Development and characterization of an enterovirus 71 (EV71) virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine produced in Pichia pastoris • https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1649554 • Abstract • Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major causative agents for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Although there are three inactivated virus-based HFMD vaccines licensed in China, alternative approaches have been taken to produce an effective and safer vaccine that is easier to manufacture in large scale. Among these, a virus-like particles (VLPs) based EV71 vaccine is under active development. For this purpose, an efficient methodology for the production of EV71-VLPs by recombinant technology is needed. We here report the construction and expression of the P1 and 3C genes of EV71 in Pichia pastoris for producing VLP-based EV71 vaccine antigen with a high yield and simple manufacturing process. Based on codon-optimized P1 and 3C genes, EV71-VLPs were efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris system, and the expression level reached 270 mg/L. Biochemical and biophysical analyses showed that the produced EV71-VLPs consisted of processed VP0, VP1, and VP3 present as ~35nm spherical particles. The immune response as a function of EV71-VLPs and adjuvant dose ratio was investigated for vaccine development. Immunization with EV71-VLPs of 1-5 μg/dose and adjuvant of 225 μg/dose induced robust neutralizing antibody responses in mice and provided effective protection against lethal challenge in both maternally transferred antibody and passive transfer protection mouse models. Therefore, the yeast produced EV71-VLPs antigen is a promising candidate for the development of vaccine against HFMD. • Keywords: Enterovirus 71, hand foot and mouth disease, vaccine, immunogenicity, Pichia pastoris, virus-like particles E print link : https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/HG25RAZNRRDBYFIV9JXU/full?target=10.1080/21645515.2019.1649554
抗肠道病毒药物设计和前景展望 -- “第二部分:靶向病毒衣壳” 作者:崔胜 肠道病毒衣壳呈现无包膜、正二十面体结构。每一个正二十面体颗粒由60个相同的病毒衣壳蛋白异源四聚体(VP1-VP4)组装形成。病毒衣壳直接参与了细胞的吸附,入侵和脱壳等病毒生活中期中关键过程,因此是最早被确认的药物设计靶标之一。显而易见,高分辨率病毒衣壳三维结构信息是靶向衣壳药物设计的前提。在三十余年的不懈探索中,包括鼻病毒(HRV-16 )和柯萨奇病毒( Coxsakievirus A9 , A24 and B3 )等一系列肠道病毒完整衣壳晶体结构先后获得解析。最近,EV71病毒完整衣壳结构及其与抑制剂分子形成的复合物三维结构成功解析。这一重大进展归功于多位国际著名病毒衣壳晶体学专家。其中既包括了由我国和英国多位科学家组成的研究团队(Rao’s, Fry’s and Stuart’s groups ,又包括了一个来自美国的研究组( Rossmann’s group )。 肠道病毒衣壳的结构学研究发现正二十面体结构并非“铁板一块”。病毒衣壳的表面不但存在“缝隙”( cleft),而且病毒衣壳蛋白具备固有的动态变化特性。研究证实,衣壳蛋白的构象动态变化是病毒实现与细胞受体的结合,入侵以及最终脱壳的必要条件。高分辨率病毒衣壳结构进一步揭示衣壳蛋白表面缝隙的内部藏有疏水的口袋。当小分子化合物钻进这些缝隙并占据内部口袋的时候,整个病毒衣壳结构将会变得非常稳定和“僵硬”,从而实现干扰病毒衣壳正常功能的目的。