洛杉矶时报发表中国生态文明建设文章介绍弘毅生态农场做法 蒋高明 2020 年 1 月 29 日,美国《洛杉矶时报》发表著名环保作家 Evagegelos Vallianatos 文章《中国能在国内外建设生态丝绸之路吗?》,作者从生态文明视角反思了西方工业文明问题,并多次现场考察中国,高度赞扬了中国生态文明建设做法。原文的生态丝绸之路是用 solar 而不是 ecological ,太阳能丝绸之路不符合汉语意境,经与作者好友王治河先生沟通,以及依据本文的中心思想,得知作者是希望用免费的太阳能源来发展经济,引领人类进步,于是翻译成生态丝绸之路。 Evagegelos Vallianatos 博士, 在伊利诺伊大学学习动物学和历史,获得动物学学士学位和中世纪希腊历史硕士学位。他在威斯康星大学获得了欧洲希腊历史博士学位。他在哈佛大学做科学史博士后研究。他在 美国 国会工作了两年,在美国环境保护署工作了 25 年。他与麦凯·詹金斯合著了数百篇文章和 6 本书,其中包括《 带毒的春天 》。 中国能在国内外建设 生态 丝绸之路吗? 作者: Evagegelos Vallianatos 文章链接: https;/www.pressreader.co/usa/los-angeles-ties/20200129/282621739692480 王 治河 和范美君第三次开启了中国之旅的大门。加州克莱蒙特的中国后现代发展研究所由夫妻哲学家指导。他们一直在努力通过在这些文明之间建立桥梁,使美国和中国更紧密地联系在一起。他们最大的希望是中国古代的生态智慧仍能启迪世界。他们把我推荐给中国社会科学院,中国社会科学院邀请我参加在中国山东济南举行的国际生态会议 。 该学会给这次会议起了一个具有挑衅性和洞察力的标题:范式转变:走向生态文明:中国与世界。 我听取了几位中国和非中国专家就涉及当前世界危机的各种问题(政治、经济和生态)所作的发言 。 讨论在 2019 年 10 月的最后两天进行。 讲 中文的 学者显得很兴奋 , 他们把自己的生态梦想与庆祝中国革命 70 周年结合起来。 中国论坛的讲演者强调了他们的思想胜利,即在所有的挑战和复杂性中都有致力于探索生态文明的机构。在这样的开创性任务中,他们得到了中国国家主席习近平的祝福。论坛的一个部分考察了 “习近平生态文明思想和中国传统生态智慧的世界意义” 像我这样的西方与会者 , 提出了工业化文明对人类健康、对自然世界的健康和生存构成的威胁 的论调,另与会者刮目相看 。 理论 目前的景象一点也不美:世界是颠倒的。政治家、学者和科学家有时会激情地谈论如何使中国和世界变得更美好,特别是如何避免气候变化的最坏影响。一位前德国政客,汉斯约瑟夫下跌,警告我们存在的威胁,甚至灾难性后果的业务照常。跌倒是对的。美国和联合国的气候科学家给世界领导人不超过十年的时间来整顿他们的房子:主要是禁止使用化石燃料,并用可再生和无污染的能源取代它们。 把化石燃料留在地上会对人类和环境健康有好处。此外,停止燃烧石油、天然气和煤炭将缓解全球变暖。健康的替代品存在。我们可以从取之不尽、用之不竭的太阳和风能、地热能、水等其他无污染能源中获得所需的能源。 毫无疑问,在我看来,我们最好现在(在未来十年内)采取行动,做出必要的根本性改变,以减缓正在觉醒的气候怪兽。是的,不再有石油、天然气和煤了。但我们也需要改变我们的心态:看世界的方式,包括地球和宇宙的方式。 古希腊人崇拜太阳神赫利俄斯几千年了。他们知道一些关于宇宙的事情,在我们的傲慢中,我们忽略了吗?太阳是永恒的?太阳给予生命和光明?希腊人称太阳为赫利俄斯,因为赫利俄斯意味着人们聚集在一起观察这颗壮丽恒星的升起和落下。 希腊人把地球(盖亚)置于宇宙的中心。我们把宇宙设计描述为地心宇宙。根据柏拉图的说法,这显示了希腊人对地球作为一个活生生的生物,甚至是最古老的神的极大尊重。但是在公元前三世纪,另一位自然哲学家,萨莫斯的阿里斯塔克斯,把太阳放在宇宙的中心。 Aristarchos 的日心宇宙学最好地解释了宇宙是如何工作的。这是我们的宇宙学。 然而,地球的统治者和大多数科学家把地球看作是资源的矿藏,而不是一个活生生的世界。这就解释了猎杀野生动物和残酷对待我们的陆地家园的原因:森林的永无休止的燃烧和砍伐,海洋的开发和污染,以及将古老、温和和生态的粮食种植方式转变为毒害土地和人们所吃粮食的机械工厂。 我在济南会议上的发言重点是所谓的工业化农业。我试图传达这样一个事实:让农业成为一个机械工厂,与沉迷于石油、天然气和煤炭一样,是一个严重的错误:我们一直在损害我们的健康,损害自然世界的健康和生存。 这就是我要撰写本文的原因。 美国、欧洲、中国和大多数其他国家的富裕阶层都欢迎种植一些精选作物的巨型农场。这些大片土地是 2019 年版的中世纪种植园和 20 世纪的国营农场。他们的公司、政府或私人所有者像工厂一样管理这些农场。他们使用机器、基因工程改良作物和神经毒性农药。 这种巨大的农业区和作物本身的有毒覆盖物往往对蜜蜂、其他昆虫、鸟类和野生动物授粉是致命的。毒药吸入土地,破坏了负责向作物输送营养物质的微生物。此外,被喷洒的神经毒素变成空气并随风传播。它们污染环境,包括有机农场。 森林向工业农场的转变以及成千上万的动物集中在大型动物工厂,对全球变暖的温室气体做出了重大贡献。 我敦促中国采取主动,发起一个世界环境组织,为世界经济从化石燃料过渡到其他国家开展集体国际活动。这些行动和政策必须与气候变化的可怕紧急情况以及农场和粮食生产的过度工业化相适应。 实践活动 我访问济南的第二部分是实践。我花了一天时间拜访了一位名叫蒋高明的杰出的中国科学家。 期间,恰好 他在弘毅 生态 农场 带学生实验 ,他的土地在给他 儿时长大 的村子里。 我和一位荷兰同事哈里斯 ·提登斯( Harris Tiddens )从济南来到曲阜,曲阜是中国古代哲学家孔子的故乡,孔子在公元前 6 世纪末和 5 世纪初兴盛一时。从曲阜出发,我们来到了位于山东省临沂市平邑县的 蒋 家村 蒋高明是一个对有机食品和生态文明有着丰富知识和热情的人。他是中国科学院植物研究所的研究员 , 山东省 人民政府 资助他的研究。他是一位多产的植物学家,对公共健康和自然世界的健康感兴趣。他种植有机食品,测试植物的食物和药用价值。 蒋高明 、 他的两个研究生 、 农场经理 、 哈里斯 ·蒂登斯 、 北京师范大学科学哲学研究生高 媛 ,和我坐在一张圆桌上吃饭。 桌上摆满 美味的蔬菜、面条和米饭 , 我们每个人都有两个木筷用来从碗里取食物。此外,高明还不停地给我们的小杯子里灌上高粱酒和甜 葡萄酒 。 这次令人难忘的研讨会引起了广泛的讨论。我听他描述他的工作,对他所拥有的广泛的兴趣和渊博的知识感到惊奇。他是植物生理生态学教授。换句话说,他正在创造使生命成为可能的植物的自然历史 , 生态学是他的使命。他和他的研究生们正在为中国进入生态文明的科学和政治领域铺平道路。 接下来的半天,高明带我们参观了他和他的研究生们正在试验工厂的各条土地。他的德国牧羊犬 虎子 到处跟着我们。我们甚至去了他村子的中心,那里有一家小店出售他的书。 我带着植物学教授 的印象 离开了中国 。 中国怎么办? 谈生态文明是甜蜜的。没有人知道什么是生态文明,也没有人知道它在人类中是否可能。但我们知道,希腊和中国的传统智慧和制度是最接近的生态文明模式 。 然而,有一天,像古希腊人和古中国人一样,将沉迷于石油和污染的半文盲和贪婪的人类转变为关爱地球的人,这是一个伟大的梦想。 这永远不会太晚,除了生存的基本问题必须在未来十年内解决。 2019 年 11 月 5 日,在《生物科学》杂志上,来自 150 个国家的 11000 名科学家向世界各国领导人发出警告: “尽管进行了 40 年的全球气候谈判,但除少数例外,我们总体上还是照常行事,基本上未能解决这一困境 ...... 气候危机已经到来,而且加速的速度超过了大多数科学家的预期。。。它比预期的更为严重,威胁着自然生态系统和人类的命运 ...... 尤其令人担忧的是,潜在的不可逆转的气候转折点和大自然不断加强的反馈(大气、海洋和陆地)可能导致灾难性的 “温室地球”,远远超出人类的控制范围 ...... 这些气候连锁反应可能对生态系统、社会和经济造成重大破坏,有可能使地球上的大片地区无法居住。 ” 在中国和亚非各地的基础设施建设中, 中国 应该坚持碳中和技术,特别是太阳能:在国内和中国与世界之间铺设一条 生态 “丝绸”之路。而在土地战线,如果开始与我们热情友好、机智的蒋高明教授对话,那就太好了。他正在培育一种新的生态文明 。 关于作者: Evaggelos Vallianatos 博士是一位历史学家和环境战略家。 在伊利诺伊大学学习动物学和历史,获得动物学学士学位和中世纪希腊历史硕士学位。他在威斯康星大学获得了欧洲希腊历史博士学位。他在哈佛大学做科学史博士后研究。他在国会工作了两年,在美国环境保护署工作了 25 年。他与麦凯·詹金斯合著了数百篇文章和 6 本书,其中包括《 有毒的春天 》。 电子邮箱: evaggelosg@gmail.com http://vallianatos.blogspot.com 网站 地址: Evagegelos Vallianatos 博士。 