《纪念胡先骕》与《古植物学的故事》（14）： 胡先骕和徐仁与中国科学院植物研究所古植物学研究 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.14) ： HU Xiansu and XU Ren as pioneers for palaeobotanical studies in Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (by Qigao Sun) 关键词：胡先骕；徐仁；古植物学 中国科学院植物研究所关于古植物学的早期零星研究可以追溯到上个世纪三十年代中期的静生生物调查所，亦即胡先骕先生（1894-1968）与美国古植物学家RalphWorksChaney（1890-1971）合作研究山东省临朐县境内的山旺中新世植物化石，他们出版了我国新生代植物研究的第一本英文专著。 1958年，已是暮年的胡先骕（65岁）在整风之后写有《此次参加整风运动的思想收获》，罗列了4项工作计划。其中后两项涉及古植物学的研究，现抄录如下：与青年干部合作研究中国木本植物叶脉，以奠定研究新生代古植物学的基础；与青年干部合作研究中国新生代古植物学。此时的胡先骕身患多种疾病，已力不从心。 1959年古植物学家徐仁先生（1910-1992）到中科院植物所创立古植物学研究室，这是我国植物学研究机构内第一个、也是我国植物学研究机构内唯一的古植物学研究室。当时植物所的研究室很少，不可能随随便便就建一个研究室的，能在中科院植物所建立一个专门从事古植物学研究的实验室，一方面是徐仁先生有很高的学术威望，另一方面说明植物所的学术前辈们非常重视化石植物的研究。在徐仁先生的领导下，我们古植物学的研究开始遵循生物学的思想与方法，在不断变幻的社会环境中艰难发展。 孙启高
纪念胡先骕（ 11 ）： 2008 年元旦献辞 ---- 向胡先骕先生学习 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=274963 发表于 2009-11-30 7:40:57 关键词；胡先骕 Dear All, Happy New Year! Attached is an electronic version of the FOREWORD written by Professor Dr. Hsen-Hsu Hu (Hu XianSu, 1894-1968) on Dec 25th 1941, which is also put below this email message (see Appendix I). I believe that this FOREWORD can be employed to encourage all the scientific elite to work hard and meet adversity gracefully so as to build a splendid but admirable career. Absolutely, Professor H. H. Hu was a distinguished plant taxonomist in the world in the 20th century. He made untiring efforts to conduct lots of seminal studies for Chinese plant taxonomy. We should be proud of Professor Hu, not only because he was a talent individual of science and literature but also because he was adamant in his candid attitude to science and society and in his intrepidity to Japanese enemies. Funded by the Shang Chih Society and the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, Fan Memorial Institute of Biology was founded in Beijing in 1928. An English academic journal of the Institute, i.e. Bulletin of Fan Memorial Institute of Biology appeared in Beijing on May 20th 1929.The Bulletin was forced to stop in 1942 largely because of Sino-Japanese War. The first issue of new series of the Bulletin with Professor Hus FOREWORD included, was published in Taihe, Jiangxi Province on July 1st 1943. For more details, please see Appendix II below this message. Hoping that your research is going ahead okay in the future. All the best, Qi-gao Sun Beijing, Dec 31st 2007
纪念胡先骕（10）： 请大家都来学习胡先骕于1941年圣诞节亲笔写就的史诗般的《序言》 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=270719 发表于 2009-11-13 11:55:04 胡先骕；史诗般；序言 历史背景： 1928年10与1日 静生生物调查所（简称静生所，即中国科学院植物研究所前身之一）在北京正式成立，秉志先生（1886-1965）担任首任所长，胡先骕先生（1894-1968）任植物部主任。静生所英文名称为Fan Memorial Institute of Biology。从英文名称看，成立静生所的起因之一是纪念范静生先生。 1929年5月20日 静生所创办的英文学术刊物--- Bulletin of Fan Memorial Institute of Biology（《静生生物调查所汇报》）第1卷第1期在北京正式印行（PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE， PEIPING， CHINA）。 1941年12月初 日美交恶，太平洋战争爆发。受美国势力保护的中国文化教育机构被视为美国在中国的财产，同样被日军强行占领，当时在北京的燕京大学、协和医学院、北京图书馆和静生生物调查所等皆在此列。 1941年12月8日 日军莜田部队（北支派遣甲第一八五五部队）封闭静生所，驱逐员工。静生所在北京被迫关闭。 1941年12月25日 胡先骕先生为恢复《静生生物调查所汇报》写下史诗般的FOREWORD！ 全文如下： Early in the morning of Dec. 8th 1941, the date when Japan started her undeclared war against Great Britain and U. S. A., Japanese gendarmery in Peiping confiscated all the British and American institutions and properties in that occupied city and also those Chinese institutions which till then maintained a kind of precarious existence owing to their more or less close relationship with these countries. Yenching University, Peking Union Medical College are Chinese institutions of this class. So is the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology which is financed by China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture, a Sino-American institution established with the Boxer Indemnity fund returned to China by U. S. A. During the four and half years of Sino-Japanese War the Fan Memorial Institute of Biology struggle on bravely in the conquered city in spite of the pressure, espionage and ill-concealed hatred of the Japanese authorities. Especially because of the open avowal of my views concerning this war expressed before my erstwhile friend, Dr. T. Nakai, Dean of the College of Science, the Tokyo Imperial University, who, inspired by an aggressive imperialism, cannot tolerate patriotism and loyalty to his country even in an old friend. Since then I am marked as one who entertains anti-Japanese sentiment, and the Fan Memorial Institute, a center of anti-Japanese activities. Drs. T. Nakai and