http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/2?WEB0111q4mteftswrI2cI1I00f01000j10040001rl toothpaste AND dental caries AND child 514 documents semantically analyzed top author statistics 1 2 Top Years Publications 2008 25 1999 25 2006 24 2003 24 2001 23 2005 23 2009 22 2002 22 2007 20 2004 19 1996 19 1994 17 1995 15 1990 15 1998 14 2000 14 1991 14 1986 14 1997 13 1992 13 1 2 1 2 3 Top Countries Publications United Kingdom 64 USA 43 Sweden 28 China 25 Japan 17 Brazil 16 Australia 15 Finland 14 Netherlands 14 Germany 11 Denmark 10 India 9 Switzerland 9 Norway 8 Italy 6 Spain 5 New Zealand 5 Ireland 5 Belgium 5 France 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 ... 8 Top Cities Publications Manchester 18 London 16 Laizhou 11 Aioi 9 Ume 8 Copenhagen 7 Nijmegen 7 Zrich 6 Glasgow 6 Oulu 5 Iowa City 5 Malm 5 Leeds 5 Gothenburg 4 Adelaide 4 Ann Arbor 4 Beijing 4 Tokyo 4 Boston 4 Belo Horizonte 4 1 2 3 ... 8 1 2 3 ... 8 Top Journals Publications Community Dent Oral 52 Caries Res 45 Int Dent J 27 Community Dent Health 26 Brit Dent J 16 J Dent Res 15 J Public Health Dent 15 Acta Odontol Scand 15 Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 11 Asdc J Dent Child 10 J Am Dent Assoc 8 Eur J Oral Sci 8 Int J Paediatr Dent 8 Pediatr Dent 8 Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 8 Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 7 Dent Update 7 Aust Dent J 7 Swed Dent J 7 Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6 1 2 3 ... 8 1 2 3 ... 52 Top Terms Publications Toothpaste 511 Child 506 Humans 491 Dental Caries 478 Fluorides 468 Fluoridation 417 Child, Preschool 201 DMF Index 199 Adolescent 185 Cariostatic Agents 168 Prevalence 165 Tooth 157 Toothbrushing 134 Oral Hygiene 117 Oral Health 107 Fluorides, Topical 103 Dentifrices 101 Evaluation Studies as Topic 100 Hygiene 87 Questionnaires 81 1 2 3 ... 52 1 2 3 ... 57 Top Authors Publications Twetman S 12 Davies R 11 Davies G 10 Blinkhorn A 10 Ellwood R 9 Petersen P 7 Birkhed D 7 Truin G 7 Holm A 6 Riordan P 6 Hausen H 5 Sepp L 5 Marthaler T 5 Huntington E 5 Haugejorden O 5 Knig K 5 Volpe A 5 Horowitz H 5 Kinkel H 5 Menghini G 4 1 2 3 ... 57 http://news.sciencenet.cn//htmlnews/2010/1/227519.shtm 英研究发现普通儿童牙膏不足以预防蛀牙 据《每日邮报》1月21日报道，英国一份新的研究报告指出，父母应该为孩子购买氟化物含量更高的牙膏以预防蛀牙产生。研究人员发现，牙膏中氟化物所占比重如果低于百万分之一千，其所能产生的预防蛀牙功效只相当于不含氟化物的产品。 这项研究由曼彻斯特大学科克拉纳口腔卫生组进行，据他们此前发现，含氟牙膏能够将蛀牙产生的可能性降低24%。口腔卫生组最新进行的研究涉及79项测试，由全世界7.3万名儿童参与。研究指出，在孩子12个月大之前用含氟牙膏给他们刷牙将提高轻度氟中毒风险。 儿童牙膏当前的氟化物比重在百万分之一百到百万分之一千四百之间。吞咽大量牙膏会导致儿童氟中毒，这种状态最长可持续到6岁，当时的恒齿仍在发育之中，但使用少量牙膏能够降低这种风险。 研究报告作者安妮玛丽格伦尼博士表示：父母们急于想知道应该如何把握分寸，但他们已被不同公司在其儿童牙膏中添加不同含量的氟化物这一现实情况搞糊涂了。从公共健康的角度来说，蛀牙以及所带来的牙痛、拔牙等后果的危害程度远高于氟中毒。 格伦尼说：儿童会在长期内吞咽大量牙膏，导致牙齿上出现严重的褐斑，而不是更为典型的淡白色斑点。对于已被牙医认定为蛀牙高危人群的儿童来说，预防蛀牙更为重要，而所面临的氟中毒风险则是一个次要问题。在这种情况下，父母的合理做法应该是使用少量含氟比重更高的牙膏给他们的孩子刷牙。 