西十街 675 号 加利福尼亚州克莱蒙特,邮编 91711 Can China Build a Solar Silk Road at Home and Abroad? By Evaggelos Vallianatos For the third time, Zhihe Wang and Meijun Fan opened the doors for another interesting trip to China. The husband-wife philosophers direct the Institute for Postmodern Development of China in Claremont, California. They have been striving to bring America and China closer together by building bridges between these civilizations. Their great hope is that ancient Chinese ecological wisdom can still enlighten the world. They recommended me to the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, which invited me to an international ecological conference in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. The Academy gave the conference a provocative and insightful title: a Paradigm Shift: Towards Ecological Civilization: China and the World. I listened to several Chinese and non-Chinese experts talk about a variety of issues (political, economic and ecological) touching on our present world crisis. The discussion took place during thelast two days of October 2019. Chinese speakers had reasons for being exuberant. They merged their ecological dreams with their celebration of the 70 th anniversary of the Chinese Revolution. Chinese forum speakers stressed their ideological victories of having institutions dedicated to the exploration of ecological civilization in all its challenges and complexity. In such pioneering task, they have the blessings of Xi Jinping, president of China. A section of the forum examined “the world significance of Xi Jinping’s thought on ecological civilization and Chinese traditional ecological wisdom.” Western participants like me brought out the looming threats industrialized civilization poses to human health and the health and very survival of the natural world. Theory The picture that emerged was by no means pretty: the world is upside down. Politicians, scholars and scientists spoke, sometimes passionately, about how to make China and the world better places, especially how to avoid the worst effects of climate change. A former German politician, Hans-Josef Fell , warned us of existential threats, even cataclysmic consequences of business as usual. Fell is right. American and UN climate scientists give world leaders no more than ten years to get their house in order: primarily banning fossil fuels and replacing them with renewable and non-polluting energy. Leaving fossil fuels in the ground would be a boon to human and environmental health. Moreover, stopping burning petroleum, natural gas, and coal would put a break to global warming. Healthy alternatives exist. We can get the energy we need from the inexhaustible Sun and other non-polluting sources like wind, geothermal energy and water. There’s little doubt in my mind we better act now (in the next ten years) to make the fundamental changes necessary in slowing down the awakening climate monster. Yes, no more petroleum, natural gas and coal. But we also need to change our mentality: the ways of seeing the world, both that of the Earth and that of the cosmos. The ancient Greeks worshipped the Sun god Helios for millennia. Did they know something about the cosmos that, in our hubris, we ignore? That the Sun is forever? That the Sun is life-giving and light-giving? The Greeks called the Sun Helios because Helios means the gathering of people observing the rise and setting of this magnificent star. The Greeks put the Earth (Gaia) at the center of the universe. We describe that cosmological design as the geocentric universe. This shows the immense respect Greeks had for the Earth as a living being, even the oldest of the gods, according to Plato. But then in the third century BCE, another natural philosopher, Aristarchos of Samos, put the Sun at the center of the cosmos. Aristarchos’ heliocentric cosmology best explains how the universe works. It’s our