斯坦福大学质疑碳捕获 诸平 据美国斯坦福大学（ Stanford University ） Taylor Kubota 2019 年 10 月 25 日通过物理学家组织网（ Phys.org ）提供的消息，我们通常提出的降低大气中二氧化碳水平和降低气候变化风险的方法是从空气中捕获碳或阻止碳进入到大气中去。然而，斯坦福大学的马克·雅各布森（ Mark Z. Jacobson ） 2019 年 10 月 21 日在《能源与环境科学》（ Energy Environmental Science ）杂志上发表的研究表明，碳捕获技术弊大于利，得不偿失。详见 Mark Z. Jacobson. The Health and Climate Impacts of Carbon Capture and Direct Air Capture, Energy Environmental Science (2019). DOI: 10.1039/C9EE02709B 土木与环境工程教授马克·雅各布森（ Mark Z. Jacobson ）说：“所有的设想都是基于这样的假设，即碳捕获实际上减少了大量的碳。然而，我们的这项研究发现，它只减少了一小部分的碳排放，而且通常还会增加空气污染。” “从社会成本的角度来看，即使你从捕捉设备上获得了 100% 的碳捕集，也比用风力发电场取代煤或天然气发电厂更糟糕，因为碳捕集永远不会减少空气污染，而且总是有捕捉设备的成本。风能取代化石燃料总是能减少空气污染，而且永远不会产生捕捉设备的成本。” 马克·雅各布森是斯坦福大学伍兹环境研究所 (Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment) 的高级研究员，他研究了一家燃煤电厂的碳捕获和一家直接从空气中去除碳的电厂的公开数据。在这两种情况下，运行碳捕获的电力都来自天然气发电。他计算了每种情况下碳捕获过程的净二氧化碳减少量和总成本，包括运行碳捕获设备所需的电力、燃烧和由此产生的上游排放，以及燃煤电厂的上游排放。上游排放包括泄漏和燃烧、开采和运输煤炭或天然气等燃料的排放。 对碳捕获技术的普遍估计——只关注化石燃料工厂本身的能源生产中捕获的碳，而未关注上游排放——认为碳捕获可以回收 85% ～ 90% 的碳排放。但是，马克·雅各布森计算出了所有与这些可能导致全球变暖的工厂相关的排放，他就把它们转换成等量的二氧化碳，以便将他的数据与标准估计结果进行比较。他发现，在这两种情况下，这些设备在 20 年的平均排放量中捕获量仅有 10% ～ 11% 。 马克·雅各布森的研究亦注意到碳捕获的社会成本 , 包括空气污染 , 潜在的健康问题、经济成本和整体对气候变化的贡献，得出的结论为 , 那些总是类似于或高于没有碳捕获的化石燃料工厂，以及要比根本不捕捉空气中二氧化碳的更高。即使捕获设备使用的是可再生电力，马克·雅各布森得出的结论是，从社会成本的角度来看，使用可再生电力代替煤或天然气电力，即什么都不用做，反而总是更好的。根据这一分析，马克·雅各布森认为，最好的解决办法是把重点放在风能或太阳能等可再生能源上，以取代化石燃料 。 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 Abstract Data from a coal with carbon capture and use (CCU) plant and a synthetic direct air carbon capture and use (SDACCU) plant are analyzed for the equipment’s ability, alone, to reduce CO2. In both plants, natural gas turbines power the equipment. A net of only 10.8% of the CCU plant’s CO2-equivalent (CO2e) emissions and 10.5% of the CO2 removed from the air by the SDACCU plant are captured over 20 years, and only 20-31%, are captured over 100 years. The low net capture rates are due to uncaptured combustion emissions from natural gas used to power the equipment, uncaptured upstream emissions, and, in the case of CCU, uncaptured coal combustion emissions. Moreover, the CCU and SDACCU plants both increase air pollution and total social costs relative to no capture. Using wind to power the equipment reduces CO2e relative to using natural gas but still allows air pollution emissions to continue and increases the total social cost relative to no carbon capture. Conversely, using wind to displace coal without capturing carbon reduces CO2e, air pollution, and total social cost substantially. In sum, CCU and SDACCU increase or hold constant air pollution health damage and reduce little carbon before even considering sequestration or use leakages of carbon back to the air. Spending on capture rather than wind replacing either fossil fuels or bioenergy always increases total social cost substantially. No improvement in CCU or SDACCU equipment can change this conclusion while fossil power plant emissions exist, since carbon capture always incurs an equipment cost never incurred by wind, and carbon capture never reduces, instead mostly increases, air pollution and fuel mining, which wind eliminates. Once fossil power plant emissions end, CCU (for industry) and SDACCU social costs need to be evaluated against the social costs of natural reforestation and reducing nonenergy halogen, nitrous oxide, methane, and biomass burning emissions. Study casts doubt on carbon capture by Taylor Kubota, Stanford University Renewables are a better investment than carbon capture for tackling climate change
研究人员测量了低成本半导体近乎完美的性能 诸平 据 斯坦福大学 （Stanford University） 2019年3月15日提供的信息，该大学的研究人员开发出一种测量技术，测量了低成本半导体近乎完美的性能。 在太阳能电池板、相机传感器和医学成像工具中发现的先进电子产品中，被称为量子点的微小、易于生产的粒子，很可能很快就会取代更昂贵的单晶半导体。尽管量子点已经开始以量子点电视的形式进入消费市场，但长期以来，量子点电视的质量一直存在不确定性，阻碍了其发展。现在，斯坦福大学的研究人员开发的一种新的测量技术可能最终会消除这些疑虑。 斯坦福大学化学研究生戴维·哈尼菲(David Hanifi)说：“传统半导体是单晶，在真空中特殊条件下生长。我们可以在实验室里的烧瓶中大量制造量子点，我们已经证明它们和最好的单晶一样好。” 研究人员专注于量子点如何有效地重新发射它们所吸收的光，这是衡量半导体质量的一个指标。虽然之前对量子点效率的研究暗示了量子点的高性能，但这是第一个自信地证明量子点可以与单晶竞争的测量方法。这项研究是美国斯坦福大学 （Stanford University） 、劳伦斯·伯克利国家实验室（Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory）、加州大学伯克利分校（University of California, Berkeley）, 日本有关公司（High Performance Materials Company, JXTG Nippon Oil Energy Corporation）、比利时哈瑟尔特大学（Hasselt University）、荷兰埃因霍温理工大学（Eindhoven University of Technology）以及美国的卡佛利能源纳米科学研究所（Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute）合作完成的,相关研究结果，2019年3月15日已经在《科学》（Science）杂志网站发表——David A. Hanifi, Noah D. Bronstein, Brent A. Koscher, Zach Nett, Joseph K. Swabeck, Kaori Takano, Adam M. Schwartzberg, Lorenzo Maserati, Koen Vandewal, Yoeri van de Burgt, Alberto Salleo, A. Paul Alivisatos. Redefining near-unity luminescence in quantum dots with photothermal threshold quantum yield. Science , 15 Mar 2019: Vol. 363, Issue 6432, pp. 1199-1202. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3803 加州大学伯克利分校的纳米科学和纳米技术的三星特聘教授，量子点的先驱研究者 Paul Alivisatos，也是论文的通讯作者，他强调了此测量技术如何能够引领新技术和新材料的发展，而这些新技术和新材料要求我们在很大程度上了解半导体的效率。 “这些材料的效率如此之高，以至于现有的测量无法量化它们到底有多好。这是一个巨大的飞跃。“也许有一天，它可以应用于需要发光效率远高于99%的材料的应用，而这些材料中的大多数还没有被发明出来。”更多信息敬请注意浏览原文或者相关报道 Between 99 and 100 Being able to forego the need for pricey fabrication equipment isn't the only advantage of quantum dots. Even prior to this work, there were signs that quantum dots could approach or surpass the performance of some of the best crystals. They are also highly customizable. Changing their size changes the wavelength of light they emit, a useful feature for color-based applications such as tagging biological samples, TVs or computer monitors. Despite these positive qualities, the small size of quantum dots means that it may take billions of them to do the work of one large, perfect single crystal. Making so many of these quantum dots means more chances for something to grow incorrectly, more chances for a defect that can hamper performance. Techniques that measure the quality of other semiconductors previously suggested quantum dots emit over 99 percent of the light they absorb but that was not enough to answer questions about their potential for defects. To do this, the researchers needed a measurement technique better suited to precisely evaluating these particles. We want to measure emission efficiencies in the realm of 99.9 to 99.999 percent because, if semiconductors are able to reemit as light every photon they absorb, you can do really fun science and make devices that haven't existed before, said Hanifi. The researchers' technique involved checking for excess heat produced by energized quantum dots, rather than only assessing light emission because excess heat is a signature of inefficient emission. This technique, commonly used for other materials, had never been applied to measure quantum dots in this way and it was 100 times more precise than what others have used in the past. They found that groups of quantum dots reliably emitted about 99.6 percent of the light they absorbed (with a potential error of 0.2 percent in either direction), which is comparable to the best single-crystal emissions. It was surprising that a film with many potential defects is as good as the most perfect semiconductor you can make, said Salleo, who is co-author of the paper. Contrary to concerns, the results suggest that the quantum dots are strikingly defect-tolerant. The measurement technique is also the first to firmly resolve how different quantum dot structures compare to each other—quantum dots with precisely eight atomic layers of a special coating material emitted light the fastest, an indicator of superior quality. The shape of those dots should guide the design for new light-emitting materials, said Alivisatos. Entirely new technologies This research is part of a collection of projects within a Department of Energy-funded Energy Frontier Research Center, called Photonics at Thermodynamic Limits. Led by Jennifer Dionne, associate professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford, the center's goal is to create optical materials—materials that affect the flow of light—with the highest possible efficiencies. A next step in this project is developing even more precise measurements. If the researchers can determine that these materials reach efficiencies at or above 99.999 percent, that opens up the possibility for technologies we've never seen before. These could include new glowing dyes to enhance our ability to look at biology at the atomic scale, luminescent cooling and luminescent solar concentrators, which allow a relatively small set of solar cells to take in energy from a large area of solar radiation. All this being said, the measurements they've already established are a milestone of their own, likely to encourage a more immediate boost in quantum dot research and applications. People working on these quantum dot materials have thought for more than a decade that dots could be as efficient as single crystal materials , said Hanifi, and now we finally have proof. Superefficient light emission A challenge to improving synthesis methods for superefficient light-emitting semiconductor nanoparticles is that current analytical methods cannot measure efficiencies above 99%. Hanifi et al. used photothermal deflection spectroscopy to measure very small nonradiative decay components in quantum dot photoluminescence. The method allowed them to tune the synthesis of CdSe/CdS quantum dots so that the external luminescent efficiencies exceeded 99.5%. This is important for applications that require an absolute minimum amount of photon energy to be lost as heat, such as photovoltaic luminescent concentrators. Science , this issue p. 1199 Abstract A variety of optical applications rely on the absorption and reemission of light. The quantum yield of this process often plays an essential role. When the quantum yield deviates from unity by significantly less than 1%, applications such as luminescent concentrators and optical refrigerators become possible. To evaluate such high performance, we develop a measurement technique for luminescence efficiency with sufficient accuracy below one part per thousand. Photothermal threshold quantum yield is based on the quantization of light to minimize overall measurement uncertainty. This technique is used to guide a procedure capable of making ensembles of near-unity emitting cadmium selenide/cadmium sulfide (CdSe/CdS) core-shell quantum dots. We obtain a photothermal threshold quantum yield luminescence efficiency of 99.6 ± 0.2%, indicating nearly complete suppression of nonradiative decay channels.
又一位斯坦福大学的研究生自杀 蒋继平 2019年3月12日 今天从美国有线新闻网（CNN)的新闻报道中得知斯坦福大学（Stanford University)的一位在读研究生在家中自杀身亡的消息。 这位研究生叫 Kelly Catlin, 现年23岁， 在斯坦福大学读计算数学。 她也是美国国家女子自行车选手， 曾经在2016年的巴西奥林匹克运动会上获得女子自行车比赛的银牌。 对于Kelly的自杀原因， 我没有看到相关报道。但是， 我看到她在生前的一段话：“Being a graduate student, track cyclist, and professional road cyclist can instead feel like I need to time-travel to get everything done。And things still slip through the cracks. It is like juggling with knives.” 这段话的意思是： 作为一个研究生， 场地和公路自行车赛车手（三重身份）的人， 感觉上我需要以时光穿越的方式才能完成各项任务， 不过， 结果仍然不如人意。 就好像踩着尖刀在行走。 从她这段话的意思来看， 她生前的生活压力是何等的巨大！ 这位优秀的年轻女性在巨大的压力下放弃了自己美好的前程。 让人觉得十分可惜。 在深表同情和惋惜的时候， 使我想起了斯坦福大学在最近几个月内连续发生的三起自杀事件。 前不久有张守晟和一位中国博士生自杀的报道。 我不想从迷信的角度来探讨这些自杀以是否有冤鬼在作崇。 我只是好奇这样的名牌学府为何会出现如此频繁的自杀事件。 我继而想到每年的世界大学排名， 是否考虑到学生自杀的数据， 和学院安全的因素。 要是大学为了自己的排名， 给学生增加难以承受的压力， 导致学生做出极端行为。 这样的排名值得吗？合理吗？ 公正吗？
斯坦福大学张守晟（ Shou-Cheng Zhang ）教授高引论文 1) 张守晟教授简介 张首晟 斯坦福大学教授 / 丹华资本创始人 / 美国国家科学院院士 / 硅谷高创会主席 斯坦福大学物理系讲座教授，美国国家科学院院士, 美国艺术与科学学院院士, 中国科学院外籍院士。1983年获德国柏林自由大学学士学位，1987年获纽约州立大学石溪分校博士学位，1987-1989年任美国Santa Barbara理论物理研究所博士后研究员，1989-1993年任IBM阿尔玛登研究中心高级研究员，1993年受聘于斯坦福大学物理系。主要研究领域凝聚态物理，其中重点是拓扑绝缘体，在高温超导、量子霍尔效应、自旋电子学、强关联电子系统等研究方向上取得了大量国际一流的原始创新成果。因其对量子自旋霍尔效应和拓扑绝缘体的开创性研究，2010年获欧洲物理奖 (Europhysics Prize)，2012年获美国物理学会Oliver Buckley奖, 2012年荣获联合国教科文组织下属的国际理论物理学中心狄拉克奖 (Dirac Medal and Prize), 2013年获物理前沿奖(Physics Frontier Prize), 与著名物理学家霍金一起登台领奖. 2014年荣获富兰克林奖 (Benjamin Franklin Medal). 该奖历届得主有科学巨人爱因斯坦，居里夫人(Madame Curie)，霍金(Stephen Hawking)，杨振宁，与116位诺奖得主, 还有发明大师爱迪生(Thomas Edison, 电灯发明者), 特斯拉(Nikola Tesla, 交流电网发明者)，贝尔 (Alexander Bell, 电话发明者) 与莱特(Orville Wright, 飞机发明者). 多年来, 张首晟教授努力推进中美两国的科技交流. 2013年他创办了丹华资本, 重点投资源于斯坦福大学与硅谷的创新公司.也可以参考： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-212210-830953.html 2）张守晟教授视频（2段） 3）张守晟教授被引统计结果 4）张守晟教授高引论文（top100） 标题 引用次数 年份 Topological insulators and superconductors XL Qi, SC Zhang Reviews of Modern Physics 83 (4), 1057 , 2011 6863 2011 Quantum spin Hall effect and topological phase transition in HgTe quantum wells BA Bernevig, TL Hughes, SC Zhang Science 314 (5806), 1757-1761 , 2006 4210 2006 Quantum spin Hall insulator state in HgTe quantum wells M Kouml;nig, S Wiedmann, C Brüne, A Roth, H Buhmann, LW Molenkamp, ... Science 318 (5851), 766-770 , 2007 4033 2007 Topological insulators in Bi 2 Se 3, Bi 2 Te 3 and Sb 2 Te 3 with a single Dirac cone on the surface H Zhang, CX Liu, XL Qi, X Dai, Z Fang, SC Zhang Nature physics 5 (6), 438 , 2009 3843 2009 Experimental realization of a three-dimensional topological insulator, Bi2Te3 YL Chen, JG Analytis, JH Chu, ZK Liu, SK Mo, XL Qi, HJ Zhang, DH Lu, ... science 325 (5937), 178-181 , 2009 2512 2009 Topological field theory of time-reversal invariant insulators XL Qi, TL Hughes, SC Zhang Physical Review B 78 (19), 195424 , 2008 2139 2008 Dissipationless quantum spin current at room temperature S Murakami, N Nagaosa, SC Zhang Science 301 (5638), 1348-1351 , 2003 1823 2003 Quantum spin Hall effect BA Bernevig, SC Zhang Physical review letters 96 (10), 106802 , 2006 1415 2006 Experimental observation of the quantum anomalous Hall effect in a magnetic topological insulator CZ Chang, J Zhang, X Feng, J Shen, Z Zhang, M Guo, K Li, Y Ou, P Wei, ... Science, 1232003 , 2013 1205 2013 The quantum spin Hall effect and topological insulators XL Qi, SC Zhang arXiv preprint arXiv:1001.1602 , 2010 1098 2010 Effective-field-theory model for the fractional quantum Hall effect SC Zhang, TH Hansson, S Kivelson Physical review letters 62 (1), 82 , 1989 1089 1989 A unified theory based on SO (5) symmetry of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism SC Zhang Science 275 (5303), 1089-1096 , 1997 998 1997 Quantized anomalous Hall effect in magnetic topological insulators R Yu, W Zhang, HJ Zhang, SC Zhang, X Dai, Z Fang Science 329 (5987), 61-64 , 2010 992 2010 Crossover of the three-dimensional topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 to the two-dimensional limit Y Zhang, K He, CZ Chang, CL Song, LL Wang, X Chen, JF Jia, Z Fang, ... Nature Physics 6 (8), 584 , 2010 948 2010 Massive Dirac fermion on the surface of a magnetically doped topological insulator YL Chen, JH Chu, JG Analytis, ZK Liu, K Igarashi, HH Kuo, XL Qi, SK Mo, ... Science 329 (5992), 659-662 , 2010 783 2010 Inducing a magnetic monopole with topological surface states XL Qi, R Li, J Zang, SC Zhang Science 323 (5918), 1184-1187 , 2009 745 2009 Spontaneous interlayer coherence in double-layer quantum Hall systems: Charged vortices and Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitions K Moon, H Mori, K Yang, SM Girvin, AH MacDonald, L Zheng, D Yoshioka, ... Physical Review B 51 (8), 5138 , 1995 700 1995 Aharonov–Bohm interference in topological insulator nanoribbons H Peng, K Lai, D Kong, S Meister, Y Chen, XL Qi, SC Zhang, ZX Shen, ... Nature materials 9 (3), 225 , 2010 670 2010 Large-gap quantum spin Hall insulators in tin films Y Xu, B Yan, HJ Zhang, J Wang, G Xu, P Tang, W Duan, SC Zhang Physical review letters 111 (13), 136804 , 2013 667 2013 Nonlocal transport in the quantum spin Hall state A Roth, C Brüne, H Buhmann, LW Molenkamp, J Maciejko, XL Qi, ... Science 325 (5938), 294-297 , 2009 658 2009 The quantum spin Hall effect: theory and experiment M Kouml;nig, H Buhmann, L W. Molenkamp, T Hughes, CX Liu, XL Qi, ... Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 77 (3), 031007 , 2008 655 2008 Helical liquid and the edge of quantum spin Hall systems C Wu, BA Bernevig, SC Zhang Physical review letters 96 (10), 106401 , 2006 653 2006 Spin-orbit gap of graphene: First-principles calculations Y Yao, F Ye, XL Qi, SC Zhang, Z Fang Physical Review B 75 (4), 041401 , 2007 638 2007 Global phase diagram in the quantum Hall effect S Kivelson, DH Lee, SC Zhang Physical Review B 46 (4), 2223 , 1992 596 1992 Tunable multifunctional topological insulators in ternary Heusler compounds S Chadov, X Qi, J Kübler, GH Fecher, C Felser, SC Zhang Nature materials 9 (7), 541 , 2010 567 2010 Model Hamiltonian for topological insulators CX Liu, XL Qi, HJ Zhang, X Dai, Z Fang, SC Zhang Physical Review B 82 (4), 045122 , 2010 564 2010 Time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors and superfluids in two and three dimensions XL Qi, TL Hughes, S Raghu, SC Zhang Physical review letters 102 (18), 187001 , 2009 532 2009 Epitaxial growth of two-dimensional stanene F Zhu, W Chen, Y Xu, C Gao, D Guan, C Liu, D Qian, SC Zhang, J Jia Nature materials 14 (10), 1020 , 2015 517 2015 Quantum spin Hall effect in inverted type-II semiconductors C Liu, TL Hughes, XL Qi, K Wang, SC Zhang Physical review letters 100 (23), 236601 , 2008 516 2008 Modification of the Landau-Lifshitz equation in the presence of a spin-polarized current in colossal-and giant-magnetoresistive materials YB Bazaliy, BA Jones, SC Zhang Physical Review B 57 (6), R3213 , 1998 516 1998 The Chern–Simons–Landau–Ginzburg theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect SC Zhang International Journal of Modern Physics B 6 (01), 25-58 , 1992 501 1992 Topological mott insulators S Raghu, XL Qi, C Honerkamp, SC Zhang Physical review letters 100 (15), 156401 , 2008 478 2008 Quantum spin Hall effect in a transition metal oxide Na 2 IrO 3 A Shitade, H Katsura, J Kuneš, XL Qi, SC Zhang, N Nagaosa Physical review letters 102 (25), 256403 , 2009 444 2009 Minimal two-band model of the superconducting iron oxypnictides S Raghu, XL Qi, CX Liu, DJ Scalapino, SC Zhang Physical Review B 77 (22), 220503 , 2008 444 2008 Magnetic impurities on the surface of a topological insulator Q Liu, CX Liu, C Xu, XL Qi, SC Zhang Physical review letters 102 (15), 156603 , 2009 436 2009 Quantum anomalous Hall effect in Hg 1− y Mn y Te quantum wells CX Liu, XL Qi, X Dai, Z Fang, SC Zhang Physical review letters 101 (14), 146802 , 2008 399 2008 Exact SU (2) symmetry and persistent spin helix in a spin-orbit coupled system BA Bernevig, J Orenstein, SC Zhang Physical review letters 97 (23), 236601 , 2006 399 2006 Emergence of the persistent spin helix in semiconductor quantum wells JD Koralek, CP Weber, J Orenstein, BA Bernevig, SC Zhang, S Mack, ... Nature 458 (7238), 610 , 2009 394 2009 SO 4 symmetry in a Hubbard model CN Yang, SC Zhang Modern Physics Letters B 4 (11), 759-766 , 1990 392 1990 A four-dimensional generalization of the quantum Hall effect SC Zhang, J Hu Science 294 (5543), 823-828 , 2001 384 2001 Topological quantization of the spin Hall effect in two-dimensional paramagnetic semiconductors XL Qi, YS Wu, SC Zhang Physical Review B 74 (8), 085308 , 2006 383 2006 Oscillatory crossover from two-dimensional to three-dimensional topological insulators CX Liu, HJ Zhang, B Yan, XL Qi, T Frauenheim, X Dai, Z Fang, SC Zhang Physical review B 81 (4), 041307 , 2010 369 2010 Landau quantization of topological surface states in Bi 2 Se 3 P Cheng, C Song, T Zhang, Y Zhang, Y Wang, JF Jia, J Wang, Y Wang, ... Physical Review Letters 105 (7), 076801 , 2010 363 2010 Quantum Hall effect from the topological surface states of strained bulk HgTe C Brüne, CX Liu, EG Novik, EM Hankiewicz, H Buhmann, YL Chen, XL Qi, ... Physical review letters 106 (12), 126803 , 2011 357 2011 Insulator, metal, or superconductor: The criteria DJ Scalapino, SR White, S Zhang Physical Review B 47 (13), 7995 , 1993 355 1993 Metallic phase of the quantum Hall system at even-denominator filling fractions V Kalmeyer, SC Zhang Physical Review B 46 (15), 9889 , 1992 337 1992 SU (2) non-Abelian holonomy and dissipationless spin current in semiconductors S Murakami, N Nagosa, SC Zhang Physical Review B 69 (23), 235206 , 2004 320 2004 Superconducting vortex with antiferromagnetic core DP Arovas, AJ Berlinsky, C Kallin, SC Zhang Physical review letters 79 (15), 2871 , 1997 301 1997 Quantum ferromagnetism and phase transitions in double-layer quantum Hall systems K Yang, K Moon, L Zheng, AH MacDonald, SM Girvin, D