参加了iGEM？昨日看见各种人人状态，本人一边感叹“终于有本科生开始宣传iGEM”了，另一边唏嘘本科生们竟然不知道真实发生在自己身边的超学术社团？也不知道院里投了这么多钱赞助iGEM-WHU？列位浪费了多好的机会呀！参加iGEM可比在实验室打杂、GRE考1500超值多了！毕竟以后列位出国了去研究机构了是去做研究的，而不是单纯刷试管、单纯配试剂、单纯炫英语的。 这么好的东西，有必要给个侧重在生物方面的fast review，抛砖引玉，让大家一窥iGEM究竟是什么？什么是合成生物学？什么是人造生命？什么是基因组学未来必然趋势？ iGEM的全程是International Genetically Engineered Machine competition。基因、工程是关键词。这是一场主要面向全球高校本科生的“学术party”，将合成生物学这一热门学科带进高校，主要给本科生提供展示想象力和科研创造力的舞台。在这里，谁说本科生干不出大事业？在这里，只有你想不到，没有你做不到。 （下图为全球igem注册情况） 那iGEM的核心，合成生物学，是什么？这是一门高度多学科交叉的热门科学，融合了生命科学、数学建模和统计、编程、工程学。生命科学提供课题原理、机制，数学建模和统计可以模拟和预测基因调控关系、编程快速分析、工程学思想提供基因回路设计框架。 （下图为2011年9月2日Science关于synbio的专刊） 如果说计算机大赛的玩具是代码、数学建模大赛的玩具是公式，那iGEM的玩具就是biobrick（生物砖）。这是合成生物学不同于其他遗传、基因工程的最大亮点。每个基因或者基因调控元件被标准化为一块“基因乐高积木”。可以发挥你的想象力，构建一座华丽的基因大厦，赋予生命新的功能。 （下图为2007年iGEM上PKU设计的on-off开关并在2010年nature发表） 还记得微生物实验课上用E.coli在平板上简单涂布写字？弱爆了，在iGEM你可以制作E.coli自拍照片！ 觉得E.coli养起来太难闻而不愿进微生物实验室？hold住，在iGEM你可以养迷人香蕉味的E.coli！ 觉得细菌们几乎都是清一色太丑？not fashion，在iGEM你可以养七彩色的E.coli！ 还有更多，还有更多…… 重金属环境检测等各类biosesor，赋予E.coli人性、生物学里的电子振荡器（oscillator）等各色电子元件、构建最小基因组（essential genes of minimal genomes）等等。不过可惜的是，这些都挺犀利的想法，但都已经是iGEM历年的话题。新的iGEM世界大门为你打开，等待你们谱写新的画卷。 跳出iGEM小圈子，来到大学科，合成生物学。总的来说，合成生物学对生命有新的解读和理解。生命，非常像一台机器。基因组作为软件、细胞器进而到组织作为硬件。每个生命都是一台不可思议的机器。大家学生物，归根结底不就是想理清楚这台机器的运作原理么？基因功能分析、蛋白质功能分析，不就是为了测评机器部件的工作状态么？最小基因组（p.s.现在改口叫做essential genes of minimal genomes）不就是测评机器运转的最低配置么？等等…… 更重要的是，这门学科将这种理念付诸实践。之所以说这才是重点，是因为生物上早有这个思想。也许你在分子生物学课上会听到老师说某某蛋白recruit了某某组成machinery。可仔细想想既然是machinery，那就应该可以人工优化改造改进。但是分子生物学里有后话了么？貌似没有。相比之，合成生物学学术界犀利的斯坦福少年Drew Endy说："If you consider nature to be a machine, you can see that is not perfect and it can be revised and improved. " 太多脑残甚至被人骂做不务实的想法，带来了太多新奇的发现。 不知你想过没有，终止密码子有三种，可是如果把所有的终止密码子替换成一种，生命会完蛋么？哈佛的老头George Church就做了这么件事情。 太多新奇的发现越发促进了太多不可思议的创造。 你想一个生命的基因组里“刻有”自己的名字么？曾经帮助人类基因组计划大步提前完成的“半神半人”的Craig Venter人工合成细菌，取名Synthia，在其基因组里加入了自己的名字。 鉴于最近一项名字为AEGIS（six-letter Artificially Expanded Genetic Information Systems）的科研项目正在启动，未来出现DNA是六种碱基的生命也不是怪事。也许若干年后出现Synthetica，打破Bacteria、Archaea、Eucarya三足鼎立局面的教科书，可千万不要惊讶。 太多不可思议的创造了结了太多曾经不可能的遗憾。 最近吵的火热的青蒿素和所谓离“诺贝尔”最近一步，让人惋惜。因为发现有效药物是一回事，生产药物又是一回事，毕竟工业化制造青蒿素是非常困难的事情（一窥红豆杉便知）。而2006年来自UC Berkeley的大叔J.D. Keasling （右下图） 赋予了yeast合成青蒿素前体的功能，此前体经过简单后期化学处理就可以得到青蒿素。这样在抵抗疟疾上合成生物学写下光辉一笔。 太多被了结的遗憾孕育太多等待书写的新未来。 石油能源有朝一日必会枯竭，生物替代能源必主导能源世界。以后开车不再加汽油，而是加废报纸。Tulane University的团队已经实现了这一想法 。也许你知道用粮食来发酵产酒精，但那都弱爆了。想想苦难中的几内亚坦桑尼亚没有饭吃的儿童吧。所以合成生物学家们正在利用纤维素作为原材料，不仅仅是产生能源，更加是高效生产能源。 如果你觉得这些都挺好玩的，那就关注iGEM吧！上述的一切以及未来的更多精彩未知数，都会浓缩在iGEM这个party里！ p.s. 很多项目和观点鉴于篇幅限制都没有展开。国外做这些的人很多，在加州抓起来一大把，日后列位出国可以往那里奔。国内也有部分人在做，相对成熟的有中科大、天津大学等，不过能方便大家迅速参与的科研机构首推华大基因研究院合成生物学单元（Unit of Synthetic Biology at BGI即USB@BGI)。