cosmology. However, the rulers of the planet and most scientists look at the Earth as a mine for resources, not a living world. That explains the hunting and killing of wildlife and the ruthless treatment of our terrestrial home: perpetual burning and clearcutting of forests, exploitation and pollution of the seas, and the transformation of ancient and gentle and ecological practices of growing food to mechanical factories that poison the land and the very food people eat. I focused my remarks at the Jinan conference on the so-called industrialized agriculture. I tried to convey the fact that making farming a mechanical factory was no less a grave error than becoming addicted to petroleum, natural gas, and coal: we have been undermining our health and the health and survival of the natural world. Here’s how it happens. America, Europe, China and the affluent classes of most other nations have embraced giant farms growing a few selected crops. These large pieces of land are the 2019 version of medieval plantations and state farms of the twentieth century. Their corporate, state or private owners manage these farms like factories. They employ machines, genetic engineering for the modification of crops, and neurotoxic pesticides. The toxic cover of such large agricultural territories and the crops themselves are often fatal to pollinating honeybees, other insects, birds and wildlife. Poisons sip into the land and devastate microorganisms responsible for carrying nutrients to the crops. In addition, spayed neurotoxins become airborne and travel with the winds. They contaminate the environment, including organic farms. The conversion of forests to industrial farms and the concentration of thousands of animals in gigantic animal factories make a substantial contribution to greenhouse gases warming the planet. I urged China to take the initiative in sponsoring a World Environment Organization for collective international activities for the transition of the world economy away from fossil fuels. Such actions and policies must be compatible to the awesome emergency of climate change and over-industrialization of farms and food production. Praxis The second part of my visit to Jinan was praxis. I spent a day visiting a distinguished Chinese scientist by the name of Jiang Gaoming . He works in the Hongyi Organic Farm, his land being in the village that gave him birth. A Dutch colleague, Harris Tiddens , and I went from Jinan to Qufu, the hometown of the ancient Chinese philosopher, Confucius who flourished in late sixth and early fifth centuries BCE. From Qufu we travelled to the Jiang Family Village located in Pingyi County, Linyi City, Shandong Province. Jiang Gaoming is a man of knowledge and passion for organic food and ecological civilization. He is associated with the Institute of Botany of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Shandong Province funds his research. He is a prolific botanist interested in public health and the health of the natural world. He grows organic food and tests plants for their food and medicinal virtues. Jiang Gaoming, his two graduate students, the farm manager, Harris Tiddens, Gao Yuan, a graduate student in the philosophy of science at Beijing Normal University, and I sat on a round wooden table for dinner. Five bowls included delicious vegetables, noodles, and rice. Each of us had two wooden chopsticks for taking food from the bowls. In addition, Gaoming kept filling our tiny glasses with a drink from sorghum and sweet wine. This memorable symposium led to extensive talk. I listened to him describing his work and marveled at the breadth of interest and deep knowledge he possesses. He is a professor of plant ecological physiology. In other words, he is inventing the natural history of plants that make life possible. Ecology is his mission. He and his graduate students are paving the