SCI常用句子和词汇摘抄（一） Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. Approaches 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem. 1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodology Assumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be made prior to the execution of the experiment, as opposed to being made while the experiment is in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module 1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification 1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4.This is summarized in the following steps: 5.Can be broadly classified into the following areas: lCan be characterized by its function of effectively processing the lCan allow further breadth of application of ...into more lThe following steps should be followed lxx can be classified by a different ways. lBased on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: lThis catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. System lUnlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. lThe system consists of both ... and ... lThe system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. lexpert system domains are area of expertise lTo develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: lThe system has been developed / designed to determine lThe system has proven to be able to lThe domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain lThe system comprises a ... with lThe system is / based on the ... technique lThe system environment must be relatively stable lThe system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... lThe development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. lThe most essential part of .. system is the ... lThe successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of lAn automated system was developed for Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique lA discussion is presented of a problem-solving system lTo improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. lIn order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the lAlthough large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted lThis approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. lThis can be accomplished by lThis algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: lThe above preliminary analysis has provided important information lVarious methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... lThese concepts have been applied to lOn the basis of the concept mentioned above, lThis can be achieved by lThis fact suggests that a new concept lThis was accomplished by taking ... lThe preparatory stage is very time consuming process. lTest are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility lThere is little hope of achieving successful ... lThere has been an increasing awareness of the potential of using most ..so far made have not taken this approach, with the exception of lOnly a few studies can be found. lIt is a very tedious process to go through lIt is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected lThe entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. lThese approaches are sometimes very tedious. lSeveral techniques can be used lA polynomial parametric model can be written as / : lA xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. lA xx model represents an xx by its xx. lA process decision model captures the logic essential to lFrom the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... lThe validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. lGiven a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... lEquations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. lA number of heuristic rules have been developed for lOptimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that lAn algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine lEuler's formula states the following: lThe completed model should agree with the formula. lFor manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary lEngineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View lfrom an implementation standpoint, lFrom the point of view of this application, lFrom this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). lInformation is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. lFrom a practical point of view, the computational aspects of an FLC require a simplification of the fuzzy control algorithm. lThe use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw Justification lWe choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can lProlog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. lThe rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. lThis strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. lA function definition expresses the membership function of a fuzzy set in a functional form, typically a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. lIt should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. lMany experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy if the rule. Chapter 4. Examples Example/ Data lThe data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique. lThe data consists of over xx measurements. lAn example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx lExamples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc. lThe following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. lThis example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods. lThere is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail. lNote that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper. Comparisons lAs well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed. lThe method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable lAs discussed / , as shown in Table 1 and 2 lThis concept is illustrated in Figure 2 lAt the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. lEach table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings, xx through xx as column headings. lA table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made. 