武大和华大有创新班联合培养，每年暑假7月底8月初BGI会组织夏令营活动。USB@BGI的团队也很有爱，首推其Leader（美女+才女）以及全才型大号正太。 p.p.s. 武大生科做这个的人屈指可数。2010年武大第一支iGEM团队，种种原因没有得到院里赞助。今年2011年终于如愿以偿，有了第一支参加iGEM的团队。 --end reference 可以这么说，如果你是一名功力的科研者，那做synbio吧，发的文章都必须高质量，因为这是基因组学的未来和必然趋势。 http://2011.igem.org/Regions/Asia/Jamboree 2004 UCSF/UC Austin: http://partsregistry.org/cgi/htdocs/SBC04/austin.cgi 2006 MIT: http://openwetware.org/wiki/IGEM:MIT/2006/Blurb 2009 Cambridge: http://2009.igem.org/Team:Cambridge Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, C., Noskov, V. N., Chuang, R. Y., Algire, M. a, Benders, G. a, et al. (2010). Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome. Science , (May). doi:10.1126/science.1190719 Isaacs, F. J., Carr, P. a, Wang, H. H., Lajoie, M. J., Sterling, B., Kraal, L., Tolonen, a C., et al. (2011). Precise Manipulation of Chromosomes in Vivo Enables Genome-Wide Codon Replacement. Science , 333(6040), 348-353. doi:10.1126/science.1205822 Ro, D.-K., Paradise, E. M., Ouellet, M., Fisher, K. J., Newman, K. L., Ndungu, J. M., Ho, K. A., et al. (2006). Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast. Nature , 440(7086), 940-943. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04640 Bond-Watts, B. B., Bellerose, R. J., Chang, M. C. Y. (2011). Enzyme mechanism as a kinetic control element for designing synthetic biofuel pathways. Nature chemical biology , 7(4), 222-7. Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/nchembio.537 Ha, S.-jin, Galazka, J. M., Rin, S., Choi, J.-ho, Yang, X., Seo, J.-ho. (2010). Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of simultaneous cellobiose and xylose fermentation. PNAS , 1-6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010456108/-/DCSupplemental.www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1010456108 Schirmer, A., Rude, M. a, Li, X., Popova, E., del Cardayre, S. B. (2010). Microbial biosynthesis of alkanes. Science (New York, N.Y.), 329(5991), 559-62. doi:10.1126/science.1187936 Weeks, A. M., Chang, M. C. Y. (2011). Constructing de novo biosynthetic pathways for chemical synthesis inside living cells. Biochemistry , 50(24), 5404-18. doi:10.1021/bi200416g Ro, D.-K., Paradise, E. M., Ouellet, M., Fisher, K. J., Newman, K. L., Ndungu, J. M., Ho, K. A., et al. (2006). Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast. Nature , 440(7086), 940-943. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04640 http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/082511_fuel.cfm last echo 本来着实不想写这种玩意，但是看着iGEM_WHU自己未完的粗糙主页，不知道是不是会桑到不少新生那好奇的心。 iGEM_WHU_2011，祝好