path for China to enter the scientific and political realms of ecological civilization. The next half a day Gaoming gave us a tour of the various strips of land where he and his graduate students are testing plants. His German shepherd dog, Tiger, followed us everywhere. We even went to the center of his village where a small store holds his books for sale. I departed China with the botany professor in mind. In the court of Xi Jinping Talk about ecological civilization is sweet. No one knows what ecological civilization was, is, or if it is possible among humans. But we know traditional Greek and Chinese wisdom and institutions are the closest possible models of ecological civilization. Yet it’s great to have gigantic dreams of one day converting semi-literate and greedy humans hooked on petroleum and pollution to caring for the Earth like ancient Greeks and ancient Chinese did. It’s never too late, except basic questions for survival must be resolved in the next ten years. In November 5, 2019, in the journal BioScience, 11,000 scientists from 150 countries issued a warning to the leaders of the world: “Despite 40 years of global climate negotiations, with few exceptions, we have generally conducted business as usual and have largely failed to address this predicament... The climate crisis has arrived and is accelerating faster than most scientists expected... It is more severe than anticipated, threatening natural ecosystems and the fate of humanity... Especially worrisome are potential irreversible climate tipping points and nature's reinforcing feedbacks (atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial) that could lead to a catastrophic “hothouse Earth,” well beyond the control of humans... These climate chain reactions could cause significant disruptions to ecosystems, society, and economies, potentially making large areas of Earth uninhabitable.” President Xi Jinping would do well to heed climate science and the advice of these scientists and, dramatically, cut China’s gigantic carbon emissions. In building infrastructure throughout China and Asia and Africa, Xi Jinping should insist on carbon-neutral technologies, especially solar energy: paving a solar silk road at home and between China and the world. And in the agrarian front, it would be great if Xi Jinping started a conversation with our hospitable, friendly, and ingenious professor Jiang Gaoming. He is growing a new species of ecological civilization. About the author: Evaggelos Vallianatos , Ph.D, is a h istorian and environmental strategist . Educated in zoology and history at the University of Illinois, receiving a BA in zoology and a MA in Medieval Greek history. He earned a doctorate in European-Greek history at the University of Wisconsin. He did postdoctoral studies in the history of science at Harvard. He worked on Capitol Hill for 2 years and at the US Environmental Protection Agency for 25 years. He is the author of hundreds of articles and 6 books, including Poison Spring, with Mckay Jenkings. evaggelosg@gmail.com http://vallianatos.blogspot.com Address : Evaggelos Vallianatos, Ph.D. 675 W. 10th Street Claremont, CA 91711 This article was published in Los Angels Times Jan.29, 2020
中国生态文明建设(中英对照)连载之二十六 生态农场告别农业六害 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版,2014(教学课件光盘版) 作者 蒋高明 3.2.2 生态农场,告别农田六害 3.2.2 Ecological farm gets rid of the “6 curses” 2013 年中秋节,山东平邑县蒋家庄村,一群农民围着中科院的一些女研究生买苹果。 In the mid-autumn festival of 2013, a crowd of farmers are gathering around some female postgraduates to buy their apples in the village of Jiangjiazhuang in Shandong. 村民们互相转告:“研究生种的苹果,没有打农药的,快来买。” Villagers told each other: “Their apple trees use no pesticide, so come and buy some.” 蒋家庄村里有一个五岁的小女孩,吃了研究生的苹果后,再也不愿意吃普通的苹果了,整天闹着让爷爷到农场买好吃的苹果。 In the village, a five-year-old girl no longer wanted to eat other apples once she tried those apples sold by the postgraduates, telling her grandfather to buy only from this farm. 