我国著名结构生物学专家饶子和院士和牛津大学Stuart教授课题组通过合作研究解析了EV71完整衣壳与四种不同的3-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazolidinone衍生物形成的复合物晶体结构,在原子水平上揭示了抑制剂结构与抗病毒活性之间的关联。利用quantummechanics-enhanced ligand docking技术,他们开展了基于结构的抑制剂分子优化设计,最终获得了一种全新的化合物,具有较以往合成的化合物高一个数量级的抗病毒活性 。美国晶体学专家 Rossmann教授课题组获得了EV71病毒颗粒与抑制剂“WIN-51711”形成的复合物晶体结构。WIN化合物是由制药企业 Sterling Winthrop研发的一系列病毒衣壳结合药物。Rossmann发现 WIN-51711能够取代病毒衣壳固有的口袋因子 ( pocketfactor)并占据位于衣壳蛋白 VP1的疏水口袋。他们进而证实:WIN-51711可以稳定EV71病毒衣壳的构象,限制病毒衣壳蛋白的构象动态变化,从而有效抑制病毒RNA基因组的释放 。同一个课题组在2015年还报道了流行北美 、引发儿童呼吸系统疾病的肠道病毒 D68型病毒衣壳与 抑制剂Pleconaril形成的复合物晶体结构 。Pleconaril曾经是针对导致普通感冒的鼻病毒开发的衣壳结合药物。Rossmann的研究结果揭示Pleconaril不但能占据VP1蛋白表面的疏水口袋,而且具备纳摩尔水平抑制肠道病毒D68复制的能力,从而指出了该药物具有广谱抑制多种肠道病毒的潜力。 高分辨率病毒衣壳的结构信息为衣壳结合类化合物的设计和优化提供了重要基础。然而,该类化合物具有一个难以回避的不利条件,即容易诱导耐药性。这主要源于以下两种原因。(1)肠道病毒编码了一种称为“RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RDRP)”。RDRP负责病毒基因组的复制,然而RDRP的复制错误率非常高,导致了病毒编码蛋白保持较高的突变率。(2)与病毒编码的非结构蛋白不同,病毒衣壳蛋白的遗传选择压力较低,能够容忍较高的突变率。因此,肠道病毒衣壳蛋白的编码序列保守性相对最低,突变和重组的发生率较高。综上所述,在衣壳结合类药物的选择压力下,肠道病毒通常能够迅速发生突变,降低药物和病毒衣壳的亲和力,从而产生耐药性。 参考文献 1. Rossmann, M.G., etal., Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship toother picornaviruses. Nature, 1985. 317(6033): p. 145-53. 2. Hendry, E., et al.,The crystal structure of coxsackievirus A9: new insights into the uncoatingmechanisms of enteroviruses. Structure, 1999. 7(12): p. 1527-38. 3. Zocher, G., et al.,A sialic acid binding site in a human picornavirus. PLoS Pathog, 2014. 10(10):p. e1004401. 4. Muckelbauer, J.K.,et al., Structure determination of coxsackievirus B3 to 3.5 A resolution. ActaCrystallogr D Biol Crystallogr, 1995. 51(Pt 6): p. 871-87. 5. Wang, X., et al., Asensor-adaptor mechanism for enterovirus uncoating from structures of EV71. NatStruct Mol Biol, 2012. 19(4): p. 424-9. 6. Ren, J., et al.,Picornavirus uncoating intermediate captured in atomic detail. Nat Commun,2013. 4: p. 1929. 7. De Colibus, L., etal., More-powerful virus inhibitors from structure-based analysis of HEV71capsid-binding molecules. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2014. 21(3): p. 282-8. 8. Plevka, P., et al.,Structure of human enterovirus 71 in complex with a capsid-binding inhibitor.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013. 110(14): p. 5463-7. 9. Plevka, P., et al.,Crystal structure of human enterovirus 71. Science, 2012. 336(6086): p. 1274. 10. Liu, Y., et al.,Virus structure. Structure and inhibition of EV-D68, a virus that causesrespiratory illness in children. Science, 2015. 347(6217): p. 71-4. 本文为崔胜研究小组原创,转发本文请注明出处
