Every fresh researcher, who intend to do something in the speech recognition area or related area, must be ware of the development process of the speech recognition. This blog will explain the revolution process of this area clearly. No exaccelartion, these two articles must be important for those beginner. 1,from DTW to HMM; 2,from GMM to DNN. I will finished it soon.
上个世纪八十年代初，我作为加速器物理专业学生第一次读到赖欣巴哈的《科学哲学的兴起》中译本时好奇不已 ，一度萌发从事科学哲学研究的念头。不过，当我略微深入到分析哲学、逻辑实证主义和维特根斯坦、卡尔纳普等的“无毛”思辨时，一方面明白自己没有哲学基础（特别是对马赫、爱因斯坦等提供启示的康德哲学） ，另一方面也不满其与社会的脱节，离开了这个领域。三十年多后的今天，我得以从科学的社会功能这个角度重新回顾、省视科学革命引发社会秩序革命的特征。最典型的范例就是 the Copernican Revolution:由地球的revolution(旋转)引发社会秩序的revolution(革命)。 赖欣巴哈断定在他之前的（思辨）哲学来自对自然的虚假 / 表面解释： “The search for generality was appeased by the pseudo explanation . It is from this ground that philosophy sprang.”(p.8. 斜体 pseudo explanation 为原文 ) ，雄心勃勃要改造哲学。 现在读到原文，我知道三十多年前自己没有读懂赖欣巴哈的要点，幸好那也不是我的关注。我更接近库恩的《科学革命的结构》（有中文译本）那样的类似科学社会学的方法论，不过，库恩的这本名著 本身不是理论，甚至其体裁也局限于象牙塔式的学术报告，虽然有新颖的提法，缺乏思想上的连贯性。倒是他的较早研究《哥白尼旋转 / 革命》 更具科学史价值，指出：哥白尼书的意义不在于它讲了什么，而在于它促进人们的思考；它本身不是革命的教程，但引发了革命 “The significance of the De Revolitionibus lies, then, less in what it says itself than in what it caused others to say. …It is revolution-making rather than a revolutionary text.” (p.135) 。 正如哥白尼在原书“前言及至保罗三世教皇的献辞”中承认的那样：日心说也不是他的发明，西塞罗的作品和普鲁塔克的英雄传中都有关于地球运动的记载： “as a matter of fact, I found first in Cicero that Nicetas thought that the Earth moved. And afterwards I found in Plutarch that there were some others of the same opinion” 。哥白尼小心地把自己的模仿托勒密的天体系统称为“假设” ，除了不冒犯罗马教皇外，主要因为当时的数学 / 物理学还没有发达到足以确立日心说的程度。哥白尼关于天体秩序的 revolution 旋转，要等到开普勒的精确数学计算 以及摆脱肉眼制约的伽利略望远镜物理实验，才完成人类认识上的 revolution 革命，为牛顿力学革命开辟了道路。除了开普勒，谁能在墓碑上宣称“我测量了天堂” ？ Arendt 甚至进一步说，所谓革命，其实也是轮回、复新 ，怪不得明治维新的英译是 Meiji Restoration （回复、复辟）而不是 Renovation, Reform 或 Renewal 。只不过，哥白尼之后，革命不再是机械的轮回，而是辩证、螺旋式的上升，社会秩序已经进化到高一层的有机复合态了。 牛顿在死前谦虚地总结自己在历史上的地位，像一个在海边拾到贝壳的小孩，而伟大的海洋秘密还没有被发现 “I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seems to have been only like a boy playing on the seashore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me” 。牛顿这样讲，大概是因为与虔诚的哥白尼和开普勒一样，他们没有离开自然科学的领域、没有想到挑战上帝的社会秩序。在《光学》的最后，牛顿模糊地谈到上帝 God(“a uniform of Being”, “being everywhere present to the things themselves.”), 自然律 laws of Nature, 第一动因 the First Cause 等 ，不如身经现实政治世界的竞争对手莱布尼茨更接近对社会秩序的思考 。但是，牛顿也没有像另一个杰出的物理学家帕斯卡那样，一方面在科学论文中排斥权威、提倡理性 ”It is quite otherwise with subjects accessible to sense or reasoning: here authority is useless, only reason can know them.” ，另一方面在哲学的《省思》中却排斥理性以捍卫上帝 “Men despise religion; they hate it and fear it is true. To remedy this, we must begin showing that religion is not contrary to reason;” “Wisdom sends us to childhood.” “It is the heart which experiences God, and not the reason. This, then, is faith: God felt by the heart, not by the reason.” 。 孔德认为从 人类进化 第一阶段神学向第二阶段形而上学转化的社会再组织过程是实证主义的功绩 ，连 “路德的改革，正是由阿拉伯人导入的观察科学的进步的必然结果”。 而这正好体现了用新方法（实证）开创新的社会价值伦理的社会（科）学本来的特长。 为此，他亲自编写天文学科普教材，要把激发实证哲学的开普勒、伽利略新知识传授给无产阶级 ！当然，就 对天体运行、天堂秩序的认识进化反映了人自身的社会秩序的革命而言，对哥白尼天体革命、牛顿力学革命最深受震撼的非康德莫属。天体物理学讲师康德从莱布尼茨出发 启蒙了人类理性的基础，而只有当理性被掌握来认识社会秩序的规范时， 康德的自由、自为目的的、理想的社会秩序才有可能 。 “ 1983 年 5 月，我在海淀书店买到康德的《任何一种能够作为科学出现的未来形而上学导论》，一直到 84 年 2 月，才终于艰难地翻读了全书。除去在中国的政治背景下加上的 1976 年 7 月商务出版社编辑部的出版说明和译后记中的列宁和毛泽东的政治性语录外，这个译文其实非常忠实可贵，虽然我连一知半解也没有达到，却感到从事哲学思考的神圣性。其间，我也买了《纯粹理性批判》，但没法读下去。”引自赵京“康德先验体系实践理性的社会实践”， 2012 年 12 月 31 日。 Hans Reichenbach, The Rise of Scientific Philosophy. University of California Press, 1951. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Second Edition). The University of Chicago Press, 1970. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. Vintage Books, 1959. Nicolaus Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Great Books of the Western World #16 Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. The University of Chicago,1952. Preface and Dedication to Pope Paul III, p. 508, Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977 . Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, Great Books of the Western World #16 Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler. The University of Chicago,1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977 . Introduction, p. 50 5. 开首引用 1543 年在 Nuremberg 出版的第一版后记： “Since the newness of the hypotheses of this work—which sets the earth in motion and puts an immovable sun at the center of the universe” . 开普勒在 The Commentaries on Mars 甚至首次猜测天体互相吸引。 Johannes Kepler, Epitome of the Copernican Astronomy, Great Books of the Western World #16 Ptolemy,Copernicus, Kepler. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977 . Biographical Note p. 541. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution. New York: Viking, 1963. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Great Books of the Western World #34 Newton Huygens. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. Biographical Note x. Optics Book III Part 1, Great Books of the Western World #34 Newton Huygens. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. p.541-543. 赵京：“莱布尼茨伦理观的自由主义扩展”， 2014 年 10 月 18 日。 Scientific Treatises, Great Books of the Western World #33 Pascal. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. Preface to the Treatise on the Vacuum, p.336. Pensees Section III #187, Great Books of the Western World #33 Pascal. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. p.205. Pensees Section IV #271, Great Books of the Western World #33 Pascal. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. p.222. Pensees Section IV #278, Great Books of the Western World #33 Pascal. The University of Chicago, 1952. Encyclopedia Britannica 21 st Printing, 1977. p.222. “ 重新组织社会所必要的科学项目计划 ” ，霧 生和夫译， 《世界の名著 （ 36 ）コント ・ スペンサー》，责任编辑 ： 清水幾太郎， 中央公論社 ， 1970 年 。 第 53 页。 赵京：“由孔德再出发创新社会（科）学” , 2014 年 11 月 10 日。 。引自赵京：“莱布尼茨伦理观的自由主义扩展”， 2014 年 10 月 18 日。 赵京“作为观念与现实的康德至善召唤”（ 2014 年 7 月 25-30 日）对自由和秩序的关系有进一步发挥。