近日，多国科学家在Journal of Experimental Botany连续发表3篇小麦增产的综述文章，由于我是吃面长大的，现在分享这三篇文章，希望科学家能早日实现小麦的 质高优产 。 1.如何通过提高太阳能利用率(RUE)来提高小麦产量？ Raising yield potential of wheat. I. Overview of a consortium.pdf 2.如何通过提高净光合速率(PN)提高产量？ Raising yield potential of wheat. II. Increasing photosynthetic.pdf 3.如何权衡增产与抗倒伏的关系(trade-offs)？ Raising yield potential of wheat. III. Optimizing partitioning to.pdf
这注定是一个值得深入研究的重要课题，一方面要统计有多少人读过文章，另一方面还要评估读过文章后所产生的效果。如果仅凭经验和感觉来判断，大概各人会得出各自不同的结论。不过，我想从另一个角度来回答这个问题，以避免引起太大的争议。 我将研究论文、综述和评述限定在同等级别的前沿英文学术期刊范围内，由此考察它们在推动科学发展中的意义。下面就以发表在2001年2月15日Nature杂志上有关人类基因组计划的论文为例阐明我的基本观点。 研究论文具有原创性，必须依靠实验取得，是科学发展和人类进步的基础。 由国际人类基因组测序团队（International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium）共同发表的人类基因组的初步测序及分析（Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome）及其他研究团队发表的用微阵列技术对人类基因组的实验注释（Experimental annotation of the human genome using microarry technology）、含有142万单核苷酸多态性的人类基因组序列变异图谱（A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms）和人类基因组物理图谱（A physical map of the human genome）等四篇文章无疑是人类基因组研究历史上最重要的原创性研究论文，因为它们为人类探索自身的奥秘打开了第一扇窗口！ 这些论文主要罗列人类基因组测序数据及描述序列草图绘制过程，同时对人类基因组的结构与功能进行初步分析。不过，限于当时的研究水平，尚未开展大范围、深层次的功能基因组学研究，因而无法阐释这些数据后面所代表的生物学意义。难能可贵的是，这些开拓性研究为后人提供了一个有待解析的庞大数据库！ 综述、评述体现指导性，由资深科学家撰写，是科学发展到一定阶段的升华。 在同一期Nature上，还发表了1975年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者David Baltimore撰写的评述我们的基因组被打开了（Our genome unveiled）一文以及解析图谱和讨论单核苷酸多态性的评述及分析文章。Baltimore在文章中为未来的人类基因组研究指明了方向：利用人与人之间的基因组差异开发个体化药物及阐明个人能力（运算能力、记忆力和外界协调性）的遗传基础。他还为科学家们进行了具体分工：细胞生物学家寻找新的信号转导蛋白；神经生物学家寻找新的离子通道蛋白，等等。 Baltimore的文章提出了一个重要观点，那就是人类基因组并非完全通过增加基因数目来提高其复杂程度，而是另有原因。事实上，这个关键问题到目前为止还是没有得到解决，尽管已经开始从表观遗传学（epigenetics）上找原因！ 刚刚完成的千人基因组计划就是这个预期愿景的首次应验，它为进一步了解人类思维活动及行为能力的差异提供了科学依据。由此可见，一篇好的评述文章，可以高瞻远瞩地预判未来的研究动向，对开展科学研究具有重大的指导意义，其科学价值不亚于研究论文本身！ 在有些情况下，发表原创性研究论文并不是唯一选择！综述及评述文章对科学发展也有重要价值！ 试想：如果没有Watson和Crick在1953年发表文章提出DNA双螺旋结构模型，会有后来的人类基因组研究吗？如果没有Dulbeco在1986年发表癌症研究转折点人类基因组全序列分析一文，科学界会那么快行动起来举全人类力量奋力实施人类基因组计划吗？ 在个人资历足够的前提下，发表的评述可能比研究论文更有分量。 一个长期从事科学研究的学者，如果在本领域已经发表了若干具有较大影响力的研究论文，积累了在数量和质量上过硬的科研成果，那么这时不妨把自己的眼界拓展到领域边缘或以外，针对前辈、同行、甚至外行的研究成果进行比较、归纳和演绎，写出一些分量较重的评述或综述，可能比自己继续发表相同层次的研究论文更有价值！目前，国际上不仅有历史悠久的年评（Annual review），也有Nature刚创刊不久的系列综述子刊，它们的影响因子都出奇地高！ 在实验条件不具备时，与其发表垃圾研究论文，不如发表高水平的评述。 由于经费短缺、人手不足、实验设备简陋，人过中年的科学家不可能做出高水平的研究成果。值得庆幸的是，现在科技信息高度发达，从网上就基本上可以了解别人在做什么？研究成果的水平怎样？在经过仔细分析和周密思考的基础上，不用做实验也可以写出高水平的评述文章，对后来者更有指导、启迪作用。当然，应该写、可以写、能发表显然不是一回事，可以让别人看到你写的文章才有用。 总之，研究论文、综述和评述文章各司其责，原创性固然无人可以代替，但指导性也不是谁都有资格做的！本文既不贬低原创性实验论文的科学意义，也不抬高评论文章的学术价值，只是就事论事，不可推而广之，无限上纲！