Yoshioka, ... Physical review letters 72 (5), 732 , 1994 301 1994 Intrinsic topological insulator Bi2Te3 thin films on Si and their thickness limit YY Li, G Wang, XG Zhu, MH Liu, C Ye, X Chen, YY Wang, K He, LL Wang, ... Advanced materials 22 (36), 4002-4007 , 2010 292 2010 SO (5) theory of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity E Demler, W Hanke, SC Zhang Reviews of modern physics 76 (3), 909 , 2004 285 2004 Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction H Yuan, X Liu, F Afshinmanesh, W Li, G Xu, J Sun, B Lian, AG Curto, G Ye, ... Nature nanotechnology 10 (8), 707 , 2015 282 2015 Doping-dependent phase diagram of LaOMAs (M= V–Cu) and electron-type superconductivity near ferromagnetic instability G Xu, W Ming, Y Yao, X Dai, SC Zhang, Z Fang EPL (Europhysics Letters) 82 (6), 67002 , 2008 272 2008 Spin-hall insulator S Murakami, N Nagaosa, SC Zhang Physical review letters 93 (15), 156804 , 2004 270 2004 Exact SO (5) symmetry in the spin-3/2 fermionic system C Wu, J Hu, S Zhang Physical Review Letters 91 (18), 186402 , 2003 269 2003 The coexistence of superconductivity and topological order in the Bi2Se3 thin films MX Wang, C Liu, JP Xu, F Yang, L Miao, MY Yao, CL Gao, C Shen, X Ma, ... Science 336 (6077), 52-55 , 2012 262 2012 High-precision realization of robust quantum anomalous Hall state in a hard ferromagnetic topological insulator CZ Chang, W Zhao, DY Kim, H Zhang, BA Assaf, D Heiman, SC Zhang, ... Nature materials 14 (5), 473 , 2015 259 2015 Dynamical axion field in topological magnetic insulators R Li, J Wang, XL Qi, SC Zhang Nature Physics 6 (4), 284 , 2010 252 2010 Theory of the resonant neutron scattering of high-T c superconductors E Demler, SC Zhang Physical review letters 75 (22), 4126 , 1995 235 1995 Domain-wall dynamics driven by adiabatic spin-transfer torques Z Li, S Zhang Physical Review B 70 (2), 024417 , 2004 228 2004 Spin Hall effects for cold atoms in a light-induced gauge potential SL Zhu, H Fu, CJ Wu, SC Zhang, LM Duan Physical review letters 97 (24), 240401 , 2006 224 2006 Spin polarization of the quantum spin Hall edge states C Brüne, A Roth, H Buhmann, EM Hankiewicz, LW Molenkamp, ... Nature Physics 8 (6), 485 , 2012 211 2012 Electron interaction-driven insulating ground state in Bi 2 Se 3 topological insulators in the two-dimensional limit M Liu, CZ Chang, Z Zhang, Y Zhang, W Ruan, K He, L Wang, X Chen, ... Physical review B 83 (16), 165440 , 2011 201 2011 Superfluid density and the Drude weight of the Hubbard model DJ Scalapino, SR White, SC Zhang Physical review letters 68 (18), 2830 , 1992 198 1992 Single valley Dirac fermions in zero-gap HgTe quantum wells B Büttner, CX Liu, G Tkachov, EG Novik, C Brüne, H Buhmann, ... Nature Physics 7 (5), 418 , 2011 197 2011 Dynamical layer decoupling in a stripe-ordered high-T c superconductor E Berg, E Fradkin, EA Kim, SA Kivelson, V Oganesyan, JM Tranquada, ... Physical review letters 99 (12), 127003 , 2007 193 2007 Kondo effect in the helical edge liquid of the quantum spin Hall state J Maciejko, C Liu, Y Oreg, XL Qi, C Wu, SC Zhang Physical review letters 102 (25), 256803 , 2009 186 2009 Pseudospin symmetry and new collective modes of the Hubbard model S Zhang Physical review letters 65 (1), 120 , 1990 183 1990 Topological invariants for the Fermi surface of a time-reversal-invariant superconductor XL Qi, TL Hughes, SC Zhang Physical Review B 81 (13), 134508 , 2010 178 2010 Single Dirac cone topological surface state and unusual thermoelectric property of compounds from a new topological insulator family YL Chen, ZK Liu, JG Analytis, JH Chu, HJ Zhang, BH Yan, SK Mo, ... Physical review letters 105 (26), 266401 , 2010 177 2010 Chiral topological superconductor from the quantum Hall state XL Qi, TL Hughes, SC Zhang Physical Review B 82 (18), 184516 , 2010 177 2010 Collective modes of a helical liquid S Raghu, SB Chung, XL Qi, SC Zhang Physical review letters 104 (11), 116401 , 2010 177 2010 Topological quantization in units of the fine structure constant J Maciejko, XL Qi, HD Drew, SC Zhang Physical review letters 105 (16), 166803 , 2010 174 2010 Pair density wave in the pseudogap state of high temperature superconductors HD Chen, O Vafek, A Yazdani, SC Zhang Physical review letters 93 (18), 187002 , 2004 174 2004 Fractional charge and quantized current in the quantum spin Hall state XL Qi, TL Hughes, SC Zhang Nature Physics 4 (4), 273 , 2008 172 2008 Intrinsic spin Hall effect in the two-dimensional hole gas BA Bernevig, SC Zhang Physical review letters 95 (1), 016801 , 2005 169 2005 Topological materials B Yan, SC Zhang Reports on Progress in Physics 75 (9), 096501 , 2012 168 2012 General theorem relating the bulk topological number to edge states in two-dimensional insulators XL Qi, YS Wu, SC Zhang Physical Review B 74 (4), 045125 , 2006 167 2006 Topological order parameters for interacting topological insulators Z Wang, XL Qi, SC Zhang Physical review letters 105 (25), 256803 , 2010 164 2010 Pressure-induced superconductivity in topological parent compound Bi2Te3 JL Zhang, SJ Zhang, HM Weng, W Zhang, LX Yang, QQ Liu, SM Feng, ... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (1), 24-28 , 2011 162 2011 Collective excitations in the Ginzburg-Landau theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect DH Lee, SC Zhang Physical review letters 66 (9), 1220 , 1991 161 1991 Theoretical prediction of topological insulators in thallium-based III-V-VI2 ternary chalcogenides B Yan, CX Liu, HJ Zhang, CY Yam, XL Qi, T Frauenheim, SC Zhang EPL (Europhysics Letters) 90 (3), 37002 , 2010 159 2010 Thin Films of Magnetically Doped Topological Insulator with Carrier㊣ndependent Long㏑ange Ferromagnetic Order CZ Chang, J Zhang, M Liu, Z Zhang, X Feng, K Li, LL Wang, X Chen, ... Advanced materials 25 (7), 1065-1070 , 2013 158 2013 Quantitative test of a microscopic mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity E Demler, SC Zhang Nature 396 (6713), 733 , 1998 156 1998 Simplified topological invariants for interacting insulators Z Wang, SC Zhang Physical Review X 2 (3), 031008 , 2012 155 2012 Electrically controllable surface magnetism on the surface of topological insulators JJ Zhu, DX Yao, SC Zhang, K Chang Physical review letters 106 (9), 097201 , 2011 153 2011 Helical edge and surface states in HgTe quantum wells and bulk insulators X Dai, TL Hughes, XL Qi, Z Fang, SC Zhang Physical Review B 77 (12), 125319 , 2008 153 2008 Fractional topological insulators in three dimensions J Maciejko, XL Qi, A Karch, SC Zhang Physical review letters 105 (24), 246809 , 2010 152 2010 Topological insulator Bi 2 Se 3 thin films grown on double-layer graphene by molecular beam epitaxy CL Song, YL Wang, YP Jiang, Y Zhang, CZ Chang, L Wang, K He, ... Applied Physics Letters 97 (14), 143118 , 2010 145 2010 Fingerprint of different spin–orbit terms for spin transport in HgTe quantum wells DG Rothe, RW Reinthaler, CX Liu, LW Molenkamp, SC Zhang, ... New Journal of Physics 12 (6), 065012 , 2010 141 2010 Antiferromagnetic order as the competing ground state in electron-doped Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 HJ Kang, P Dai, JW Lynn, M Matsuura, JR Thompson, SC Zhang, ... Nature 423 (6939), 522 , 2003 140 2003 Enhanced thermoelectric performance and anomalous Seebeck effects in topological insulators Y Xu, Z Gan, SC Zhang Physical review letters 112 (22), 226801 , 2014 139 2014 Detecting the Majorana Fermion Surface State of He 3− B through Spin Relaxation SB Chung, SC Zhang Physical review letters 103 (23), 235301 , 2009 139 2009 Antiferromagnetism and hole pair checkerboard in the vortex state of high T c superconductors HD Chen, JP Hu, S Capponi, E Arrigoni, SC Zhang Physical review letters 89 (13), 137004 , 2002 126 2002 Current-induced magnetization switching in small domains of different anisotropies YB Bazaliy, BA Jones, SC Zhang Physical Review B 69 (9), 094421 , 2004 125 2004 Pairing state with a time-reversal symmetry breaking in FeAs-based superconductors WC Lee, SC Zhang, C Wu Physical review letters 102 (21), 217002 , 2009 124 2009 Generation and electric control of spin–valley-coupled circular photogalvanic current in WSe 2 H Yuan, X Wang, B Lian, H Zhang, X Fang, B Shen, G Xu, Y Xu, ... Nature nanotechnology 9 (10), 851 , 2014 123 2014 Interacting topological phases and modular invariance S Ryu, SC Zhang Physical Review B 85 (24), 245132 , 2012 115 2012 Equivalent topological invariants of topological insulators Z Wang, XL Qi, SC Zhang New Journal of Physics 12 (6), 065007 , 2010 110 2010 Eight-dimensional quantum Hall effect and “octonions” BA Bernevig, J Hu, N Toumbas, SC Zhang Physical review letters 91 (23), 236803 , 2003 110 2003
首份《AI 100》报告发布 《人工智能百年研究委员会》发布首份AI100报告，以十五年后人工智能技术对北美一个城市社会生态的可能影响，描述人工智能和2030的生活。其中，重点关注的是交通、家庭和服务机器人、医健、教育等领域。人工智能百年研究项目最初由人工智能促进会(AAAI)发起，后主要由斯坦福大学组织实施，今后将定期发表人工智能系列研究报告。文末附报告链接。 One Hundred Year Study of Artificial Intelligence-Overview (11 Pages) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LIFE IN 2030 (27 Pages) AI100首份报告中文版： AI100首份报告中文版_机器之心.pdf AI100 项目综述、人员组织、未来15年内研发方向介绍， 链接为： AI100-One Hundred Year Study of Artificial Intelligence-Overview.pdf AI100 报告全文为： ai_100_report_0831fnl-ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LIFE IN 2030.pdf
最新一期QS世界大学排名已于近日公布，本年度评价指标进行了调整，对在艺术、人文和社会科学等研究活动水平较低的领域表现突出的大学进行了更公平的评估，所以对照去年排行榜还是发生了较大变化。具体来看，麻省理工学院依旧蝉联第一，哈佛大学挤掉剑桥大学屈居次席，剑桥大学和斯坦福大学并列第三。另外排进世界前十位的依次还有：加州理工学院、牛津大学、伦敦大学学院、帝国理工学院、苏黎世联邦理工学院、芝加哥大学。在这次排名中变化幅度最大的是帝国理工学院和斯坦福大学，帝国理工由去年的并列第二位下降到第八位，而斯坦福则由去年的第七位强势挤进前三。 附表1：QS2015年世界大学排行榜前100位高校数据 本年 排名 学校名称 学校英文名 国家地区 评分 上年 排名 1 麻省理工学院 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 美国 100 1 2 哈佛大学 Harvard University 美国 98.7 4 3 剑桥大学 University of Cambridge 英国 98.6 2 3 斯坦福大学 Stanford University 美国 98.6 7 5 加州理工学院 California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 美国 97.9 8 6 牛津大学 University of Oxford 英国 97.7 5 7 伦敦大学学院 UCL (University College London) 英国 97.2 5 8 帝国理工学院 Imperial College London 英国 96.1 2 9 苏黎世联邦理工学院 ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 瑞士 95.5 12 10 芝加哥大学 University of Chicago 美国 94.6 11 11 普林斯顿大学 Princeton University 美国 94.4 9 12 新加坡国立大学 National University of Singapore (NUS) 新加坡 94.2 22 13 南洋理工大学 Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU) 新加坡 93.9 39 14 洛桑联邦理工学院 EPFL (EcolePolytechnique F édérale de Lausanne) 瑞士 93.8 17 15 耶鲁大学 Yale University 美国 92.2 10 16 约翰霍普金斯大学 Johns Hopkins University 美国 91.9 14 17 康奈尔大学 Cornell University 美国 91.8 19 18 宾夕法尼亚大学 University of Pennsylvania 美国 91.5 13 19 伦敦国王学院 Kings College London 英国 91 16 19 澳大利亚国立大学 The Australian National University 澳大利亚 91 25 21 爱丁堡大学 The University of Edinburgh 英国 90.8 17 22 哥伦比亚大学 Columbia University 美国 89.7 14 23 巴黎高等师范学院 Ecolenormale sup érieure, Paris 法国 89.2 24 24 麦吉尔大学 McGill University 加拿大 88.6 21 25 清华大学 Tsinghua University 中国 88.5 47 26 加州大学伯克利分校 University of California, Berkeley (UCB) 美国 88.4 27 27 加州大学洛杉矶分校 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 美国 88.2 37 28 香港科技大学 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 香港 88 40 29 杜克大学 Duke University 美国 87.9 25 30 香港大学 The University of Hong Kong 香港 87.8 28 30 密歇根大学安娜堡分校 University of Michigan 美国 87.8 23 32 西北大学 Northwestern University 美国 87.7 34 33 曼彻斯特大学 The University of Manchester 英国 87.2 30 34 多伦多大学 University of Toronto 加拿大 87.1 20 35 伦敦政治经济学院 London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) 英国 86.2 71 36 首尔国立大学 Seoul National University 韩国 85.3 31 37 布里斯托大学 University of Bristol 英国 85 29 38 京都大学 Kyoto University 日本 84.9 36 39 东京大学 The University of Tokyo 日本 84.8 31 40 巴黎高等理工学院 EcolePolytechnique 法国 83.8 35 41 北京大学 Peking University 中国 83.7 57 42 墨尔本大学 The University of Melbourne 澳大利亚 83.1 33 43 韩国高等科技学院 KAIST - Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology 韩国 82.6 51 44 加州大学圣地亚哥分校 University of California, San Diego (UCSD) 美国 82.5 59 45 悉尼大学 The University of Sydney 澳大利亚 81.9 37 46 新南威尔士大学 The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) 澳大利亚 81.8 48 46 昆士兰大学 The University of Queensland 澳大利亚 81.8 43 48 华威大学 The University of Warwick 英国 81.6 61 49 布朗大学 Brown University 美国 81.5 52 50 英属哥伦比亚大学 University of British Columbia 加拿大 81.2 43 51 香港中文大学 The Chinese University of Hong Kong 香港 81.1 46 51 复旦大学 Fudan University 中国 81.1 71 53 纽约大学 New York University (NYU) 美国 80.5 41 54 威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校 University of Wisconsin-Madison 美国 80.3 41 55 阿姆斯特丹大学 University of Amsterdam 荷兰 80.2 50 56 东京工业大学 Tokyo Institute of Technology 日本 79.4 68 57 香港城市大学 City University of Hong Kong 香港 79.2 108 58 大阪大学 Osaka University 日本 78.3 55 59 伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 美国 77.5 63 60 慕尼黑工业大学 TechnischeUniversität M ünchen 德国 77.3 54 61 杜伦大学 Durham University 英国 77 92 62 卡耐基梅隆大学 Carnegie Mellon University 美国 76.8 65 62 格拉斯哥大学 University of Glasgow 英国 76.8 55 64 代尔夫特理工大学 Delft University of Technology 荷兰 76.5 86 65 华盛顿大学 University of Washington 美国 76.3 65 66 海德堡大学 Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaet Heidelberg 德国 76.1 49 67 莫纳什大学 Monash University 澳大利亚 76 70 68 圣安德鲁斯大学 University of St Andrews 英国 75.9 88 69 哥本哈根大学 University of Copenhagen 丹麦 75.7 45 70 诺丁汉大学 The University of Nottingham 英国 75.4 77 70 隆德大学 Lund University 瑞典 75.4 60 70 国立台湾大学 National Taiwan University (NTU) 台湾 75.4 76 70 上海交通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 中国 75.4 104 74 东北大学（日本） Tohoku University 日本 75.2 71 75 慕尼黑大学 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität M ünchen 德国 74.7 52 76 伯明翰大学 University of Birmingham 英国 74.6 64 77 德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校 University of Texas at Austin 美国 74.5 79 78 都柏林圣三一学院 Trinity College Dublin 爱尔兰 74.3 71 79 北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 美国 73.7 62 80 谢菲尔德大学 The University of Sheffield 英国 73.6 69 81 南安普敦大学 University of Southampton 英国 72.8 94 82 奥克兰大学 The University of Auckland 新西兰 72.4 92 82 鲁汶大学（荷兰语） KU Leuven 比利时 72.4 82 84 佐治亚理工学院 Georgia Institute of Technology 美国 72.3 107 85 苏黎世大学 University of Zurich 瑞士 72.2 57 85 加州大学戴维斯分校 University of California, Davis 美国 72.2 95 87 利兹大学 University of Leeds 英国 72 97 87 浦项科技大学 Pohang University of Science And Technology (POSTECH) 韩国 72 86 89 日内瓦大学 University of Geneva 瑞士 71.2 85 89 普渡大学西拉法叶分校 Purdue University 美国 71.2 102 91 波士顿大学 Boston University 美国 71.1 78 92 皇家理工学院 KTH Royal Institute of Technology 瑞典 70.9 110 93 卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院 KIT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 德国 70.8 127 94 乌德勒支大学 Utrecht UniversityUtrecht University 荷兰 70.7 80 95 莱顿大学 Leiden University 荷兰 70.3 75 96 阿尔伯塔大学 University of Alberta 加拿大 70.1 84 96 赫尔辛基大学 University of Helsinki 芬兰 70.1 67 98 西澳大学 The University of Western Australia 澳大利亚 69.4 89 99 俄亥俄州立大学 The Ohio State University 美国 69.3 109 100 格罗宁根大学 University of Groningen 荷兰 68.8 90 在中国高校方面：总体来说进步明显，排进全球前700的学校数量由去年的25所增加到今年的30所，并且排进榜单的高校均处于上升态势。具体来看，有四所高校跻身全球前100名，分别是清华、北大、复旦以及上海交通大学。其中清华大学表现最佳，全球排名已经达到25位，对照去年上升22位；北京大学上升16位，位于全球第41位；复旦大学上升20位，位于全球第51位；上海交大激增33位，处于全球第70位。另外中国有5所高校首次挤进全球前700名，分别是华东理工大学、四川大学、华南理工大学、北京科技大学和兰州大学。尤其是华东理工和四川大学对照去年都有100多位的提升，全球排名已达500以内。另外值得一提的是哈工大，对照去年强势上升200名，位于全球第292位。 附表2：QS中国前700上榜高校数据 本年 排名 学校名称 学校英文名 国家 地区 评分 上年 排名 25 清华大学 Tsinghua University 中国 88.5 47 41 北京大学 Peking University 中国 83.7 57 51 复旦大学 Fudan University 中国 81.1 71 70 上海交通大学 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 中国 75.4 104 110 浙江大学 Zhejiang University 中国 66.9 144 113 中国科技大学 University of Science and Technology of China 中国 66.7 147 130 南京大学 Nanjing University 中国 64.2 162 232 北京师范大学 Beijing Normal University 中国 49.2 240 273 武汉大学 Wuhan University 中国 44.9 335 277 南开大学 Nankai University 中国 44.7 328 291 哈尔滨工业大学 Harbin Institute of Technology 中国 43 481-490 307 中山大学 Sun Yat-sen University 中国 41.7 321 331 西安交通大学 Xi ’an Jiaotong University 中国 39.7 379 345 同济大学 Tongji University 中国 38.9 393 381 北京航空航天大学 Beihang University (former BUAA) 中国 36.1 451-460 401-410 北京理工大学 Beijing Institute of Technology 中国 - 501-550 401-410 厦门大学 Xiamen University 中国 - 441-450 411-420 上海大学 Shanghai University 中国 - 501-550 421-430 天津大学 Tianjin University 中国 - 501-550 441-450 华中科技大学 Huazhong University of Science and Technology 中国 - 481-490 441-450 人民大学 Renmin (People ’s) University of China 中国 - 461-470 451-460 吉林大学 Jilin University 中国 - 501-550 461-470 东南大学 Southeast University 中国 - 551-600 471-480 华东理工大学 East China University of Science and Technology 中国 - #N/A 491-500 四川大学 Sichuan University 中国 - #N/A 551-600 华东师范大学 East China Normal University 中国 - 501-550 551-600 山东大学 Shandong University 中国 - 551-600 551-600 华南理工大学 South China University of Technology 中国 - #N/A 551-600 北京科技大学 University of Science and Technology Beijing 中国 - #N/A 601-650 兰州大学 Lanzhou University 中国 - #N/A （作者：汪洋，里瑟琦智库研究员。 里瑟琦智库官方邮箱： research@shrbic.com ；WeChatID：idmresearch；里瑟琦智库官方网站： http://www.idmresearch.com ）
1） Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection （斯坦福大学），包含数据集见图一。 图一 2) ALEPHSYS -- Algorithms embedded in physical systems （Universidad Rovira i Virgili），数据集见图二(含多层网络数据集)。 图二 2.1） Alex Arenas Website ，包含数据集见图三。 Noted：Alex Arenas is a Prefessor of Universidad Rovira i Virgili, is interested in multilayer networks. 图二 3） Center for Complex Systems and Networks Research（CNetS） ，Indiana University, 包含数据集见图四。 图四 4) Cambridge Networks Network ,数据集见图五。 图五 5) Alessio Cardillo (涉及多层网研究) 6、 AMiner Paper Citation Author Collaboration Networks
斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目概况 黄安年推荐 黄安年的博客 / 2013 年 9 月 21 日 发布 6月19日,我的博文《斯坦福大学北美铁路华工项目网站启动》谈到:美国斯坦福大学的北美铁路华工项目（ ChineseRailroadWorkers in NorthAmerica Project at Stanford University）启动以来，进展顺利。值得赞许的是北美铁路华工网址（ ChineseRailroadWorkers.stanford.edu ）已经开通。 下面转发的该网站列出的 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目概况。 About Our Project Between 1865 and 1869, thousands of Chinese migrants toiled at a grueling pace and in perilous working conditions to help construct America’s First Transcontinental Railroad. The Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project seeks to give a voice to the Chinese migrants whose labor on the Transcontinental Railroad helped to shape the physical and social landscape of the American West. The Project coordinates research in the United States and Asia in order to create an on-line digital archive available to all. The Project is also organizing major conferences and public events at Stanford and in China in 2015 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the arrival of large numbers of Chinese to work on the railroad. Read More 诚征有兴趣的学者、机构参与本研究项目，帮助完成在中国当地档案馆、博物馆、图书馆的相关资料搜集工作，以及联络那些祖辈曾为华人劳工参与修筑铁路的当地家庭，这些家庭可能仍保存有祖辈们的书信和其他相关文件。同时，亦寻求与中国及其他各地博物馆、档案馆合作使用电子技术，以分享保存这些无价之宝。您是否有意成为该研究项目的合作人？您在博物馆、档案馆、图书馆相关资料搜集，以及个人家藏资料方面，是否有具体的建议？您或您所在机构的其他同事，是否有意发掘这些材料，并与我们共同合作参与北美中国铁路工人项目？ 阅读全文 Read More 誠徵有興趣的學者、機構參與本研究項目，幫助完成在中國當地檔案館、博物館的相關資料搜集工作，以及聯絡那些祖輩曾為華人勞工參與修築鐵路的當地家庭，這些家庭可能仍保存有祖輩們的書信和其他相關文件。同時，亦尋求與中國及其他各地博物館、檔案館、圖書館合作使用電子技術，以分享保存這些無價之寶。您是否有意成為該研究項目的合作人？您在博物館、檔案館、圖書館相關資料搜集，以及個人家藏資料方面，是否有具體的建議？您或您所在機構的其他同事，是否有意發掘這些材料，並與在此項目中與我們共同合作？ 閱讀全文 Read More http://www.stanford.edu/group/chineserailroad/cgi-bin/wordpress/ 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目 2015 年将是北美首条跨州铁路引进华人劳工参与修筑的第 150 个年头。这条铁路在利兰 · 斯坦福敲下黄金道钉的第一锤后 , 便正式东西铁路合轨。对利兰 · 斯坦福而言 , 华人劳工 ( 当时人数始终保持在一万至一万五千人左右 ) 在其财富创造与积累的整个过程中功不可没。正是由于他们辛勤的劳动 , 使得利兰 · 斯坦福拥有大量财富用以建立斯坦福大学。然而 , 这些华人劳工却从未得到过应有的重视。人们对他们的情况也所知甚少 , 比如 , 他们为什么背井离乡来到美国？在辛勤劳作时有过怎样的遭遇 ? 他们在美国如何生活 ? 建立起什么样的社群？他们修筑的铁路对远在中国的家人有什么影响 ? 对他们自身又有什么影响？铁路修筑完成以后 , 有些人回到了中国 , 有些人去到别处 , 也有些人留在了美国。他们的生活发生了什么样的变化 ? 这项研究的目的在于了解华人劳工对美国西部的地理景观和社会人文作出了哪些贡献。我们有许多关于华人劳工的照片和图片等 , 但却没有任何出自华人劳工之手的文稿。这即将到来的 150 周年无疑是一个契机，使我们得以展开对华人劳工日常生活的调查和研究。来自美国及亚洲国家的历史学家以及各个学科领域的专家学者将联手合作 , 寻找新的历史素材 , 从不同学科的角度去重估这一段被人遗忘的历史。 ( 这一研究项目以在美中国铁路工人为主 , 同时也关注铁路修筑完成以后这些人的生活状态。 ) 这项研究对斯坦福大学来说意义重大。一方面 , 它致力于再现一段本不应为人遗忘的历史。另一方面 , 这一跨国合作的长期研究项目无疑将为探索中美的共同历史创立新的典范。该研究项目组将设立于斯坦福大学东亚图书馆 , 研究所涉材料也将存于此馆。斯坦福大学现任校长已对此项目给予大力支持。 十九世纪至二十世纪初中国人在美国的历史带有跨国特质 , 因此需要从美国和中国两方面来叙述和研究。档案材料数字化的技术使我们得以从中美两方面、更深、更广地挖掘中国人在北美大地上的种种记录。中国铁路工人项目本身将引导学者以此材料为基础 , 展开更深入的研究。这些材料也将成为研究北美中国铁路工人生活的权威资料。中国铁路工人项目 包括 :(1) 制作上网可查、多语言、数字化的档案材料，以反映史料、图片、物品以及艺术品等各方面信息 ;(2) 2015 年在中国和美国斯坦福大学召开会议 ;(3) 出版相关学术著作。 项目组织者包括 : 斯坦福大学历史系教授、东亚研究中心主任张少书 , 人文中心 Joseph S. Atha 教授、英文系教授暨北美研究斯坦福项目主任费雪金。他们两人目前正与布朗大学教授、斯坦福大学校友胡其瑜 , 前斯坦福大学东亚图书馆馆长、现任美国国会图书馆亚洲部主任邵东方筹划此项目。另外 , 多名美国及亚洲著名学者亦参与其中。 诚征有兴趣的学者、机构参与本研究项目 , 帮助完成在中国地方档案馆、博物馆、图书馆的相关资料搜集工作 , 以及联络那些祖辈曾为华人劳工参与修筑铁路的当地家庭 , 这些家庭可能仍保存有祖辈们的书信和其他相关文件。同时 , 亦寻求与中国及其他各地博物馆、档案馆合作使用电子技术 , 以分享保存这些无价之宝。 您是否有意成为该研究项目的合作人？您在博物馆、档案馆、图书馆相关资料搜集以及个人家藏资料方面 , 是否有具体的建议？您或您所在机构的其他同事是否有意发掘这些材料 , 并与我们共同合作参与北美中国铁路工人项目 ? 有意者敬请电邮北美中国铁路工人项目联系人 Hilton Obenzinger 至 ChineseRailroadWorkers@stanford.edu, 告知详情及联系方式。
斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目团队 黄安年推荐 黄安年的博客 / 2013 年 9 月 21 日 发布 6月19日,我的博文《斯坦福大学北美铁路华工项目网站启动》谈到:美国斯坦福大学的北美铁路华工项目（ ChineseRailroadWorkers in NorthAmerica Project at Stanford University）启动以来，进展顺利。值得赞许的是北美铁路华工网址（ ChineseRailroadWorkers.stanford.edu ）已经开通。 下面转发的该网站列出的 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目团队。 People Project Leaders Gordon Chang Co-Director Professor of History, Olive H. Palmer Professor in Humanities; Director, Center for East Asian Studies, Stanford University Gordon Chang’s research focuses on the history of America-East Asia relations and on Asian American history. He is affiliated with the Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity, the American Studies Program, International Relations Program, and the Center for East Asian Studies. He is particularly interested in the historical connections between race and ethnicity in America and foreign relations, and explores these interconnections in his teaching and scholarship. He is a recipient of both Guggenheim and ACLS fellowships, and has been a three-time fellow at the Stanford Humanities Center. Chang is the editor or author of a number of essays and books, including American Asian Art: A History, 1850 – 1970; Chinese American Voices: From the Gold Rush to the Present (2006); Asian Americans and Politics: An Exploration (2001); Morning Glory, Evening Shadow: Yamato Ichihashi and His Wartime Writing, 1942-1945 (1997); and Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (1990). Chinese American Voices is a collaboration with two other historians and presents the words of Chinese Americans from the mid-19th century to the recent past. Chang’s most recent work, American Asian Art , is the first comprehensive study of the lives and artistic production of American Asian artists active in the United States before 1970. The books features essays by ten leading scholars, biographies of more than 150 artists and over 400 reproductions of artwork, ephemera and images of artists. He is on the Advisory Board of the Journal of Transnational American Studies . He is currently completing a long history of America-China relations from Jamestown to the present and is studying Leland Stanford’s relationship to the Chinese in America. Shelley Fisher Fishkin Co-Director Joseph S. Atha Professor of Humanities, Professor of English, and Director of American Studies, Stanford University Shelley Fisher Fishkin has taught at Stanford since 2003. She is the author, editor, or co-editor of over forty books, and has published over one hundred articles, essays and reviews, many of which have focused on issues of race and racism in America, and on recovering previously silenced voices from the past. Her books have won two “Outstanding Academic Title” awards from Choice, an award from the the National Journalism Scholarship Society, and “Outstanding Reference Work” awards from Library Journal and the New York Public Library. She holds a Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale. Before coming to Stanford, she was chair of the American Studies Department at the University of Texas at Austin. Since 2003, the challenge of doing transnational research in American Studies has been a central concern. Her publications on this topic include “Crossroads of Cultures: The Transnational Turn in American Studies—Presidential Address to the American Studies Association, November 12, 2004.” American Quarterly Vol. 57, No. 1 (March 2005); “Asian Crossroads/Transnational American Studies.” Japanese Journal of American Studies No. 17 (2006); “American Literature in Transnational Perspective: The Case of Mark Twain,” in the Blackwell Companion to American Literary Studies, Ed. Caroline F. Levander and Robert S. Levine; (2011); “A Brief for Digital Palimpsest Mapping Projects (DPMPs) or ‘Deep Maps.’” Journal of Transnational American Studies . 3:2 (2011) ; “Mapping Transnational American Studies,” in Transnational American Studies, Ed. Udo J. Hebel , Universittverlag Winter (2012); and “Mapping American Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Transnational Perspectives” in The Transnationalism of American Culture, Ed.Rocio Davis , New York: Routledge (2013). She has keynoted American Studies conferences in Beijing, Calcutta, Cambridge, Copenhagen, Dublin, Hong Kong, Kunming, Kyoto, La Corua, Lisbon, Nanjing, Shanghai, Taipei, and Tokyo, and her work has been translated into Arabic, Chinese, Georgian, Italian, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish. She is a member of the Board of Governors of the Humanities Research Institute of the University of California, and serves on the international jury for the 2013 Francqui Prize. She is a Past President of the American Studies Association, past chair of the Nonfiction Prose Division of the Modern Language Association, and a Founding Editor of the Journal of Transnational American Studies . For further info please visit her biography on the English Department website . Evelyn Hu-Dehart Professor of History and Ethnic Studies, and Director of the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America, Brown University Evelyn Hu-DeHart joined Brown from the University of Colorado at Boulder where she was Chair of the Department of Ethnic Studies and Director of the Center for Studies of Ethnicity and Race in America. She has also taught at the City University of New York system, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, University of Arizona and University of Michigan, as well as lectured at universities and research institutes in Mexico, Peru, Cuba, France, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China. She often describes herself as a multicultural person who speaks several languages (including English, Chinese, French, and Spanish) and moves easily among several cultures. Her professional life has focused on what Cuban historian Juan Perez de la Riva calls “historia de la gente sin historia.” In 2011-12, she was the Santander Visiting Professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing, and lectured all over China, introducing Chinese audiences to the little known subject of Chinese migration to Latin America and the Caribbean. Professor Hu-DeHart was born in China and immigrated to the United States with her parents when she was 12. As an undergraduate at Stanford University, she studied in Brazil on an exchange program and returned after graduation with a Fulbright fellowship. She became fascinated with Latin America and that interest eventually led her to a Ph.D. in Latin American history from the University of Texas at Austin. She is also the recipient of an Honorary Degree from the University of Notre Dame. Prof. Hu-DeHart has written two books on the Yaqui Indians on the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, and has been engaged in an long term, ongoing research project on the Chinese diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean. The goal of her diaspora proje ct is to uncover and recover the history of Asian migration to Latin America and the Caribbean, and to document and analyze the contributions of these immigrants to the formation of Latin/Caribbean societies and cultures. It should also contribute towards theorizing diasporas and transnationalism. Hu-DeHart also hopes that her work will broaden the scope of Asian American studies as well as contribute to a subject not well covered within Latin American studies. Prof. Hu-DeHart has published in English, Chinese, Spanish, and on five continents–North and South America, Asia, Australia, and Europe. Selected publicationson the Chinese diaspora include these articles: “ Huagong and Huashang : The Chinese as Laborers and Merchants in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Amerasia Journal 28:2 (2002); “Opium and Social Control: Coolies on the Plantations of Peru and Cuba,” Journal of Overseas Chinese , 1:2 (November 2005); “Latin America in Asia-Pacific Perspective,” in Rhacel Parreas and Lok Siu (eds), Asian Diasporas . Stanford 2007; “Indispensable Enemy or Convenient Scapegoat? A Critical Examination of Sinophobia in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Journal of Chinese Overseas 5:1 (September 2009); “Chinatowns and Borderlands: Inter-Asian Encounters in the Diaspora,” Modern Asian Studies 46:2 (2012); “Integration and Exclusion: The Chinese in Multiracial Latin America and the Caribbean,” TAN Chee-Beng, ed., Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora , 2012. She is also the editor of several anthologies and journal special issues: Across the Pacific: Asian Americans and Globalization , Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999; Asians in the Americas: Transculturations and Power (co-editor with Lane Hirabayashi), special issue of Amerasia Journal 28:2 (2002) ; Voluntary Associations in the Chinese Diaspora (co-edited with Khun Eng Kuah-Pearce), Hong Kong U. Press, 2006; Asia and Latin America , special issue of REVIEW: Literature and Arts of the Americas 72 (Spring 2006); “ Afro-Asia ,” (Guest Editor with Kathleen López), special issue of Afro-Hispanic Review 27: 1 (Spring 2008). She is on the Advisory Board of the Journal of Transnational American Studies . Dongfang Shao Chief, Asian Division, Library of Congress, USA Born in China, Dongfang Shao received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in history from Beijing Normal University, and came to the United States in 1986 and earned his PhD in history from the University of Hawai’i at Manoa with a fellowship from the East-West Center in Honolulu. Dr. Shao taught for nearly six years in the Chinese Studies Department of the National University of Singapore and also served for two years on the Advisory Panel for Singapore National Library Board’s Chinese Library Service before moving to Stanford University in 1999. As a visiting professor in the Department of Asian Languages, Dr. Shao taught graduate level courses on Sinological research methods and topics in advanced Classical Chinese; and he also advised doctoral candidates on their dissertation research. Subsequently appointed research fellow in Stanford’s innovative Asian Religions Cultures Initiative, he continued teaching and provided advanced reference and research assistance as well as bibliographic instruction to students in the university’s Departments of East Asian Cultures and Languages, History, and Religious Studies. In May 2003, after one academic year teaching at Fo Guang University in Taiwan, Dr. Shao was appointed head of Stanford’s East Asia Library, the university’s primary East Asian-language collection in the social sciences and humanities for all historical periods. Dr. Dongfang Shao is a well-known and highly respected scholar of Chinese history, literature and culture on both sides of the Pacific. He has numerous publications to his credit, including five monographs, seven edited books, as well as many articles in academic journals, book chapters, encyclopedia entries and book reviews. The Bamboo Annals , one of the most important ancient Chinese texts, is a subject of particular interest and expertise to Dr. Shao. He co-authors with Professor David S. Nivison, A New Study and Translation of the Bamboo Annals , which will be published by the University of Washington Press. Dr. Shao is also an experienced translator of scholarly publications from English into Chinese and vice versa. Dr. Shao has also provided ongoing research and academic consultation services to several higher education institutes in China, including Beijing Normal University, Beijing Jiaotong University and Xiangtan University. Dr. Shao began his new responsibilities as chief of Asian Division, Library of Congress in Washington, DC on April 23, 2012. In this capacity, he serves as the Library of Congress’ primary expert in the provision of reference services related to material in all languages of Asia and the Pacific Islands, and has custodial responsibility for the largest Asian language collections outside of Asia. Dr. Shao was appointed by President John L. Hennessy as a member of Advisory Council of Stanford University Libraries in July 2012. Hilton Obenzinger Associate Director, Chinese Railroad Workers Project; Lecturer, American Studies and English, Stanford University Hilton Obenzinger writes cultural criticism, history, fiction and poetry. He is the author of American Palestine: Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land Mania , a literary and historical study of America’s fascination with the Holy Land. He has published chapters in books and articles in scholarly journals on American travel writing, Mark Twain, Herman Melville, and American cultural interactions with the Middle East, such as “Melville, Holy Lands, and Settler-Colonial Studies,” “Naturalizing Cultural Pluralism, Americanizing Zionism: The Settler Colonial Basis to Early-Twentieth-Century Progressive Thought,” “‘Wicked Books’: Melville and Religion,” “Melting-Pots and Promised Lands: Zionism, the Idea of America, and Israel Zangwill,” “Better Dreams: The Philippine-American War and Twain’s ‘Exploding’ Novel” and “Going to Tom’s Hell in Huckleberry Finn .” He is currently writing Melting Pots and Promised Lands: Early Zionism and the Idea of America , a study of entwined settler colonial narratives from the nineteenth century to 1948. He has most recently published an autobiographical novel Busy Dying . His other books include Cannibal Eliot and the Lost Histories of San Francisco, New York on Fire, Running through Fire: How I Survived the Holocaust by Zosia Goldberg, and This Passover Or The Next I Will Never Be In Jerusalem , whichreceived the American Book Award. At Stanford University he teaches American studies and writing. Denise Khor Director of Research, Chinese Railroad Workers Project Denise Khor is Visiting Scholar at Stanford’s Center for Comparative Studies in Race and Ethnicity. She received her Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies at UC San Diego and her research interests include 20th century U.S. social and cultural history, comparative ethnic studies, Asian American history, and cinema studies. She held a postdoctoral position in the MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies at Yale University and was a lecturer in the Department of History at Harvard University. Her first book manuscript, “Pacific Theater: Movie-going and Migration in Asian America, 1907 to 1950,” examines the circulation of films across the Pacific and the immigrant viewing publics that emerged in major hubs throughout the western regions of the United States and Hawai’i. It follows the historical experiences of Japanese and Japanese Americans as spectators, exhibitors, and producers of a transnational film culture that took shape in the early twentieth century. Chapters from the book have been published in Pacific Historical Review vol. 81 issue 3 (August 2012) and The Rising Tide of Color: Race, Radicalism, and Repression on the Pacific Coast and Beyond , ed. Moon-Ho Jung (Seattle: University of Washington Press, forthcoming). Participants Zhongping Chen Associate Professor of History, University of Victoria Zhongping Chen was born and grew up in China. He successively received his B.A. and M.A. from Nanjing University in 1982 and 1984, as well as his PhD from the University of Hawaii in 1998. In addition to his early teaching career at Nanjing Normal University, Chen has mainly taught courses and done research in the fields of Chinese history and the history of the global Chinese diaspora at McGill University, Trent University and the University of Victoria. His Chinese and English publications include three books and dozens of journal articles. His most recent publication is Modern China’s Network Revolution: Chambers of Commerce and Sociopolitical Change in the Early Twentieth Century (Stanford: CA: Stanford University Press, 2011). In the field of Chinese Canadian history, he published three academic articles that examine the Chinese experience in Peterborough (near Toronto) from cross-cultural, ethnic and diasporic perspectives. He is currently working on a new book entitled “Reform and Revolution in the Transpacific Chinese Diaspora, 1884-1918.” Philip P. Choy Independent Scholar Philip Choy is a retired architect and renowned historian of Chinese American studies born in San Francisco on December 17, 1926. He grew up in San Francisco Chinatown and he was the fourth in family of five children with three older sisters and a younger brother. He is also the author of San Francisco Chinatown: A Guide to Its History Architecture (2012), Canton Footprints: Sacramento’s Chinese Legacy (2007), and The Coming Man: 19th Century American Perceptions of the Chinese (1994). During high school, Choy enlisted in the Army Air Corps. He attended San Francisco City College during World War II until he was called to active duty for basic training in Biloxi, Mississippi. There, in the south, he decided to become an activist after witnessing first-hand the influence of segregation. After the war, he earned a degree in architecture from UC Berkeley and was involved in residential and commercial design for 50 years. During the Civil Rights era of the 1960s, Choy became president of the Chinese Historical Society of America and in 1969, he teamed up with historian Him Mark Lai to teach the first-ever Chinese American history course at San Francisco State University in 1969. Even though he has retired from teaching, he is still an adjunct professor in San Francisco State’s Asian American Studies Department. He has served on the San Francisco Landmark Advisory Board, on the California State Historical Resources Commission from June 2001 to June 2005, five times as President of the Chinese Historical Society of America (CHSA), and currently as an emeritus CHSA board member. He is also a recipient of the prestigious San Francisco State University President’s Medal in 2005, the Silver SPUR Awards in 2009, and the Oscar Lewis Award for Western History in 2011. Choy has been a community activist known for landmark preservation in San Francisco. Choy has devoted his career to researching, preserving, advocating, and disseminating Chinese American history. Choy was the first to make a video documentary series on Chinese American history for public broadcasting called the “Gum Saan Haak” (Travelers to Gold Mountain, 1971-1974). He also publicly berated the head of the Commission of the 1969 Transcontinental Railroad Centennial at a separate program the same day of the commemoration for not placing the Chinese Historical Society of America on the same program and not giving credit to the Chinese in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. He also advocated the preservation of the Angel Island Immigration Station and in 1993, and he wrote the case study to nominate it to the National Registry of Historic Place, because of its historical significance as a place where many Chinese immigrants were detained and because it also offers a close look at important history lessons about the early Chinese pioneers. Yin Chuang Senior lecturer emeritus, Department of East Asian Cultures and Languages, Stanford University Yin Chuang created the beautiful calligraphy in the logo for the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project at Stanford that appears at the top of every page of this web site. Sue Fawn Chung Professor of History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas Sue Fawn Chung was born and raised in Los Angeles, California, received her bachelor’s degree from UCLA, her master’s from Harvard University, and her doctorate from UCB. She has worked with the Nevada State Railroad Museum and Nevada State Museum, both in Carson City, on exhibits and media programs on Chinese railroad workers (one set available