这些被农民们评价为“不好看,但好吃”的苹果,就来自于弘毅生态农场。 The apples (“not good-looking, but with good taste”—the comments by the local farmers) were from Hongyi ecological farm. 农场给当地带来的可不只是好吃的苹果,农场的整片土地甚至当地的生态都发生了重大变化。 This farm not only supplies delicious apples to the local people, but also brings great changes to the farmland and even the local ecology. 以生态农场为中心,小鸟多了起来,害虫少了。 In and around the ecological farm, birds have increased in number but pests are on the wane. 化肥用量少了,土壤变得又黑又湿润了。 As the amount of fertilizers used has dwindled, the soil has become dark and wet. 有机果园里 20 厘米土壤表层内每立方米蚯蚓近 2000 条,而农民的果园只有几十条甚至干脆灭绝了。农场的耕地生态恢复了。 In the organic orchard, there are nearly 2,000 earthworms per cubic meter in the top 20 centimeters of soil, while in the orchards of local farmers there are only dozens of earthworms or even none at all. The farmland has revitalized its ecology. 其实弘毅农场很小,是从 40 亩起步的,目前也只有 150 亩左右,投入的资金可以说大部分是我个人筹措的。 2006 年 7 月,它在中国科学院植物研究所的弘毅生态农业科研团队的努力下成立了。经过几年的摸索,弘毅农场成为了中国首个真正实现生态循环农业,彻底告别“农业六害”的农场。农场的一切生产活动都遵循生态循环思路,摒弃农药、化肥、除草剂、农膜、添加剂、转基因 6 项不可持续技术,增加生物多样性,从秸秆、“害”虫、“杂”草综合开发利用入手,种植、养殖、加工相结合,实现了农田内的元素循环与能量流动,生产出了纯正有机食品,实现了耕地固碳。农场低投入、零污染、高产出,闯出了一条生态循环农业之路。 In fact, Hongyi Organic Farm is very small in scale. Its area has enlarged from 40 mu to only 150 mu. I raised the initial fund to invest in the farm. It was set up in July 2006 with the efforts of Hongyi research team of ecological agriculture under the CAS Institute of Botany. After several years of research, it became the first farm in China to realize circular ecological farming and to get rid of the “6 curses on the farmland”, namely, pesticides, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, agricultural film, additives and GMO (gen modified organisms). They are all unsustainable technologies. In fact, all farming activities hinge on the concept of circular ecology. We have increased biodiversity, and through comprehensively utilizing straw “pests” and “weeds” and combining planting, breeding and processing, we have brought about the biogeochemical cycle and energy flow. We have succeeded in producing pure organic food and achieving carbon sequestration. With low cost, zero pollutants, and high yield, we have found an effective way to circular ecological agriculture. 弘毅生态农场用秸秆和杂草养牛,充分利用了种植业的副产品(秸秆)和废物(杂草),牛吃了田地里的废物,产生的牛粪通过堆肥,形成优质有机肥,取代了化肥,解决了农田的化肥污染问题。 Hongyi Organic Farm feeds cattle with straw and weeds, the by-product of farming and the waste of the land respectively. Feeding on these wastes in the field, cows can produce a lot of dung which is turned into high-quality organic fertilizer. By using this type of organic fertilizer to replace chemical fertilizer, the pollution problem has been removed. 原来收获季节,蒋家庄农民们也烧秸秆,狼烟四起。现在, 农场给秸秆找到了出路,附近农民 会开上拖拉机,推上手推车,把自己的秸秆卖给生态农场。 通过畜牧业与农业结合,轻松解决了区域秸秆焚烧问题。 In previous harvest seasons, farmers in Jiangjiazhuang burned straw, thus producing heavy smoke. Now, Hongyi Organic Farm has found a way to recycle straw. The farmers nearby will come and sell their straw to our farm with the aid of their tractors and with trolleys. Through the combination of animal husbandry and farming, the problem of straw burning in the area has been easily solved. 农场综合利用物理方式和生物方式控制农田虫害。物理方式为利用脉冲式杀虫灯;生物方式包括 饲养鸭、鸡、鹅等家禽,以及培育健康生态,进而恢复了天敌昆虫和野生鸟类,从而使农场彻底摆脱了农田的农药危害。 Our farm controls the damage by pests through comprehensive use of physical and biological methods. The physical methods include the use of an impulse-type insecticidal lamp, while the biological methods are executed through the raising of poultry like ducks, chickens and geese, and the cultivation of healthful ecology. The natural enemies of pests, like insects and wild birds, have returned to our farm, helping us get rid of harmful pesticides. 农场 通过秸秆过腹还田、堆肥等方式,避免了化肥对土地的伤害,加上摆脱农药、除草剂等农田毒药,使农田生物多样性增加,土壤生态系统得以恢复;农场的土地由最初的劣质土壤变为了肥沃土壤,由低产田 ( 600 公斤 / 亩 ) 变成吨粮田 ( 1028 公斤 / 亩 )。 