S. Matsumura, a noted Japanese entomologist, repeatedly advocated the confiscation of the Fan Memorial Institute, a fate the latter succeeded to escape ever and again by invoking the help of the American Embassy. But the inevitable fate came at last when Japan decided to gamble her national existence by waging war against the two mighty Anglo-Saxon countries. During the these years the staff-members of the Fan Memorial Institute carried on their research work as energetically as in peace time if not more so. Botanical and horticultural exploration has been carried on in different parts of Yunnan Province for three consecutive years in cooperation with the Royal Horticultural Society, the Royal Botanical Garden of Edinburgh and the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University till the outbreak of the second great war in Europe. Our research bulletins appeared regularly. We have also published Prof. Chinfu F. Wus monumental work, Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium. Volume VI of our Icones Plantarum Snincarum is in preparation. The plates have been lithographed. Its publication is postponed owing to my leave from Peiping. But what we laboured and accumulated for years in the invaluable botanical and zoological collections and our precious library have been ruthlessly seized by brutal force. Yet we still maintain our dauntless spirit. This new series of our research bulletins announces to the world that we are still continuing our research and publication work in spite of our total loss in Peiping. We shall double or treble our efforts in carrying out our exploration and research work. The appearance of the first part of our bulletins is a profession of our faith and challenge to our aggressive-minded colleagues in imperialist Japan. Faith is the prerequisite of victory. And we have the faith. H. H. Hu Dec. 25th 1941
纪念 胡先骕 （7）： 介绍 胡先骕在哈佛大学留学时的老师John George Jack (18611949) http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=270704 发表于 2009-11-13 11:11:32 胡先骕; 哈佛大学; John George Jack 胡先骕先生于1923至1925年在哈佛大学阿诺德树木园留学时的老师是John George Jack (18611949) 。 胡先骕在其编著Synopsis of Chinese Genera of Phanerogams with Descriptions of Representative Species（《中国种子植物属志》）致谢中提到John George Jack，但称谓不确切，也可能系打印有误。 -------------------------- John George Jack (18611949) http://www.arboretum.harvard.edu/programs/eastern_asia/explorers_jack2.html Born in Chateauguay, Quebec, Canada on April 15, 1861, John George Jack was one of twelve children of Robert and Annie Jack. Robert Jack (1821-1900) was a farmer and fruit grower who, for over 40 years, introduced and experimented with varieties of fruit new to the Province of Quebec. Annie Linda Jack (1839-1912), a poet, author and a noted horticulturist wrote a series of newspaper articles entitled Garden Talks and authored The Canadian Garden; a Pocket Help for the Amateur (1903). As a boy, J. G. Jack was interested in natural history with a special attraction to insects. Self taught with a minimum of private instruction, his formal education included only approximately 6 months of high school. Through his observations and collections he was introduced to a variety of correspondents including Sir John William Dawson, the Principal of McGill University (1855-1893) who helped establish the Peter Redpath Museum of Natural History and who became Jacks friend and mentor. Jack became a member of the American Association for the advancement of Science in 1882 where he made contacts that eventually let to employment at the Arnold Arboretum. Beginning in 1882 and continuing for the next three years Jack spent the winter months in Boston, Massachusetts attending lectures given by Harvard professors including Dr. Hermann August Hagen (1817-1893) a Professor of Entomology and author of Bibliotheca Entomologia, published in 1862-63. He also studied zoolology with Professor Alpheus Hyatt and attended lectures on botany given by Professor by George Goodale. In 1883, Jack spent the summer working at River Edge, New Jersey, on the 80 acre farm of Elbert Sillick Carman (1836- ), editor-in-chief of The Rural New Yorker (1878-1964) where Carmen had been conducting experiments on economic plants as well as woody plants since 1877. In April 1886, Jack visited the director of the Arboretum Charles Sprague Sargent (1841-1927) at his Brookline estate Holm Lea. Promised only manual labor at small compensation he began working at the Arnold Arboretum, but within a short time his botanical knowledge became apparent earning