When Bill Gates was at Harvard, he wrote software code that helped to launch the personal computer era Microsoft founder Bill Gates, who attended Harvard, returns to campus this weekend for a question-and-answer session as part of the launch of the Harvard Campaign. Below, author Walter Isaacson, who is writing a book about the great inventors of the digital age, recalls Gates’ formative years at Harvard. It may have been the most momentous purchase of a magazine in the history of the Out of Town News stand in Harvard Square. Paul Allen, a college dropout from Seattle, wandered into the cluttered kiosk one snowy day in December 1974 and saw that the new issue of Popular Electronics featured a home computer for hobbyists, called the Altair, that was just coming on the market. He was both exhilarated and dismayed. Although thrilled that the era of the “personal” computer seemed to have arrived, he was afraid that he was going to miss the party. Slapping down 75 cents, he grabbed the issue and trotted through the slush to the Currier House room of Bill Gates, a Harvard sophomore and fellow computer fanatic from Lakeside High School in Seattle, who had convinced Allen to drop out of college and move to Cambridge. “Hey, this thing is happening without us,” Allen declared. Gates began to rock back and forth, as he often did during moments of intensity. When he finished the article, he realized that Allen was right. For the next eight weeks, the two of them embarked on a frenzy of code writing that would change the nature of the computer business. What Gates and Allen set out to do, during the Christmas break of 1974 and the subsequent January reading period when Gates was supposed to be studying for exams, was to create the software for personal computers. “When Paul showed me that magazine, there was no such thing as a software industry,” Gates recalled. “We had the insight that you could create one. And we did.” Years later, reflecting on his innovations, he said, “That was the most important idea that I ever had.” In high school, Gates had formed the Lakeside Programming Group, which made money writing computer code for companies in the Pacific Northwest. As a senior, he applied only to three colleges — Harvard, Yale, and Princeton — and he took different approaches to each. “I was born to apply for college,” he said, fully aware of his ability to ace meritocratic processes. For Yale he cast himself as an aspiring political type and emphasized the month he had spent in Washington as a congressional page. For Princeton, he focused only on his desire to be a computer engineer. And for Harvard, he said his passion was math. He had also considered MIT, but at the last moment blew off the interview to play pinball. He was accepted to all three, and chose Harvard. “There are going to be some guys at Harvard who are smarter than you,” Allen warned him. Gates replied, “ ‘No way! No way!’ ” When he was asked to describe the types of roommates he preferred, Gates asked for an African American and an international student. He was assigned to Wigglesworth Hall with Sam Znaimer, a science geek from a family of poor Jewish refugees in Montreal, and Jim Jenkins, a black student from Chattanooga, Tenn. Znaimer, who had never known a privileged WASP before, found Gates friendly but weirdly fascinating. He marveled as Gates spent several nights filling out various federal and state tax forms for the revenues of his high school programming firm, and was astounded by the intensity of his study schedule. “His habit was to do 36 hours or more at a stretch, collapse for 10 hours, then go out, get a pizza, and go back at it,” he recalled. “And if that meant he was starting again at 3 in the morning, so be it.” When working hard, Gates would rock back and forth. Then he would grab Znaimer for a frenzy of playing Pong, the Atari video game, in the dorm lounge, or Spacewar!, a legendary game invented at MIT, on one of the mainframes in Harvard’s computer lab. The lab was named after Harvard’s computer science pioneer Howard Aiken, who had invented an electromechanical computer known as the Mark I, which now sits in the lobby of the Science Center. The Aiken Lab housed one of Gates’s favorite machines: a PDP-10 from Digital Equipment Co. It had been destined for use in Vietnam but was reassigned to Harvard to assist military-funded research there. To avoid sparking an antiwar protest, it was smuggled into the lab early one Sunday morning in 1969. There were also a slew of PDP-1 computers on which to play Spacewar! For his freshman computer project, Gates linked the PDP-10 and a PDP-1 to create a video baseball game. “The logic was on the PDP-10, but I sent it down to the PDP-1 because I used the same display as Spacewar!, a line-drawing display which you don’t see anymore,” said Gates. Allen’s warning to Gates that he would not always be the smartest kid in class turned out to be true. There was a freshman who lived upstairs from him in Wigglesworth who was better at math, Andy Braiterman from Baltimore. They would wrestle with Math 55 problem sets all night in Braiterman’s room, eating pizza. “Bill was intense,” Braiterman remembered, both about math and poker. He was also “a good arguer.” Gates was particularly forceful in asserting that soon everyone would have a home computer that could be used for calling up books and other information. He and Braiterman decided to room together, and they were assigned to Currier