抗肠道病毒药物设计和前景展望 --“第一部分:背景回顾” 二十一世纪以来,由EV71,柯萨奇A16等肠道病毒引起的手足口病疫情爆发波及全球,在亚洲地区尤为严重。以我国为例,手足口病由明显的季节性流行逐渐转变为全年均可发病。2010年以来,年均手足口病新发病例数量超过百万,发病率位居我国丙类传染病之首(依据国家CDC法定传染病报告)。手足口病的首要受害者是免疫系统尚未发育完善的幼儿和儿童(6岁以下),成为威胁这一群体健康不可忽视的因素之一。手足口病病毒可通过粪口途径迅速传播,除了典型的皮肤红疹伴随持续高热等症状以外,有一定比例的患者可发展成重症,引起无菌性中枢神经系统感染并导致死亡。因此,手足口病的流行在一定程度上可引发恐慌等社会不稳定现象。 肠道病毒属于微小病毒科,包括至少285个成员,分成29个种,13个属。其中有6个病毒属为人类或动物的病原体。除手足口病毒以外,为人们熟知的微小病毒科病原体还包括了脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV),甲型肝炎病毒(HAV),口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)以及可引起心肌炎的柯萨奇病毒B3型(CVB3)等病毒。这些病毒无疑是人口健康和社会经济发展的重大威胁 ( 1) 。 时至今日,有效的肠道病毒防控手段依旧有限。成功的疫苗仅包括脊髓灰质炎疫苗,甲型肝炎疫苗和口蹄疫疫苗等寥寥几种。最近,正在中国研发的两种 EV71疫苗取得重大进展。分别由中国医学科学院医学生物学研究所和中国食品药品检定研究院研发的EV71灭活疫苗通过三期临床研究证明,这两种疫苗(100U和400U抗原)均表现出超过94%的有效性 ( 2,3) 。然而,接下来的问题是,仅仅依靠疫苗是否可以实现手足口病的控制。以脊髓灰质炎的防控历史为例, GlobalPolio Eradication Initiative 即GPEI组织于1988年成立,旨在通过全球范围的大规模疫苗接种于2000年之前根除脊髓灰质炎病毒 ( 3) 。然而现实的情况表明,在距离2000年十五年之后的今天,脊髓灰质炎仍然在多个国家和地区流行。因此,领域内的专家普遍认为,实现肠道病毒的控制不仅需要有效的疫苗,而且需要抗病毒药物的辅助。 肠道病毒药物设计策略可依据潜在的药物靶标可分为靶向病毒衣壳的药物设计,靶向病毒编码的非结构蛋白的药物设计,靶向非编码 RNA的药物设计和靶向参与病毒入侵、感染的宿主蛋白的药物设计等几类。肠道病毒生命周期中许多关键步骤往往为药物设计提供了重要线索。例如,病毒的入侵和脱壳过程,病毒前体蛋白的合成和成熟化剪切,病毒基因组合成,免疫逃逸和病毒颗粒组装/形态形成。显而易见,在分子水平上揭示这些关键步骤的机制是药物设计的关键。结构生物学的进展可以为理性抑制剂设计提供精确的三维结构信息。例如在上世纪八十年代,鼻病毒颗粒晶体结构的解析 ( 4) 导致了一系列衣壳结合抑制剂的诞生。上世纪九十年代,鼻病毒3C蛋白酶晶体结构的解析支撑了芦平曲韦(Rupintrivir) (5) 等蛋白酶抑制剂的设计和合成。然而,经过近三十年的努力,目前尚未有任何一种抗肠道病毒药物获批上市。 参考文献 1. Tuthill, T.J., et al., Picornaviruses. Curr TopMicrobiol Immunol, 2010. 343: p. 43-89. 2. Liang, Z. and J. Wang, EV71 vaccine, an invaluable giftfor children. Clin Transl Immunology, 2014. 3(10): p. e28. 3. Griffiths, E., D. Wood, and L. Barreto, Polio vaccine:the first 50 years and beyond. Biologicals, 2006. 34(2): p. 73-4. 4. Rossmann, M.G., et al., Structure of a human common coldvirus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature, 1985.317(6033): p. 145-53. 5. Patick, A.K., et al., In vitro antiviral activity ofAG7088, a potent inhibitor of human rhinovirus 3C protease. Antimicrob AgentsChemother, 1999. 43(10): p. 2444-50.
肠道病毒71型(EV71))已被证明是引起近年来亚洲-太平洋地区频发的手足口病重症并导致患者死亡的最主要病原体。小RNA病毒科成员肠道病毒71型(EV71)作为引起儿童手足口病(hand foot and mouth disease, HFMD)的常见病原体, 同时因其也是该病重症及死亡病例的主要病原而受到广泛关注。 http://www.ebiotrade.com/newsf/2013-6/2013618120828937.htm EV71 AND hand foot and mouth disease http://pubmedpro.cn/Pubmed/Statistic Top 20 of Mesh statistics of 367 documents 1. enterovirus browse it with it or it without it 279 2. enterovirus infections browse it with it or it without it 272 3. hand, foot and mouth disease browse it with it or it without it 196 4. enterovirus a, human browse it with it or it without it 187 5. molecular sequence data browse it with it or it without it 78 6. phylogeny browse it with it or it without it 69 7. disease outbreaks browse it with it or it without it 62 8. reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction browse it with it or it without it 59 9. rna, viral browse it with