常用连词 To Indicate Addition ladditionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the same reason, first, further, furthermore, in addition, last, likewise, moreover, next, second, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speaking To Indicate Cause and Effect laccordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly To indicate Comparison lin a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively To Indicate Concession lafter all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of course To Indicate Contrast land yet, at the same time, but, for all that, however, yet, in fact, in contrast, in the real life, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately, To Indicate Time Relationships ： after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at the same time, before, earlier, currently, immediately, in the meantime, in recent years, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while To Indicate Special Features or Examples ： for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above To Indicate Summary ： in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude , in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, 动词 lbuild a .. model lbuild up the key link lbegan a new era in ... lcan beregarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through lcan result in lcarries out ... tasks lproduction information in order to simultaneously lcontains all information necessary to describe ldo not make use of production information ldeals with lend with failure lfetch the information from the model directly lhas great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / been recognized as lBEaimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a compo site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the search lmakes use of lmake up lmeets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it lmust be justified lpoint out lplay an important role lrelates to lrely on lsatisfy the needs ldetermine the total requirements for the ... luses ... as a key to search for... lwithout relying on lwill be available/ performed/ overlooked NOUN PHASE la basic technical function of la critical need la key / principle feature of la substantial impact on lan intensive review was conducted lan increasing need for expanding the application of .... lan important component / function / aspect / issue leach rule is numbered in sequence each of these involves lfor this calculation, it is necessary to define lin the physical environment / integration of lin the reality of situations where … lmany aspects of lmost past efforts have been spent on ... lcommon sense to a well studied and documented technical field. lsources of additional information on ... are listed lsystematic and rationally structured format lthe basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown lTHEbasic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions lthe number of parts needed to lthe above statement means that lthe output data is passed to lthe proposed method / underlying principle lthe recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should lthis information resides in lthis process is composed of ... different ... operation lalong with the use of lconcerning general aspects of ldue to lfor later use in generating..., lin turn, lIT ISbelieved / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to lit can be claimed/concluded that lit demonstrates the decisions required of lit also provides information to .. lit becomes essential to llet ... be the probability that lonce... is written, it is compiled into... lsuppose it is observed that lthis is because lthis results in a lupon completion of the ... analysis, lwhen the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be recorded in books and papers lselection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. lfor the sake of convenience lcorrect decision to be reach lkeeping the number of rules to a minimum. la good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: lpractical solutions lbecause of rather small job lot sizes lBackward reasoning can be used to answer the question should milling tool be select different level of knowledge in the realm of process planning 英文论文写作中常用的技巧 英文论文写作中常用的技巧 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However, little information.. few investigations... little attention... few researchers... little work... or few attempts... or none of these studies little data little research has (have) been less done on / focused on/ attempted to/ conducted/ investigated/ studied... (with respect to) Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected /to overestimated( underestimated) / misleaded thus, these previus results are inconclusive/misleading/ unsatisfactory/ questionable/controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用： However, data is still scarce rare/ less accurate/ there is still dearth of We need to / aim to/ have to/ provide more documents data (records, studies)/ increase the dataset Further studies are still necessary( essential)... 为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等 比如： 1) 时间问题 如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说 (However) ，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2) 物性及研究手段问题 如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。 3) 研究区域问题 首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足 4) 不确定性 虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种 uncertanties, ambiguities ，值得进一步澄清 5) 提出自己的假设来验证 如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ... It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). b) 提出自己的观点 We aim to This paper reports on/ provides results/ extends the method/ focus on The purpose of this paper is to Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss... c) 圈定自己的研究范围 前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括 (reviewer) 你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好， reviewer 会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑 某种可能性 , 某种研究手段等等 . 为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 1) 时间尺度问题 如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)... 