Sargents confidence and an increase in his pay to a dollar a day. Jack continued his education by taking a Harvard Summer Course in Botany and attending various lectures. By the terms of the Arboretums original indenture, the director, as the Arnold Professor of Botany, was to teach the knowledge of trees at the College. Sargent delegated this function, with the approval of the trustees, to Jack who became Lecturer in Arboriculture in 1890 (the title was later changed to Lecturer in Forestry). Jack taught forestry both at Harvard, often with Richard T. Fisher (1876-1934), the first director of the Harvard Forest, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he also held a lectureship from 1899 to 1908. In 1907, Jack married Cerise Emily Agnes Carmen ( -1935), daughter of his former employer, E. S. Carmen, and in 1908 he was made an Assistant Professor of Dendrology at the Arnold Arboretum. Jack taught throughout his career. In the fall and spring he conducted courses in dendrology using the Arboretums living collections as his classroom. Jacks courses were geared toward the layperson and his amicable disposition made his classes popular. According to Sargents annual report for 1890/91, Jack gave twice a week during the months of May and June, instruction to a class of twenty-six men and women who paid a small fee for the privilege. His lessons, which treated of the plants, in their botanical, economic, and ornamental aspects, were practical and interesting. With well over 100 citations in Garden and Forest he was also regular contributor to the Arboretums Bulletin of Popular Information. Soon after Jack joined the Arboretum, he began collecting and documenting plants in the United States and abroad. During the summers of 1898 and 1900, Jack was an agent for the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. He explored the forests of central Colorado and the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming and produced a detailed documentation and photographs of the forest and soil conditions of the Pikes Peak, Plum Creek and South Platte Forest Reserves. In 1891, he visited botanic gardens in France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, and England and in 1904 he and Arboretum taxonomist Alfred Rehder collected plant specimens and took photographs in the western United States and in Canada. Already experienced in plant exploration when he embarked on a year-long trip to the Far East in 1905, Jack became the first staff member after Sargent to visit Asia. He focused his travels on Korea and Japan, as political unrest at the time made travel in mainland China dangerous. Although Sargents Annual Report for the Year Ending July 31, 1905, states that Mr. J. G. Jack has started on a journey to the East to obtain material for the Arboretum in Japan, Korea, and northern China, his year long Asian journey was self-financed. Jack may have planned his trip to spend time with his younger brother, the Reverend Milton Jack of the Presbyterian Foreign Ministry, who had long been stationed in Taiwan. Jacks introduction to an undated, unpublished manuscript entitled Notes on Some Recently Introduced Trees and Shrubs outlined his goals and itinerary for the Asian trip: On the first of July, 1905, I left Boston for Japan . . . The object of my trip was primarily rest and recreation for three or four months, combined with a desire to observe some of the interesting arborescent flora of central and northeastern Japan . . . A short visit was also made to Korea and to Peking in China. In addition to collecting seeds and herbarium specimens representing 258 plants, Jack took photographs of individual specimens and of landscape views and returned with 172 images, many of them as lantern slides, a format especially useful for his teaching. Jack photographed the forest preserves and activities of the lumbering industry around Mt. Fuji and elsewhere in Japan, as well as scenes he captured in Beijing that include formal portraits of people in traditional costumes. Jack retired from full time employment at the Arboretum in September 1935 at age 74. His wife Cerise died later that same year. Jack spent his retirement at his home Folly Farm, in East Walpole, Massachusetts with his daughter, Betty Jack Wirth and her husband. In 1948, while tending his orchard Jack fell and broke his hip and was confined to bed. The following year on May 20, John George Jack, Arnold Arboretum Assistant Professor of Dendrology, Emeritus, died at age 88.