玉米、小麦周年产量超过一吨。自 2009 年起, 农场已经全面实现盈利,每年能够盈利约 93 万元,涉及农业生产方面的投入已全部收回成本。 生态循环农业在改善了当地生态环境的同时,生产力超过化学农业,盈利状况良好,展现出生态循环农业的美好前景。 By manure fertilizer treatment, composting, etc, we managed to avoid the harm of chemical fertilizer done to the farm. Poisonous pesticides and herbicides have dropped out of use. These are all reasons why the biodiversity in the farmland has been enhanced and why the soil ecosystem restored. Infertile soil has regained life; grain production has increased from 600 kg/mu to 1,028 kg/mu. The annual production of corn and wheat exceeds 1 ton per mu. Since 2009, our farm has become profitable and all the costs have been recovered with an annual profit of 930,000 Yuan. Developing agriculture of ecological cycle improves the local ecology helps exceed chemical agriculture in productivity and promotes the profitability of the farm. In a word, the agriculture of ecological cycle will have a beautiful future. 无论是化学农业还是生态农业,当然都是在优质的农田上收成更好。但是,生态农业能够在获得高产量的同时,改善耕地质量。中国有 18 亿亩耕地,如果拿出其中的 6 亿亩劣质农田,前期下决心投入,发展生态循环农业,有机种植,生态养殖,将获得很多好处:第一,优质的农产品,如果能够获得市场认可,获得足够的经济收入,就可以吸引农民回到农村,增加农村劳动力,从而挽救严重衰败的乡村经济和乡村文化。第二,农村劳动力充足,将更有利于中国告别“农业六害”,缓解日趋严重的农业面源污染。第三,告别“农业六害”的乡村,会自然恢复为生活空间适宜的乡村生态,可以发展观光生态旅游和乡村养老产业,促进城乡和谐。第四,大量的生态农业可以为中国城乡居民提供健康的食品,改善中国人的健康状况,支持中国的民生建设和可持续发展。更重要的是,经过几年生态循环农业耕作的土地,会由劣质农田渐渐转化为优质耕地,土地资源可以获得长久的、持续的利用,这正是中华民族永续发展所要求的。 Either the chemical agriculture or the ecological agriculture is expected to reap a good harvest from high-quality farmland. But ecological agriculture can improve land quality as well as get a high yield. There are 1.8 billion mu of farmland in China. If the 600 million mu of infertile farmland are invested with organic planting and ecological breeding in earlier stage to develop agriculture of ecological cycle, many benefits will be gained. First, if high-quality agriculture products are accepted by the market and make enough profit, farmers will be attracted back to their villages instead of looking for jobs in the urban areas, so as to boost the declining rural economy and culture. Second, sufficient rural labor will help China get rid of the “six curses on the farmland”, and alleviate the increasingly serious problem of rural non-point pollution. Third, the villages that get rid of the “six curses on the farmland” will gradually restore the former habitable space, and ecological tourism and care of the aged in rural areas can be developed as an industry to improve the harmony between urban and rural areas. Fourth, developing ecological agriculture on a large-scale can provide healthy food for national wellbeing, and support China’s livelihood construction and sustainable development. More importantly, after years of developing ecological agriculture, infertile farmland has gradually been changed into fertile farmland. Protracted and consistent use of farmland is what the sustainable development of China requires. 弘毅农场在生态循环农业上取得的成功,获得了广泛的社会影响力。人民日报、新华社、中央电视台、中央人民广播电台等 20 家新闻媒体,香港大公报、英国卫报、泰晤士报、中外对话、美国洛杉矶时报、德国明镜周刊、法国电视二台等境外媒体,以及绿色和平国际组织、乌有之乡网、大学网、互动百科网、搜狐网、北京绿牛农庄、绿家园等,都对生态农场进行过采访报道。来自中国科学院、中国农业科学院、清华大学等近十所名牌科研院校以及美国的哈佛大学、普林斯顿大学、波士顿大学,德国亚申大学,韩国首尔大学等海外高校的 40 多名中外研究人员,先后来到农场开展科学研究。农业部、科技部、环保部、山东省科技厅、农业厅、国务院参事等领导,多次组织专家现场考察指导。 Hongyi Organic Farm ’s success has exerted widespread influence. 20 Chinese media have covered it, such as People’s Daily, Xinhua News Agency, CCTV, China National Radio, etc. And foreign media have also shown interest, such as Ta Kung Pao in Hong Kong, the Guardian, The Times, Chinadialogue, Los Angeles Times, Der Spiegel and France 2. Some web-media reported the farm, too, such as Greenpeace, Wyzxsx.com, Haodaxue.net, Baike.com, Sohu.com, Beijing Green Cow Organic Farm and Green Earth. Nearly 10 famous scientific research institutions in China like Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Tsinghua University sent researchers there. More than 40 foreign researchers have come from foreign universities like Harvard, Princeton and Boston University in the US, RWTH Aachen in Germany, and Seoul National University in Korea. What’s more, leaders of the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Department of Science Technology and the Department of Agriculture of Shandong Province and consultants of the State Council have organized experts for on-site research and instruction. 