on Youtube) and with David Bain on his WGBH/PBS educational film on the building of the first transcontinental railroad (based on his book). She co-edited Chinese American Death Rituals: Respecting the Ancestors (Altamire, 2005) with Priscilla Wegars and recently published In Pursuit of Gold: Chinese American Miners and Merchants in the American West (Urbana, 2011), which won the 2013 Bancroft Honor Award. She is currently finishing a book manuscript on Chinese immigrants working in the timber industry, which was related not only to mining but also to railroad construction. Pin–chia Feng Distinguished Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Chiao Tung University Pin–chia Feng is Distinguished Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at National Chiao Tung University, and Research Fellow of the Institute of European and American Studies, Academia Sinica (joint appointment). She was NCTU’s Dean of Academic Affairs, Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, Director of International Cooperation and Academic Exchange, Chairperson of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Director of NCTU Press, and Director of NCTU Film Studies Center. She was also President of the Comparative Literature Association of ROC (2005-2008), President of the Association of English and American Literature (2009-2011), and a recipient of the 2007 and 2010 Outstanding Research Award of Taiwan’s National Science Council. Feng received her Ph.D. in English from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1994). She writes on issues of gender, race, and representation in films as well as in Asian American, African American and Afro-Caribbean literatures. James Fichter Associate Professor, Department of History, Lingnan University James Fichter received his Ph.D., Harvard University, History, 2006 M.A., Harvard University, History, 2003 B.A., Brown University, History and International Relations, 2001. His areas of interest are Early American history, Atlantic history, British imperial history, global history, the US in the world, American studies, business history, economic history, environmental history, and the history of American-Chinese relations. He is the author of So Great a Proffit: How the East Indies Transformed Anglo-American Capitalism (Harvard University Press, 2010), which received the Thomas J. Wilson Prize, Harvard University Press (2009) Honorable Mention and the Ralph Gomory Prize from the Business History Conference (2011) His other book projects include Passage to India: The Suez Canal and the Anglo-French Empires in Asia, 1798-1885 and The Other Side: Chinese-American Relations from Origins to Present. His research interests also include Pacific labor traffic and Sino-American relations and he is interested in developing teaching materials on the Chinese railroad workers for use in courses on the history of Chinese-American relations. Barre Fong Independent Filmmaker and Graphic Designer Barre Fong is a fourth generation, native San Franciscan. He was educated at the University of San Francisco and graduated in 1990. He has been married since 1997 and is the father of two young children. Professionally, Barre has owned and operated a graphic design, photography and video production studio since 1991. Serving local and international clients, work has included advertising, corporate collateral and communication, commercial photography, video production, website design and website administration. In 2009, Barre began filmmaking in earnest – completing five short documentary films over the next three years. His film Detained at Liberty’s Door , produced with historian Connie Young Yu, is currently featured at the Angel Island Immigration Station. Barre serves on the Board of Trustees of the Katherine Delmar Burke School in San Francisco and is the President of the Board of Directors at the Chinese Historical Society of America. Hsinya Huang Professor of American and Comparative Literature and Dean of the College of Arts and Humanities, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan Hsinya Huang was born in Taiwan and obtained her B.A. from National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, and her M.A. and Ph.D. in Comparative Literature from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, U.S., and has been on the National Sun Yat-sen University (Taiwan) faculty since 2006, where she is currently Dean of the College of Arts and Humanities and Professor of American and Comparative Literature. She served as Chair of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature from 2006 to 2009, as Director of Arts Center from 2009-2010, and Vice President for Students Affairs from 2010-2011. Huang is the author or editor of numerous books and articles on contemporary literature and culture, indigenous literature, eco-criticism, comparative literature, post-colonial literature and ethnic minority literature, published in Taiwan and abroad, and has also published reviews and autobiographical works. Her most recent book publications include (De)Colonizing the Body: Disease, Empire, and (Alter)Native Medicine in Contemporary Native American Women’s Writings (2004) and Huikan beimei yuanzhumin wenxue: duoyuan wenhua de shengsi ( Native North American Literatures: Reflections on Multiculturalism ) (2009), the first Chinese essay collection on Native North American literatures. She guest-edited a special forum on transnational Native American studies for The Journal of Transnational American Studies (U of California, eScholarship) with Philip J. Deloria, the 2008-2009 President of the American Studies Association, and a special issue on eco-criticism for Comparative Literature Studies (Penn State). She also edited the English translation of The History of Taiwanese Indigenous Literatures and is currently editing two essay volumes, Aspects of Transnational and Ocean and Ecology in the Trans-Pacific Context . She is Editor-in-Chief of Review of English and American Literature and Sun Yat-sen Journal of Humanities. She currently serves on the Advisory Board, The Center for Comparative Indigenous Studies, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitt Mainz, Germany; Advisory Committee for International Collaboration, National Science Council, Taiwan; Planning Committee, Translations of Indigenous Texts, The Council for Indigenous Peoples, Taiwan; and Advisory Editorial Board, The Journal of Transnational American Studies, JTAS , U.S. She was on International Committee of the American Studies Association, U.S., 2008-2011, and Program Committee of the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Studies Association. Her current research project focuses on Trans-Pacific indigenous literatures. Wen Jin Associate Professor in English, Fudan University Wen Jin, Associate Professor in English, Fudan University, since February 2013, was Assistant Professor in English at Columbia University from 2006 to 2012. Her book, Pluralist Universalism: An Asian Americanist Critique of U.S. and Chinese Multiculturalisms (2012), is an extended comparison of U.S. and Chinese multiculturalisms during the post–Cold War era. The book brings together American, Chinese, and Chinese American fiction to model a “double critique” framework for U.S.–Chinese comparative literary studies. She has published essays on American and Asian American literature in various journals, including American Quarterly , Contemporary Literature, Critique, Journal of Transnational American Studies, Amerasia Journal, Dushu, and collected volumes. She has recently undertaken a new comparative project on the relations among narrative genres, literary markets, and habits of reading in twentieth century China and America. At Fudan, she is organizing an international seminar series on Cognitive Approaches to Literary Studies. Corey Masao Johnson Technical Advisor, Chinese Railroad Workers Project Corey Masao Johnson is a PhD student in the Program in Modern Thought and Literature at Stanford University. Originally from Hilo, Hawaii, he is researching the colonization of the Pacific in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries from the vantage points of American Studies and Postcolonial Critique. Beth Lew-Williams ACLS New Faculty fellow appointed in History and Asian American Studies, Northwestern University Beth Lew-Williams specializes in U.S. history, Asian American studies, the U.S. West, and the Pacific World. She earned her PhD in history at Stanford University in 2011 and is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor at Northwestern University appointed in history and Asian American studies. She is working on her first book (under contract with Harvard University Press), which examines Chinese immigration and anti-Chinese violence in the 19th-century West. This project explores how American’s first attempt to close its borders was deeply entangled with U.S. imperial ambitions in Asia. In support of this research, she has received funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the George P. Shultz Fund in Canadian Studies. Before coming to Northwestern, Lew-Williams was a fellow at the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. Sharon Luk Lecturer, Stanford University Sharon Luk completed her M.A. in Education at UCLA and Ph.D. in American Studies and Ethnicity at USC. Her doctoral research, “The Life of Paper: A Poetics,” explores the role of letter correspondence in practices of social reproduction, specifically within histories of racism, mass incarceration, and social struggle in California and the West. Sharon received B.A. degrees in Comparative Literature and Ethnic Studies from Brown University. She was born and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area and has also worked in the fields of youth/community development and independent media. Joseph Ng Friends of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project Joseph Ng was a graduate student at the History Department at Stanford under professors Lyman Van Slyke and Harold Kahn. After a career in high tech finance in the Silicon Valley, Joseph is returning to the passion of his youth, history. He is committed to support the Friends of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project. David Palumbo-Liu Louise Hewlett Nixon Professor and Director of Comparative Literature , Stanford University David Palumbo-Liu’s fields of interest include social and cultural criticism, literary theory and criticism, East Asian and Asia Pacific American studies. His most recent book, The Deliverance of Others: Reading Literature in a Global Age (Duke, 2012) addresses the role of contemporary humanistic literature with regard to the instruments and discourses of globalization, seeking to discover modes of affiliation and transnational ethical thinking; he is also co-editor with Bruce Robbins and Nirvana Tanoukhi of Immanuel Wallerstein and the Problem of the World: System, Scale, Culture (Duke, 2011). His other books include The Poetics of Appropriation: The Literary Theory and Practice of Huang Tingjian (1045-1105) ; The Ethnic Canon: Histories, Institutions, Interventions ; Streams of Cultural Capital: Transnational Cultural Studies ; Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier . Palumbo-Liu is most interested in issues regarding social theory, community, race and ethnicity, justice, globalization, and the specific role that literature and the humanities play in helping us address each of these areas. He is the founding editor of Occasion: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities (found on Arcade) and blogs for TruthOut and The Boston Review . Please visit his website for more information, essays, blogs, events. Jean Pfaelzer Professor of American Studies, Asian Studies, English and Women’s Studies at the University of Delaware Jean Pfaelzer is Professor of American Studies, Asian Studies, English and Women’s Studies at the University of Delaware. During Spring, 2011, she was awarded the Senior Fulbright in American Culture at the University of Utrecht, NL. She is the author of Driven Out: The Forgotten War Against Chinese Americans, ( Random House, Hardback University of California Press, Paperback, 2007, 2008) , the author of four other books including Parlor Radical: Rebecca Harding Davis and the Origins of American Social Realism and The Utopian Novel in America: The Politics of Form. Prof. Pfaelzer is working on her forthcoming book Of Human Bondage: Slavery in California and completing Muted Mutinies: Slave Revolts on Chinese Coolie Ships (both University of California Press). Driven Out was named one of the 100 notable books of the year by the New York Times , San Francisco Chronicle , Top Ten Books of the Year by Choice , and based on her research Pfaelzer was named Asian American Hero. Jean is on the Scholars Council of the National Women’s History Museum and was a consultant on the “1882 Project” which passed the US Senate and House of Representative in spring 2012 to acknowledge the history of anti-Chinese legislation. She writes for Huffington Post , History News Network, and The Globalist . Jean is currently on the team curating I Want the Wide American Earth: An Asian Pacific American Story for the Smithsonian Museum of American History which will open in May 2013. In 2013 she will hold the Bartlett Giamatti Fellowship, Beinecke Library, Yale Univ. Jean Pfaelzer received her Ph.D. from University College, London, Graduate Certificate in Politics and Culture from Cambridge University (Dir. Raymond Williams) and BA and MA from Univ. California, Berkeley (Dir. Henry Nash Smith). She has served as Chair of the International Women’s Task Force of the American Studies Association, on the International Committee of ASA, and the Women’s Committee of ASA. She has taught and delivered lectures at Xi’an International Studies University, China, and at the Universities of Granada, Malaga, Barcelona, Seville, in Spain; Universities of Utrecht, Leiden, Nijmegen , Netherlands; Univ. at Thessaloniki, GR; University of Norwich, UK, and University of Coimbra, Portugal, amongst other places. She has served as the Executive Director of the National Labor Law Center, and as Senior Legislative Analyst for Hon. Frank McCloskey, US House of Representatives, on issues of immigration, labor, and women. She speaks frequently on National Public Radio on issues of immigration and labor. Qi Qiu Interim Head/Bibliographer for Chinese/East Asian Collections, Stanford University Qi Qiu is Interim Head of the Stanford East Asia Library (EAL). She is also the bibliographer for EAL’s Chinese and Western language collections on East Asia. Holding a doctoral degree in communication and a bachelor’s degree in English literature, she has interests in and writes about China’s media system, history of journalism and pro-social communication. Yuan Shu Associate Professor, Texas Tech University Yuan Shu received his combined Ph. D in English and American Studies at Indiana University at Bloomington in 1999. At Texas Tech University, he teaches contemporary American literature with an emphasis on postmodern American fiction, Vietnam War literature, and Asian American studies. He has published articles in journals that vary from Cultural Critique to College Literature . He is completing his book manuscript “Empire and Cosmopolitics: Technology, Discourse, and Chinese American Literature.” Chris Suh Doctoral Candidate, History, Stanford University Chris Suh is a PhD candidate in the department of history at Stanford University and an associate managing editor for special forums of the Journal of Transnational American Studies (JTAS). He has worked on various web projects including Perry in Japan: A Visual History , and most recently he cowrote with Greg Robinson, “Historical Consciousness and Transnational American Studies,” Journal of Transnational American Studies 4, no. 2 (2012). Sun Yifeng Professor of Translation Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong Prof. Sun Yifeng is the author of several books, including Fragmentation and Dramatic Moments (2002) and Perspective, Interpretation and Culture: Literary Translation and Translation Theory (2004, 2nd ed. 2006), and co-editor of Translation, Globalisation and Localisation (2008) and editor of Anthology of 20th Century Chinese Literature: Novellas and Short Stories (forthcoming). Jinhua (Selia) Tan Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Research Center for Overseas Chinese Hometown Culture in Guangdong Province, Wuyi University Jinhua Tan was a researcher and director in the Kaiping Diaolou Research Department of the Kaiping Municipal Government from 2004 to 2008. She helped set up the Kaiping Diaolou Archives and the exhibitions for the heritage area in Kaiping. She also helped set up the Sun Yat-sen University Research Base in Kaiping. She was one of the key preparers for the application dossier and the management plan submitted to UNESCO for the World Heritage listing application in 2006. She researched the local history and culture of Sze Yip and Kaiping for a few years, although she was a conservationist by training. She is one of the key researchers of the Research Center for Overseas Chinese Hometown Culture of Guangdong Province, Wuyi University. She received her Masters degree in the Department of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong. Currently she is a PhD candidate at the same department. She teaches part-time at the Department of Architecture, Wuyi University since 2009. She was invited to lecture in more than ten overseas institutions about the background history of overseas Chinese hometowns and the conservation practice of the World Heritage sites of Kaiping. Cecilia Tsu Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of California, Davis A U.S. historian with research and teaching interests in Asian American history, race and ethnicity, immigration, California and the American West, Cecilia Tsu is currently completing a book titled Asian Migration and the Making of Race, Gender, and Agriculture in California’s Santa Clara Valley, 1880-1940 , under contract with Oxford University Press. As one of the first comparative historical studies of Asian immigrants in rural California, this book reclaims two important, intersecting histories that have been obscured in recent years by the emergence of “Silicon Valley”: the Santa Clara Valley’s rich agricultural past and the history of the Asian farmers and laborers who cultivated the land. It argues that the arrival of Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos in the Santa Clara Valley changed the ways in which residents conceptualized and practiced agriculture during the region’s peak decades of horticultural production. Migrants from Asia contributed to the shaping of agriculture in the “Garden of the World,” as well as to residents’ understanding of race, gender, and what it meant to be an American family farmer. This book is based on her Ph.D. dissertation, which won the W. Turrentine Jackson Dissertation Award from the American Historical Association, Pacific Coast Branch, and the Gilbert C. Fite Dissertation Award from the Agricultural History Society. Tsu is in the early stages of working on a new book project that will trace the process through which certain regions in the greater American West came to be known as “majority-Asian,” with enormous consequences for patterns of race relations and institutionalized policies affecting ethnic minorities. This project will also examine how Hawaii came to represent the prototype of the ominous majority-Asian community in the early twentieth century and the role this U.S. territory played in the debates over Japanese immigration and exclusion on the mainland. Barbara Voss Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, Stanford University Barbara Voss’s research program is centered on two primary interests: historical archaeology and sexuality studies. Within historical archaeology, her research focuses on the dynamics and outcomes of transnational cultural encounters in the Americas. This research includes ongoing investigations of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, including (since 1992) field and laboratory research at the Presidio of San Francisco. In the past decade, she has expanded this work on cultural encounters into the archaeology of overseas Chinese communities in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In this capacity she serves as Principal Investigator of the Market Street Chinatown Archaeology Project, a community-based research program developed to study and interpret the history and archaeology of San Jose’s first Chinese community. The second focus of her research is sexuality studies in archaeology. She strives to generate a productive dialogue between queer studies and archaeology, and to develop rigorous methodologies that support the study of sexuality and gender through archaeological evidence. Most recently she has been exploring the relationship between queer theory and postcolonial theory in archaeology, the subject of her recent book The Archaeology of Colonialism: Intimate Encounters and Sexual Effects , co-edited with El Casella. Throughout she is guided by a deep commitment to public archaeology and collaborative research. Xiao-huang Yin ( 尹晓煌 ) Professor and Chair, American Studies Department and Special Adviser to the President on Chinese Initiatives, Occidental College; Changjiang Chair Professor, Nanjing University Dr. Yin has served as the founding director of the Global Studies in the Arts and Humanities at Michigan State University and represented CIEE and IES to conduct program reviews in China. Specializing in transnational/transcultural studies of the Chinese American experience, U.S.