“佛”“菩提”“菩萨”“禅”“阿弥陀佛”“涅槃”“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”……这些都是从小到大被耳濡目染的一些佛教词汇，但是从未深究其词源本意。如今借助互联网，细究追至梵文，汇于此处。方知潜移默化中，早已有一些梵文词汇存于记忆库中。 要点：1. 佛 buddha, बुद्ध ,觉者,awakened one; 2. 菩提 Bodhi ， बोधि ，觉悟;豁然开悟，enlightenment 3. 菩萨 bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व 菩提萨埵，an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). 求道求大觉之人 4 禅， Dhyāna ध्यान， meditation，静虑。 5. 涅槃 Nirvāṇa निर्वाण 圆寂、解脱. 6 阿弥陀佛 Amitābha अमिताभ, 无量佛。 南无阿弥陀佛 nā mó - 归命于无量寿觉。Namo-归命。 7. 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 om mani padme hum ， ओं मणिपद्मे हूं 如意宝，如意莲花 呦。 jewel- lotus flower. 9. 舍利子， 舍利, शरीर śarīra 遗体 ；佛陀涅盘火化结晶体 ; body, the ashes of a cremated body 佛教 Buddhism is a nontheistic religion or dharma , right way of living, that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama , commonly known as the Buddha (the awakened one) ，as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering through the elimination of ignorance and craving by way of understanding and the seeing of Dependent Origination and the Four Noble Truths , with the ultimate goal of attainment of the sublime state of Nirvana.四圣諦：苦集灭道 1 Buddha 佛 音译“佛陀” , 意译为“觉者”、“知者”、“觉”。觉有三义：自觉、觉他（使众生觉悟）、觉行圆满，是佛教修行的最高果位。菩萨缺最后一项，只有佛才三项俱全。小乘讲的“佛”,一般是用作对释迦牟尼的尊称。大乘除指释迦牟尼外，还泛指一切觉行圆满者。 O 网页链接 Buddha means awakened one or the enlightened one. Buddha is also used as a title for the first awakened being in an era . In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha 2 菩提 Bodhi 音译，意思是觉悟、智慧，用以指人豁然开悟，突入彻悟途径，顿悟真理，达到超凡脱俗的境界等。菩提是大彻大悟，明心见性，证得了最后的光明的自性，也就是达到了涅盘的程度。涅盘实际上就是达到了无上菩提。断绝世间烦恼而成就涅盘之智慧 Bodhi (Sanskrit: बोधि ; and Pali ) in Buddhism is the understanding possessed by a Buddha regarding the true nature of things . It is traditionally translated into English with the word enlightenment and literally means awakened. (The verbal root budh means to awaken.) Bodhi is knowledge of the causal mechanism by which beings incarnate into material form and experience suffering . 3 菩萨 “菩提萨埵”之略称。 菩提 萨埵，bodhi-sattva， bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व 巴利语 bodhi-satta。意译：道众生、觉有情、大觉有情、道心众生。意即求道求大觉之人、求道之大心人。 菩提 ，觉、智、道之意； 萨埵 ，众生、有情之意。与 声闻 、 缘觉 合称三乘。bodhisattva，is an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). bodhisattva बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva) is an enlightenment ( bodhi ) being ( sattva ). Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. buddhahood बुद्धत्व buddhatva ) is the state of perfect enlightenment （ सम्यक्सम्बोधि samyaksambodhi ) attained by a buddha ( / ˈ b u d ə / ; In Theravada Buddhism (小乘佛教）， Buddha refers to one who has become enlightened through his own efforts and insight, without a teacher to point out the Dharma Dharma धर्म 律法;教规;守教规;达摩（古印度圣僧） http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma is a key concept with multiple meanings in the Indian religions Hinduism, Buddhism..There is no single word translation for dharma in western languages. In Buddhism dharma means cosmic law and order,but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for phenomena. In Hinduism, dharma signifies behaviors that are considered to be in accord with rta , ऋतं the order that makes life and universe possible, and includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and 'right way of living. Ṛta ऋतं ṛtaṃ that which is properly/excellently joined; order, rule; truth. 