House, which Gates loved. Gates decided to major in applied math rather than pure math. “I met several people in the math department who were quite a bit better than I was in math,” he said. “It changed my mind about going into math.” He was able to make a small mark on the field of applied math. In a class taught by computer scientist Harry Lewis, he was introduced to a classic problem: The chef in our place is sloppy, and when he prepares a stack of pancakes they come out all different sizes. Therefore, when I deliver them to a customer, on the way to the table I rearrange them (so that the smallest winds up on top, and so on, down to the largest at the bottom) by grabbing several from the top and flipping them over, repeating this (varying the number I flip) as many times as necessary. If there are n pancakes, what is the maximum number of flips (as a function f(n) of n) that I will ever have to use to rearrange them? The answer required coming up with a good algorithm, just as any computer program did. “I posed it in class, and then I went on,” Lewis recalled. “And a day or two later, this smart sophomore comes into my office and explains that he’s got a five-thirds N algorithm.” In other words, Gates had figured out a way to do it with five-thirds flips per the number of pancakes in the stack. “It involved a complicated case analysis of what exactly the configuration of the top few pancakes might look like,” Lewis recalled. “It was quite clever.” A teaching assistant in the class, Christos Papadimitriou, later published the solution in a scholarly paper co-authored with Gates. Gates developed a rebellious academic pattern: He would not go to the lectures for any course in which he was enrolled, but he would audit classes that he was not taking. He followed this rule carefully. “By my sophomore year, I was auditing classes that met at the same time as my actual classes just to make sure I’d never make a mistake,” he recalled. “So I was this complete rejectionist.” He also took up poker with a vengeance. The games would last all night in one of the common rooms of Currier House, which became known as the Poker Room. His game of choice was Seven Card Stud, high low. A thousand dollars or more could be won or lost per night. Gates was better at assessing the cards than in reading the thoughts of his fellow players. “Bill had a monomaniacal quality,” Braiterman said. “He would focus on something and really stick with it.” At one point he gave Paul Allen his checkbook to try to stop himself from squandering more money, but he soon demanded it back. “He was getting some costly lessons in bluffing,” said Allen. “He’d win $300 one night and lose $600 the next. As Bill dropped thousands that fall, he kept telling me, ‘I’m getting better.’ ” In a graduate-level Economics 2010 class taught by Michael Spence, Gates met a student who lived down the hall from him at Currier House. Steve Ballmer was very different from Gates on the surface. He was big, boisterous, and gregarious, the type of campus enthusiast who seemed to join or lead every organization. He was in the Hasty Pudding Club, the manager of the football team, the publisher of the Advocate, and the advertising manager of the Crimson. What bound the two was their shared super-intensity. They would talk and argue and study together at high volume, each of them rocking back and forth. Then they would go see movies together. “We went and saw ‘Singin’ in the Rain’ and ‘A Clockwork Orange,’ which are only connected by the use of a common song,” said Gates. “And then we got to be super-good friends.” Such was Gates’s life at Harvard when it was suddenly changed, halfway through his sophomore year, by Allen’s arrival at his Currier House room with his newly purchased copy of Popular Electronics featuring the Altair on the cover. Allen’s rallying cry — “Hey, this thing is happening without us” — jolted Gates into action. Gates and Allen set out to write some software that would make it possible for hobbyists to create their own programs on the Altair. Specifically, they decided to write an interpreter for the programming language known as BASIC that would run on the Altair’s Intel 8080 microprocessor. It would become the first commercial native high-level programming language for a microprocessor. In other words, it would launch the personal computer software industry. They wrote a letter to MITS, the fledgling Albuquerque company that made the Altair, claiming that they had created a BASIC language interpreter that could run on the 8080. “We are interested in selling copies of this software to hobbyists through you.” In reality, they did not yet have any software. But they knew they could scramble and write it if MITS expressed interest. When they did not hear back, they decided to call. Gates suggested that Allen place the call, because he was older. “No, you should do it; you’re better at this kind of thing,” Allen argued. They came up with a compromise: Gates would call, disguising his squeaky voice, but he would use the name Paul Allen, because they knew it would be Allen who would fly out to Albuquerque if they got lucky. “I had my beard going and at least looked like an adult, while Bill still could pass for a high school sophomore,” recalled Allen. When the founder of MITS, Ed Roberts, answered the phone, Gates put on a deep voice and said, “This is Paul Allen in Boston. We’ve got a BASIC for the Altair that’s just about finished, and we’d like to come out and show it to you.” Roberts replied that he had gotten many such calls. The first person to walk through his door in Albuquerque with a working BASIC would get the