在弘毅生态农场的带动下,山东省平邑乡蒋家庄的很多农民,走上了生态循环农业的道路。其中,有10户农民开展秸秆养牛,达到160头,使当地秸秆持续资源化。在蒋家庄以及周围村镇,很多农民加入到立体循环养殖业中,其中,林下养鸡达30000只,养蛋鸭达300只,养笨猪达150头。在能源升级方面,带动蒋家庄建设户用沼气130户,整治文明村庄街道900米。 Inspired by Hongyi Organic Farm, many farmers in the village of Jiangjiazhuang (Pingyi County, Shandong province) have embarked on the way of developing ecological agriculture. Among the farmers, 10 families are using straw to raise 160 heads of cattle, thus marking straw a continuous resource of the local place. In and around the village, many farmers have begun to adopt methods of vertical circulation breeding. The number of chickens raised in the forest has reached 30,000; the numbers of laying ducks and pigs have amounted to 300 and 150 respectively. With the help of the ecological farm, 130 families have begun to use biogas, thus further upgrading the energy supply of the village. And 900 meters of village streets have been transformed under its guidance. 除此之外,农场的科研示范作用也得到了充分的发挥,在弘毅生态农场的示范、带动和指导下,山东、河南、河北、内蒙古、甘肃、浙江、江苏、广东、辽宁等多地企业家、农民、军人,加入到有机农业产业队伍中,在全国累计推广有机农(草)业面积约14.5万亩。 In addition, the farm fully played its role as a research model by providing guidance and demonstration to other places. Many entrepreneurs, farmers, and veterans coming from the provinces of Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Liaoning provinces, etc. have joined the team to develop an organic agricultural industry, Hongyi Organic Farm has helped expand organic farmland or grassland to a total area of about 145,000 mu in China.
中国生态文明建设(中英对照)连载之十六 石漠化治理 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版,2014(教学课件光盘版) 作者 蒋高明 2.3.4 石漠化治理 2.3.4 Stony desertification control 贵州有个黔东南州,州内有岑巩县,因为当地的喀斯特地貌,以及白云砂广泛覆盖的地质特点,该县石漠化面积高达 30.5 万亩,占全县总面积的 13.7% 。 2007 年,岑巩县被列为贵州省重点石漠化综合治理防治试点县之一。此后,石漠化治理工程如火如荼。该县对石漠化土地,实行封山育林,补植补造,人工管护;对潜在石漠化的地块,采取改良土壤,培肥地力,改善耕作条件,阻止其向石漠化方向发展;在生态优质地区,协调草山改良,增加植被覆盖率,减少水土流失;同时兴修蓄水池、沉沙池、提灌站等,保证林草生长供水需要。该县石漠化治理工程的实施,促进了生态农业、特色农业、高效农业的积极发展。 In Guizhou lies Southeast Qian Prefecture, within which there is Cengong County whose stony desertification area reaches 305,000 mu, accounting for 13.7% of the county’s total area. The stony desertification has come about because of the local Karst topography and a geological feature of extensive coverage by dolomitic sand. In 2007, Cengong County was listed as one of the pilot counties for stony desertification control in Guizhou. From then on the project has been in full swing. The county sought to deal with the problem by closing hillsides to facilitate forestation, carrying out reforestation and rehabilitation of forests and sending rangers to maintain the area. As to lands with a potential for stony desertification, efforts were made to improve and fertilize the soil to increase its capacity, and to improve farming conditions. In areas with high-quality ecology, the focus was on improving pasturage, increasing vegetation coverage, and reducing soil erosion, as well as building reservoirs, expanding basins and promoting irrigation stations, etc., to ensure the water supply for pasturage and forest. The implementation of the county’s stony desertification control project has promoted development of ecological agriculture, featured agriculture, and high-efficiency agriculture. 石漠化是怎么回事呢?这在湿润、半湿润气候条件下,岩溶(石灰岩)极其发育的地质条件下,由于人为干扰等因素,造成地表植被遭受破坏,土壤严重流失,岩石大面积裸露或砾石裸露堆积。形象地说,石漠化就是山体的“皮肤”没有了,“骨头”漏了出来。中国人说“皮之不存,毛将焉附?”没有了土壤,植物就无法生存,动物群落就更难发展。这样的地表基本没有生产力和生态功能。