-China relations, and modern China, Dr. Yin is the author of Chinese American Literature since the 1850s (Illinois, 2000) and co-editor of The Expanding Roles of Chinese Americans in U.S.-China Relations (M.E. Sharpe, 2002). He is also an advisory editor of and a contributor to New Americans: Immigration to the United States since the 1960s (Harvard, 2007) and a contributor to many other books, including The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History (Oxford, 2012), The Blackwell Companion to American Immigration (Blackwell, 2006), Chinese American Transnationalism (Temple, 2005), Diaspora Philanthropy and Equitable Development: Perspectives on China and India (Harvard, 2004), American Babel: Essays on Language, Immigration and Translation (Harvard, 2003), The Outlook of U.S.-China Relations (Hong Kong, 2001), and Multilingual America: Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and the Languages of American Literature (NYU, 1998) as well as journals/magazines such as American Quarterly , American Studies, American Periodicals , Arizona Quarterly , Journal of American-East Asian Relations, Journal of Chinese Overseas, Atlantic Monthly , etc. In addition, he has published extensively in Chinese on the Chinese Diaspora, U.S.-China relations and transcultural studies, including An Anthology of Global and Transnational Studies (co-edited with He Changzhou). Connie Young Yu Independent Scholar Connie Young Yu, independent historian, has documented Chinese American history in exhibits, videos, and writings largely based on oral history, artifacts and memorabilia of her family. Her maternal great-grandfather, Lee Wong Sang worked on the Transcontinental Railroad, and her paternal grandfather Young Soong Quong fled the Market Street Chinatown in San Jose, when it was burned by arson. Her father, John C. Young, was born and raised in Heinlenville Chinatown, San Jose, which is the subject of Yu’s book, CHINATOWN, SAN JOSE, published by History/San Jose. The exhibit at the Chinese Historical Society, “Detained at Liberty’s Door” is about Yu’s maternal grandmother held on Angel Island Immigration Station. Connie was one of the community activists that saved the immigration barracks on Angel Island in 1974. She was a consultant on the archaeological excavations of the Woolen Mills Chinatown (at route 87) and San Jose’s Corporation Yard in Japantown. With Leslie Masunaga, Yu curated the exhibit on the history and archaeology of Chinatown and early Japantown, “On Common Ground”, for the Japanese American Museum of San Jose. She is co-authoring a book with Masunaga, ”Digging to Common Ground,” to be published by the California History Center. Yu is a board member emeritus, Chinese Historical Society of America and serves as president of the board of trustees of Hakone Foundation. Yuan Ding ( 袁丁 ) 中山大学历史系教授 Professor and Director of South-East Asia Study Institute, Sun Yat-sen University; Associate Editor-in-Chief of the Guangdong Overseas Chinese History Project Yuan Ding, born in 1957 in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, graduated from History Department of Sun Yat-sen University and Institute of Southeast Asian Studies with a master’s degree and obtained a doctorate degree in history from Jinan University in 1988. Yuan is professor and doctorate supervisor in the History Department, Sun Yat-sen University, and director of South-East Asia Study Institute of Sun Yat-sen University. Visiting scholar at Harvard University in 1997-1998. Executive Director of Guangdong Overseas Chinese Historical Society, Vice President of Guangdong Overseas Chinese Study Association, Executive Director of China Southeast Asian Studies Association. Expertise in the Modern History of Overseas Chinese and Southeast Asia regions. Dr. Yuan is associate editor-in-chief of the Guangdong Overseas Chinese History Project. The project, sponsored and funded by the Guangdong Provincial Government and led by Zhu Xiaodan, governor of Guangdong province, utilizes historical materials of Guangdong Chinese immigrants to conduct a systematic and comprehensive survey of social and economic development, assimilation and contribution of these immigrants to their migrated countries.Yuan’s main academic works include Overseas Chinese Affairs and Negotiations between China and Foreign Countries in Late Qing Dynasty , Study on Modern Overseas Affairs Policy . Rene Yung Project Director and Artistic Director, Chinese Whispers Rene Yung is an internationally exhibiting artist, designer, thinker, and writer. Combining the poetic and the incisive, her cross-disciplinary civic engagement works address social and cultural issues in the built environment by connecting people, history, and place to articulate the hidden and the overlooked. Her work has been exhibited at international venues including TransCulture, part of the 46th Venice Biennale, and she has created extensive public projects for national institutions including the Wing Luke Asian Museum, Seattle and consulted for the Maya Lin-designed Museum of Chinese in the Americas, New York. Yung is Project and Artistic Director of Chinese Whispers , a multi-site, multi-platform research and storytelling project about the Chinese who helped build the Transcontinental Railroad and the settlements of the American West. She is Artistic Director of “ City Beneath the City ,” an art installation featuring artifacts from the San Jose Market Street Chinatown excavation, in collaboration with the Stanford Archaeology Center, History San Jose, Chinese Historical Cultural Project, and the San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art. The installation was created for the San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art as part of the Zero1 art and technology biennale “Seeking Silicon Valley,” and was also adapted for exhibition at the Stanford Archaeology Center. An alumna of Stanford University, Yung has received numerous grant awards, including from the San Francisco Foundation, the California Humanities Council, the Creative Work Fund, Creative Capital, and the San Francisco Arts Commission. A native of Hong Kong, Yung currently resides in San Francisco. Zhang Guoxiong ( 张国雄 ) 五邑大学副校长 Vice-Chancellor, Wu Yi University Zhang Guoxiong, born in 1955 in Chongqing, obtained his Masters and PhD degrees from the History Department of Wuhan University. He did post-doctoral work at Peking University in 1995, and is Vice Chancellor of Wu Yi University in Guangdong Province, Vice President of the Guangdong Overseas Chinese Historical Society, and Vice President of the Guangdong Overseas Chinese Research Association. He has expertise in the study of overseas Chinese culture and geography. His publications include Wuyi Cultural Origins , Hunan and Hubei Immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties , Cultural History of Wuyi Overseas Chinese . Zhang Yinglong ( 张应龙 ) 暨南大学华人华侨研究院副院长 Associate Dean, Academy of Overseas Chinese Studies in Jinan University Zhang Yinglong, born in 1958 in Chaoyang, Guangdong Province, graduated from the History Department of Jinan University in 1982 and obtained his doctorate degree of history from Jinan University in 1994. Zhang is professor and Associate Dean at the Overseas Chinese Institute at Jinan University, member of the Expert Advisory Committee of the State Council Overseas Chinese Affairs, Vice President of the Office of Overseas Chinese Historical Society, and Vice President of Guangdong Overseas Chinese Historical Society. He specialized in studies of overseas Chinese and ethnic Chinese in Malaysia. Main academic works include Singapore and Malaysia Overseas Chinese History (co-authored with Lin Yuanhui), Overseas Chinese and New China (chief editor), and Overseas Chinese Abroad and the Revolution of 1911 (chief editor). Stanford Undergraduate Researchers Kristen Lauren Lee ’13 Pearle Hsiao-Yueh Lun ’14 Kim Phuong Huynh ’14 Jill Madison ’13 Cleo Udry O’Brien ’13 Sarah Sadlier ’16 Emilia Schrier ’16 Aoxue Tang ’16 Angela Zhang ’16 http://www.stanford.edu/group/chineserailroad/cgi-bin/wordpress/people/
引言：耶鲁毕业后，大女儿到纽约South Bronx做了一年的AmeriCorps义工，立志为病人服务。今年同时被八所医学院录取，最后她决定去心仪已久的斯坦福大学，在众人的反对声中，甚至不惜推掉芝加哥医学院的四年全额奖学金。我们一方面为那到手的十几万美金可惜兴叹，一方面高高兴兴地送她去斯坦福大学医学院。我们家民主，尊重她的选择。不过我还是很想知道斯坦福大学到底有何过人之处，如此吸引她。 斯坦福大学医学院 文 美国严教授 耶鲁毕业后，大女儿到纽约 AmeriCorps 义工，立志为病人服务。今年同时被八所医学院录取，最后她决定去心仪已久的斯坦福大学，在众人的反对声中，甚至不惜推掉芝加哥医学院的四年全额奖学金。我们一方面为那到手的十几万美金可惜兴叹，一方面高高兴兴地送她去斯坦福大学医学院。我们家民主，尊重她的选择。不过我还是很想知道斯坦福大学到底有何过人之处，如此吸引她。 San Jose ，加州的天是晴朗的天。先在学校附近的一家旅馆安顿下来，然后开着租来的车送她到学校宿舍去。一进校园，大道两旁的棕榈树马上夹道欢迎，在和煦的微风中载歌载舞。找到宿舍区，女儿领了钥匙，来到宿舍小楼前。楼前窗下绿草坪上栽着合欢树，柠檬树。那硕大的黄色柠檬从碧绿的树叶下探头探脑地观望我们一行人，有点想知道新来的主人是谁。稍作安顿，我们又开着车到学校附近买日常用品，一切都很方便。其间饿了，到位于 Tofu House 用了午餐，味道颇佳，印象颇好。虽然第一天匆匆忙忙，对斯坦福校区和附近的初始印象很不错。 来到医学院，两眼更是放光，美丽得让人窒息。远山如黛，阳光明媚的绿草坪上棕榈树亭亭玉立。春天的时候大女儿到这里来面试，完了立马从校园给她妈妈打电话，说决定到斯坦福医学院了，听得她妈妈目瞪口呆，芝加哥那么好的医学院不去了？那可是全奖呀！现在我们置身其中，才体会到这青春无敌的校园对年轻人具有多么大的诱惑力。能在这么优雅的环境中读书学习，实乃万幸。我和太太对望着，会心地一笑。连我都开起了玩笑，是不是辞掉现在的工作，也到这里来谋一个教授的职位，与青春作伴。我们进了 但是，真正让我诚服女儿的决定还是几天以后，其间我们到 Yosemite 去玩了一趟。 晚上，院长在李嘉诚学习和知识 Philip A. Pizzo 将医生的传家宝听诊器发给每个学生，上面刻有每个人的名字，仿佛将医生的责任和重担交给了他们。我家二十多代行医，母亲和弟弟也都是医生，此时感慨良多，欣慰异常，家有传人矣。 MD 们也都起立，陪着新生一起念。于是大家纷纷起立，宴会厅里响起了一片朗读声。 I pledge to devote my life tothe service of humanity; I will strive to acquire andshare new knowledge with my colleagues and my patients; I will approach each patientwith charity, attention, humility, and commitment; I will use my medicalknowledge and skills to promote human rights, social justice, and civilliberty; I will respect theconfidences with which I will be entrusted; I will uphold the integrityof the medical profession; I will not use my knowledgecontrary to the spirit of this Affirmation. Solemnly, freely, and upon myhonor. 完了，院长提醒大家回去后要多多温习这个誓词。 这一幕，我没有想到。坐在那里听她们念誓词时，许多往事止不住涌上心头。文化大革命中，母亲受人迫害。有一次迫害人的家属生病找母亲看病，担心不给看或看不好。母亲一视同仁，认真检查，热情有加。我年少不解，这种人还给他们看病？母亲和蔼地向我解释：我看的是病人，不是仇人。她一心想让我行医，屡屡教导我，行医以医德为上。我不难理解为什么她始终德高望重，门庭若市。我没有成为医生，但是她的孙女却要成为医生了，在斯坦福受着良好的医德教育，像她当年教导我一样。 (来源 来自《教育》 http://www.creativedu.org/OverseasVisionInfor.aspx?TID=273)
（转载）斯坦福大学设立全球性研究图书馆创新奖 转载 ▼ 标签： 斯坦福大学 研究图书馆 创新奖 校园 斯坦福大学上周宣布设立研究图书馆创新奖，该奖项为全球性奖项，评委为世界图书馆界大家（包括老友邵东方博士，美国国会图书馆亚洲部主任），每年颁发一次，现在开始征集2013年获奖提名，截止日期为2013年1月15日，2013年2月公布获奖名单。 Stanford Prize for Innovation in Research Libraries (SPIRL) SPIRL Entry form Purpose Stanford University Libraries offers a prize to recognize and celebrate innovation through programs, projects, and/or new or improved services that directly or indirectly benefit readers and users. The goal of this prize is to single out for community attention and to celebrate functionally significant results of the innovative impulses in libraries anywhere in the world that support research. The process of consideration for making awards is sponsored by the Stanford University Libraries (SUL). There will be a modest prize purse, with the principal emphasis of SPIRL on identifying and applauding distinguished peers in fostering better services to the research world. Eligibility: Research, national, or other library that supports research activities. Please note that SPIRL is not available to any of Stanford's libraries. Judging criteria Awards will be based on a single programmatic or project undertaking and/or a sustained culture and profile of encouraging effective and sustainable innovation; the effect of such efforts must have measurable impact on the library's own clientele as well as the potential for influencing the practices and/or standards of research librarianship generally. The notion of “innovation” need not be inherently about information technology, though it might be assumed that such technology will be employed as appropriate to achieve the programmatic ends of the institution. Nominations will be judged on the following: Evidence of the effects of the program(s) on the readers/users or staff of the nominated library; Nature of the innovation; Potential contribution(s) of the program to research and/or service practices in other domains outside of research librarianship; Sustainability of the program; Potential for replication or adaptation by other research libraries. Entries shall include: Narrative description; for each submission, provide a description of your innovative project. Descriptions shall include: Explanation of the library’s innovation; Published mission statement of nominated institution; History of development and implementation of the program in brief; Intended clientele; including a brief description of the method(s) of assessing effects on clientele; Principal players (staff, consultants), with brief biographical statements; Functional specifications and requirements, if appropriate; URLs, photos, videos, other media, if appropriate to understanding the innovation; Press coverage, if appropriate; User documentation, if appropriate. Nominator’s statement: Why is the nominee particularly worthy of this recognition? Listing of publications or references, if any, by the nominee that support this nomination. Letters of support and/or testimonials may be submitted by readers/users, other research libraries, and others. Deadlines and submission procedures All entries will be submitted online. The entry form may be found here . Entries must be submitted before 5:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time (GMT -8) on 15 January 2013. The submission deadline will be strictly observed; no exceptions will be made. The entire submission shall be uploaded as one PDF not to exceed 4 MB. We request that entries be composed in English. Libraries may be nominated either by the institution itself or by a third party. If the nomination is made independently of the nominee institution, Stanford will solicit a statement from the head of the institution, which will be appended as part of the package for the judges’ consideration. The judges will review the materials submitted as part of their review. They may gather additional information by whatever means they wish. Judges The librarian-members of the Stanford University Libraries Advisory Council have graciously agreed to serve as judges for the prize: Dame Lynne Brindley, Chair Former Chief Executive Officer, The British Library Charles Henry President, Council on Library and Information Resources Richard E. Luce Associate Vice-President, Professor, and Dean of Libraries, University of Oklahoma Elisabeth Niggeman Generaldirektorin, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Ann Okerson Senior Advisor on Electronic Strategies, Center for Research Libraries Bruno Racine Président, Bibliothèque nationale de France Dongfang Shao Chief, Asian Division, Library of Congress Karin Wittenborg University Librarian, University of Virginia The recommendations of the panel of judges will be ratified by the entire SUL Advisory Council and approved by the Stanford University Librarian, whose decision is final. Please note that judges will recuse themselves in nominations involving their own institution. Notification The 2013 Award will be announced by the Stanford University Librarian on or about 28 February 2013. Questions Contact Sonia Lee: 650-736-9538, sonialee@stanford.edu
好消息 : 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目积极寻求中国学者合作 黄安年文 黄安年的博客 / 2012 年 11 月 14 日 发布 2015 年 将 是为加快完成北美首条横贯太平洋铁路引进华人劳工参与修筑的第一百五十个年头。这条铁路的建成是美国近代化进入狂飙时期的重要标志之一 , 也是美中文化交流史上的重大事件。 美国 斯坦福大学启动的北美中国铁路工人研究项目具有重要的学术价值，也是美中两国学术界和美籍华人华侨界的一件大事 , 不仅需要有志于从事这方面研究的学者积极参加 , 也热诚祈望美籍华人华侨界和社会各界提供有关中央太平洋铁路建设华工后裔及相关资料的文献资料，为尽可能恢复华工建设太平洋铁路的历史真相作出奉献。 征得美方同意，现在博客上发布北美中国铁路工人研究项目计划，期望获得积极响应。顺告此项计划已经获得陈弈平教授所在的 暨南大学华侨华人研究院的积极响应。 附信件三份： （一）斯坦福大学张少书教授和费雪金教授给黄安年的信 ( 2012 年 10 月 30 日 11:57:37 ) 并附《 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目 》 （二）黄安年致 张少书教授 、 费雪金教授的信 (2012 年 10 月 30 日 ) （三）张少书教授、费雪金教授给黄安年的信 (2012 年 11 月 11 日 ,14 日收到 ) *********************** （一）斯坦福大学张少书教授和费雪金教授给黄安年的信 ( 2012 年 10 月 30 日 11:57:37 ) 尊敬的黄安年教授 , 很高兴从我们的朋友 Li Gongzhao 教授处得知您的电子邮件地址 。 您的论著 " 沉默的道钉 : 建设北美铁路的华工 " 鼓舞着我们 , 能有机会在此表达对 您的崇敬和感谢。 . 在您的激励下，我们推出了一个国际研究项目 , 以还原在美国第一条 横贯大陆铁路上工作的中国人的经历 . 以下是我们研究项目 的介绍 。 我们诚挚地邀请您作为一个积极参与者或荣誉顾问加入此项目的研究 。 如果您能够推荐对此 工作有兴趣的同事以及愿意参与此项目研究的人员，我们也将非常感激 。 我们非常愿意听取您关于如何从铁路工人及其在中国的后代手中收集资料的意见 ： 相关的信件及家庭文件还会留存在工人们曾住过的村庄里吗 ? 他们在美国或中国生活的原始资料会存档在广东吗 ? 我们将非常感谢您提 供关于收集此类材料的任何建议。 另外，您是否认识广东地区会有兴趣收集相关资料的研究人员？我们可以提供部分资金以支持研究人员收集这些材料。 我们热情地欢迎您以任何方式参与该项目的研究。 祝好 ！ 张少书 斯坦福大学人文 , 历史学教授 ; 斯坦福大学东亚研究中心主任 . 