it or it without it 56 10. capsid proteins browse it with it or it without it 49 11. antibodies, viral browse it with it or it without it 48 12. sequence analysis, dna browse it with it or it without it 37 13. genotype browse it with it or it without it 31 14. viral vaccines browse it with it or it without it 28 15. cercopithecus aethiops browse it with it or it without it 28 16. amino acid sequence browse it with it or it without it 28 17. vero cells browse it with it or it without it 27 18. base sequence browse it with it or it without it 26 19. disease models, animal browse it with it or it without it 21 20. neutralization tests browse it with it or it without it 20 Top 20 of Authors statistics of 367 documents 1. 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“小心眼”是小文老师的学生,我曾问她为什么要自称“小心眼”,她回短信说:“一是现实生活中,每个人都难免小心眼;二是提醒自己不做小心眼。”我想,能够自称“小心眼”的人一定非常自信,因为真正的“小心眼”不会如此。 11月23日下午,“小心眼”从另一个会场风风火火地赶来北京国际会议中心,我们到一家台湾菜馆落座。点菜的时候,她讲起一次吃自助的经历,她一口气吃了9个 哈根达斯 的 冰 淇淋,一下子把200元的餐费给赚回来了。于是,想都不用想,一个大大的冰淇淋就来到了餐桌。当天的晚餐吃得很久,我们从五点半一直到十一点半,吃完后家常还不停地聊,甚至忘记了加开水,在那个暖气超好的餐厅里。“小心眼”最瞧不起那种有个idea就神秘兮兮的样子,生怕别人剽窃了去,事实上真正有idea的人不怕别人剽窃。因为他有10个即使你拿去了8个,他还有两个,关键是要把想法做出来,而且大家得到了交流形成了互相信任和帮助的氛围,而不是各自为战。 “小心眼”不亏是李老师的学生,从理到工到医经历了多次专业转换仍然做了很多工作。她 本科为 中国海洋大学应用数学系 获得 理学学士学位 , 硕士为 中国海 洋大学计算机应用获得 工学硕士学位,博士为 北京邮电大学信号与信息处理 工学博士学位,但是工作以来却干过 3 年的 电子局 助理工程师 ,10 年的大学 计算机的 助理讲师 和 讲师 , 后来又到 军事医学科学院贺福初院士实验室做 生物信息分析 1 年, 中国科学院遥感所李小文院士实验室参与 空间信息处理半年 , 军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所 做 传染病模型构建 1 年, 首都医科大学公共卫生学院 讲师 1 年, 美国国立卫生研究院 Fogarty 中心 博士后 /Fellow 1 年, 美国哈佛大学 做访问学者 3 个月 , 再就到现在的工作单位 北京大学医学部 做 副教授至今(1年) 。 她目前的 研究方向有:(1) 传染病预防与控制:目前主要研究课题是结核病,艾滋病,糖尿病的感染传播规律和流行趋势 ;(2) 综合数学,生态学,地理学,流行病学等多学科工具,构建传染病预警模型 ;(3) 评估疾病控制策略,实现策略优选,构建科学决策体系,提供决策支持服务 。 她正在做的 期刊审稿包括:(1) The Lancet: statistical/epidemiology /general reviewer;(2) The Lancet Infectious Disease : statistical/epidemiology /general reviewer;( 3) The Lancet Oncology : statistical/epidemiology reviewer;( 4) The Lancet Neurology :statistical/epidemiology reviewer;( 5) The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease : general reviewer;( 6) The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse :general reviewer; ( 7) 中华医学杂志英文版 。 学术兼职有 中国卫生信息学会健康统计专业委员会常务委员, 中国疾病预防控制中心传染病重点实验室学术委员 。 主持课题包括 耐药结核病时空传播模型及其流行规律的研究( 国家自然基金面上项目), 新型毒品与艾滋病传播风险评估( 北京市教委), 结核病预警模式 的研究 第 2 子课题( 科技部 11.5 重大专项), 我国艾滋病空间演变规律( NIH Fogarty)等,参与课题有 我国吸毒人群中艾滋病的流行规律、疫情预测和评估、网络监测和干预措施 ( 科技部 11.5 重大专项), 不同时空尺度的传染病流行规律研究及其模拟与分析( 国家自然科学基金重大项目), 呼吸道传染病传播模型研究( 病原微生物国家重点实验室项目 ), 人类重大疾病的蛋白质组学研究 - 第 7 子课题蛋白质组学的生物信息学研究与系列数据库的建 立( 973 基础 课题 ) 她的与医相关的科研论文(2007- )如下: 1. Wei-Xing Feng, Pedro O.Flores-Villanueva, Igor Mokrousov, Xi-Rong Wu, Jing Xiao, Wei-Wei Jiao, Lin Sun, Qing Miao, Chen