更多阅读 英国《每日邮报》报道原文（英文） 专家称含氟牙膏防龋安全有效且经济 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1244759/Normal-childrens-toothpaste-strong-prevent-tooth-decay-study-finds.html Normal children's toothpaste not strong enough to prevent tooth decay, study finds By Daily Mail Reporter Last updated at 4:11 PM on 20th January 2010 Comments ( 49 ) Add to My Stories Parents should use toothpaste with stronger concentrations of fluoride to prevent tooth decay in their children, a new report says. Researchers found that toothpaste that contained fluoride concentrations less than 1,000 parts per million were only as effective at preventing tooth decay as non-fluoride products. The study, carried out by the Cochrane Oral Health Group, based at the University of Manchester, has previously shown that fluoride toothpastes reduce dental decay by 24 per cent. Warning: Children's toothpaste contains varying concentrations of fluoride which prevents tooth decay The group's latest research, which involved 79 trials on 73,000 children worldwide, also suggested that brushing a child's teeth with a fluoride toothpaste before the age of 12 months could lead to an increased risk of developing mild fluorosis. Children's toothpastes currently range from 100 parts per million to 1,400 parts per million. More... Babies fed porridge before they reach five months are 'less likely to develop asthma' Swallowing large amounts of toothpaste can still cause fluorosis in children up to the age of six, when the permanent teeth are still developing, but using a small amount can reduce these risks, according to the report. Dr Anne-Marie Glenny, one of the report's authors, said: 'It is very confusing for parents to know how to strike the right balance, which isn't helped by the fact that different companies use different concentrations of fluoride in their toothpastes aimed at children. 'From a public health point of view, the risk of tooth decay and its consequences such as pain and extractions is greater than the small risk of fluorosis. 'Children would have to swallow a lot of toothpaste over a long period of time to get the severe brown mottling on the teeth, as opposed to the more typical mild white patches. 'For children that are considered to be at a high risk of tooth decay by their dentist, the benefit to health of preventing decay is likely to outweigh the risk of fluorosis. 'In such cases, careful brushing of their children's teeth by parents with a small amount of toothpaste containing higher levels of fluoride would be beneficial.' Print this article Read later Email to a friend Share this article: Digg it Del.icio.us Reddit Newsvine Nowpublic StumbleUpon Facebook MySpace Fark ', 'value2': 1000 }, 'then': 'error("You have exceeded the 1000 character limit for this field.")' }, 'mandatoryHR': { 'if': { 'value1': 'value', 'method': 'empty', 'value2': '' }, 'then': 'error("You must agree to our House Rules to post a comment.")' }, 'noEmail': { 'if': { 'value1': 'value', 'method': 'matches', 'value2': /@/ }, 'then': 'error("This field should not contain the following character: \'@\'.")' } } }); Comments ( 49 ) Here's what readers have had to say so far. Why not