contract. Gates turned to Allen and exulted, “God, we gotta get going on this!’” Because they did not have an Altair to work on, Allen had to emulate one on the PDP-10 mainframe at the Aiken Lab. So they bought a manual for the 8080 microprocessor and within weeks Allen had the simulator and other development tools ready. Meanwhile, Gates was furiously writing the BASIC interpreter code on yellow legal pads. “I can still see him alternately pacing and rocking for long periods before jotting on a yellow legal pad, his fingers stained from a rainbow of felt-tip pens,” Allen recalled. “Once my simulator was in place and he was able to use the PDP-10, Bill moved to a terminal and peered at his legal pad as he rocked. Then he’d type a flurry of code with those strange hand positions of his, and repeat. He could go like that for hours at a stretch.” One night they were having dinner at Currier House, sitting at the table with the other math geeks, and they began complaining about facing the tedious task of writing the floating-point math routines, which would give the program the ability to deal with both very small and very large numbers in scientific notation. A curly-haired kid from Milwaukee named Monte Davidoff piped up, “I’ve written those types of routines.” It was the benefit of being at Harvard. Gates and Allen began peppering him with questions about his capacity to handle floating-point code. Satisfied they knew what he was talking about, they brought him to Gates’s room and negotiated a fee of $400 for his work. He became the third member of the team, and would eventually earn a lot more. Gates ignored the exam cramming he was supposed to be doing and even stopped playing poker. For eight weeks, he, Allen, and Davidoff holed up day and night at the Aiken lab making history. Occasionally they would break for dinner at Harvard House of Pizza or at Aku Aku, an ersatz Polynesian restaurant. In the wee hours of the morning, Gates would sometimes fall asleep at the terminal. “He’d be in the middle of a line of code when he’d gradually tilt forward until his nose touched the keyboard,” Allen said. “After dozing an hour or two, he’d open his eyes, squint at the screen, blink twice, and resume precisely where he’d left off — a prodigious feat of concentration.” They would scribble away at their notepads, competing to see who could execute a subroutine in the fewest lines. “I can do it in nine,” one would shout. Another would shoot back, “Well, I can do it in five!” As Allen noted, “We knew that each byte saved would leave that much more room for users to add to their applications.” The goal was to get the program into less than the 4K of memory that an enhanced Altair would have, so there would be a little room left over for the consumer to use. (A 16GB smartphone has four million times that memory.) At night they would fan out the printouts onto the floor and search for ways to make it more elegant and compact. By late February 1975, after eight weeks of intense coding, they got it down, brilliantly, into 3.2K. “It wasn’t a question of whether I could write the program, but rather a question of whether I could squeeze it into under 4K and make it super fast,” said Gates. “It was the coolest program I ever wrote.” Gates checked it for errors one last time, then commanded the Aiken lab’s PDP-10 to spew out a punch-tape of it so Allen could take it down to Albuquerque. When Allen arrived at MITS, he toggled the switches on the Altair and then waited 10 minutes for the tape reader to load in the code. Ed Roberts and his colleagues exchanged amused glances, already suspecting that the show would be a fiasco. But then the Teletype clacked to life. “MEMORY SIZE?” it asked. “Hey, it typed something!” shouted one of the MITS team. Allen was happily flabbergasted. He typed in the answer: 7168. The Altair responded: “OK.” Allen typed in: “PRINT 2+2”. It was the simplest of all questions, but it would test not only Gates’s coding but also Davidoff’s floating-point math routines. The Altair responded: “4.” Up until then, Roberts had been watching quietly. He had taken his failing company further into debt on the wild surmise that he could create a computer that a home hobbyist could use and afford. Now he was watching as history was made. For the first time, a software program had run on a commercially viable home computer. “Oh my God,” he shouted. “It printed ‘4’!” Rogers invited Allen into his office and agreed to license the BASIC interpreter for inclusion on all Altair machines. “I couldn’t stop grinning,” Allen recalled. As soon as he got back to his hotel, Allen called Gates at Harvard. They were officially in business. When Allen arrived back in Cambridge, bringing with him a working Altair to install in Gates’s Currier House room, they went out to celebrate. Gates had his usual, a Shirley Temple: ginger ale with maraschino cherry juice. A month later, Roberts offered Allen a fulltime job at MITS as director of software. Gates decided to stay at Harvard, at least for the time being. There he endured what has become a rite of passage, amusing only in retrospect, for many of Harvard’s most successful students: being hauled before the dreaded and then-secretive Administrative Board for a disciplinary process, known as being “Ad Boarded.” Gates’s case arose when auditors from the Defense Department decided to check the use of the PDP-10 that it was funding in Harvard’s Aiken lab. They discovered that one sophomore — W.H. Gates — was using most of the time. After much fretting, Gates prepared a paper defending himself and describing how he had created a version of BASIC