Shen, Dan Shen, Fang Liu, zhong-wei Jia, Adong Shen.The CCL2 -2518 (A/G) polymorphisms and tuberculosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis study. IJTLD (in press) 2. Zhongwei Jia , Lu Wang, Ray Y. Chen, Dongmin Li, Lan Wang, Qianqian Qin, Zhengwei Ding, Guowei Ding, Chunpeng Zang, Ning Wang. Tracking the Evolution of HIV/AIDS in China from 1989-2009 to Inform Future Prevention and Control Efforts. PloS ONE , 2011; 6 : e25671. 3. Yongqi Liu, Zhendong Sun, Guiquan Sun, Qiu Zhong, Li Jiang, Lin Zhou, Yupeng Qiao , Zhongwei Jia*(corresponding author). Modeling transmission of tuberculosis with MDR and undetected cases . Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society. 2011 (in Press) 4. Chunpeng Zang, Zhongwei Jia, Katherine Brown et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV infection in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. Chinese Medical Journal (Eng). Chin Med J 2011;124(12):1890-1896. 5. Zhongwei Jia , Shiming Cheng, Xiaowei Jia. A mathematical model for evaluating tuberculosis screening strategies. Journal of Evidence-based Medicine, 2011; 4(1) 48-52. 6. Li tao, He Xiaoxin, Zhongwei Jia *(corresponding author). Impact of the migrant population on tuerculosisinBeijing. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease . 2011, 15(2):1-6 7. Zhong-wei Jia*, Shi-ming Cheng, Zhi-jun Li, Xin Du, Fei Huang , Xiao-wei Jia, Peng Kong , Yun-xi Liu, Wei Chen, Wei Wang and Christopher Dye . Combining Domestic and Foreign Investment to Expand Tuberculosis Control in China . PloS Medicine . 2010; 7(11): e1000371 8. Zhongwei Jia , Christopher Dye, Yanping Bao, Zhimin Liu, Wei Wang, Lin Lu. Exploratory analysis of the association between new-type drug use and sexual transmission of HIV in China . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse . 2010, 36(2):130-133. 9. Sheng A, Lan J, Wu H, Lu J, Wang Y, Chu Q, Jia ZW et al. A clinical case-control study on the association between mannose-binding lectin and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection among northern Han Chinese population. Int J Immunogenet. 2010; 37(6):445-454. 10. Jia ZW , Li XW, Wang W and Cheng SM. Promising of spatial-temporal model in public health. Chin Med J (Eng). 2009; 122(3): 349-350. 11. Guo X , Jia Z W (Joint first) , Zhang P , Yang S , Wu W , Sang L , Luo Y , Lu X , Dai H , Zeng Z , Wang W . Impact of ways of transportation on dyslipidemia of working people in Beijing. Br J Sports Med. 2009; 43:928-931. 12. HuanWang, Xiu-Hua Guo, Zhong-Wei Jia, Hong-Kai Li, Zhi-Gang Liang, Kun-Cheng Li, Qian He. Multilevel binomial logistic prediction model for malignant pulmonary nodules based on texture features of CT image. Eur J Radiol . 