debate this issue live on our message boards. The comments below have not been moderated. Newest Oldest Best rated Worst rated View all Fluoride is an industrial waste and damaging to health if taken internally. During the last snow fall many young men were taken in for multiple breaks and fractures as a result of falling on the ice. This is despite being healthy and fit. It proves one thing, the fluoride in drinking water could be making the bones and teeth hard and brittle. Food for thought. - nelsonjb, essex, 23/1/2010 13:39 Click to rate Rating 6 Report abuse Getting the feeling the Gov't is steadily rampaging ahead with its plan to fluoridate all the UK's water supply. Fluoride is a neurotoxin and it inhibits proper thyroid function. If you are serious about protecting the teeth, brains development of your children then do the research yourselves. Buy toothpaste chewing gum(but not the ones that contain aspartame, another neurotoxin carcinogen) that contains Xylitol, a substance that inhibits the bacteria that causes plaque. - Sarah, Gtr Mcr, UK, 22/1/2010 14:18 Click to rate Rating 11 Report abuse I am shocked by these responses. Fluoride in toothpaste and fluoride in water are two separate issues entirely. I find these comments very worrying as it means dentistry as a profession is failing to explain these matters to their patients. Fluorosis is NOT erosion of teeth. For young children to have decay in their primary teeth is a much greater risk to the formation of their permanent teeth than fluoride in toothpaste, (not to mention the pain, suffering, inability to sleep, eat, function that comes with dental decay in children-along with the future fears of dentists). Claims that fluoride helps tooth formation and helps defend against decay are based on the molecular structure of enamel, (hydroxyapetite) and the alteration of this form creating a stronger structure. Fluoride also inhibits enzymes in the microorganisms linked to decay. The issue of fluorosis is important and should not be ignored but should be seen as part of a risk benefit analysis for each individual. - Lorna, york england, 21/1/2010 19:30 Click to rate Rating 6 Report abuse Fluoride seriously damages your thyroid. The NHS fails to treat this properly and condemns thousands of people to a life of misery. (and their families!) Leave fluoride out of any products and our water supply! - kim wheeler, Bedford England, 21/1/2010 18:08 Click to rate Rating 15 Report abuse I worked in a country which put fluoride in the water. After fifteen years my teeth are a yellowish brown and the enamel is corroded. It's called fluorosis. Fluoride is even more poisonous in other ways. It's also an effective rat poison. But who cares in this stupid, ignorant country... - Gordon, Edinburgh, 21/1/2010 04:40 We're not ignorant, we're ignored. And the majority of voters only care about the value of their house. - Anna, Maidenhead, 21/1/2010 14:46 Click to rate Rating 13 Report abuse If toothpaste