using the PDP-10 as a simulator. He ended up being exonerated for his use of the machine, but he was “admonished” for allowing a non-student, Allen, to log on with his password. He accepted that minor reprimand and agreed to put his early version of the BASIC interpreter (but not the refined one he and Allen were by then working on) into the public domain. By that time, Gates was focusing more on his software partnership with Allen than his coursework at Harvard. He finished his sophomore year that spring of 1975, but then flew down to Albuquerque for the summer and decided to stay there rather than returning for the first semester of his junior year that fall. He went back to Harvard for two more semesters, in the spring and fall of 1976, but then left Harvard for good, two semesters shy of graduating. In June 2007, when he returned to Harvard to get an honorary degree, he began his speech by directing a comment to his father in the audience. “I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: Dad, I always told you I’d come back and get my degree.” Walter Isaacson has written biographies of Steve Jobs, Albert Einstein, and Benjamin Franklin. He is a Harvard Overseer. 原文见 http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/09/dawn-of-a-revolution/
(Reuters) - China's plans to unlock what could be the world's biggest shale gas reserves risk running further off track after 16 firms awarded exploration rights in the latest auction lacked one core skill - not one has drilled a gas well before. Beijing is hoping shale gas can transform the country in the same way as the U.S. boom, though to date there has been little commercial production and a target of producing 6.5 billion cubic meters of gas by 2015 in the world's biggest energy consumer looks out of reach, according to industry experts. The lack of experience exploiting shale among new firms scrambling to enter the sector will make it an even bigger challenge to get at the gas, and if they fail to deliver China will struggle to reduce its dependence on expensive imports of oil, liquefied natural gas and coal. The auction winners will have to buy in the expertise they lack, offering the prospect of lucrative contracts for specialist foreign firms such as Schlumberger ( SLB.N) or Halliburton ( HAL.N) for the "fracking" (hydraulic fracturing) technology to get at the gas. The first shale auction two years ago was dominated by big Chinese state energy firms such as CNOOC Ltd ( 0883.HK) and PetroChina ( 601857.SS) ( 0857.HK). The second auction attracted interest from more than 100 firms, an eclectic group that included a real estate developer, a grain trader and a tobacco dealer, lured by gas subsidies and aided by easy access to funds. The profile of the bidders reflected both the fever pitch over shale and its potential and the government's attempt to replicate the conditions that underpinned the U.S. shale revolution: competition among a myriad of independent drillers. "They will have received very little data about the blocks, will have very little idea about what it is going to cost them to do exploration wells and no idea about development costs," said Tony Regan of Tri-Zen Consultancy in Singapore, which advises gas companies doing business in China. "They are driven by the attraction of getting in early into what could be a huge market." DEEPER, MORE SCATTERED China 's potential is clear. The government puts technically recoverable shale gas reserves at 25 trillion cubic meters, while the U.S. Energy Information Agency has them at 36.1 tcm, in both cases larger than U.S. reserves estimated at 24.4 tcm. But China's shale deposits are mostly found deeper underground than in the U.S. and reserves are more scattered, making it difficult to adapt the technology that has worked in the United States to China's geology. Big oil firms including PetroChina and Sinopec Corp ( 0386.HK) working on what are considered some of the best prospects are making slow progress. They had drilled more than 60 shale wells by May 2012, mostly in the southwest Sichuan basin, but PetroChina had produced only just over 11 million cubic meters in its most promising area by November. U.S. shale production in 2011 rose to 240 billion cubic meters, nearly 30 percent of total U.S. gas output. The task for the winning companies in the second auctions is made more difficult by the lack of potential in the acreage that was on offer, said a government oil and gas expert with direct knowledge of the auction. The 20 blocks were in 8 provinces including Sichuan, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi. "Based on the understanding of the reserve potential of these blocks, I am not optimistic," the expert said. "Very few would yield sizeable finds and even if they strike gas, it could hardly be profitable due to the high exploration cost." The cost to drill a single shale gas well in China ranges from $5 million to $12 million - compared to the average cost per well of $2.7-$3.7 million in the United States, according to a report by law firm Norton Rose. Shortages of water for fracking in gas basins in China where the shale is located also present formidable challenges. A U.S. shale well typically requires 8-10 million gallons of water. In China, that rises to 10-13 million gallons because of the geology, analysts say. GUNG-HO ABOUT PROSPECTS Among the 16 winning firms the government announced in January, six are state-run and mostly affiliated to big utility and coal firms - including Huadian Group, Shenhua Coal Group and China Coal Group. Eight are energy investment firms freshly formed under the auspice of local governments. Two