古植物学的故事（ 4 ）：胡先骕与中国古植物学的兴起 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=252210 发表于 2009-8-29 22:47:21 古植物学；胡先骕；中国古植物学；兴起 The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context ----Botanists’ efforts to promote the development of Chinese palaeobotany (by Qigao Sun) Fig.3. Hu Hsen–Hsu (Hu Xian–Su, 1894–1968) (Courtesy Hu Shi) Although few Chinese botanists worked on fossil plants in the first half of the last century, Hu Hsen–Hsu (Hu Xian–Su, 1894–1968), who was a distinguished plant taxonomist in China, had a strong interest in palaeobotany. Hu thought that palaeobotany was an important subject within plant science. Hu’s ideas were closely related to his Berkley and Harvard education background in the USA. He studied Chinese Tertiary plants and those of the living fossil Metasequoia. Hu not only advanced plant taxonomy, but also contributed to the overall development of palaeobotanical studies in China (Shi Yang, 1998). Hu was sent to the University of California at Berkley to study botany in 1912 and got his B. Sc. degree in 1916. He went to Harvard University to study plant taxonomy in 1923 and received his Ph.D. degree in 1925. Thus Hu had wide contact with the world botanists and palaeobotanists of his time. Hu was greatly influenced by the scientific ideas of Asa Gray (1810–1888), father of American botany, who pointed out the significance of the phyto–geographical relationship between eastern North America and eastern Asia (Gray, 1840, 1859, 1878; Boufford Spongberg, 1983). Hu developed a deep interest both in recent plants and in fossil plants from China, which might provide very important evidence for the Tertiary history of plants in the Northern Hemisphere. Hu founded the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing （formerly Fan Memorial Institute of Biology） in 1928, and the Botanical Society of China in 1933. He established several English journals in China for plant sciences and played a great role in the history of plant sciences in China (including the subject of palaeobotany) during the 20 th century. Hu made great efforts to establish botanical organizations in China, which would provide potential for the further development of Chinese palaeobotany. In the 1930s Hu conducted successful collaborative work with American palaeobotanist Professor R.W. Chaney with regard to Chinese Tertiary plants. Just before the Chinese-Japanese War, R.W. Chaney was invited to China for the second time. He went on a field trip to a very famous fossil locality, Shanwang locality in Linqu County, Shandong Province in June 1937 and collected many specimens of fossil plants. Some specimens were transported to the USA and kept in Berkley. Hu and Chaney (1940) co-worked on this Middle Miocene-aged Shanwang flora from Shandong and published an English monograph, which is undoubtedly the pioneering research on Tertiary floras in China (Sun et al ., 2000, 2002). Metasequoia Story During the 1940s Hu and his colleagues made a great contribution to the studies of recent and fossil Metasequoia ( Hu, 1946; Hu Cheng, 1948). The publication of the living fossil of Metasequoia was one of the greatest discoveries in the botanical and palaeobotanical community in the world and stimulated the development of Chinese palaeobotany in the last century. Miki (1941) established the genus Metasequoia based on the Pliocene fossils from Japan and thought that the genus was extinct. It is said that in October 1941 Professor Gan Tuo saw a big tree (about 30m high) under which there was a small temple named “Shui–Sha–Miao” in Mao–tao–chi in Wan Hsien, Sichuan Province (currently in Lichuan County, western Hubei Province). It is also said that Gan collected some specimens from the tree but without any further scientific results. In 1943, Wang Zhan (1911—2000) collected specimens from the same big tree at Mao–tao–chi and considered them to be those of Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) K. Koch (Shao et al ., 2000; Ma, 2003). Cheng Wan–Chun (1904—1983) didn’t think that the tree was Glyptostrobus, but a new genus of conifer. In 1946 Xue Ji–Ru (1921—1999) also collected specimens of living Metasequoia from Mao–tao–chi. Cheng posted some specimens of the strange tree to Hu Hsen–Hsu. On May 9, 1946 Hu wrote to Professor R.W. Chaney and told him about the exciting discovery of the living fossil plant Metasequoia. On September 28, 1946 R.W. Chaney talked about the discovery at the annual meeting of Botanical Society of America. In December 1946 Hu published a paper, entitled “Notes on a Palaeogene species of Metasequoia in China,” and mentioned that he would discuss in another paper a living species of Metasequoia. Hu thought that the plant was the fossil genus Metasequoia established by S. Miki in 1941. At last, Hu and Cheng published their paper about Metasequoia glyptostobodies Hu et Cheng in 1948. The living species of the genus Metasequoia , is not extinct but still survives on the Earth. So far, plants of the living fossil Metasequoia have been introduced into many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. For the detailed information about the discovery of living Metasequoia , please refer to Ma’ s (2003) article. (revised version)
标签: 胡先骕