电子邮件地址 : gchang@stanford.edu 费雪金 斯坦福大学人文 , 英语教授 ; 斯坦福大学美国研究中心主任 电子邮件地址 : sfishkin@stanford.edu Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project – Stanford University 2015 will be the one hundred fiftieth anniversary of the introduction of Chinese workers on the construction of the first transcontinental railway across North America, a project that culminated with Leland Stanford driving the famous “golden spike” completing the line. The labor of these Chinese workers (who eventually numbered between 10-15,000 at any one moment) was central to creating the wealth that Leland Stanford used to found Stanford University. But these workers have never received the attention they deserve. We know relatively little about their lives.What led them to come to the United States? What experiences did they have in their arduous work?How did they live their daily lives? What kinds of communities did they create?How did their work on the railroad change the lives of their families in China and how did it change the lives of the workers themselves, both those who returned to China or went elsewhere after the railroad’s completion and those who stayed in theU.S.? We need to know how they contributed to shaping not just the physical but the social landscape of the West. Although we have many photographs, drawings and observed testimony about these workers, we havenothing from them themselves: not a single document generated by one of these workers has been located. The approaching sesquicentennial provides an unprecedented opportunity to launch a major evaluation of their experiences. Historians and other scholars in a range of disciplines in the U.S. and in Asia will cooperate in locating new historical materials and developinga multi-disciplinary approach to understanding and appreciating this long neglected history. (Although the focus of the project is the Chinese railroad workers, the project will presumably open out into the lives these individuals lived during the decades after the railroad was completed, as well.) In addition to recovering an unjustly neglected chapter of history of special significance for Stanford University, this transnational, collaborative, multi-year research project will pioneer in modeling new ways of exploring the shared past of China and the United States. The project and its resources will be housed in Stanford's East Asia Library.The President of Stanford has provided preliminary support for this project. We would like to hear from scholars and institutions who are interested in joining this project to help search in Chinese archives and museums for relevant materials and to help locate families who may have letters or other documents from ancestors who worked on the railroad or other related material. We seek to identifymuseums and archives in China and elsewhere that are interested in the collaborative use of digital technologies to share and preserve these invaluable materials. Would you like to be a partner in this research project? What suggestions do you have for locating relevant materials in archives and museums, and also possibly in family collections? Are you or others at your institution interested in tracking down these materials and collaborating with us on this project? Please contact us by sending an email with specifics and your contact information to Hilton Obenzinger, Planning Coordinator, Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project, Stanford: Obenzinger@Stanford.edu The history of the Chinese in the U.S. from the nineteenth to early twentieth century is a transnational story that should be told from both U.S. and Chinese perspectives. The possibilities that the digitization of archives opens up will allow us to explore a range of issues involving the Chinese in America from both U.S. and Chinese vantage points. The Chinese Railroad Workers project will produce a body of scholarship based on new materials and resources that will be the most authoritative study on the Chinese railroad worker experience in America. It will culminate in (1) an online multi-lingual digital archive of historical materials, collections of visual images, material objects, art work, etc. (2) Conferences in 2015 at Stanford and in China; (3) the publication of a volume containing the produced scholarship. The organizers of the project are Gordon H. Chang, Professor, Department of History and Director, Stanford’s Center for East Asian Studies and Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Joseph S. Atha Professor in the Humanities, Professor, Department of English, and Director, Stanford’s Program in American Studies. They have been planning the project with Evelyn Hu-DeHart, Professor of History, Brown University Stanford alumna, and Dongfang Shao, former Director of Stanford’s East Asia Library and now chief of the Asian Division, Library of Congress. A number of prominent scholars in the U.S. and Asia plan to be involved. 斯坦福大学北美中国铁路工人研究项目 2015 年 将 是北美首条跨州铁路引进华人劳工参与修筑的第一百五十个年头。这条铁路在利兰 ● 斯坦福敲下黄金道钉的第一锤后，便正式东西铁路合轨。对利兰 ● 斯坦福而言，华人劳工（当时人数始终保持在一万至一万五千人左右）在其财富创造与积累的整个过程中功不可没。正是由于他们辛勤的劳动，使得利兰 ● 斯坦福拥有大量财富用以建立斯坦福大学。然而，这些华人劳工却从未得到过应有的重视。人们对他们的情况也所知甚少，比如，他们为什么背井离乡来到美国？在辛勤劳作时有过怎样的遭遇？在美国，他们如何生活？建立起什 么 样的社群？他们修筑的铁路，对远在中国的家人有什 么 影响？对他们自身又有什 么 影响？铁路修筑完成以后，有些人回到了中国，有些人去到别 处 ，也有些人留在了美国。他们的生活发生了什 么 样的变化？ 这项研究的目的在于了解 ，华人劳工对美国西部的地理景观和社会人文作出了哪些贡献。我们有许多 关于 华人劳工的照片 和图片等 ，但我 却没有 任何 出自 华人劳工 之手 的文稿。 这 即 将 到来的一百五十周年无疑是一个契机，使我们得以展开对华人劳工日常生活的调查和研究。来自美国及亚洲国家的历史学家 以及 各个学科领域的专家学者 将 联手 合作，寻找 新的历史素材， 从不同学科的角度去 重估这一段被人遗忘的历史。（这一研究项目以在美中国铁路工人为主，同时也 关注 铁路修筑完成以 后 ，这些人的生活状态。）这项研究对斯坦福大学来说，意义重大。一方面，它致力 于 再现一段 本不应 为人遗忘的历史。另 一 方面， 这一 跨国合作的 长期研究项目 无疑 将为 探索中美 的共同 历史 创立新的典范 。 该 研究 项目组将设立于 斯坦福 大学东亚图书馆 ， 研究所涉材料也 将 存于此 馆 。 斯坦福大学现任校长已对此项目给予大力支持。 十九 世纪 至 二十世纪初中国人在美国的历史带有跨国特质， 因此 需要从美国和中国两方面来叙述 和研究 。档案材料数字化的技术使我们得以从中美两方面、更深更广地挖掘中国人在北美大地上的种种 记录 。 中国铁路工人项目本身 将 引导学者 以 此材料为基础，展开更深入的研究。这些材料 也 将 成为研究北美中国铁路工人生活的权威资料。 中国铁路工人项目包括 ： （ 1 ）制作上网可查、多语言、数字化的档案材料，以反映史料、图片、物品，以及艺术品等各方面信息；（ 2 ） 2015 年在中国和 美国 斯坦福 大学 召开会议；（ 3 ）出版相 关 学术 著 作。 诚 征 有兴趣的学者、机构参与本研究项目，帮助完成在中国当地档案馆、博物馆、 图书馆 的相 关 资料搜集工作，以及联络那些祖辈曾为华人劳工参与修筑铁路的当地家庭，这些家庭可能仍保存有祖辈们的书信和其他相 关 文件。同时，亦寻求与中国及其他各地博物馆、档案馆合作使用电子技术，以分享保存这些无价之宝。 您是否有意成为该研究项目的合作人？您在博物馆、档案馆、 图书馆 相 关 资料搜集，以及个人家藏资料方面，是否有具体的建议？您或您所在机构的其他同事，是否有意发掘这些材料，并与我们共同合作 参与 北美中国铁路工人项目？ 有意者敬请电邮北美中国铁路工人项目 联系人 Hilton Ob e nzing e r 至 Ob e nzing e r@stanford. e du ，告知详情及联 系 方式。 项目组织者包括：斯坦福大学历史 系 教授、东亚研究中心主任 张少书 ， 人文中心 Jos e ph S. Atha 教授、英文 系 教授 暨 北美研究斯坦福项目主任 费雪金。他们 两人目前正与布朗大学教授、斯坦福大学校友 胡其瑜， 前斯坦福 大学 东亚图书馆馆长、现任 美国 国会图书馆亚洲部 主任 邵东方 筹划此项目 。另外，多名美国及亚洲 著名 学者亦参与其中。 （二）黄安年致 张少书教授 、 费雪金教授的信 (2012 年 10 月 30 日 ) 张少书教授 费雪金教授 非常感谢您们诚意邀请我参加您们所从事的具有重要学术意义的国际研究项目，以求还原在美国第一条横贯大陆铁路上工作的中国人的经历。您们所提及调查研究中国铁路工人及其后裔的第一手或相关资料、活动、信件、家庭生活及档案等 , 都曾是我想在《沉默的道钉》完成后继续从事的研究项目，但很遗憾的是由于缺乏项目费用与在职的合作研究者，终未能成行。现在您们有志于在 2015 年完成项目研究计划 , 令人鼓舞和振奋 , 如果需要 , 我可以奉献绵薄之力。 目前主要问题是对于中国铁路华工的确切名单很模糊，收集起来困难重重，对此只能从美中两个方面来着手调查研究。 就美国方面，需要仔细查阅中央太平洋铁路的档案资料 , 对于已知在美国的华工遗族进行跟踪调查，在华工的几个集聚地通过当地历史协会和美中友协的热心朋友协助进行调查等。 就中国方面，需要在广州查阅海关档案资和地方志档案资料 , 尤其是通过历史学和社会学的专业工作人员对于赴美华工集聚地广东开平、台山等地开展口碑史料调查 , 寻求铁路华工后裔，在这个基础上进行深入进行研究。在这方面我力图找到热心从事研究的人员。 这项工作如果广泛动员和宣传 , 也许可以获得意外线索和收获，所以，如果您们觉得可以的话 , 我是否可以将您们的计划在我的博客（ www.sciencenet.cn/blog ）和学术交流网 (www.annian.net) 上宣传 , 并且建议中国美国史研究会网站（ www.ahrac.com ）发布宣传。 顺问 研祺 北京师范大学历史学院教授（ History Department Beijing Normal University ） 黄安年 （ Annian Huang ） Tel （ H ） （发布注：公开发布时略） （ mobile ） （发布注：公开发布时略） E-mail annian.bnu.edu.cn 2012 年 10 月 30 日 （三）张少书教授、费雪金教授给黄安年的信 (2012 年 11 月 11 日 ,14 日收到 ) 尊敬的黄教授： 感谢您的回信。很高兴得知您对此项目有兴趣 , 我们期待着与您合作。我们欢迎您提供的任何帮助 , 包括在您提供的网站上宣传此项目。在美国 , 对此项目的宣传已经颇有成效。 我们也收到了其他研究人员和铁路工人后代的家庭对此项目的支持与合作意向。希望在中国的宣传会产生类似的结果。希望您能尽量帮助推广此项目。如我们之前所写的 , 我们特别希望找到来自华工自身的原始材料 , 但我们对华工后裔也很感兴趣。我们正在努力编制一份尽可能详尽的华工名单。我们也想与了解华工故事的家庭一起合作，希望记录下这些家庭的记忆。 您提供的关于我们的项目该如何进行的建议非常好 , 我们正在研究在广东地区进行实 地调研的方法。不知您是否有相关研究人员的线索。我们可能有资金帮助支持在中国的研究工作。希望我们能保持联系并一起深化我们的工作。再次感谢您的热情帮助。希望以后有一天我们有机会见面。 此致 问候！ 张少书 费雪金 Hilton Obenzinger 2012 年 11 月 11 日 ( 此邮件由唐傲雪代为翻译 ) please see attached. -- Gordon H. Chang Olive H. Palmer Professor in Humanities Department of History Room 209 Building 200 Stanford University Stanford , California 94305-2024 Office phone: 650-723-2758 Fax: 650-725-0597 Director, Center for East Asian Studies ************************************************88
by Linda Boxer,M.D, Ph.D. Professor of Medicine , Chief of Hematology 基因突变在恶性肿瘤中非常常见，30多年前，人们首次识别致癌基因，这些祖细胞或逆转录致癌基因表达的蛋白呈现显性。致癌基因可通过不同的方式激活： 点突变，插入突变，染色体易位，基因扩增，与蛋白相互作用，逆转录整合与转导 ，就致癌基因的识别而言，最后两种方式非常重要。 我们如何对致癌基因进行分类呢？最有用的方法是 根据正常基因产物的功能分类 。 第一个识别的致癌基因是Src络氨酸激酶，它通过逆转录转导。20世纪初，Peyton Rous证实一只鸡体内的肉瘤可以移植到另一只鸡体内，并且这些肉瘤细胞磨碎后的滤液仍然可以传播疾病。之后许多人对这些现象进行了研究，直到20世纪70年代，才确定Src蛋白的命名，是根据Ras病毒命名的。1969年，Huebner and Todaro 提出了致癌基因假说，他们假设内源性病毒包含转化基因，称之为致癌基因，激活这些内源性病毒将导致癌症。这是一个非常重要的概念，他们的猜测基本是正确的。Bishop and Varmus进一步的研究表明Src基因，对病毒复制而言并不是必须的，因此他们猜测Src基因可能是病毒恰好选择的细胞基因，他们的猜测是对的。 c-Src是在人类基因组中找到的原癌基因，V-Src是病毒的基因形式。c-Src是编码非受体络氨酸激酶，它在正常细胞中受到严格的调控，以不活跃的状态存在，在有丝分裂期间及某些其他细胞活动期间短暂地激活。细胞Src在不同的信号传递途径中发挥非常重要的作用，控制了大量正常细胞活动，包括细胞增殖，存活，分化，细胞运动，与正常细胞间接触的维护以及血管生成。所有这些活动在恶性肿瘤细胞都可能会造成干扰。c-Src介导不同的细胞去向，在将信号从细胞表面受体传递到细胞核这一过程发挥非常重要的作用。它还与不同的蛋白质相互作用。将Src放入纤维原细胞，让纤维原细胞自行生长，它们的形状很均匀且受到接触抑制，能形成细致均匀的单分子层，但如果看v-Src纤维原细胞，它们的形状非常不规则。这是致癌基因带来细胞变化的一个例子。 在人类可以在结肠癌和子宫内膜癌中会发生一些c-Src 突变，其他癌症找不到这一基因突变。但是癌症中（如结肠直肠，胸部，肝细胞，胰腺，前列腺，肺部，卵巢癌）通常c-src会超量表达，活性增加。这一发现引起人们对于将Src作为药物的兴趣。c-Src是一种络氨酸激酶，需要结合三磷酸腺苷（ATP）才能形成磷酸基，所以我们可以阻止其结合；它还需要结合其他蛋白，有两个结构域（SH2，SH3），我们也可以对其结合阻止，使蛋白质本身失去平衡，或缩短半衰期。 首先看三磷酸腺苷竞争性抑制因子的例子，它们与ATP结合，阻碍转磷酸酶活性，大部分抑制因子都会抑制许多种不同的激酶，有一种络氨酸激酶抑制因子已经被认可，那就是达沙替尼Dasatinib，它已经被批准用于慢性骨髓性白血病。如果要干扰Src与其他蛋白的结合，SH2区域结合包含磷络氨酸的蛋白质，SH3 区域与带有富含脯氨酸序列的蛋白质结合，这些相互作用对于Src结合底物并激活它们非常重要。目前我们还没有任何有效的制剂干预这种结合。如果要将肉瘤蛋白失衡，或缩短半衰期，肉瘤都伴随有热休克蛋白90，但很多蛋白都伴随有热休克蛋白90和一些其他热休克蛋白，目前干扰这种相互作用的抑制剂也不是非常有效。 另一个人类癌症中发生突变的最普遍致癌基因之一是Ras基因，这是一种通过点突变激活的致癌基因。目前有三种：H-RAS，N-RAS，K-RAS。RAS是一种GTPase蛋白，在无活性的鸟苷二磷酸结合形式以及有活性的鸟苷三磷酸结合组织之间循环。RAs调控对很多细胞外信号的细胞反应。我们现在知道GTP结合的RAS可以至少与20个效应物相互作用。Ras蛋白通过GTPase活性蛋白负反馈调节，GTPase活性蛋白称为GAPs,Ras蛋白激活GTPase，将其转化为鸟苷二磷酸和Ras的无活性形式。30%左右的癌症都会出现Ras突变激活的现象。3种不同的Ras基因在不同种类的癌症中都有突变，如K-ras基因在胃肠道恶性肿瘤中（尤其是结肠直肠癌，胰腺癌，胆管癌，子宫内膜癌，子宫颈癌，肺癌）发生突变，K-ras 和N-ras在骨髓恶性肿瘤中都会发生突变。N-ras常在恶性黑色素瘤中发生突变，H-ras常在膀胱癌中突变。突变通常包括3个位置：12号，13号和61号氨基酸，这些突变减少内在的GTPase活性，导致对GAPs的抵抗，获得水平增强的活性鸟苷三磷酸结合Ras蛋白。对下游信号通路的下调赋予癌症细胞异常功能的蛋白。Ras蛋白是一个理想的药物靶标，因为它是癌症中突变最为频繁的一种致癌基因。已经有很多抑制机制，一种方式被用来重新激活内在的鸟苷三磷酸水解活性或反鸟苷三磷酸结合，还可以抑制下游通路信号分子。另外一种方法是阻止Ras基因转录后的改变。Ras基因需要位于质膜的内表面才能与受体络氨酸激酶结合及与下游效应物相互作用，保持活性。存在为进行此靶标治疗所需的转录后改变，第一种是通过法尼酰基转移酶（FTase），添加法尼基类异戊二烯酯。法尼酰基转移酶抑制剂（FTls）试图阻止翻译后修饰，使得Ras基因失活。这种抑制剂有一定的效果，但是它发挥作用时，存在一个替代途径，这就是香叶基香叶基转移酶1（Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1），它增加一个香叶基，激活Ras基因。尽管没有有效的Ras抑制剂，这些抑制剂在恶性肿瘤中确实有某活性，它们在哪发挥影响并不知道。 染色体易位在很多恶性肿瘤细胞中已经得到确认，至少有两种方法可以将一个基因激活，一种是不改变基因编码区，而是降低表达，在Burkitt淋巴瘤中发现存在这种机制，一种是打断2个基因编码序列，得到一个融合蛋白，如慢性粒细胞白血病中的BCR-ABL蛋白。在Burkitt淋巴瘤是一种非常具有侵略性的B细胞恶性肿瘤，具有在原癌基因的染色体易位，被易位到其中一个免疫球蛋白基因座中，具体是8号染色体上的原癌基因转移到14号染色体上的免疫球蛋白重链基因。 Myc 基因是一种转录因子，在不活动的细胞水平很低，进入细胞周期，水平迅速提高，在Burkitt细胞中的情况是持续性高水平的c-myc。有很多动物模型来测试myc基因被下调表达在不同组织的影响。在造血组织中，很多实验室提取其中一个免疫球蛋白基因座的调控区，将其连接到myc基因，放回B细胞，观察发现最终会长出淋巴瘤，这种淋巴瘤非常有侵略性，看起来就像Burkitt淋巴瘤。斯坦福大学的Felsher及其他研究人员采用另一种方法，启动、关闭Myc表达，观察到在某些情况下，关闭myc肿瘤发生退化或分化。c-myc是一个很好的靶标，因为一些癌症明显依赖myc 的表达。一种方法是干扰它的信息表达，或者干扰蛋白翻译。 靶标疗法的典型代表是慢性骨髓性白血病（CML），它的特征是BCR融合ABL基因，由9号染色体和22号染色体易位形成。携带CML基因的人血液中和骨髓里的白血病数量增多。BCR-ABL蛋白变成结构上活跃的络氨酸激酶，它位于细胞质内，BCR基因有不同的断点，可以获取大小不一的融合蛋白（190-230kd），190kd较小，在一些pre-B 急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）中发现。BCR-ABL与几种底物结合，激活多种信号转导。如Ras基因通路，Raf，Myc,PI3K,STAT。许多研究表明BCR-ABL 癌基因对恶性转化的重要性。1996年，Brian Druker及同事指出小分子imatinib or Gleevec竞争抑制ATP对BCR-ABL的结合，干扰癌症信号，imatinib的晶体结构结合ABL激酶，表明这种药物稳定了失活的酶构象，被认为是特异性的络氨酸激酶抑制剂，但它对其他络氨酸激酶也有抑制，如血小板生长因子受体和c-kit。imatinib抑制BCR-ABL磷酸化作用，禁止向下游发出信号，抑制BCR-abl细胞生长，诱导细胞凋亡。 现在我们知道有些Micro RNA也是致癌基因，Micro RNA是18-24个核苷酸核糖核酸分子，碱基对的目标是信使RNA，一种特殊的Micro RNA能够锁定不同的信使RNA，调控细胞分化，增生，凋亡，有很多关于micro RNA 与癌细胞的表达形态的研究，它们在多种癌症里的表达是下调的。这一领域刚刚兴起，还需要更多的研究。
MATLAB scripts for alternating direction method of multipliers Stephen P. Boyd matlab code of alternating direction method of multipliers in signal processing http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/admm/ Stephen Boyd ，如雷贯耳的大名呀，恐怕稍微接触一次优化理论与算法的同学都知道他。他的 Convex Optimization ， Cambridge University Press, 2004 读硕士期间就拜读过，受益不浅。近几年他在交替方向法发面做了不少工作， 引领着图像处理领域的科研工作者们的工作方向。 关于交替方向法的文献可以阅读： 1.Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (slides) Boyd http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/pdf/admm_slides.pdf 2.袁晓明 报告课件 (slides) 3.Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers Boyd http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/pdf/admm_distr_stats.pdf （课程视频 http://videolectures.net/nipsworkshops2011_boyd_multipliers/ )
本世纪初，鲍哲楠因为与舍恩（ Jan Hendrik Schn ）在贝尔实验室（Bell Labs）的合作， Jan Hendrik Schn 造假而受到影响，她之后离开贝尔实验室，现在是美国斯坦福大学的化学工程教授（Stanford University），发表论文200余篇，获得美国专利35项，多次获奖（就是没有实现自己的梦想——诺贝尔奖），并兼任多种专业杂志的编辑或者编委会成员，可以说是一位典型的学者编辑化代表。近况如下，详细信息请浏览： Zhenan Bao Zhenan Bao, Associate Professor P rofessor Bao received her Ph.D. degree in chemistry from The University of Chicago in 1995 and joined the Materials Research Department of Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies. She became a Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in 2001. She joined the faculty of the Stanford Chemical Engineering Department in 2004. Professor Bao has more than 200 refereed publications and 35 US patents. She served as a member of Executive Board of Directors for the Materials Research Society and Executive Committee Member for the Polymer Materials Science and Engineering division of the American Chemical Society. She is an Associate Editor of Synthetic Metals. She was an Editor for Polymer Reviews and she serves on the international advisory board for Advanced Functional Materials, Chemistry of Materials and Materials Today. She was elected a SPIE Fellow in 2008 and an ACS PMSE fellow in 2011. She is awarded the ACS Cope Scholar Award in 2011, she is a recipient of the Royal Society of Chemistry Beilby Medal and Prize in 2009, IUPAC Creativity in Applied Polymer Science Prize in 2008, American Chemical Society Team Innovation Award 2001, RD 100 Award, and RD Magazine’s Editors Choice of the “Best of the Best” new technology for 2001. She has been selected in 2002 by the American Chemical Society Women Chemists Committee as one of the twelve “Outstanding Young Woman Scientist who is expected to make a substantial impact in chemistry during this century”. She is also selected by MIT Technology Review magazine in 2003 as one of the top 100 young innovators for this century. She has been selected as one of the recipients of Stanford Terman Fellow and has been appointed as the Robert Noyce Faculty Scholar, Finmeccanica Faculty Scholar and David Filo and Jerry Yang Faculty Scholar. EducationProfessor Bao received her Ph.D. degree in chemistry from The University of Chicago in 1995 and joined the Materials Research Department of Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies, after graduation. HONORS AND AWARDS · The American Chemical Society Arthur C. Cope Award, 2011 for her contribution in advancing the chemistry and understanding of organic semiconductors for electronics and energy applications. · Elected to The American Chemical Society PMSE (Polymeric Materials: Science Engineering) Fellow, 2011 for her contribution in the understanding of the design and processing of polymers for flexible electronics. · David Filo and Jerry Yang Faculty Scholar, Stanford University, 2009-2012. . The Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Beilby Medal and Prize for the contributions and discoveries in the field of organic semiconductors, including the demonstration that conjugated polymers can produce high mobilities of charge carriers when self-assembled using solution deposition. · 2009 National Science Foundation (NSF) American Competitiveness and Innovation Fellow (ACIF) for her significant contributions to advancing the technology of flexible organic electronics through understanding of organic semiconductor growth and innovative approaches for highly efficient patterning of organic single-crystal and nano/microwire transistors. · Selected as David Filo and Jerry Yang Faculty Fellow, Stanford University, 2009 · Polymer International IUPAC Polymer Prize for creativity and industrial application in polymer science, 2008 · Elected SPIE Fellow, 2008 · Ranked no. 4 among the Top 20 most cited authors in the field of Organic Thin Film Transistors by ISI with a total of 2226 citations from 1997 to 2007 ( http://esi-topics.com/otft/authors/b1a.html ). · Nanotech Briefs’ Nano 50™ Awards in the Innovator category, 2007 · Featured as one of the twelve in 2007 SPIE Women in SPIE Optics Planner calendar. · Stanford Society of Women Engineering Teaching Excellence Award, 2007. · Sloan Research Fellow, 2006. · 3M Faculty Award, 2005. · Du Pont Science and Technology Award, 2005 · Finmeccanica Faculty Scholar, Stanford University, 2004-2007. · Terman Fellow, Stanford University, 2004-2007. · Robert Noyce Faculty Scholar, Stanford University, 2004-2005. · Selected as MIT TR100 by MIT Technology Review magazine as one of the top 100 young innovators for this century, September 2003. · 2003 Zhu Kezhen Distinguished Lecturer, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China. · Best Mentor Award honoring mentors who have gone above and beyond their duties to ensure that their intern(s) were successful during their internship of summer 2003, by the University Relations of Lucent Technologies, August 2003. · Selected by Women Chemists Committee of the American Chemical Society as an “Outstanding Young Woman Scientist who is expected to make a substantial impact in chemistry during this century”, 2002 (featured in Chemical Engineering News, March 25, 2002). · American Chemical Society Team Innovation Award for the demonstration of a flexible electronic paper, 2002. · Elizabeth Crosby Lecturer honoring achievement of women in Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, 2002. · Distinguished Member of Technical Staff, Bell Labs, 2001. · RD Magazine’s Editors Choice Award of the “Best of the Best” new technology, 2001. · RD 100 Award for the work on “Printed Plastic Circuits for Electronic Paper Displays”, 2001. · Nobel Laureates in Polymer Chemistry Symposium lecturer, American Chemical Society Polymer Chemistry Division, 2001. · Eastman Lecturer, University of Akron, Department of Polymer Science, 2001. · Science Magazine Top 10 Research Breakthroughs in 2000 for work on large scale integrated circuits based on organic materials (Details can be seen in http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5500/2221 ). · Selected by the National Academy of Engineering as Top 100 Young Engineers, 2000. · GAANN Fellowship, University of Chicago, 1995. · Proctor Gamble Travel Grant, University of Chicago, 1994. · Ou Yangzhao Prize for Undergraduate Student, Nanjing University, China, 1989. · Outstanding Undergraduate Student Award, Nanjing University, China, 1989. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES 1) Board member , National Academies Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, 2009-present 2) Scientific Advisory Board Member, Plastic Electronics Foundation, 2006-present. 3) Member of Board of Directors for Materials Research Society (MRS), 2003-2005. 4) Canvassing Committee Member in charge of selection of Team Innovation Award recipients, 2003-2006. 5) Executive Committee Member/Member-at-Large , Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society, 2000-2006, 2009-2012. 6) Program co-chair , Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society, 2004-2006. 7) Meeting chair , Materials Research Society in San Francisco, CA, April 2002. Kenneth Rodbell, Eugene Fitzgerald, and Ulrich Goesele, Co-chair. 8) Conference chair , Gordon Research Conference on Electronic Processes in Organic Materials, July 2010, co-chair with Greg Scholes. 9) Membership Co-Chair , Division of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, American Chemical Society, 2000-2001. 10) Associate Editor , Synthetic Metals, 2009-present. 11) Associate Editor , Polymer Reviews, 2004-2008. 12) Member , International Editorial Advisory, Materials Today, 2002-present. 13) Member , International Editorial Advisory Chemistry of Materials, 2006-present. 14) Member , International Editorial Advisory, Advanced Functional Materials, 2001-2005. 15) Editor , Book on “Organic Thin Film Transistors”, CRC Press, Jason Locklin, co-editor, to appear April 2007.
这几天关于Cornell的好消息接踵而至。先是Cornell突然收到一位不愿透露姓名的校友三亿五千万美金的巨额捐赠，紧接着，纽约市长Bloomberg宣布，Cornell University (康奈尔大学)力压Stanford University（斯坦福大学），在纽约市新科技校园的竞标中胜出。 这件事缘于纽约市政府决定在纽约市开创东部的硅谷，为城市带来新科技产业，用以抗衡腐朽的华尔街对纽约的影响。 市长Michael Bloomberg (Bloomberg的东家和创始人)号召世界所有著名大学参与竞标，胜出者可入主将在罗斯福岛上兴建的新科技校园。 在众多的大学当中，Cornell和Stanford脱颖而出变成最有实力的竞标者。 比起创造了西部硅谷神化的Stanford University, Cornell在纽约明显具有更强大的校友势力。就如纽约市副市长Bob Steel半开玩笑的说：“Approximately 50,000 New York area alumni, "most of them called me directly"; others sent him a book of 21,000 signatures petitioning for Cornell's bid.” 更令人惊奇的事情发生了，Cornell校方突然宣布收到了一个不愿透露姓名的校友三亿五千万美金的巨额捐赠。几乎同时，Cornell在同Stanford的竞标中胜出。 大家纷纷猜测这位神秘校友的身份。今早纽约时报的头版终于为大家揭开的谜底。捐款的就是被维基百科誉为全世界最伟大的慈善家（the world’s greatest Philanthropist）的Charles Feeney。 Charles Feeney何许人也？ Charles Feeney，1931年4月23号出生于新泽西，50年代毕业于Cornell大学。全球免税店（Duty Free）的创始人。伟大的慈善家，亚特兰大慈善基金会的创始人。 Charles Feeney一直是其母校Cornell的主要捐赠人，他陆陆续续已经为Cornell捐赠了超过9亿五千万美金的财富。他从不为自己的捐赠冠名，几乎所有的捐赠都是匿名的。 Feeney在1982年创建了亚特兰大慈善基金会（The Atlantic Philanthropies）, 两年后，他将个人全部财富捐给了此慈善基金，只为子女和老婆留下了基本的生活provision. 截至2009年年底，他通过亚特兰大慈善基金会，已捐出超过50亿美金，并打算将剩余的40亿美金在2017年前全部捐赠出去。 他是全世界最早的“Giving Pledge”运动的推动者，他在给比尔盖茨（Bill Gates）和巴菲特（Warren Buffett）的信中说：“"I cannot think of a more personally rewarding and appropriate use of wealth than to give while one is living - to personally devote oneself to meaningful efforts to improve the human condition. More importantly, today's needs are so great and varied that intelligent philanthropic support and positive interventions can have greater value and impact today than if they are delayed when the needs are greater.”。此后,“Giving while you are living”变成了“Giving Pledge”运动中最响亮的口号。 Feeney最传奇的，是他隐遁于朴素的生活作风。如果你google他的名字，最广为传颂的，就是他简朴的生活方式。他没有豪宅，没有车。（owns either a home nor a car）, 坐飞机永远只坐经济舱。他的公司在1996年与奢侈品牌路易威登（Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy）签署协议，以24亿7千万美金的形式转让Duty Free的控制权,可他自己却常年带着一支15美金的手表。 Feeney说: “"I had one idea that never changed in my mind—that you should use your wealth to help people. I try to live a normal life, the way I grew up," Feeney said. "I set out to work hard, not to get rich." 这就是我这位校友前辈传奇的故事。我以拥有这样的老校友为荣，他的言行，教育着我们这些晚辈。 写道这里，我倒是有些好奇，那些一边炫富一边抱怨别人仇富的人们…..你们感到惭愧了么?