are little known private firms, including Huaying Shanxi Energy Investment Co Ltd, owned by Shanghai-listed coal miner Wintime Energy ( 600157.SS), which has pledged to spend 437 million yuan ($70 million) on a 1,030 sq-km block in southwestern Guizhou province, according to Xinhua. Lured by hopes of a gas bonanza, the prospectors pledged in the auction to spend at least $2 billion over the next three years to shore up production. "Although many of the auctioned blocks are very complicated in terms of geology ... we also realize that Chinese gas prices are better than that of the U.S. and the demand potential much greater," said an executive at one of the winning firms, asking not to be named as he was not authorized to speak to the media. China has held wholesale, or well-head gas prices for the last three years at about $5.20 per million British thermal units, but they are still well above U.S. benchmark gas prices at around $3.50 per mmbtu. Firms rushing into the sector have also been attracted by Beijing's plans to free up prices for unconventional gas and subsidies. For state-owned firms, easy access to funds from state-owned lenders also encouraged aggressive bids. A firm in the second auction bid 10 times as much as PetroChina for one block, according to industry officials. U.S. FIRMS Utility Huadian has already teamed up with U.S. oilfield service operator Schlumberger , according to Huadian's website. The website gave no details on the extent of the joint venture. Some of the bidders teamed up with service companies to prepare for the auction, industry sources said. The lure of multi-billion dollar drilling contracts has also prompted other U.S. firms, including Halliburton and Weatherford ( WFT.N), to invest in Chinese counterparts. Schlumberger bought a 20.1 percent stake in Hong Kong-listed Anton Oilfield Services Group ( 3337.HK) for about $80 million last year, while Halliburton formed a strategic alliance with China's SPT Energy Group Inc to provide drilling operations. But concerns over intellectual property protection for technology means U.S. firms could limit initial deals to orders of fracturing fluids and support equipment, and that the winning firms may have to rely on small, local service companies for drilling, industry experts said. With some new entrants appearing to be more interested in short-term speculation rather than research and development, China's shale gas revolution could face an uphill slog. "If they all fail, it could slow down the pace of developing shale gas in China, and the government will need to depend on PetroChina and Sinopec to deliver, as they hold the best blocks," said Huang Xinhua of IHS energy consultancy. (Additional reporting by David Stanway; Editing by Ed Davies and Simon Webb
A Message from the Executive Director I’ve heard it said that big things come in small packages, but I like to rephrase it. The very smallest packages—atoms, electrons, photons and other quantum particles — will bring about the next big thing. The quantum information revolution promises to forever change the ways we work, communicate, play and live. Amazingly, this global revolution is fuelled by particles and forces so incredibly tiny and fragile that merely observing them changes their properties. Since IQC was founded a decade ago, our researchers have peered ever-deeper into the quantum realm,learning how to control nature’s building blocks to develop powerful new technologies. Incredible progress has been made so far, and the pace of this progress is accelerating. The coming year promises to be IQC’s most exciting yet, as the institute has just expanded its research operations into the Mike Ophelia Lazaridis Quantum-Nano Centre. For quantum research, this facility is — quite literally — the next big thing.The 285,000-square-foot building is remarkable in every way, from its technical specifications to its collaborative spaces and stunning architecture. This truly unique building provides the quiet and low-vibration environment needed to perform cutting-edge quantum experiments. The entire facility is designed to inspire collaboration and attract top researchers from around the world. IQC’s expansion into the new building represents another giant leap in the evolution of the institute. What started a decade ago with a handful of brilliant theorists has grown to become the world's foremost hub of theoretical and experimental quantum information research — with more growth yet to come. IQC is well on its way to achieving even its most ambitious goals. Research conducted at the institute — whether probing fundamental questions of quantum mechanics or developing innovative new technologies — is regularly published in leading journals, showcased at prestigious conferences and recognized with national and international grants and awards. Our faculty members share their expertise with postdoctoral fellows and students who come to IQC from every corner of the globe. This next generation of quantum pioneers will develop a deep intuition for the quantum realm and lead the world into the quantum information age. We believe our breakthroughs should be shared with the government organizations,industry partners and members of the public who support the research. IQC hosts many scientific conferences,workshops and summer schools, and publishes a growing library of literature and videos aimed at sharing quantum science with the world. We could not have achieved this level of excellence without the vision of Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis. The institute also receives tremendous support from federal and provincial governments, and thrives in the vibrant academic environment at the University of Waterloo. IQC is establishing Waterloo and Canada as the world’s “Quantum Valley.” Ultimately, this is happening thanks to the brilliant and curious minds who make great science happen here every day. To all the individuals and organizations whose support and guidance allow IQC to lead the global quantum information revolution, thank you. Raymond Laflamme Executive Director, IQC 原文见 http://iqc.uwaterloo.ca/resources/reports/iqcannualreport2012.pdf