或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term) ，你可以说 两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 . 2) 研究区域的问题 和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区 d) 最后的原场 在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说， further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere) 总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论 (arguments). 关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。 怎样提出观点 在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要 . 不合适的句子通常会遭到 reviewer 的置疑。 1) 如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that... 2) 对于自己很自信的观点 , 可用 We believe that... 3) 在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，用， Results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that... 4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用 We put forward (discover, observe..) .. for the first time. 来强调自己的创新。 5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from.. Or This is probably a consequence of It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this.. Or It is pisible that it stem from... 要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型 1) 和 5) ， 那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是 2) ，肯定会遭到 置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。 连接词与逻辑 写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决 的方法有： 1) 句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立 常见的连接词语有 , However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore... 用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，最早的文献可用 AA advocated it for the first time. 接下来，可用 Then BB further demonstrated that.. 再接下来，可用 Afterwards, CC.. 如果还有，可用 More recent studies by DD.. 如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开 AA pput forward that... In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary ( 表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明 两种对立的观点，用 in contrast) ， BB.. 如果两种观点相近 , 可用 AA suggest , Similarily, alternatively, BB.. Or Also, BB or BB allso does .. 表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系，可用 furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。 2) 段落的整体逻辑 经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份 ...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed. The first questuon involves... The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with... 上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。 Or, 可以直接用 First, Second, Third...Finally,.. 当然 ,Furthermore, in addition 等可以用来补充说明。 3) 讨论部份的整体结构 小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。 一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解 文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一 部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。为了使文章清楚，第一次提出概念时，最好加以个括弧，给出 较为详细的解释。 如果文章用了很多的 Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 1) 在文章最好加上个 Appendix ，把所有 Abreviation 列表 2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出 Abbreciation 的含义，用来提醒读者。 总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种 措施方便于读者。 一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作 credits. 所以文章不要出现非常 negative 的评价，比如 Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc. 遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they ... Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties. 讨论部份还包括什么内容 ? 1. 主要数据特征的总结 2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3. 本文的不足 第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰 是保护自己文章的重要手段。 如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。 所谓不足，包括以下内容 : 1. 研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说， It should be noted that this study has examined only.. We concentrate (focus) on only... We have to point out that we do not.. Some limitations of this study are... 2. 结论有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of ... 但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步 研究打下浮笔。 Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest.. However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate.. 用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
有几种句式比较常用，但是因为中英文习惯上的差别，中国作者比较容易出错。 1. 因为...所以 中文里我们说到原因和结果，用因为… 所以… 的句式，那写成英文是because...so...吗？不是的。英文里because和so不能同时出现在一个句子里，只要用其中一个就可以了。 It will snow this evening, so I'm going home now. Because the mutant receptor has higher affinity for the ligand than the wild-type receptor, it can effectively block the binding of the ligand to the wild-type receptor and the downstream signaling. The mutant receptor has higher affinity for the ligand than the wild-type receptor, thus it can effectively block the binding of the ligand to the wild-type receptor and the downstream signaling. So在科技写作中很少见，一般是用thus. Therefore和hence也可以。 2. 虽然...但是... 和上面的结构一样，英文中虽然(although)和但是(but)也不能出现在同一个句子中，只要用一个就可以了。 GATA6 is known to play important roles in heart development, but its role in the hematopoietic system has not been well studied. Although the mutant mice received the same dose of LPS, all of them survived through the experimental period. 3. 不仅...而且... 这个我们都学过，是not only...but also... He is not only a world-class athlete, but also a world-class chef. He not only wrote the story, but also drew the pictures for the book. 用这个句式一句话说明两个意思，显得简练，但是要求两部分的结构要对称。在科技写作中这个句式实际上用得很少，尤其是两个从句都很长很复杂的时候，很难做到两部分对称，就不适合用这个句式了。我们建议中国作者尽量不要用这样的结构，除非是简短的句子，而且保证两部分对称。如何改写这样的句子呢？拆成两个句子，中间用in addition来连接。 Furthermore和moreover也可以用来代替in addition。这三个词之间存在一些细小差别，不过我们可以忽略。 4. 一方面...另一方面 On the one hand....on the other hand... On the one hand, the story has an interesting plot, but on the other hand, the writing is so poor that I can’t stand reading it. 这个句式我们建议中国作者不要在论文中使用一方面这个句式不够正式，另一方面很容易用错。在英文中这个句式只能用来表达两个相反的意思，是为了突出两者之间的矛盾才用这个句式。但是在中文里并不一定要表达相反的意思，经常我们用这样的句型是为了从两个不同的角度来支持同一个观点。那么怎么改写呢？如果确实是表达相反的意思，就用but在中间连接就可以了。像上面的例句，去掉“On the one hand, on the other hand”而只保留“but ”，意思也不变 。Conversely和However也可以用来连接表示相反含义的两句话。如果表达的是近似的意思，也可以拆成两句，然后中间用in addition, furthermore 或moreover来连接。 （此文由LetPub编辑原创，转载请注明来自LetPub中文官网： www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=sci_writing_30 ） 进一步了解， 请点击查看： www.letpub.com.cn SCI论文英语润色 │ 同行资深专家修改 │ 专业翻译 │ 格式排版整理 │ 联系我们 相关资源： SCI影响因子查询 SCI论文写作辅导材料
标签: 常用句式