4 禅 ，汉传佛教术语，梵文“禅那”略称 ，意译为“静虑”、“思维修”、“弃恶”等。就是在生活中静静过滤碎片，修正错误的思维，抛弃恶念。佛教普遍采用的一种修习方法，源于婆罗门经典《奥义书》所讲的即：静坐调心、制御意志、超越喜忧以达到“梵”的境界。修禅，可以静治烦，实现去恶从善、由痴而智、由染污到清净的转变。使修习者从心绪宁静到心身愉悦，进入心明清空的境界。 Dhyāna Sanskrit; Devanagari: ध्यान) or Jhāna (झान) means meditation in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In Buddhism, it is a series of cultivated states of mind, which lead to state of perfect equanimity and awareness O 网页链接 zen 词源来自日语 禅 (zen ぜん), from 中古汉语 禪 (ɖjen) ，缩写of 禪那 (ɖjen-na), from 梵 ध्यान (dhyāna, “a type of meditation”). (religion) A denomination of Buddhism elaborated in Japan.(informal) A philosophy of calm, reminiscent of that of the Buddhist denomination教派 Devanagari /ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəriː/ देवनागरी devanāgarī ，from Sanskrit 梵语 lit.divine town script 天城体，梵文字母deva God,and nāgarī town, also called Nagari नागरी. O 网页链接 Sanskrit (/ˈsnskrɪt/ संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam , originally संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, refined speech) vac- speak, tell O 网页链接 5. 阿弥陀佛 ē mí tuó fó ( Amitābha अमिताभ ），又名无量佛、无量光佛、无量寿佛等。 大乘经 载，阿弥陀佛在过去久远劫时曾立大愿，建立 西方净土 ，广度无边 众生 ，成就无量庄严功德，为 大乘佛教 所广为崇敬和弘扬。 amita 无极，无尽，无量。弥陀，mita 可量； amita buddha 意为无量佛。弥陀佛 mita buddha，意为可量佛。阿，梵文a ，表否定。 amita-ābha अमिताभ，無量光 Infinite Light ,（ ābha 光) Amitābha is translatable as Infinite Light, hence Amitābha is often called The Buddha of Infinite Light.； amitāyus ,अमितायूस्，Infinite Life，无量寿佛（-āyus 寿命） 。In Japanese, also called Amida Nyorai (阿弥陀如来)。 阿弥陀佛 的阿字为译音用字，译自梵语的字根amita，教界一般发音为ā；e音则普遍存在于大陆影视剧中；ō wō存在于方言和地方普通话中。 Amitābha ( Sanskrit : अमिताभ, Amitābha ) is a celestial buddha described in the scriptures of the Mahāyāna school of Buddhism . Amitābha is the principal buddha in the Pure Land sect , a branch of Buddhism practiced mainly in East Asia , while in Vajrayana 密宗 Amitābha is known for his longevity attribute and the aggregate of distinguishing (recognition) and the deep awareness of individualities. According to these scriptures, Amitābha possesses infinite merits resulting from good deeds over countless past lives as a bodhisattva named Dharmakāra . Dharmakāya (Sanskrit: धर्मकाय, lit. truth body or reality body) 南无阿弥陀佛 nā mó ē mí tuó fó ,fromSanskrit: namo-' mitābhāya , 归命于无量寿觉及无量光觉也。归命者，众生一心仰赖阿弥陀佛，即众生之信心也。 namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra ( Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō ), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō : to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to. Derivatives : Namo Amitabha, 南无阿弥陀佛 Jp: Namu Amida butsu Ko: Namu Amita Bul 南无观世音菩萨 Jp: Namu Kanzeon Butsu Ko: Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal 6. 涅槃 निर्वाण Nirvāṇa 意译为圆寂、灭度、寂灭、无为、解脱、自在、安乐、不生不灭等。佛教教义认为涅槃是将世间所有一切法都灭尽而仅有一本住法圆满而寂静的状态，所以涅槃中永远没有生命的中的种种烦恼、痛苦。wiki nirvāṇa root √ vā 'blow' ，past participle vāna 'blown'; prefixed with the preverb nis which means 'out'. Hence the original meaning of the word is 'blown out,extinguished' http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvāṇa 7. 