作者：蒋迅 我曾经介绍过 斯坦福大学2011年秋季的三个免费在线课程 ：人工智能、机器学习和数据库导引。现在下一个学期的免费课程又出来了，而且更多： CS 101 by Nick Parlante Natural Language Processing by Dan Jurafsky and Chris Manning Software Engineering for SAAS by Armando Fox and David Patterson Human-Computer Interfaces by Scott Klemmer Game Theory by Matthew Jackson and Yoav Shoham Probabilistic Graphical Models by Daphne Koller Machine Learning by Andrew Ng Cryptography by Dan Boneh Design and Analysis of Algorithms I by Tim Roughgarden The Lean Launchpad by Steve Blank Technology Entrepreneurship by Chuck Eesley Making Green Buildings by Martin Fischer Information Theory by Tsachy Weissman Anatomy by Dr Srivastava Model Thinking by Scott E Page Computer Security by Dan Boneh, John Mitchell and Dawn Song 一个明显的趋势就是大学的免费在线课程越来越多，越做越好。从课堂教学走向在线教育日益成熟。请到 这里 和 这里 去找你感兴趣的课程。我介绍过的另一个在线大学“ 可汉大学 ”又在着手走向课堂教学。我知道这个现象在中国也在发生着。科学网上也有人在呼吁“科学网大学”。我们希望能有成果。 废话不说了。对这些课有兴趣吗？赶紧报名吧。
Thank you. I'm honored to be with you today for your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. Truth be told, I never graduated from college, and this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today, I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. The first story is about connecting the dots. I dropped out of Reed College after the first six months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out? It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife -- except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, "We've got an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said, "Of course." My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would go to college. This was the start in my life. And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out okay. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked far more interesting. It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms. I returned coke bottles for the five cent deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the seven miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example: Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating. None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the "Mac" would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, it's likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on that calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards 10 years later. Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something -- your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever -- because believing that the dots will connect down the road will give you the confidence to follow your heart, even when it leads you off the well-worn path, and that will make all the difference. My second story is about love and loss. I was lucky -- I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz1 and I started Apple in my parents' garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a two billion dollar company with over 4000 employees. We'd just released our finest creation -- the Macintosh -- a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. And so at 30, I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating. I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down -- that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me: I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over. I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life. During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the world's first computer-animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, and I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together. I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometime life -- Sometimes life going to hit you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking -- and don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking -- don't settle. My third story is about death. When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I've looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything -- all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure -- these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for "prepare to die." It means to try and tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and, thankfully, I'm fine now. This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It's Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it's quite true. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma -- which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the "bibles" of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 60s, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and Polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along. It was idealistic, overflowing with neat tools and great notions. Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I've always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. Thank you all very much. 译文如下： 今天，很荣幸来到各位从世界上最好的学校之一毕业的毕业典礼上。我从来没从大学毕业过，说实话，这是我离大学毕业最近的一刻。 今天，我只说三个故事，不谈大道理，三个故事就好。 第一个故事，是关于人生中的点点滴滴如何串连在一起。 我在里德学院（ Reed College ）待了六个月就办休学了。到我退学前，一共休学了十八个月。那么，我为什么休学？（听众笑） 这得从我出生前讲起。 我的亲生母亲当时是个研究生，年轻未婚妈妈，她决定让别人收养我。她强烈觉得应该让有大学毕业的人收养我，所以我出生时，她就准备让我被一对律师夫妇收养。但是这对夫妻到了最后一刻反悔了，他们想收养女孩。所以在等待收养名单上的一对夫妻，我的养父母，在一天半夜里接到一通电话，问他们「有一名意外出生的男孩，你们要认养他吗？」而他们的回答是「当然要」。后来，我的生母发现，我现在的妈妈从来没有大学毕业，我现在的爸爸则连高中毕业也没有。她拒绝在认养文件上做最后签字。直到几个月后，我的养父母保证将来一定会让我上大学，她的态度才软化。 十七年后，我上大学了。但是当时我无知地选了一所学费几乎跟史丹佛一样贵的大学（听众笑），我那工人阶级的父母将所有积蓄都花在我的学费上。六个月后，我看不出念这个书的价值何在。那时候，我不知道这辈子要干什么，也不知道念大学能对我有什么帮助，只知道我为了念这个书，花光了我父母这辈子的所有积蓄，所以我决定休学，相信船到桥头自然直。 当时这个决定看来相当可怕，可是现在看来，那是我这辈子做过最好的决定之一。（听众笑） 当我休学之后，我再也不用上我没兴趣的必修课，把时间拿去听那些我有兴趣的课。 这一点也不浪漫。我没有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家里的地板上，靠着回收可乐空罐的退费五分钱买吃的，每个星期天晚上得走七哩的路绕过大半个镇去印度教的 Hare Krishna 神庙吃顿好料，我喜欢 Hare Krishna 神庙的好料。 就这样追随我的好奇与直觉，大部分我所投入过的事务，后来看来都成了无比珍贵的经历（ And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on ）。举个例来说。 当时里德学院有着大概是全国最好的书写教育。校园内的每一张海报上，每个抽屉的标签上，都是美丽的手写字。因为我休学了，可以不照正常选课程序来，所以我跑去上书写课。我学了 serif 与 sanserif 字体，学到在不同字母组合间变更字间距，学到活字印刷伟大的地方。书写的美好、历史感与艺术感是科学所无法掌握的，我觉得这很迷人。 我没预期过学这些东西能在我生活中起些什么实际作用，不过十年后，当我在设计第一台麦金塔时，我想起了当时所学的东西，所以把这些东西都设计进了麦金塔里，这是第一台能印刷出漂亮东西的计算机。 如果我没沉溺于那样一门课里，麦金塔可能就不会有多重字体跟等比例间距字体了。又因为 Windows 抄袭了麦金塔的使用方式（听众鼓掌大笑），因此，如果当年我没有休学，没有去上那门书写课，大概所有的个人计算机都不会有这些东西，印不出现在我们看到的漂亮的字来了。当然，当我还在大学里时，不可能把这些点点滴滴预先串连在一起，但在十年后的今天回顾，一切就显得非常清楚。 我再说一次， 你无法预先把点点滴滴串连起来；只有在未来回顾时，你才会明白那些点点滴滴是如何串在一起的 （ you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards ）。 所以你得相信，眼前你经历的种种，将来多少会连结在一起。你得信任某个东西，直觉也好，命运也好，生命也好，或者因果报应。这种作法从来没让我失望，我的人生因此变得完全不同 。（ Jobs 停下来喝水） 我的第二个故事，是有关爱与失去。 我很幸运－年轻时就发现自己爱做什么事。我二十岁时，跟 Steve Wozniak 在我爸妈的车库里开始了苹果计算机的事业。我们拼命工作，苹果计算机在十年间从一间车库里的两个小伙子扩展成了一家员工超过四千人、市价二十亿美金的公司，在那事件之前一年推出了我们最棒的作品－麦金塔计算机（ Macintosh ），那时我才刚迈入三十岁，然后我被解雇了。 我怎么会被自己创办的公司给解雇了？（听众笑） 嗯，当苹果计算机成长后，我请了一个我以为在经营公司上很有才干的家伙来，他在头几年也确实干得不错。可是我们对未来的愿景不同，最后只好分道扬镳，董事会站在他那边，就这样在我 30 岁的时候，公开把我给解雇了。我失去了整个生活的重心，我的人生就这样被摧毁。 有几个月，我不知道要做些什么。我觉得我令企业界的前辈们失望－我把他们交给我的接力棒弄丢了。我见了创办 HP 的 David Packard 跟创办 Intel 的 Bob Noyce ，跟他们说很抱歉我把事情给搞砸了。我成了公众眼中失败的示范，我甚至想要离开硅谷。 但是渐渐的，我发现，我还是喜爱那些我做过的事情，在苹果计算机中经历的那些事丝毫没有改变我爱做的事。虽然我被否定了，可是我还是爱做那些事情，所以我决定从头来过。 当时我没发现，但现在看来，被苹果计算机开除，是我所经历过最好的事情。成功的沉重被从头来过的轻松所取代，每件事情都不那么确定，让我自由进入这辈子最有创意的年代。 接下来五年，我开了一家叫做 NeXT 的公司，又开一家叫做 Pixar 的公司，也跟后来的老婆（ Laurene ）谈起了恋爱。 Pixar 接着制作了世界上第一部全计算机动画电影，玩具总动员（ Toy Story ），现在是世界上最成功的动画制作公司（听众鼓掌大笑）。然后，苹果计算机买下了 NeXT ，我回到了苹果，我们在 NeXT 发展的技术成了苹果计算机后来复兴的核心部份。 我也有了个美妙的家庭。 我很确定，如果当年苹果计算机没开除我，就不会发生这些事情。 这帖药很苦口，可是我想苹果计算机这个病人需要这帖药 。 有时候，人生会用砖头打你的头。不要丧失信心。我确信我爱我所做的事情，这就是这些年来支持我继续走下去的唯一理由 （ I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did ）。 你得找出你的最爱，工作上是如此，人生伴侣也是如此。 你的工作将占掉你人生的一大部分，唯一真正获得满足的方法就是做你相信是伟大的工作，而唯一做伟大工作的方法是爱你所做的事 （ And the only way to do great work is to love what you do ）。 如果你还没找到这些事，继续找，别停顿。尽你全心全力，你知道你一定会找到。而且，如同任何伟大的事业，事情只会随着时间愈来愈好。所以，在你找到之前，继续找，别停顿 。（听众鼓掌， Jobs 喝水） 我的第三个故事，是关于死亡。 当我十七岁时，我读到一则格言，好像是「 把每一天都当成生命中的最后一天，你就会轻松自在 。（ If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right ）」（听众笑） 这对我影响深远，在过去 33 年里，我每天早上都会照镜子，自问：「如果今天是此生最后一日，我今天要做些什么？」每当我连续太多天都得到一个「没事做」的答案时，我就知道我必须有所改变了。 提醒自己快死了，是我在人生中面临重大决定时，所用过最重要的方法。因为几乎每件事－所有外界期望、所有的名声、所有对困窘或失败的恐惧－在面对死亡时，都消失了，只有最真实重要的东西才会留下（ Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything - all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important ）。 提醒自己快死了，是我所知避免掉入畏惧失去的陷阱里最好的方法。人生不带来、死不带去，没理由不能顺心而为。 一年前，我被诊断出癌症。我在早上七点半作断层扫描，在胰脏清楚出现一个肿瘤，我连胰脏是什么都不知道。医生告诉我，那几乎可以确定是一种不治之症，预计我大概活不了三到六个月。医生建议我回家，好好跟亲人们聚一聚，这是医生对临终病人的标准建议。那代表你得试着在几个月内把你将来十年想跟小孩讲的话讲完。那代表你得把每件事情搞定，家人才会尽量轻松。那代表你得跟人说再见了。 我整天想着那个诊断结果，那天晚上做了一次切片，从喉咙伸入一个内视镜，穿过胃进到肠子，将探针伸进胰脏，取了一些肿瘤细胞出来。我打了镇静剂，不醒人事，但是我老婆在场。她后来跟我说，当医生们用显微镜看过那些细胞后，他们都哭了，因为那是非常少见的一种胰脏癌，可以用手术治好。所以我接受了手术，康复了。（听众鼓掌） 这是我最接近死亡的时候，我希望那会继续是未来几十年内最接近的一次。经历此事后，我可以比先前死亡只是纯粹想象时，要能更肯定地告诉你们下面这些： 没有人想死。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活着上天堂。（听众笑） 但是死亡是我们共同的终点，没有人逃得过。这是注定的，因为 死亡很可能就是生命中最棒的发明 ，是 生命交替的媒介 ，送走老人们，给新生代开出道路。现在你们是新生代，但是不久的将来，你们也会逐渐变老，被送出人生的舞台。抱歉讲得这么戏剧化，但是这是真的。 你们的时间有限，所以不要浪费时间活在别人的生活里 。 不要被教条所局限 -- 盲从教条就是活在别人思考结果里 。不要让别人的意见淹没了你内在的心声。 最重要的，拥有追随自己内心与直觉的勇气，你的内心与直觉多少已经知道你真正想要成为什么样的人 （ have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become ），任何其它事物都是次要的。（听众鼓掌） 在我年轻时，有本神奇的杂志叫做《 Whole Earth Catalog 》，当年这可是我们的经典读物。那是一位住在离这不远的 Menlo Park 的 Stewart Brand 发行的，他把杂志办得很有诗意。那是 1960 年代末期，个人计算机跟桌上出版还没出现，所有内容都是打字机、剪刀跟拍立得相机做出来的。杂志内容有点像印在纸上的平面 Google ，在 Google 出现之前 35 年就有了：这本杂志很理想主义，充满新奇工具与伟大的见解。 Stewart 跟他的团队出版了好几期的《 Whole Earth Catalog 》，然后很自然的，最后出了停刊号。当时是 1970 年代中期，我正是你们现在这个年龄的时候。在停刊号的封底，有张清晨乡间小路的照片，那种你四处搭便车冒险旅行时会经过的乡间小路。 在照片下印了行小字： 求知若饥，虚心若愚 （ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish ）。 那是他们亲笔写下的告别讯息，我总是以此自许。当你们毕业，展开新生活，我也以此祝福你们。 求知若饥，虚心若愚（ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish ）。 非常谢谢大家。
一位老朋友发给我乔布斯2005年6月，在斯坦福 大学毕业典礼上的讲演，很感人。特贴出与网友共享。 喬布斯在斯坦福大學的最後演講 作者： 喬布斯 當我十七歲時，我讀到一則格言，好像是「把每一天都當成生命中的最後一天，你就會輕鬆自在」。這對我影響深遠，在過去 33 年裏，我每天早上都會照鏡子，自問：“如果今天是此生最後一日，我今天要做些什麽？”每當我連續太多天都得到一個“沒事做”的答案時，我就知道我必須有所改變了。 喬布斯（ 1955-2011 ）蘋果電腦的創始人，當代最偉大的發明家， 改變人類、改變歷史的天才， 10 月 5 日因胰腺癌在美國逝世。 求知若饑，虛心若愚 （ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish ） 2005 年 6月在斯坦福大学毕业典礼上的讲演 今天，很榮幸來到各位從世界上最好的學校之一畢業的畢業典禮上。我從來沒從大學畢業過，說實話，這是我離大學畢業最近的一刻。 今天，我只說三個故事，不談大道理，三個故事就好。 第一個故事，是關於人生中的點點滴滴如何串連在一起。 我在里德學院（ Reed College ）待了六個月就辦休學了。到我退學前，一共休學了十八個月。那麽，我爲什麽休學？ 這得從我出生前講起。 我的親生母親當時是個研究生，年輕未婚媽媽，她决定讓別人收養我。她强烈覺得應該讓有大學畢業的人收養我，所以我出生時，她就準備讓我被一對律師夫婦收養。但是這對夫妻到了最後一刻反悔了，他們想收養女孩。所以在等待收養名單上的一對夫妻，我的養父母，在一天半夜裡接到一通電話，問他們“有一名意外 出生的男孩，你們要認養他嗎？”而他們的回答是“當然要”。後來，我的生母發現，我現在的媽媽從來沒有大學畢業，我現在的爸爸則連高中畢業也沒有。她拒絕在認養文件上做最後簽字。直到幾個月後，我的養父母保證將來一定會讓我上大學，她的態度才軟化。 十七年後，我上大學了。但是當時我無知地選了一所學費幾乎跟史丹佛一樣貴的大學，我那工人階級的父母將所有積蓄都花在我的學費上。六個月後，我看不出念這個書的價值何在。那時候，我不知道這輩子要幹什麽，也不知道念大學能對我有什麽幫助，只知道我爲了念這個書，花光了我父母這輩子的所有積蓄，所以我 决定休學，相信船到橋頭自然直。 當時這個决定看來相當可怕，可是現在看來，那是我這輩子做過最好的决定之一。 當我休學之後，我再也不用上我沒興趣的必修課，把時間拿去聽那些我有興趣的課。 這一點也不浪漫。我沒有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家裏的地板上，靠著回收可樂空罐的退費五分錢買吃的，每個星期天晚上得走七哩的路繞過大半個鎮去印度教的 Hare Krishna 神廟吃頓好料，我喜歡 Hare Krishna 神廟的好料。 就這樣追隨我的好奇與直覺，大部分我所投入過的事務，後來看來都成了無比珍貴的經歷（ And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on ）。舉個例來說。 當時里德學院有著大概是全國最好的書寫教育。校園內的每一張海報上，每個抽屜的標簽上，都是美麗的手寫字。因爲我休學了，可以不照正常選課程序來，所以我跑去上書寫課。我學了 serif 與 sanserif 字體，學到在不同字母組合間變更字間距，學到活字印刷偉大的地方。書寫的美好、歷史感與藝術感是科學所無法掌握的，我覺得這很迷人。 我沒預期過學這些東西能在我生活中起些什麽實際作用，不過十年後，當我在設計第一台麥金塔時，我想起了當時所學的東西，所以把這些東西都設計進了麥金塔裡，這是第一台能印刷出漂亮東西的計算機。 如果我沒沉溺于那樣一門課裡，麥金塔可能就不會有多重字體跟等比例間距字體了。又因爲 Windows 抄襲了麥金塔的使用方式，因此，如果當年我沒有 休學，沒有去上那門書寫課，大概所有的個人計算機都不會有這些東西，印不出現在我們看到的漂亮的字來了。當然，當我還在大學裏時，不可能把這些點點滴滴預先串連在一起，但在十年後的今天回顧，一切就顯得非常清楚。 我再說一次，你無法預先把點點滴滴串連起來；只有在未來回顧時，你才會明白那些點點滴滴是如何串在一起的（ you can ‘ t connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards ）。所以你得相信，眼前你經歷的種種，將來多少會連結在一起。你得信任某個東西，直覺也好，命運也好，生命也好，或者因果報應。這種作法從來沒讓我失望，我的人生因此變得完全不同。 我的第二個故事，是有關愛與失去。 我很幸運－年輕時就發現自己愛做什麽事。我二十歲時，跟 Steve Wozniak 在我爸媽的車庫裏開始了蘋果計算機的事業。我們拼命工作，蘋果計算機在十年間從一間車庫裏的兩個小夥子擴展成了一家員工超過四千人、市價二十億美金的公司，在那事件之前一年推出了我們最棒的作品－麥金塔計算機（ Macintosh ），那時我才剛邁入三十歲，然後我被解雇了。 我怎麽會被自己創辦的公司給解雇了？ 嗯，當蘋果計算機成長後，我請了一個我以爲在經營公司上很有才幹的傢伙來，他在頭幾年也確實幹得不錯。可是我們對未來的願景不同，最後只好分道揚鑣，董事會站在他那邊，就這樣在我 30 歲的時候，公開把我給解雇了。我失去了整個生活的重心，我的人生就這樣被摧毀。 有幾個月，我不知道要做些什麽。我覺得我令企業界的前輩們失望－我把他們交給我的接力棒弄丟了。我見了創辦 HP 的 David Packard 跟創辦 Intel 的 Bob Noyce ，跟他們說很抱歉我把事情給搞砸了。我成了公衆眼中失敗的示範，我甚至想要離開矽谷。 但是漸漸的，我發現，我還是喜愛那些我做過的事情，在蘋果計算機中經歷的那些事絲毫沒有改變我愛做的事。雖然我被否定了，可是我還是愛做那些事情，所以我决定從頭來過。 當時我沒發現，但現在看來，被蘋果計算機開除，是我所經歷過最好的事情。成功的沉重被從頭來過的輕鬆所取代，每件事情都不那麽確定，讓我自由進入這輩子最有創意的年代。 接下來五年，我開了一家叫做 NeXT 的公司，又開一家叫做 Pixar 的公司，也跟後來的老婆（ Laurene ）談起了戀愛。 Pixar 接著製作了世 界上第一部全計算機動畫電影，玩具總動員（ Toy Story ），現在是世界上最成功的動畫製作公司。然後，蘋果計算機買下了 NeXT ，我回到了蘋果，我們在 NeXT 發展的技術成了蘋果計算機後來復興的核心部份。 我也有了個美妙的家庭。 我很確定，如果當年蘋果計算機沒開除我，就不會發生這些事情。這帖藥很苦口，可是我想蘋果計算機這個病人需要這帖藥。有時候，人生會用磚頭打你的頭。不要喪失信心。我確信我愛我所做的事情，這就是這些年來支持我繼續走下去的唯一理由（ I ’ m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did ）。 你得找出你的最愛，工作上是如此，人生伴侶也是如此。 你的工作將占掉你人生的一大部分，唯一真正獲得滿足的方法就是做你相信是偉大的工作，而唯一做偉大工作的方法是愛你所做的事（ And the only way to do great work is to love what you do ）。 如果你還沒找到這些事，繼續找，別停頓。盡你全心全力，你知道你一定會找到。而且，如同任何偉大的事業，事情只會隨著時間愈來愈好。所以，在你找到之前，繼續找，別停頓。 我的第三個故事，是關於死亡。 當我十七歲時，我讀到一則格言，好像是“把每一天都當成生命中的最後一天，你就會輕鬆自在。（ If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you ‘ ll most certainly be right ）” 這對我影響深遠，在過去 33 年裏，我每天早上都會照鏡子，自問：“如果今天是此生最後一日，我今天要做些什麽？”每當我連續太多天都得到一個“沒事做”的答案時，我就知道我必須有所改變了。 提醒自己快死了，是我在人生中面臨重大决定時，所用過最重要的方法。因爲幾乎每件事－所有外界期望、所有的名聲、所有對困窘或失敗的恐懼－在面對死亡時，都消失了，只有最真實重要的東西才會留下（ Remembering that I ’ ll be dead soon is the most important tool I ‘ ve ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything - all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important ）。提醒自己快死了，是我所知避免掉入畏懼失去的陷阱裏最好的方法。人生不帶來、死不帶去，沒理由不能順心而爲。 一年前，我被診斷出癌症。我在早上七點半作斷層掃描，在胰臟清楚出現一個� 有人想死。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活著上天堂。 但是死亡是我們共同的終點，沒有人逃得過。這是注定的，因爲死亡很可能就是生命中最棒的發明，是生命交替的媒介，送走老人們，給新生代開出道路。現在你們是新生代，但是不久的將來，你們也會逐漸變老，被送出人生的舞臺。抱歉講得這麽戲劇化，但是這是真的。 你們的時間有限，所以不要浪費時間活在別人的生活裏。不要被教條所局限 -- 盲從教條就是活在別人思考結果裏。不要讓別人的意見淹沒了你內在的心聲。最重要的，擁有追隨自己內心與直覺的勇氣，你的內心與直覺多少已經知道你真正想要成爲什麽樣的人（ have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become ），任何其它事物都是次要的。 在我年輕時，有本神奇的雜志叫做《 Whole Earth Catalog 》，當年這可是我們的經典讀物。那是一位住在離這不遠的 Menlo Park 的 Stewart Brand 發行的，他把雜志辦得很有詩意。那是 1960 年代末期，個人計算機跟桌上出版還沒出現，所有內容都是打字機、剪刀跟拍立得相機做出來的。雜志內 容有點像印在紙上的平面 Google ，在 Google 出現之前 35 年就有了：這本雜志很理想主義，充滿新奇工具與偉大的見解。 Stewart 跟他的團隊出版了好幾期的《 Whole Earth Catalog 》，然後很自然的，最後出了停刊號。當時是 1970 年代中期，我正是你們現在這個年齡的時候。在停刊號的封底，有張清晨鄉間小路的照片，那種你四處搭便車冒險旅行時會經過的鄉間小路。 在照片下印了行小字：求知若饑，虛心若愚（ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish ）。 那是他們親筆寫下的告別訊息，我總是以此自許。當你們畢業，展開新生活，我也以此祝福你們。 求知若饑，虛心若愚（ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish ）。 非常謝謝大家。 （來源：鳳凰網科技）