http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/ Databases and protein-protein interactions 734 documents semantically analyzed top author statistics Top Years Publications 2009 138 2007 95 2008 94 2006 92 2005 76 2004 60 2003 51 2010 34 2002 28 2001 26 2000 10 1999 9 1998 9 1997 2 1996 2 1995 2 1994 2 1993 2 1991 1 1 2 3 Top Countries Publications USA 282 United Kingdom 55 Germany 54 China 38 Japan 36 Canada 28 France 25 Spain 22 Singapore 21 India 19 Israel 18 Italy 17 Taiwan 17 South Korea 15 Australia 9 Finland 8 Belgium 8 Russia 7 Turkey 6 Colombia 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 12 Top Cities Publications Beijing 22 Singapur 21 Boston 20 Berlin 19 Toronto 18 New York 17 Cambridge 15 Los Angeles 15 Tokyo 13 Bethesda 13 San Diego 11 Seattle 10 Bangalore 10 London 10 Heidelberg 10 New Haven 10 Tel Aviv-Yafo 9 Cambridge, USA 9 Daejeon 8 San Francisco 8 1 2 3 ... 12 1 2 3 ... 11 Top Journals Publications Bmc Bioinformatics 82 Bioinformatics 73 Nucleic Acids Res 63 Proteins 44 J Mol Biol 24 Bmc Genomics 18 Proteomics 15 Methods Mol Biol 15 Plos Comput Biol 14 Genome Biol 14 Plos One 13 Genome Res 11 J Proteome Res 10 Protein Sci 10 Pac Symp Biocomput 10 Mol Cell Proteomics 8 Bmc Syst Biol 6 In Silico Biol 6 Mol Biosyst 6 P Natl Acad Sci Usa 6 1 2 3 ... 11 1 2 3 ... 121 Top Terms Publications Proteins 660 Protein Interaction Mapping 359 Computational Biology 307 Humans 267 Genes 245 Protein Binding 236 Algorithms 211 Proteomics 191 Genomics 191 Animals 188 Genome 183 Proteome 152 Binding Sites 140 Models, Molecular 131 Protein Structure, Tertiary 127 protein complex 123 Amino Acid Sequence 122 Protein Conformation 112 signal transduction 97 Evaluation Studies as Topic 97 1 2 3 ... 121 1 2 3 ... 153 Top Authors Publications Eisenberg D 11 Nussinov R 8 Bader G 8 Gerstein M 8 Janin J 7 Xenarios I 7 Salwiński L 7 Vidal M 7 Schroeder M 6 Wojcik J 6 Pandey A 5 Bahadur R 5 Cesareni G 5 Stuempflen V 5 Dunker A 5 Uversky V 5 Hogue C 5 Ng S 5 Wolfson H 5 Winter C 4 1 2 3 ... 153 最新文献综述 Methods Mol Biol. 2010;609:145-59. Databases of protein-protein interactions and complexes. Ooi HS , Schneider G , Chan YL , Lim TT , Eisenhaber B , Eisenhaber F . Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for science, Technology, and Research, Singapore. Abstract In the current understanding, translation of genomic sequences into proteins is the most important path for realization of genome information. In exercising their intended function, proteins work together through various forms of direct (physical) or indirect interaction mechanisms. For a variety of basic functions, many proteins form a large complex representing a molecular machine or a macromolecular super-structural building block. After several high-throughput techniques for detection of protein-protein interactions