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 om mani padme hum ， Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ (Sanskrit: ओं मणिपद्मे हूं, IPA: ) is the six-syllabled Sanskrit mantra particularly associated with the four-armed Shadakshari form of Avalokiteshvara 四臂观音 ,the bodhisattva 菩萨 of compassion. Mani means jewel or bead宝珠 and Padma means the lotus flower莲花, the Buddhist sacred flower. 六字大明咒 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 ，是大慈大悲 观世音菩萨 咒，代表一切诸菩萨的慈悲与加持，特别启请大悲观世音菩萨的 加持 。 大明咒 其意为至高无上，包含了宇宙中大能力大智慧大慈悲。有人意译为：啊！愿我功德圆满，与佛融合！或译： 如意宝 啊，莲花呦！郭卓茂解释为：“ 如意莲花 呦，让我带你去 渡众生吧！ ”// 唵（ong）嘛（ma）呢（ni）叭（bei）咪（mei）吽（hòng）：“唵”，表示“佛部心”；“嘛呢”，梵文意为“ 如意宝 ”，表示“宝部心”；“叭咪”，梵文意为“莲花”，表示“莲花部心”， 喻法 性如莲花一样纯洁无瑕，出淤泥而不染；“吽”，表示“金刚部心”，祈愿成就之意，即必须依赖佛的力量，才能得到“正觉”，成就一切，普渡众生，最后达到成佛的愿望。 8. 观音； 观世音菩萨 （ 梵文 ：अवलोकितेश्वर，Avalokiteśvara）观世音是 鸠摩罗什 的旧译， 玄奘 新译为 观自在 ，略称为观音。佛教中慈悲和智慧的象征。以观世音菩萨为主导的大慈悲精神，被视为大乘佛教的根本。观世音与 阿弥陀佛 有着特殊的关系。或说观世音就是阿弥陀佛的 化身 。 Guanyin originated as the Sanskrit Avalokiteśvara (अवलोकितेश्वर). means Observing the Sounds (or Cries) of the World. Commonly known in English as the Mercy Goddess or Goddess of Mercy , Guanyin is also revered by Chinese Taoists as an immortal . Guanyin is an East Asian deity of mercy, and a bodhisattva associated with compassion as venerated by Mahayana Buddhists . Some Buddhists believe that when one of their adherents departs from this world, they are placed by Guanyin in the heart of a lotus, and then sent to the western pure land of Sukhāvatī . Sukhāvatī . सुखावती 音译须摩提，西方极乐世界，西方净土。 Sukha happiness or ease or pleasure or bliss . preya (pleasure), where happiness (sukha) is a deep and authentic positive, fulfilling state of being that is lasting and not merely transient and ultimately unsatisfying, requiring constant modification, like preya. / vati Vati (Rhodes) (Greek: βάτι), a village on the Greek island of Rhodes . Avalokiteśvara (अवलोकितेश्वर lit. Lord who looks down) is a bodhisattva who embodies the compassion of all Buddhas. depicted as either female or male.A- is one of the more widely revered bodhisattvas in mainstream Mahayana Buddhism. The name Avalokiteśvara is made of the following parts: the verbal prefix ava means down; lokita , a past participle of the verb lok (to notice, behold, observe), here used in an active sense; and finally īśvara , lord, ruleror master. a+iśvara becomes eśvara . Combined, the parts mean lord who gazes down (at the world). The word loka (world) is absent from the name, but the phrase is implied. It was initially thought that the Chinese mis-transliterated the word Avalokiteśvara as Avalokitasvara which explained why Xuanzang translated it as Guānzìzài ( 觀自在) instead of Guānyīn ( 觀音). However, the original form was indeed Avalokitasvara with the ending a-svara (sound, noise), which means sound perceiver, literally he who looks down upon sound (i.e., the cries of sentient beings who need his help; a -svara can be glossed as ahr-svara , sound of lamentation). In Sanskrit, Avalokitesvara is also referred to as Padmapāni (Holder of the Lotus) or Lokeśvara (Lord of the World). Mahāyāna Buddhism relates Avalokiteśvara to the six-syllable mantra: oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ ... in Tibetan Buddhism, also called Shadakshari , which means Lord of the Six Syllables. Recitation of this mantra along with prayer beads, is the most popular religious practice 9. 