乔布斯2005年斯坦福大学演讲 http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/dS0wNIaiWT4/ 求知若渴，虚心若愚（Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish） 今天，很荣幸能来到这座世界上最好的大学之一参加毕业典礼。我没有从大学毕业过，说实话，这是我离大学毕业最近的一刻。 今天，我只说三个故事，不谈大道理，三个故事就好。 第一个故事，人生所经历的点点滴滴是如何串连起来。 我在里德学院（Reed College）待了六个月就办休学了。到我退学前，一共休学了十八个月。那么，我为什么休学？ 这得从我出生前讲起。 我的亲生母亲在怀我的时候还是研究生，一个年轻的未婚妈妈，因此，她决定让别人收养我。她强烈觉得应该让有大学毕业的人收养我，所以她在我出生前，就已经安排好让一个律师家庭收养我，但到最后一刻，这对夫妻却想收养一个女孩。所以在希望收养名单上的一对夫妻——后来我的养父母——在一天半夜里接到一通电话“有一名意外出生的男孩，你们要认养他吗？”“当然要”。后来，我的生母发现，我现在的妈妈从来没有大学毕业，我现在的爸爸则连高中毕业也没有。她拒绝在认养文件上做最后签字。直到几个月后，我的养父母保证将来一定会让我上大学，她的态度才软化。 十七年后，我上大学了。但是当时我无知地选了一所学费几乎跟史丹佛一样贵的大学，我那工人阶级的父母将所有积蓄都花在我的学费上。六个月后，我看不出念这个书的价值何在。那时候，我不知道这辈子要干什么，也不知道念大学能对我有什么帮助，只知道我为了念这个书，花光了我父母这辈子的所有积蓄，所以我决定休学，相信船到桥头自然直。 当时这个决定看来相当可怕，可是现在看来，那是我这辈子做过最正确的决定之一。 当我休学之后，我再也不用上我没兴趣的必修课，把时间拿去听那些我有兴趣的课。 这一点也不浪漫。我没有宿舍，所以我睡在友人家里的地板上，靠着回收可乐空罐的退费五分钱买吃的，每个星期天晚上得走七哩的路绕过大半个镇去印度教的Hare Krishna神庙吃顿好饭，我喜欢Hare Krishna神庙的晚餐。 就这样追随我好奇与直觉，大部分我所投入的事务，后来都成了无比珍贵的经历 （And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on）。 举例来说。 当时里德学院有着大概是全国最好的书法教育。校园内的每一张海报，每个抽屉的标签，都是美丽的手写字。因为我休学了，可以不照正常选课程序来，所以我跑去上书法课。我学了serif与sanserif字体，学到在不同字母组合间变更字间距，学到活字印刷伟大的地方。书写的美好、历史感与艺术感是科学所无法掌握的，我觉得这很迷人。 我没预期过学这些东西能在我生活中起些什么实际作用，不过十年后，当我在设计第一台麦金塔（Macintosh）时，我想起了当时所学的东西，所以把这些东西都设计进了麦金塔里，这是第一台能印刷出漂亮东西的计算机。 如果我没沉溺于那样一门课里，麦金塔可能就不会有多种字体跟等比例间距字体了。又因为Windows抄袭了麦金塔的使用方式，因此，如果当年我没有休学，没有去上那门书法课，大概所有的个人计算机都不会有这些东西，印不出现在我们看到的漂亮的字来了。当然，当我还在大学里时，不可能把这些点点滴滴预先串连在一起，但在十年后的今天回顾，一切就显得非常清楚。 我再说一次， 你无法预先把你所经历的点点滴滴串起来，只有在将来回想起时，你才会明白你所经历的这些点点滴滴竟然美妙的串在一起 （you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards）。 所以你得相信，眼前你经历的种种，将来或多或少都会连结在一起。你必须相信，直觉也好，命运也好，生命也好，因果报应等等，因为只有你相信这些点是存在某种关系，你才能自信地踏上那条你梦寐以求的路，这条路既可能带你偏离主流的价值观，也可能会让你的人生获得全新的改变。 我的第二个故事，是有关爱与失去。 我很幸运——年轻时就发现自己爱做什么事。我二十岁时，跟Steve Wozniak在我爸妈的车库里开始了苹果计算机的事业。我们拼命工作，苹果计算机在十年间，从一间车库里的两个小伙子扩展成了一家员工超过四千人、市价二十亿美金的公司，在那事件之前一年推出了我们最棒的作品－麦金塔计算机（Macintosh），那时我才刚迈入三十岁，然后我被解雇了。 我怎么会被自己创办的公司给解雇了？ 嗯，当苹果计算机成长后，我请了一个我以为在经营公司上很有才干的家伙来，他在头几年也确实干得不错。可是我们对未来的愿景不同，最后只好分道扬镳，董事会站在他那边，就这样在我30岁的时候，公开把我给解雇了。我失去了整个生活的重心，我的人生就这样被摧毁。 有几个月，我不知道要做些什么。我觉得我令企业界的前辈们失望－我把他们交给我的接力棒弄丢了。我见了创办HP的David Packard跟创办Intel的Bob Noyce，跟他们说很抱歉我把事情给搞砸了。我成了公众眼中失败的示范，我甚至想要离开硅谷。 但是渐渐的，我发现，我还是喜爱那些我做过的事情，在苹果计算机中经历的那些事丝毫没有改变我爱做的事。虽然我被否定了，可是我还是爱做那些事情，所以我决定从头来过。 当时我没发现，但现在看来，被苹果计算机开除，是我所经历过最好的事情。成功的沉重被一切重新开始的轻松所取代，每件事情都不那么确定，让我进入我这一辈子最有创意的时期。 接下来五年，我开了一家叫做NeXT的公司，又开一家叫做Pixar的公司，也跟后来的老婆（Laurene）谈起了恋爱。Pixar接着制作了世界上第一部全计算机动画电影，玩具总动员（Toy Story），现在是世界上最成功的动画制作公司。然后，苹果计算机买下了NeXT，我又回到了苹果，我们在NeXT发展的技术成了苹果计算机后来复兴的核心部分。 我，也有了一个美妙的家庭。 我很确定，如果当年苹果计算机没开除我，就不会发生这些事情。这帖药很苦口，可是我想苹果计算机这个病人需要这帖药。有时候，人生会用砖头打你的头，不要丧失信心。 这些年来让我坚持走下去的唯一原因就是，我一直坚信我正在从事我所喜欢的事业 （I’m convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did）。 你得找出你的最爱，工作上是如此，人生伴侣也是如此。 你的工作将占掉你人生的一大部分，唯一真正获得满足的方法就是做你相信是伟大的工作，而 做成伟大事业的唯一方法就是热爱你所做的事业 （And the only way to do great work is to love what you do）。 如果你还没找到你所挚爱的事业，尽全力继续找，别停止。相信自己，你一定能找到。而且，如同任何伟大的事业，事情只会随着时间而变得愈来愈好。所以，在你找到之前，继续坚持，别停止。 我的第三个故事，是关于死亡。 当我十七岁时，我读到一则格言，好像是“ 把你生活的每一天都当成生命中的最后一天，你就会珍惜 （If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right）”。 这对我影响深远，在过去33年里，我每天早上都会照镜子，自问：“如果今天是此生最后一日，我今天要做些什么？”每当我连续太多天都得到一个“没事做”的答案时，我就知道我必须有所改变了。 记住你即将死去 ， 这是我一生中遇到的最重要的箴言，它帮我指明了生命中重要的选择，因为几乎所有的事情，包括所有别人的期望、所有的荣誉、所有的骄傲、所有的对难看和失败的恐惧，这些在死亡面前都会消失 ，只 有真正重要的东西才会留下 （Remembering that I’ll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything - all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important）。 人常常会患得患失，害怕自己要失去某些东西，可是记住你即将死去，则是我知道的避免这些想法的最好办法。 你已经赤身裸体了，没有理由不去跟随自己的心一起跳动 。 一年前，我被诊断出癌症。我在早上七点半作断层扫描，在胰脏清楚出现一个肿瘤，我连胰脏是什么都不知道。医生告诉我，那几乎可以确定是一种不治之症，预计我大概活不了三到六个月。医生建议我回家，好好跟亲人们聚一聚，这是医生对临终病人的标准建议。那代表你得试着在几个月内把你将来十年想跟小孩讲的话讲完。那代表你得把每件事情搞定，家人才会尽量轻松。那代表你得跟人说再见了。 我整天想着那个诊断结果，那天晚上做了一次切片，从喉咙伸入一个内视镜，穿过胃进到肠子，将探针伸进胰脏，取了一些肿瘤细胞出来。我打了镇静剂，不醒人事，但是我老婆在场。她后来跟我说，当医生们用显微镜看过那些细胞后，他们都哭了，因为那是非常少见的一种胰脏癌，可以用手术治好。所以我接受了手术，康复了。 这是我最接近死亡的时候，我希望那会继续是未来几十年内最接近的一次。经历此事后，我可以比先前死亡只是纯粹想象时，要能更肯定地告诉你们下面这些： 没有人愿意死。即使那些想上天堂的人，也想活着上天堂。 但是死亡是我们每个人共同的终点，没有人能够逃脱。事实也应该如此，因为死亡就是生命中最好的一个发明，它送走老人们，给新生代让路。你们现在是新的，但是从现在开始不久以后你们也将会逐渐变老， 被送出人生的舞台。我很抱歉这很戏剧性，但这却是真真事实的。 你们的时间有限， 不要将它浪费在重复他人的生活上，不要被教条所束缚 --盲从教条就是活在别人思考结果里。 不要被其他人观点的喧嚣掩盖你个人内心的声音， 最重要的是你要有勇气去听从你心灵和直觉的指引 ， 你的兴趣与直觉 在某种程 度 上已经知道你想要成为什么样子 （have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become），所以其它的事情都是次要的。 在我年轻时，有本神奇的杂志叫做《Whole Earth Catalog》，当年这可是我们的经典读物。那是一位住在离这不远的Menlo Park的Stewart Brand发行的，他把杂志办得很有诗意。那是1960年代末期，个人计算机跟桌上出版还没出现，所有内容都是打字机、剪刀跟拍立得相机做出来的。杂志内容有点像印在纸上的平面Google，在Google出现之前35年就有了：这本杂志很理想主义，充满新奇工具与伟大的见解。 Stewart跟他的团队出版了好几期的《Whole Earth Catalog》，然后很自然的，最后出了停刊号。当时是1970年代中期，我正是你们现在这个年龄的时候。在停刊号的封底，有张清晨乡间小路的照片，那种你四处搭便车冒险旅行时会经过的乡间小路。 在照片下印了行小字： 求知若渴，虚心若愚 （Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish）。 那是他们亲笔写下的告别讯息，我总是以此自许。在你们毕业，展开新生活之时，我也以此祝福你们。 求知若渴，虚心若愚（ Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish）。 非常谢谢大家。
作者：蒋迅 对新生白浪，斯坦福大学的女排队员榜是这样 介绍 的： 相比 对其他队员的介绍 ，这里突出了对她的母亲的介绍：“朗平是中国国家队的明星队员，在1984年获得金牌。后来作为这个队伍的教练获得银牌。郎平也曾是美国国家队教练并带队在2008年的北京奥运会上获得银牌。”(Ping was a star player on the Chinese National Team, winning the gold medal in 1984 and later coaching the team to a silver medal ... Ping also coached the USA National Team to a silver medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympics)。可以想象，斯坦福大学女排教练对於能得到这样的一个优秀苗子是多么高兴。当初斯坦福大学和南加州大学都向白浪发出了邀请，最后白浪选择了斯坦福大学。白浪选用“1”这个号码，应该是由於母亲当年的选择。她的角色是“主攻手”(Outside Hitter)，这也是她母亲当年的角色。她爱她的父母。在谈到她第一次到新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基市去打球时，她 缅怀地说 ：“它对我来说真的是很特殊，因为我实际上是在阿尔伯克基出生并长大(到3岁)。我的父亲和母亲在新墨西哥大学上学。所以，回到那里真的是一个不同寻常的经历。”后来她的母亲回中国了。直到亚特兰大奥运会上，她才又见到了母亲。 我第一次见到白浪时，她还是一个小学生。现在她已经是斯坦福大学的大学生了。白浪是一位非常懂事又有礼貌的孩子。每次跟她照相，她都非常合作。有一次我利用吃中饭的时间帮她买了一个小冰箱送到她的宿舍去。没想到她已经为我买好了午餐，在楼下等我。她的中文非常好，可以完全用中文交流。她说， 中文课是她最喜欢的课 。这次因为希望看到她的球艺，正巧他的父亲白帆在感恩节期间带着他的新婚夫人和三个月大的幼子白帝去斯坦福大学去看女儿，我就要求老同学白帆代我们一家买票。没想到，白浪姑娘送了我们四张票，请我们一家去看球。唯一遗憾的是，她因为右臂受伤，不能上场。不过，能得到免费的赠票看斯坦福大学的球赛也是一件高兴的事情。 老同学白帆看上去有些憔悴，整个球赛期间他都是把儿子抱在胸前。他的儿子刚刚三个月大，就被从洛杉矶带到了硅谷，白帆一定是太累了。白帆真的很不容易，说起他那些年里又当爹又当娘的经历，我想只有他的女儿白浪是最知道的。 白帆的新婚妻子 Jennifer 很健谈。我们初次见面就像是老朋友。她说很感谢我写了那篇“ 祝福你，白帆 ”。她告诉我，在她生了孩子后身体不适，白帆就给他读我那篇短文。她在说这事的时候沉浸在幸福之中，看的出来，她是发现自己得到了一块宝。 我们一家坐在离球场最近的区域。这是白帆一家让给我们的好位置。他说上次看球时孩子哭的厉害，他们这次不敢上前面去坐。我知道其实这只是一个托辞。他们是让我们能看好球。 斯坦福大学今晚的对手是亚利桑那州立大学。亚利桑那州立大学的整体实力明显地不如斯坦福大学，特别是强攻手对斯坦福似乎不造成威胁。前两局斯坦福大学打得按部就班，得心应手，比分一直领先。亚利桑那州立大学在连失两句后仍然保持高昂的气势，在第三局开始接连打出好球，比分处於领先。这迫使斯坦福大学的教练不得不两次叫停，重整旗鼓。最后在全场观众的一片加油声中，斯坦福大学的姑娘们终於一步步地追了上去，最后反超亚利桑那州立大学。比分到了23平后，斯坦福大学没有再给亚利桑那州立大学任何机会，以25比23拿下了第三局。 比赛前的白浪 白浪站在场内，但她由於肩伤未能参加比赛 虽然白浪做了一次“板凳队员”，但她自始至终都是站在比赛场地的外面，而且一直处於一触即发的精神状态下。她时不时地在下面为队友呐喊助威，和其他队员击掌庆祝胜利。在暂停的时候，她总是帮助收拾饮料和毛巾，虽然这显然不是她的职责。我观察一共有四位队员没有上场，其中一位还矗着拐。相信她们都是带着伤的。我们遗憾没能看到她打球，她说以后一定再请我们去看她的球。 我儿子是第一次看排球比赛。虽然对排球一无所知，但对能到现场看这场比赛还是特别兴奋。正好他有一篇关于体育的作文要写，就把这场比赛选作了主题。下面的照片都是我家小子选的，为了那篇关于体育的作文，他需要用这些照片做一个宣传画。美国的学校的作文不仅要写文章，还要配图，还要上前面去演讲。 斯坦福队扣球成功 教练面授机宜 亚利桑那州立大学也在寻找机会反击 这个人装扮成一棵树，因为斯坦福大学的校徽是一个大写的“S”和一棵树 向乐队表示感谢 取得胜利后队员和教练合影 我们这次没有拍录像。如果读者能上YouTube的话，可以点击这里：“ Stanford Women's Volleyball "14 Ladies" ”。 再多发几张照片吧。 白浪和父亲白帆 白浪和继母Jennifer 白浪全家合影 白浪亲吻弟弟白帝 白浪的队友们和她的家人合影
Bill Gates pushes students to focus on the 'important problems' While he's not opposed to drugs that fight baldness, the billionaire said more brainpower should be directed toward global health crises and broken schools than the cosmetic worries of developed nations. L.A. Cicero Bill Gates spoke to a capacity crowd at Memorial Auditorium. BY ADAM GORLICK He's a Harvard dropout who revolutionized how people interact with computers and a very rich man who has changed the face of philanthropy. Now Bill Gates wants to inspire college students to make their own marks on the world by devoting their time, brainpower and future incomes to solving what he calls the world's greatest problems: poor healthcare and broken school systems. Are the brightest minds working on the most important problems? he asked a capacity crowd Monday at Stanford's Memorial Auditorium. My view is that we could do a lot better on this and it would make a huge difference. Citing the contrast between the proliferation of anti-baldness drugs in America and a lack of vaccines to prevent millions of young children from dying in developing countries, Gates urged students to focus on the life-and-death challenges facing the world. It's unbelievable how few smart people are working on global health issues, he said. The sentiment was echoed later in his speech when he talked of the need to figure out how to stock schools with the best teachers: You'd be amazed at how little work there is in this area, he said. Jack Hubbard Gates told Stanford a story about seeing charity through the eyes of his child. Gates' talk at Memorial Auditorium, Giving Back: Finding the Best Way to Make a Difference, was this year's Payne Distinguished Lecture sponsored by Stanfords Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies. It was also the second stop of Gates' five-college, three-day tour that kicked off Monday at the University of California-Berkeley, to promote the kind of work the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is doing. When I dropped out of college, I told my dad I'd go back, Gates said. And I'm doing that a day at a time. During his junior year at Harvard, Gates left school to focus on Microsoft Corp., the company he started in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen. The money he made running the software giant propelled him to the top of Forbes magazine's list of the world's richest people. With a net worth of $53 billion, he currently holds the No. 2 slot. He's directed much of his wealth toward philanthropy. With assets of about $34 billion, the Gates Foundation has given out about $21 billion in grants, including more than $3.6 billion to organizations working on expanding childhood immunization, eradicating polio and combating malaria. Bill and Melinda Gates have pledged to spend more than $10 billion to develop and deliver new vaccines over the next decade, and the foundation plans to spend $2 billion on improving educational opportunities. After his speech, Gates took on a dozen topics brought up by students that ranged from his opinion of the iPad recently launched by Microsoft rival Apple (I love the fact there's new devices out there!) to answering those who have criticized him for supporting charter schools (The idea that you should have rigidity with no experimentation that's what the non-charter movement is). But his message kept returning to philanthropy. He told students to visit the Gates Foundation's Facebook page and post answers to the following questions: What problem are you working on? What draws you to it? How will you draw other people to it? While he encouraged students to satisfy their philanthropic goals by following his path of making money in the private sector and donating a portion of it to various causes, he also gave some advice to those looking to make a career out of do-gooding: Get hands-on experience, and commit to it for a while. When we look at people's resumes at the Gates Foundation, he said, we look to see if there was a long amount of time that they were willing to get their hands dirty and do the work. 转自 http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/april/bill-gates-lecture-041910.html
路 , 就在脚下 , 需要自己寻找 其实很多时候 , 路就是在自己的脚下 , 有了目标 , 只要勇敢寻找 , 何愁找不到路 ? 早上起来，与爱人和儿子通了视频，上旧金山总领事馆的网页上看了有关报到的通知说明，填了 2 张表，已经是上午 11 点多，正考虑去办公室和如何去办公室的问题，因为办公室离住处得 10 多分钟的路程，对于初来乍到的我，在这么陌生而又十分广阔的校园里，想找到办公室也不是十分容易的事情，此时听见电话响了，是 wy 从办公室打来电话，说大家都在，问我为何没去，是否不知道路。我说，正是，但我自己会解决的。 Goole 就是斯坦福大学一个研究生研究出来的，在此需要时刻，为何不用呢。上了 goole 后，发现 goole 不仅可以搜索某一个地方的 LOCATION, 还可以同时设立两个点 A 、 B ，可以寻找步行或开车从 A 到 B 或 B 到 A 的路线，将 126blackwelder 和 green earth building 输入后，两点位置就出来了，很容易就能看出两点之间的最佳路线。 根据该路线，我很容易就找到了位于 green earth building 的办公室。 来到办公室，又看见了摩尔德万，星期六不是去丹佛了吗，怎么这么快就回来了？我心生疑惑，与他聊了几句，他问我这几天怎么样，我说 I have a good sleeping,and I am very well. 他用手比划着说，星期六飞了过去，星期天又飞了回来。我说真 fast 。 摩尔德万此次去丹佛是因为石油学界最权威的 AAPG 年会，不过他告诉我这次他去，不是参加会议，而是见人，应该是去见学术上的老朋友吧。 摩尔德万是一个真正搞研究的大学问家，他已年过六旬还对研究工作有如此高的热情，真是令人钦佩。恐怕在国内，过了 45 岁年龄的人，就很少自己去潜心钻研啦，有点学问的很多就学而优则仕啦，这是一个很好的 contrast 和 comparation ，需要国人很好地反思。 同时见到了巴西来的一位女石油地质学家，正在做 ppt ，也是准备此次 AAPG 年会的，看来她要大会发言。 见到了 Eric ，实验室的管理人员兼技术人员，打了招呼，以后的实验还需要他帮忙。 回家的路上，一开始还是走偏了，找不到来时的路了。不过正因为这次走偏，我又在此感叹到了斯坦福大学的 great 和 beautiful ，我看见了很多 hall ，非常古典的建筑，加上长长的走廊，还有绿色醉人的草坪以及斯坦佛大学的标志性建筑胡佛纪念塔。真的是人间一绝。 虽然有点迷路，但由于心中已经有了目标和方向，很快就找到了回家的路。自道是，路就是在自己的脚下 , 有了目标 , 只要勇敢寻找 , 何愁找不到路 ?
标签: 斯坦福大学