2009; 74(1):124-129. 13. Zhong-Wei Jia , Xiao-Wei Jia, Yun-Xi Liu, Chris Dye, Feng Chen, Chang-Sheng Chen, Wen-Yi Zhang, Xiao-Wen Li ,Wu-Chun Cao, He-Liang Liu. Spatial analysis of tuberculosis cases in migrants and permanent residents, Beijing, 2000-2006. Emerging Infect Disease .2008; 14(9):1413-1419. 14. Zhong-Wei Jia , Gong-You Tang, Zhen Jin, Christopher Dye, Sake J. de. Vlas, Dan Feng, Wen-Juan Zhao, Xiao-Wen Li, Wu-Chun Cao. modeling the impact of immigration on the epidemiology of tuberculosis. Theoretical Population Biology. 2008; 73(3): 437–448. 15. Dan Feng, Sake J. de Vlas, Li-Qun Fang, Xiao-Na Han, Wen-Juan Zhao, Shen Sheng, Hong Yang, Zhongwei Jia , Jan H. Richardus, Wu-Chun C. The SARS epidemic in mainland China: bringing together all epidemiological data. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008; 14: suppl. 1 pp 1–10. 16. Jia ZW , Li XW , Feng D , Cao WC . Transmission models of tuberculosis in heterogeneous population. Chin Med J (Eng). 2007 Aug 5; 120 (15):1360-1365. 17. Zhong-wei Jia ,Xiao-wenLi,ZhenJin, DanFeng, Wu-chunCao. A Model for Tuberculosis with Various Latent Periods. Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2007. SNPD 2007. Eighth ACIS International Conference 2007; 1: 422-425. 18. Zhongwei Jia , Xiaoxin He , Wenjuan Zhao , Yansheng An , Wuchun Cao , Xiaowen Li . Impact of floating population on the epidemic of tuberculosis: a spatial analysis. Geoinformatics 2007: Geospatial Information Technology and Applications, Peng Gong, Yongxue Liu, Editors, 67541J Proceedings of SPIE 2007; 6754: 67541J. 正在修回的论著 (CA: corresponding author) 1. Xiaomeng Wang, Qian Fu, Zhijun Li, Songhua Chen, Zhengwei Liu, Hugh Nelson, Tao Li, Qun Yang, Zhongwei Jia*(CA), Christopher Dye. Prevalence, time trends and risk factors for drug resistant tuberculosis in Zhejiang Province, China, 1999-2008. Emerging Infect Disease (revised). 2. Cheng SM, Tao Li, Yang YZ, Jia ZW* (CA) . Impact of delay on the epidemic of TB in Shenzhen. WHO Bullten (revised). 3. Dongliang Li, Ping Chu, Ye Yang, Shuming Li, Yuhua Ruan, Zhimin Liu, Xueyi Cao, Zhongwei Jia* (CA) , Lin Lu. Improving Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Migrant Drug Users in Beijing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence (submitting). 4. Zhongwei Jia , Shiming Cheng, Tianhao Zhang, Wei Chen, Yan Ma, Hualin Yang, Weiguo Xu, Xiaoxin He, Gang Liu. Undiagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis in China, two cross sectional analysis of household contacts. Bulletin (submitting). 认识 “ 小心眼 ” 是我这次赴京的主要收获。我们第二天一起去小文老师那里,李老师和我的照片是她拍摄的。我离开的那天,她正好到首都医科大学办事,我们又在北京佑安医院见了面(我的儿子、儿媳在该院,儿媳的导师为我设宴送行),谈了课题合作的一些方式和步骤,以及来深讲课的意向。我想,我们将来会有很多方面的合作......