同时,这样的地表稳定性极差,非常容易发生山体滑坡、泥石流、洪水等生态灾难,威胁人类经济发展和生命安全。 How does stony desertification happen? It occurs under humid or sub-humid conditions, in places with well-developed karst (limestone) formations, where human interference and other factors result in the destruction of the vegetation and a serious loss of soil, leading to the accumulation of bare rock or bare gravel. Figuratively speaking, stony desertification means that the mountain has lost its “skin”, revealing its “bone”. As the Chinese saying goes, “With the skin gone, to what can the hair attach itself”? Plants cannot survive without soil, and it is more difficult for plants and animals to develop. This kind of surface has basically no productivity and ecological functions. Meanwhile, the topographical stability is low and often precipitates landslides, mudslides, floods and other ecological disasters, thus threatening economic development and people’s safety. 要从根本上治理石漠化,造林绿化、恢复植被是首要措施。为此,各地进行了多种有益尝试。黔西南州坚持自然恢复与人工抚育森林植被相结合,大力实施退耕还林还草、天然林资源保护、珠江防护林、速生丰产林、水土保持等工程,森林覆盖率从 2006 年的 40.6% 提高到 2011 年的 46.0% 。广西自 2001 年起,实施严格的退耕还林政策,累计完成建设任务 1452 万亩,其中退耕地还林 349 万亩,荒山荒地造林 950.5 万亩,封山育林 152.5 万亩。退耕还林工程的实施,使广西直接增加森林面积 1320 万亩,森林覆盖率提高了 3.7% 。 To fundamentally control desertification, forestation and restoration of vegetation are the number one priority. To this end, many regions have made a variety of useful attempts. Qianxinan Prefecture of Guizhou Province follows a combination of natural restoration and manual culture. Great efforts have been made to convert farmland to forests or grassland, to protect natural forest and the Pearl River Protection Forest, and to promote fast-growing and high-yield plantations and water and soil conservation, etc. The forest coverage rate increased from 40.6% in 2006 to 46.0% in 2011. Since 2001, Guangxi executed a strict policy of returning farmland to forests in a total area of 14.52 million mu, of which the converted farmland amounted to 3.49 million mu, forested barren hills and wastelands to 9.505 million mu and fenced land to 1.525 million mu. The execution of the conversion project led to a direct increase of 13.2 million mu in the forest area in Guangxi and raised the forest coverage rate by 3.7%. 石漠化被称为“地球之癌”。癌症还有治吗?事实令人兴奋,经过多年努力,中国石漠化扩大趋势得到了遏制,部分地区甚至出现好转。 2012 年,国家林业局公布全国第二次石漠化监测结果,与 2005 年第一次石漠化监测相比,全国石漠化面积减少 96 万公顷,净减少 7.4% ,其中广西石漠化面积减少 45.3 万公顷,净减少 19% 。 Stony desertification is called “the Cancer of the Earth”. Can cancer be cured? Achievements are exciting. Through years of efforts, China has curbed the expanding stony desertification and revitalized many places. In 2012, the State Forestry Administration announced the results of the Second National Monitoring of Stony Desertification, which showed that, compared with 2005 when the first monitoring was conducted, an affected area of 960,000 hectares was successfully treated, a net decrease of 7.4%, including a reduction of 453,000 hectares in Guangxi, a net reduction of 19%. 这个喜讯让我们看到,石漠化治理大有希望。石漠化来源于人类活动的不当开发,只要人类控制自己的不当活动,再通过积极的努力,地球的癌症也能够得到遏制甚至好转。 This tells us that stony desertification control is full of promise. The problem arises from improper human exploitation of nature. As long as human beings control their senseless activities and take a positive action, the earth’s cancer can be curbed or even cured. (图片来自网络) \0 \0
主题:中国的 生态 城市规划和建筑生态文明 主讲人:陆雍森 教授 时间 : 北京 时间12月20日周四晚上9点30分 ( 美国 东部时间12月20日周四早8点30分) 报名方式: https://attendee.gotowebinar.com/register/1480889677276702976 Outline: #differentiation of building eco-city and eco-civilization and analysis of the significance in China; #overview on the eco-city planning and performance in the world; #indicator systems for building eco-city and eco-civilization, with comparison of the systems between China and other countries; and #case studies. 详见: http://cespn.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=16822highlight =