had matured, protein interaction data became available in a large scale and curated databases for protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are a new necessity for efficient research. Here, their scope, annotation quality, and retrieval tools are reviewed. In addition, attention is paid to portals that provide unified access to a variety of such databases with added annotation value. PMID: 20221918 Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances Publication Types: Review MeSH Terms: Animals Data Mining* Databases, Protein* Humans Internet Multiprotein Complexes Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs* Protein Interaction Mapping* Proteins/chemistry* Software Systems Biology* Systems Integration Terminology as Topic Substances: Multiprotein Complexes Proteins LinkOut - more resources Full Text Sources: Springer
本周四安排在期刊中心范围内进行一次业务学习，为此将我在三亚会议上的报告整理充实了一下，准备给大家做个讲座。听听大家的意见，也想听听你的意见。 网络环境下的学术期刊出版 西安交通大学期刊中心赵大良 1 网络出版的特点 2 期刊出版理念的反思 3 期刊出版体制的反思 4 期刊出版模式的反思 5 值得关注的几个问题 6 结束语 1-1 网络出版：现状 l 网络已经并正在改变着人们的生活，三网融合、无线移动、智能地球。 l 数字化是网络化的要求，也是出版发展的需要。上网or消失。 l 传统图书、报纸和期刊的纷纷数字化。构建学术期刊数字出版平台 。 l 数字化积累海量信息，促进网络应用，网络的普及又促使实体出版不得不数字化。 1-2 网络出版：数字化技术 l 所谓数字化，就是把各类信息转换成计算机代码，以数字化方式进行传输、存储和处理。 l 数字化技术： 传输技术-光纤传输和无线移动通信技术 ，调制、复用和编码，即有效和可靠。 存储技术：存储、读取、备份和保护技术 。 处理技术：识别、转换、挖掘、搜索，文字、图像、语音、虚拟现实。 l 数字化出版：数字化出版和网络化传输。与出版最直接的是信息处理技术。 1-3 网络出版：信息获取方式 l 耳朵眼睛手指。 l 搜索和订阅 l 数据元关键词 l 针对人们的需要，已经进入了个性化时代 l Facebook(脸谱 )社交网聚合 l 第1代：媒体:我给什么，你就看什么！ l 第2代：搜索 :你需要什么，自己找！ l 第3代：聚合 : 看我关注的并送到我面前！ 1-4 网络化出版：特点 l 海 量：随着数据的积累，信息量指数增长 l 交互式：编者-读者-作者-审者和旁观者 l 多媒体：文字、语音、图像，甚至气味等 l 选择权：自主、个性、按需 l 开放性：可以（理论上）实现无障碍交流 l 无限性：时间、空间和内容的无限就怕你不知道自己需要什么。 2-1 出版理念的反思：综合性 l 综合性与专业性的思考 l 传统信息获取方式条件下，专业性具有明显的优势，不仅读者固定而且长期订阅。 l 在搜索和聚合的信息获取方式下，综合的劣势至少是在减少，专业化不是被利用的决定因素。 l 品牌的影响和确立是相互的，引用看品牌但更看内容。 l 以品牌影响力为核心的时代，专业期刊可以强化品牌来施加影响。而数字化时代，特别是小品牌学术期刊，是否专业化，值得反思。至少品牌投入的效益在网络中损失。 2-2 出版理念的反思：特色化 l 特色是指人无我有，人有我优，其本质是优，而不是特。目的是通过特来寻求优势。 l 出发点是特而不是优，不是主动的寻优，可能走向狭隘而丧失影响力和显示机会。 l 综合性期刊通过特色化 寻求专业化，需要平衡特专与优的关系。 l 专业性学术期刊的特色化，则需避免走向狭隘。 l 地域、专题等特色，关键看是否具有或有利于保持优势。特色不是一劳永逸的而是突破口，归根结底还是优势资源的占有。 2-3 出版理念的反思：栏目 l 栏目策划一直是传统出版的策划重点。 l 网络环境下栏目的显示平台被削弱甚至淹没，栏目的功能失去了发挥的舞台。 l 栏目组织方面也存在着专与优的平衡问题，为了栏目而栏目是不可取的。 l 栏目的灵魂内容的关联性，需要重新认识，作用可能在作者方面更大。 3-1 出版机制的反思：民主化 l 传统出版的稿件录用权决定于主编，主编依托于审稿人和编辑，权利的行使的理由是：了解学科的发展和读者（研究）的需求。通俗的讲：代议制。 l 信息选择的个性化趋势，权威的决定带有盲目性，并且带有个体的主观性。 l 网络的开放性和交互性使评价乃至录用民主化将变为可能，直接采集用户的信息、表达读者的需求：普选制。 l 个性需要受期刊品牌影响，在显示度和水平相同的前提下，取决于个性品牌的价值，权威的价值在品牌的树立和维护。 3-2 出版机制的反思：评价机制 l 出版权的民主化趋势，将带来出版机制的改变。 l 出版理念的转变促进出版技术的进步，出版技术的进步推动出版机制的转变。 l 机制转变的重点在于评价机制的改革，发挥个体在成果评价中的作用，甚至是还权与民。 l 权威机制向民主机制的转变，网络出版的方向。 