舍利子 （佛陀涅盘火化结晶体）舍利是梵语 शरीर śarīra的音译，是印度人死后身体的总称。在 佛教 中，僧人死后所遗留的头发、骨骼、骨灰等，均称为舍利；在火化后，所产生的结晶体，则称为舍利子 śarīra,body, the ashes of a cremated 火花 body 10. 般若 ，般若波羅蜜多 (Buddhism) prajā pāramitā (Perfection of Wisdom) O 网页链接 prajāpāramitā (Sanskrit: प्रज्ञापारमिता) means the Perfection of (Transcendent) Wisdom in Mahāyāna Buddhism. prajā wisdom + pāramitā perfection. prajna (Buddhism) wisdom; understanding; insight .Etymology. Sanskrit प्रज्ञा (prajā) ：प्र- (pra-, “in front of”) + ज्ञ (√jā, “to know”) O 网页链接 / Mahāyāna महायान Great Vehicle./ bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व is an enlightened (bodhi) being (sattva). O 网页链接 Mahāyāna 大乘佛教 ( Sanskrit: महायान mahāyāna, literally the Great Vehicle) is one of the three main existing branches of Buddhism and a term for classification of Buddhist philosophies and practice. Two major branches of Buddhism are generally recognized: Theravada 小乘佛教（主要流传于斯里兰卡、缅甸、泰国和柬埔寨） (The School of the Elders) and Mahayana 大乘佛教(The Great Vehicle). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar etc.). Mahayana is found throughout East Asia (China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Singapore,Taiwan etc.) and includes the traditions of Pure Land 净土宗 , Zen 禅宗,Nichiren Buddhism日莲宗, Tibetan Buddhism藏传佛教，Shingon 真言宗（日本佛教的一派） , and Tiantai (Tendai 天台). 密宗，又名金刚乘（梵文：वज्रयान Vajrayāna，是大乘佛教的一个支派，在修行方式上有很多不许公开的秘密传授，又称密教。目前在日本和西藏最为兴盛。日本密教传承印度的前期、中期密教，有东密（真言宗）和台密（天台密教）两大分支，东密的道场在东寺、高野山，台密在比睿山。 Vajrayana —practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana . Dalai Lama , a combination of the Mongolic word dalai meaning ocean and bla-ma meaning guru , teacher, mentor. 11 妙法莲华经 Lotus Sūtra ( सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra ) 後秦鸠摩罗什译，Saddharma「妙法」。Pundarika 意译为「白莲花」，以莲花(莲华)为喻，比喻佛法之洁白、清净、完美。Sūtra 意为「经」—是 佛陀 释迦牟尼晚年说教，宣讲内容至高无上，明示不分贫富贵贱、人人皆可成佛。 The Lotus Sūtra is one of the most popular and influential Mahāyāna sūtras , and the basis on which the Tiantai , Tendai Cheontae , and Nichiren schools of Buddhism were established. In English, shortened form Lotus Sūtra . Sanskrit: सद्धर्मपुण्डरीकसूत्र 妙法蓮華經, shortened to 法華經。 The earliest known Sanskrit title for the sūtra is the Saddharma Puṇḍarīka Sūtra , which translates to Scripture圣典 of the Lotus Blossom of the Fine Dharma . In English, the shortened form Lotus Sūtra is common. The Lotus Sūtra has also been highly regarded in a number of Asian countries where Mahāyāna Buddhism has been traditionally practiced. sutra 佛经，箴言，经典。 सूत्र, is an aphorism 格言 in the form of a manual or a text in Buddhism. Literally it means a thread or line that holds things together ，root siv -, meaning to sew. sutra were written down in books of palm leaves sewn together with thread. 佛教词典 http://dictionary.buddhistdoor.com/ http://www.wiktionary.org/
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