containing 500 parts per million fluoride or less doesn't reduce tooth decay, do you really believe that adding 1 part per million fluoride into public water supplies reduces tooth decay as is done in the US and other countries. Studies show it doesn't. But fluoridation of public water supplies continues anyway because of political pressure. Modern science shows that ingesting fluoride is ineffective at reducing tooth decay, is harmful to health and a waste of money. - nyscof, Old Bethpage, 21/1/2010 14:39 Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1244759/Normal-childrens-toothpaste-strong-prevent-tooth-decay-study-finds.html#ixzz0dWmuO7tm http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/20071312041437182750.html 专家称含氟牙膏防龋安全有效且经济 来源：卫生部 发布时间：2007-1-31 13:23:24 小号字 中号字 大号字 卫生部网站1月30日全文刊登了中华口腔医学会名誉会长、北京大学口腔医学院名誉院长张震康教授，中华口腔医学会会长王兴教授，北京大学口腔医学院院长俞光岩教授，北京大学口腔医学院预防口腔医学专家王鸿颖教授联合撰写的署名文章，指出使用含氟牙膏防龋是安全、有效和经济的方法。现将该文全文刊登。 使用含氟牙膏防龋是安全、有效和经济的方法 中华口腔医学会名誉会长、北京大学口腔医学院名誉院长 张震康教授 中华口腔医学会会长 王 兴教授 北京大学口腔医学院院长 俞光岩教授 北京大学口腔医学院预防口腔医学专家 王鸿颖教授 最近，电视台报道了含氟牙膏对身体有害的消息后，多家报刊转载，网上的文章多达数百篇，绝大多数是宣传含氟牙膏有害，误导了广大群众，使广大群众产生恐慌，对龋齿的预防工作产生负面影响。口腔医学专家对此深感担心，认为有必要通过适当的方式说明氟化物防龋的科学性，引导群众正确使用含氟牙膏预防龋齿，从而减少龋病带来的痛苦和沉重的经济负担。 使用含氟牙膏刷牙是有效的自我口腔保健措施之一。龋病是由于堆积在牙面上的细菌产生酸使牙釉质脱矿所致。含氟牙膏可以长期不断地在刷牙时将氟化物携带进入口腔并与牙接触，一方面由于氟化物能改善牙齿结构，降低牙在酸中的溶解性，防止脱矿，增强牙的抵抗力。另一方面一旦由于细菌产酸使牙脱矿，氟离子能促进牙齿再矿化，起到修补早期缺损的作用。氟化物在一定的条件下，也能被细菌吸收，影响细菌的代谢，起到某些抑菌的作用。至今在国内外权威性杂志尚未见到有关使用含氟牙膏会产生耐氟菌株的报告。退一步说，即使真的产生耐氟菌株，也不能否定氟化物抗酸和促进再矿化的主要防龋作用。 近半个世纪的研究表明，全世界龋病下降与含氟牙膏广泛使用有关，含氟牙膏防龋是有效的，这一观点为全世界口腔专家所认同。含氟牙膏防龋效果与所含氟离子的浓度有关，1000ppm至2500ppm之间每增加500ppm可降低龋齿发病率的6%，而含500ppm氟以下的牙膏防龋效果则不明显。目前常用的含氟牙膏含氟量在1000ppm-1500ppm之间，我国牙膏的国家标准是400-1500ppm之间。 用不含氟的牙膏刷牙，虽然也能起到机械去除牙菌斑的作用，但很难提高牙的抗酸能力和促进牙齿的再钙化，加之牙菌斑不可能被彻底清除，龋的侵害依然存在。使用含氟牙膏刷牙，就像给牙面穿了一件盔甲，起到防护的作用。 使用含氟牙膏防龋是安全的。每次使用牙膏量仅为0.5-1.0g,其含氟量为0.5mg-1.5mg ，成人刷牙后基本漱口吐出。成人氟的安全耐受量为150mg-350mg，儿童为60mg-100mg. 因此可以看出都是安全的。但因6岁以下儿童吞咽机制尚未健全，有误吞的可能性，因此，我们建议不选用。 成人与6岁以上的儿童、青少年使用含氟牙膏不可能造成氟牙症，即使用量大一些也不可能，这与牙的发育有关。因为恒牙钙化期是在6岁以下， 6岁以下的儿童如果长期生活在高氟区，长期饮用高氟水或吸入高氟煤烟等，过量的氟化物参与恒牙的钙化，有可能形成氟牙症。已钙化发育完成的恒牙，不再被氟化物改变内部结构，也就不会得氟牙症。 我国有二十多个省市有散在的高氟地区，高氟区呈点状分布，估计高氟区的人口总数约为7000万，仅占全国人口的很小部分。大多数居民生活在低氟地区，均可使用含氟牙膏。高氟区的居民可以使用无氟牙膏。 使用含氟牙膏防龋是经济的。含氟牙膏在众多的口腔保健品中价格比较低廉。健康的牙不再花费高额治疗费，因此，在人口众多、口腔科医师少、经济上不富裕的我国，应大力推广使用含氟牙膏刷牙。 含氟牙膏预防龋齿国际上已经过半个多世纪研究与数十亿人的使用，含氟牙膏的性能和质量都得到了迅速的提高，其有效性和安全性早已得到世界卫生组织、世界牙科联盟，国际牙科研究学会等国际性权威组织的认同，并积极推广。三大权威机构于2006年11月17-19日在日内瓦召开应用氟化物促进口腔健康全球大会，并敦促各国政府采取行动，鼓励企业为弱势群体生产质优价廉的含氟牙膏；敦促政府对有益牙齿健康的氟化物产品采取减免税收和关税的政策；制定有效法规，提供必要的指导和组织必要的项目，确保所有国家建立有益于口腔健康而获得氟化物的渠道。 中华口腔医学会预防口腔医学专业委员会联合国内相关学会组织了预防口腔医学、公共卫生学、毒理学、地方病防治、医学地质学以及医学教育学等多方面的专家，于2006年12月15日在北京召开了使用含氟牙膏的安全性与有效性研讨会。与会专家在全面审核国内外相关科研成果的基础上达成共识，并明确提出使用含氟牙膏是安全的、有效的、经济的预防龋齿的方法。提倡在全国范围内进一步推广使用含氟牙膏。 氟化物防龋已被列入20世纪口腔医学十大研究成果的首位，但在2002年比利时曾一度将所有含氟牙膏下架，要求凭医生处方购买，在国际上引起轩然大波。原因是该国的卫生部长片面听信了个别医生的意见，没有征求牙科学会的意见，误认为应用含氟牙膏对人体有害，才采取了错误的决定。最后，这一风波以卫生部长引咎辞职而告终。 氟化物防龋应用了60多年，取得了世人瞩目的巨大成就。大量研究和实践证明，对于6岁以上儿童和成年人，应用含氟牙膏有益无害，使用含氟牙膏防龋是安全、有效和经济的方法。 详情请见： http://www.moh.gov.cn/newshtml/17581.htm
标签: 牙膏