3-3 出版机制的反思：资源整合 l 在海量信息之中，期刊个性品牌的影响力在降低，在初期甚至没有展现的机会。 l 资源整合的优势在增强，离开整合后的资源，期刊将被边缘化。 l 期刊出版的集团化，不仅仅是行政的要求、管理的需要，也是资源整合的必然结果和条件。 l 信息服务到解决方案的提供，只有在资源整合的基础上来实现。 4-1 出版模式的反思：基本模式 l 学术评价、编辑加工和出版传播是学术出版的基本模式。 l 学术评价是学术出版的前提和基本功能，更是学术研究活动的重要组成部分。 l 编辑加工是服务于学术研究和出版传播的辅助工作，学术规范表达和传播的保证。 l 出版传播是学术研究的延续，更是学术价值的实现。再次服务于学术研究则是价值体现的途径。 4-2 出版模式的反思：分工合作 l 学术评价的主体分离与融合，民意的代表和实现是学术评价回归的方向。 l 编辑加工角色的独立与合作，评价的组织角色可能以另外的形式表现。 l 出版传播更具有专业性，是资源整合的重要途径。 l 目前是编辑主体与学术主体和出版主体分离，继而建立新的合作模式。 4-3 出版模式的反思：合作方式 l 学术与出版分离，公益性与经营性分开，学术回归殿堂，出版面向市场。 l 学术与出版在为学术服务中找到合作点。学术成果需要得到学术届的认可，得到认可的学术成果才能创造经济价值。 l 编辑加工面临选择，其属性具有两面性。目前在学术评价方面更有发挥的空间，但不代表未来。 4-3 出版模式的反思：结合点 l 学术性是学术出版的基点，也是各方合作的结合点。学术要的是影响力，出版要的是经济效益，编辑要的是发挥作用的空间。 l 学术的价值在于版权，谁掌握所有权谁就有发言权。版权的价值在于完整。 l 权力的完整包括：权力的范围和持续的时间两个方面。 5 需要关注的几个问题 l 出版体制和模式转变中，编辑的角色定位需要关注和适应。 l 提升编辑的地位需要站在更高的高度出版理念的提升，有为则有位！ l 数字化、网络化更加需要关注版权，尊重作者版权的基础上需求合作点，掌握发言权。 l 独家转让需要特别慎重，独家转让不仅仅是助长垄断，损害期刊的整体利益和长远利益。而且，眼前的利益换来的是单个期刊的资源割裂,资源的割裂带来的是资源的贬值。 6 结束语 l 内容为王，权力至上。 l 分工合作，价值共享。
万跃华 2009年2月14日 2009 年中国学者发表在SCI收录期刊的综述（Review）论文共计2535篇，共发表在1052种期刊上，学科分布达到174个，发表综述论文最多的学科为化学（多学科）260篇（10.2564 %），生物化学与分子生物学248篇（ 9.7830 % ）， 药理学与药剂211篇（8.3235 %），材料科学（多学科）153篇（ 6.0355 %），物理化学123篇（4.8521 %），医药化学123篇（4.8521 %），分析化学89篇（3.5108 %），生物技术与应用微生物学88篇（3.4714 %），肿瘤学80篇（3.1558 %），细胞生物学75篇（2.9586 %）。 2009年中国学者发表综述（Review）论文较多的10种期刊：PROGRESS IN CHEMISTRY《化学进展》41篇、COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS《考科蓝系统评论数据库》33篇、PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS《有机涂料进展》32篇、RENEWABLE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS《再生能源及持续能源评论》32篇、CURRENT MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY《当今医药化学》29篇、CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN《科学通报》28篇、SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES《中国科学C辑》27篇、PROGRESS IN NATURAL SCIENCE《自然科学进展》26篇、ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA《电化学学报》25篇、PROGRESS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS《生物化学与生物物理进展》25篇，其中有5种是中国出版的期刊。 2009 年中国学者发表综述（Review）论文较多10家机构：中国科学院（CHINESE ACAD SCI）446篇、香港大学（UNIV HONG KONG）130篇、上海交通大学（SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV）107篇、浙江大学（ZHEJIANG UNIV）106篇、北京大学（PEKING UNIV）102篇、香港中文大学（CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG）95篇、四川大学（SICHUAN UNIV）76篇、清华大学（TSINGHUA UNIV）73篇、复旦大学（FUDAN UNIV）68篇、山东大学（SHANDONG UNIV）68篇。 2009年中国学者发表的2535篇综述（Review）论文被引用2773次，其中2009年被引用2121次，2010年被引用654次，平均引用1.09次， H指数为16（有16篇文章每篇最少被引用16次）。 10 篇以中国学者为第一作者单位（通讯作者）发表的2009年SCI高被引综述（ Review ） 论文： 1、 Title: PAMELA data and leptonically decaying dark matter Author(s): Yin PF, Yuan Q, Liu J, et al. Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW D Volume: 79 Issue: 2 Article Number: 023512 Published: JAN 2009 Times Cited: 58 2、 Title: Azido-mediated systems showing different magnetic behaviors Author(s): Zeng YF, Hu X, Liu FC, et al. Source: CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS Volume: 38 Issue: 2 Pages: 469-480 Published: 2009 Times Cited: 25 3 、 Title: Recent advances in oriented attachment growth and synthesis of functional materials: concept, evidence, mechanism, and future Author(s): Zhang Q, Liu SJ, Yu SH Source: JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY Volume: 19 Issue: 2 Pages: 191-207 Published: 2009 Times Cited: 19 4 、 Title: Multiferroicity: the coupling between magnetic and polarization orders Author(s): Wang KF, Liu JM, Ren ZF Source: ADVANCES IN PHYSICS Volume: 58 Issue: 4 Pages: 321-448 Published: 2009 Times Cited: 17 5 、 Title: GPCR-CA: A Cellular Automaton Image Approach for Predicting G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Functional Classes Author(s): Xiao X, Wang P, Chou KC Source: JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Volume: 30 Issue: 9 Pages: 1414-1423 Published: JUL 15 2009 Times Cited: 17 6 、 Title: Surface Confined Metallosupramolecular Architectures: Formation and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Characterization Author(s): Li SS, Northrop BH, Yuan QH, et al. Source: ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH Volume: 42 Issue: 2 Pages: 249-259 Published: FEB 2009 Times Cited: 17 7 、 Title: Nature of ore-fluids of intracontinental intrusion-related hypothermal deposits and its difference from those in island arcs Author(s): Chen YJ, Li N Source: ACTA PETROLOGICA SINICA Volume: 25 Issue: 10 Pages: 2477-2508 Published: OCT 2009 Times Cited: 16 8 、 Title: Arginine metabolism and nutrition in growth, health and disease Author(s): Wu GY, Bazer FW, Davis TA, et al. Source: AMINO ACIDS Volume: 37 Issue: 1 Pages: 153-168 Published: MAY 2009 Times Cited: 16 9 、 Title: Stimuli-Responsive Polymersomes for Programmed Drug Delivery Author(s): Meng FH, Zhong ZY, Feijen J Source: BIOMACROMOLECULES Volume: 10 Issue: 2 Pages: 197-209 Published: FEB 2009 Times Cited: 16 10 、 Title: Global Dynamics and Transition State Theories: Comparative Study of Reaction Rate Constants for Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions Author(s): Ju LP, Han KL, Zhang JZH Source: JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY Volume: 30 Issue: 2 Pages: 305-316 Published: JAN 30 2009 Times Cited: 16