The second quantum revolution 作者： 麦克尔·布鲁克斯 Michael Brooks 这个世界曾经是个简单得多的地方。大约一百年前，我们生活在一个很正常、经典的宇宙里，一切都合乎常情，没有什么奇怪的表现。随后，量子理论出现了。 突然间，事物的表现不再总是合乎一个理性的人的料想了。在原子和粒子这样的基本层次上，一个东西可以同时处于两个地方，它们甚至可以同时向两个不同的方向运动，而且，与此同时，它们仍然互相纠缠——以一种量子版本的心灵感应，通过某种方式即时地远程感知、影响对方。 使自己适应这个新的宇宙是个艰巨的任务。有些物理学家构想出复杂的哲学理论来论述其内涵。阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦则与此相反，众所周知，他认为量子纠缠像幽灵一般，因而断然否决。他确信量子纠缠不可能是真的，因为其潜在含义会造成更深层的影响：要想建构一个统一理论，把量子力学、相对论和其他物理理论结合起来，则必须把这个纠缠的离奇性质和相对论的更实际的时空观统一起来。但这些似乎太难了。 他始终未曾放弃万有理论(a theory of everything)。爱因斯坦后半生一直在构想一个大统一的宇宙，但没有成功。他也在继续独自试图解决量子的幽灵特性。对多数物理学家来说，如果想设计一个激光器或晶体管，那么量子理论很有用，但若要对它深究则行不通。 这种态度甚至在那些想理解宇宙深层机制的人士当中也颇为普遍。因此，在对统一理论的探求中，量子理论的基础，即它对粒子、场和现实本身的描述所基于的假设，被搁置到次要位置。“爱因斯坦坚信，解决量子力学这些基础问题对于解决统一的问题来说是必不可少的，但他的这个信念被埋没并丢失了。”加拿大沃特卢的圆周研究所的李·斯莫林说(Lee Smolin of the Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Canada)。 但一度失去的现在又找回来了。其复活的核心原因是，越来越多的结果显示出纠缠对我们的现实观有着深刻的暗示。最近，奥地利的维也那大学的一个小组领导的试验，提供了迄今最有说服力的证据，证明在我们的所见之外，并没有客观现实。我们的观测造就了现实。 这个观点很有争议，也不算新。但越来越多的证据可能会给万有理论的探索带来很大的潜在影响。如法国巴莱佐光学研究所的阿莱因·阿斯派克特(Alain Aspect of the Institute of Optics at Palaiseau in France)所说，事实上我们现在正处于“第二次量子革命的概念性的开端。” 首次量子革命始于1920年代。爱因斯坦认为量子力学的很大的问题是，它与所有其他物理理论所支持的直觉相抵触。在我们的经验里，物体在空间中有明确的位置，以及有限的作用范围。然而根据量子理论，尽管一对粒子的时空间隔使得信号还未及在其间传递，但它们仍然能够共享关于其量子状态的信息，并且有时还会互相改变。 爱因斯坦因此觉得在描述物理现实方面，量子力学缺少了什么东西。他认为，并非是粒子之间通过幽灵般的关联共享状态信息，而仅仅是我们不知道何处能找到决定它们的诸如动量值等的因素。 爱因斯坦说，若找到这些“隐变量”，则所有这些神秘的幽灵特性都将冰消瓦解，取而代之的将是一个运作于符合常情的规则之下的量子理论。 不出所料，爱因斯坦并没有就此停手，他构想出一个数学形式的论据来加强其观点。他与波里斯·波多斯基(Boris Podolsky)和内森·罗森(Nathan Rosen)合作，向量子阵营发出挑战书。 1935年，这三位理论家发表了爱因斯坦-波多斯基-罗森思想实验，即EPR。它说，如果量子理论是正确并完备的，你应该能做出这样一个实验： 对一对纠缠的粒子中的一个进行观测时，应该能即刻影响到它远程孪生兄弟的量子状态。在当时，这看上去违反了公认的物理定律，因此对能否认为量子力学完备地描述了现实，提出质疑。 咬牙切齿之声和胜利的欢呼声随之而来。也在试图解决量子力学问题的埃尔温·薛定谔兴高采烈地对爱因斯坦说，这篇EPR论文扼住了量子理论的“咽喉”。但是，没有人知道怎么真正实现这个思想实验。 于是，这两大阵营——其中爱因斯坦的对手以令人生畏的丹麦物理学家尼尔斯·波尔(Niels Bohr)为先锋——在接下来的二十多年里进行了激烈的交锋。 1964年，即爱因斯坦去世的九年之后，约翰·贝尔(John Bell)找到一个测试EPR的方案。如爱因斯坦一样，他也相信直观的“定域实在论”：即一个粒子不可能即时地被一个远处的事件影响，而且它的属性独立于观测而存在。 贝尔推导出一个数学公式，它量化地说明了，如果你对一对纠缠粒子进行观测时，会得出什么结果。如果定域实在论是对的，那么对两个纠缠的粒子各自做出的观测之间的关系，不会超出某一个量，原因是粒子间的相互影响是有限的。至此，进行一个明确实验的舞台已经搭好。 多年之后，阿斯派克特在巴黎大学他的地下实验室里建造了所需的设备，而到了1982年，他得到了结果：贝尔公式与量子实验不一致(《新科学家》杂志，1990年11月24日，43页)。 阿斯派克特宣告，这个世界不可能既是定域的又是实在的——爱因斯坦错了。但是选哪一个：实在论还是定域性(realism or locality)?粒子仅在观测时才获得实际的属性，还是，粒子之间可以有远距离的即时相互影响? 答案本来可以从另一个来源得到。早在阿斯派克特进行他的实验之前的1976年，物理学家安东尼·莱格特(Anthony Leggett)想出一个他称为“内核”(the kernel)的办法修改贝尔公式，把它作一个扭转： 他量化了可能得到的实验结果，即，假如远程、即时的作用可能的话，当你观测纠缠的粒子时会得到什么结果。莱格特后来在2003年发表了这个公式，就是这一年他为他在氦-3的量子属性方面的工作获得了诺贝尔物理奖。 我们来看一个由奥地利和波兰的物理学家组成的小组，他们现在已经完成了关于纠缠光子的实验以检验莱格特公式(Leggett's formula)(详见“实在性的终结”)。这个小组由奥地利科学院的马库斯·阿斯佩尔迈耶(Markus Aspelmeyer of the Austrian Academy of Sciences)和维也纳大学的安东·蔡林格(Anton Zeilinger of the University of Vienna)领导。 与阿斯派克特的工作相比，他们成功地把他们的系统噪声降低所需的十倍。他们在四月份发表了实验结果(《自然》杂志，446卷，871页)。 他们发现，莱格特公式也违反了：即便你允许即时的作用，量子实验的结果还是与客观实在性的观念不符。这是很令人惊讶的，因为你也许认为，只要允许幽灵般的非定域行为，你就能解释两个粒子之间的几乎任何关联，如此则不必抛弃我们的真实性的概念。“并非如此。”阿斯佩尔迈耶(Aspelmeyer)说。 虽然还有一些漏洞——并非所有的非定域模型都已经排除——但我们现在不得不面对这样的可能性：我们所观测的目标的属性没有任何内在真实的东西。换句话说，对这些属性进行的观测本身使它们成为存在。 “我们并不是在被动地观察现实，实际上我们创造了它。” 量子研究者英国利兹大学的弗拉特科·费德拉(Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds, UK)说。 这个观点也许并非是新的，但是支持它的证据是新的。而且这可能会对万有理论带来重大影响：它告诉我们，我们原本以为是真实的不一定是真实的。阿斯佩尔迈耶(Aspelmeyer)说：“从我们的经验里，我们得知有一个‘真实’的世界，其中发生着‘真实’的物理事件——从一个实验室探测器的喀嗒声，到喝了太多啤酒后感到头疼等等。”他指出，但这并不意味着我们的物理理论也必须盲从这些经验——也许他们应该更深入地探究。 量子研究者们也许对此感到满意，但同时这也给探究宇宙大统一的人们带来深深的顾虑。广义相对论，即爱因斯坦关于引力的理论，是完全现实的，它依赖于独立于观测而存在的东西。 因此，对万有理论的探寻也许会比我们所预想的更加困难，它需要把量子物理和广义相对论统一起来。“怎么建构一个非真实的引力理论还毫无头绪，但如果我们想要把引力量子化的话，这又是我们必须做的。”费德拉(Vedral)说。 幽灵般的时空 如同爱因斯坦几十年前所提出的那样，“纠缠”也许是关键。阿斯佩尔迈耶(Aspelmeyer)说：“理解纠缠意味着理解物理理论的基础原理中的很大一部分。”他的维也纳同事布吕克纳(?Caslav Brukner)走得更远。 布吕克纳指出，在二十多年中，人们一直在说，物理学已经接近收尾了，结果我们反而似乎陷入僵局。他说：“我们需要重新思考，并从根本上修改我们的基本物理概念，这样才能在物理学上取得下一个大的突破。” 有些从事统一理论研究的物理学家对此有清醒的认识。斯莫林(Smolin)说，就“量子引力的新想法”而言，“非定域性当然是处于核心的”。他的专门领域，即环量子引力(loop quantum gravity)，并不假定空间和时间表现为爱因斯坦的相对论所规定的那样(《新科学家》杂志，2006年8月12日，28页)。 他们允许幽灵般即时穿越时空的信号传递，同样，在研究类似模型时，也在重新考察量子力学基础的方方面面。比如，斯莫林(Smolin)与圆周(Perimeter)研究所的同事弗提尼·马可波罗(Fotini Markopoulou)在最近写的论文中指出，环量子引力也许与众所周知的纠缠概念相冲突(www.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0702044)。 把这些研究转变为一个更深入的理论不会是一件易事。牛津大学的物理学家大卫·多伊奇(David Deutsch)警告说，即便我们重新审查纠缠，也未必会帮助我们找到万有理论的出路。根据多伊奇，阻碍我们的是比这个更基本的东西。 他说，纠缠是真的，但它所告诉我们的，更多的是关于信息如何从量子系统中提取，而并非关于这个物理宇宙的本质。他补充说，所有这些关于纠缠的哲学上的困扰都是基于这样一个“错觉”： 我们已经掌握了量子理论的根本。从经典世界跨出一大步并不等于我们已经抵达量子真理的中心。“定域实在论这个东西只是关于经典世界观是否可能，”多伊奇(Deutsch)说，“但这是个毫无意义的争执，它早在1950年代就应该结束了。” 多伊奇的世界观显然是量子的，他对万有理论的看法是，它很有可能来自在更基础的层次上对量子理论和相对论进行统一，而不是在目前的纠缠实验所允许的这个层次上。 当然，这正是我们仍然在寻找线索的地方。“从根本上来说，整个这个问题的关键是，在量子和引力效应都有关系的领域中，我们缺乏实验观察，”费德拉(Vedral)说，“引力理论在其自己的领域中很出色，量子物理也是如此。”他说，我们需要确定的是，引力理论和量子理论哪一个更基本。 那么，宇宙独立于观测而存在吗?这是个我们必须面对的问题。如果我们真心地想揭示宇宙的基本原理的话，也许我们是该重新回到一度终止的爱因斯坦的探索上了。在诸如大型强子对撞机(Large Hadron Collider)的粒子对撞机(particle smashers)上的花费也明确示意我们应该如此。 也许我们应该把量子纠缠和现实的本质移到对万有理论的探索的核心了。曾经显得怪诞的枝末事件也许将被证明是主要事件。 实在性的终结 想要证明你认为是真实的所有东西实际上并非真实吗?从一些常识性的假定出发：在人们观测某些东西之前，它们就具有真实的、可以观测的属性。然后尝试一个量子实验。 利用光子的极化。假定一个光子是极化的，它的电磁场沿一个很确定的方向振动。现在假定每一个光子的极化将造成一个可以预测的效应：当你把一个偏振镜放在光束前时，你可以预测所能得到的光的强度。 这些假设已经由奥地利维也那大学马库斯·阿斯佩尔迈耶(Markus Aspelmeyer)和 安东·蔡林格(Anton Zeilinger)的小组在一个里程碑式的实验中进行了检验(《自然》杂志，第446卷，871页)。 研究者们测试了从一个晶体发出的很多对纠缠的光子(见插图)。以前的实验观测的是处于一个平面上的极化，而阿斯佩尔迈耶(Aspelmeyer)的实验是三维的，这样可以排除更多的关于光子客观实在性的可能性。 这个实验的机制在于极化测量的和、差和乘积之间的一个数学关系，是由伊利诺大学香槟分校的安东尼·莱格特(Anthony Leggett of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign)推导出来的。它简化为称为关联函数(correlation function)的一套结果，说明了对纠缠光子进行的相关的极化测量将会如何。 两个实验者，名为爱丽丝(A)和鲍勃(B)，进行观测。爱丽丝可以选择把她的偏振镜置于两个角度之一，而鲍勃则可以选择三个角度之一。两人选择的极化平面都互相垂直。这样你就可以检验实在论——即粒子的状态存在于客观现实中的观点——以及非定域论，即粒子间可以有远程、即时作用的观点。 其中的机关是，看量子理论加上这些假设能否预言其关联。莱格特公式说明了不同观测结果的组合应该取决于爱丽丝和鲍勃所选的角度。如果预言与观测结果吻合，那么你的假设是对的。否则，你只有放弃你关于现实的观点。 “如果把所有所涉及到的理论都考虑进来，所允许的数值将限于一个确定的范围，”维也那大学的一位研究者布吕克纳(?Caslav Brukner)说，“如果测量值超出那个范围，你就知道自然界不能由那些理论描述。” 结果是，如果假定光子在观测之前就有明确的极化，则那些数字不符合期望值。但是，如果假定量子理论是对的，并且你只能统计性地描述属性，则与预言完美相符。这些研究者们认为，这意味着我们必须放弃客观实在性的观点。 “也许玻尔和海森堡结果是对的，”阿斯佩尔迈耶(Aspelmeyer)说，“物理学并没有告诉我们自然界是怎样的，它只告诉我们，关于自然界，我们能说些什么。” 来源：《新科学家》杂志 2007年6月23日 智悲翻译中心 翻译：圆杨 2011年12月11日