Abstract Abstracts for reviews should be structured into four sections, with 200300 words: BACKGROUND: The importance of the review question should be stated in 12 sentences. OBJECTIVE: State the precise objective of the review. METHODS: Summarize retrieval methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and main outcome measures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: RESULTS should be combined with the CONCLUSION in a single paragraph. Briefly describe the number of eligible studies, main outcomes, and conclusions, which should be consistent with BACKGROUND and OBJECTIVE sections. Text INTRODUCTION This section includes background, review purpose, and existing problems related to the review topics. DATA AND METHODS Data retrieval: Analyzer, search time, years included in the literature search, key words, search databases, use of searching software and manual searches, and number of articles searched. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Comprehensive evaluation: Data extraction: Statistical analysis: RESULTS Tables or figures are encouraged for summarizing the main results. State the baseline of eligible literature, clinical characteristics, and relevant laboratory tests. DISCUSSION The main conclusion, application prospect, and limitations should be clearly stated. References At least 30 references should be provided, and at least 50% of the references should be from research published within the past three years. Supplementary Acknowledgments: State contributions, credits, and other pertinent information for the study. Authors should obtain written permission to include names of individuals in the Acknowledgments section. Contributors: State substantial contributions of all authors during manuscript preparation. Funding and support: Conflict of interest: Ethics approval: Indicate whether ethical approval was sought. What is already known on this topic: State acknowledged findings. What this study adds: State new points or conclusions of the review. Clinical significance: State the prospect for clinical application.
Pattern topics: Inkjet printing of polymers: state of the art and future developments , by B.J. de Gans et al. Direct writing technologyAdvances and developments , K.K.B. Hon et al. Recent progress in soft lithography , John A. Rogers et al Progress and Trends in Ink-Jet Printing Technology , Hue P. Le Material topics Material challenge for flexible organic devices , by Jay Lewis Organic and polymer transistors for electronics , by Ananth Dodabalapur Mechanics topics Micromechanics of macroelectronics , Suo Zhigang 柔性电子系统及其力学性能 ，许巍，卢天健 Roll-to-Roll manufacturing ... Applications: Cover story: Jet printing flexible displays , by R.A. Street et al.
标签: 综述