ZHEJIANG OCEAN UNIVERSITY AND BLUE REVOLUTION HAWAII SIGN MOU http://bluerevolutionhawaii.blogspot.com/2011/06/zhejiang-ocean-university-and-blue.html 4. Zhejiang Ocean University was formed in 1988, but already has 15,000 students. A new campus at the coastline is being constructed. I would not be surprised if this someday becomes the pre-eminent ocean institution for the country. A sister city relationship is being discussed between Zhoushan and Honolulu. Hawaii's primary link to China could well in time become these islands, located across the bay and south of Shanghai, for we have very similar interests and are the only island states of our respective countries. ps. I think there are some inaccurate predictions and mistakes in this Blog.
Why Barnes Noble Is Thumping Borders By Rick Newman, On Monday January 10, 2011, 12:47 pm EST Some corporate battles go on for years, with titans vying for dominance in endurance races where the lead can routinely change hands: Apple v. Microsoft. Dell v. HP. Boeing v. Airbus. But other battles are more like a war of attrition, an all-or-nothing fight with the spoils going to the last man standing. ... Borders, however, is starting to look like the next casualty of the digital revolution. ps. It's sad for me, because I am partly responsible for the outcome. I order most of my books online, and walk to the BN because it's right across the street from me.
Welcome to SRC Basic research is of benefit to all. If you're willing to make the investment, the value is very high. Ralph Cavin, Ph.D. Chief Scientist, SRC PLAY VIDEO Collaboration, Invention, Revolution Founded on the radically simple premise that cooperative university research programs focused on pre-competitive technologies and sponsored by industry rivals would raise the competitiveness of all participating companies, SRC has become a continuing source of revolutionary ideas and talented professionals that are fueling industry and impacting the world. Announcing TECHCON 2010 September 13 14 in Austin, Texas Get a quick overview of SRC's twelfth technical conference. Check the TECHCON home page for more information News Announcements SRC researcher, Lawrence Pileggi, selected by IEEE Circuits and Systems Society to receive 2010 Mac Van Valkenburg Award More The 2009 SRC Annual Report The Value of Members is now available. More SRC and Columbia University researchers develop novel metrologies that provide insights to minimize leakage and breakdowns that cause chip failure. More SRC and the University of North Texas establish center to focus on advanced plasma processes and insulators used in semiconductor manufacturing. More Long-time SRC researchers, Jan Rabaey of the University of California/Berkeley and Reinhold Dauskardt of Stanford University were recipients of SIA's 2010 University Researcher Awards presented during the SIA's recent Washington DC meeting. More NRI announced an open call for NSF-NRI Graduate Student and Postdoctoral Fellow Supplements to NSF Centers in Nanoelectronics. Supplemental funding requests must be submitted by May 10th. More GRC addresses the critical challenges on the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), delivering the solutions that sustain Moore's Law. http://www.src.org/Default.asp When we started SRC, the first big challenge was to get (company representatives) to realize that it was okay to collaborate. Within a year, they were openly discussing the goals for pre-competitive generic research. Larry Sumney President CEO, SRC PLAY VIDEO http://www.src.org/Default.asp?bhjs=1
The Parallel Revolution Has Started: Are You Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem? Dave Patterson Parallel Computing Laboratory U.C. Berkeley June, 2008 PDF 以下信息来自ACM Former ACM President to Lecture on Parallel Revolution of Programming David Patterson, former ACM President and Director of University of California, Berkeley's Parallel Computing Laboratory (Par Lab) and theUC Berkeley Reliable Adaptive Distributed Systems Laboratory (RAD Lab), will give a lecture on The Parallel Revolution Has Started: Are You Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem? at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on April 8. Patterson will explain: Why the La-Z-Boy era of programming is over The implications to the IT industry if the parallel revolution should fail The opportunities and pitfalls of this revolution What Berkeley is doing to try to be near the forefront of this revolution If time permits, the talk will also explain a new intuitive visual performance model called Roofline, which willbe featuredin the April 2009 issue of Communications of the ACM . A live video stream will be activated at the time of the event. For more information, please visit the Parallel@Illinois Distinguished Lecture Series web site .
标签: Revolution
