# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz The body shapes of humans and chimpanzees were compared quantitatively by criteria chosen for their capacity to discriminate well among the body shapes of frogs. By these criteria, the difference in body shape between humans and chimpanzees was found to be greater than that between the most dissimilar pairs of frogs examined —— that is, frogs classified in separate taxonomic suborders. Even though the morphological difference between the two primates is large by frog standards, the biochemical differences between the structural genes of these two species are small. The results of this study give quantitative support to the proposal that morphological evolution and biochemical evolution in structural genes can proceed at independent rates. 使用能够很好地区分不同蛙类物种的形态指标，来比较人类和黑猩猩的外形。根据这些标准，人类和黑猩猩的体形差异大于被检测的最不相似的蛙类（不同亚目）之间的差异。尽管按照蛙类的标准，两种灵长类动物的形态差异很大，但它们的结构基因之间的生化差异却很小。本研究的量化结果支持结构基因进化的形态进化可以不同速率进行的观点。 Cherty, L. M., S. M. Case, A. C. Wilson (1978). Frog perspective on the morphological difference between humans and chimpanzees. Science 200(4338): 209-211.
# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz In many animal taxa, the mt cox1 gene is ofen used as a marker for species identifcation (i.e. DNA barcoding; Herbert et al., 2003, 2004). In amphibians, however, the mt 16S rRNA gene (16S) is considered a useful marker for determining taxonomic afliation (Vences et al., 2005b). Although amphibians (number of amphibian populations) are in worldwide decline (Stuart et al., 2004), the number of discovered amphibian species is steadily increasing (Hanken, 1999; Lannoo, 2005; Pyron and Wiens, 2011). For instance, the number of known amphibian species has increased dramatically from 4013 in 1985 to 7164 in 2013 (AmphibiaWeb, August 19, 2013). Numerous researchers have proposed abundant diversity in unrecognized anuran species (in Southeast Asia: Inger, 1999; Emerson et al., 2000; Brown and Guttman, 2002; Bain et al., 2003; Stuart et al., 2006; Chan and Grismer, 2010; Matsui et al., 2010; in Madagascar: Vieites et al., 2009; Glaw et al., 2010; in South America: Jansen et al., 2011; Funk et al., 2012). Inger (1999) proposed that potentially unknown amphibian biodiversity needs to be explored by additional sampling in South Asia as it might disclose detailed information at the species level. In fact, many undescribed and/or cryptic species have been found in complexes previously thought to be single species in South to East Asian countries through morphological, allozyme, and molecular analyses, as well as crossing experiments (Hoplobatrachus and Euphlyctis: Alam et al., 2008; Hasan et al., 2012b; Fejervarya: Sumida et al., 2007; Islam et al., 2008a, 2008b; Kotaki et al., 2010; Kurniawan et al., 2010). In recent years, particularly on the Indian subcontinent, eyecatching discoveries of new species, genera, and/or families have been made (Biju and Bossuyt, 2003; Biju et al., 2011). Despite these new fndings, the diversity of amphibian species in South and Southeast Asia remains underestimated, mainly because of the homoplasy in amphibian morphology (Stuart et al., 2006). 在许多动物类群中，线粒体 cox1 基因（ COI ）被用作物种鉴定的标记（即 DNA 条形码； Herbert et al., 2003, 2004 ）。然而，在两栖动物中，线粒体 16S rRNA 基因（ 16S ）被认为是确定分类隶属关系的实用用标记（ Vences et al., 2005b ）。 尽管两栖动物（两栖动物数量）在全球范围内呈下降趋势（ Stuart et al., 2004 ），但新发现的两栖动物物种数量在稳步增加（ Hanken, 1999; Lannoo, 2005; Pyron and Wiens, 2011 ）。例如，已知两栖动物物种的数量从 1985 年的 4013 种急剧增加到 2013 年的 7164 种（ AmphibiaWeb 截止 2013 年 8 月 19 日数据）。许多研究人员提出仍有大量无尾两栖动物物种未被识别（在东南亚： Inger, 1999; Emerson et al., 2000; Brown and Guttman, 2002; Bain et al., 2003; Stuart et al., 2006; Chan and Grismer, 2010; Matsui et al., 2010 ；在马达加斯加： Vieites et al., 2009; Glaw et al., 2010; in South America: Jansen et al., 2011; Funk et al., 2012 ） Inger (1999) 提出，需要在南亚地区通过更多采样来探索潜在未知的两栖生物多样性，因为它可能会披露物种层面的详细信息。事实上，在东南亚地区一些以前被认为是单一物种的复合体中，通过形态、同工酶和分子分析以及交叉实验研究（ Hoplobatrachus and Euphlyctis: Alam et al., 2008; Hasan et al., 2012b; Fejervarya: Sumida et al., 2007; Islam et al., 2008a, 2008b; Kotaki et al., 2010; Kurniawan et al., 2010 ），发现了许多未被描述和 / 或隐蔽的物种。近年来，特别是在印度次大陆上，新物种、属和 / 或科都有引人注目的发现（ Biju and Bossuyt, 2003; Biju et al., 2011 ）。 尽管已经有了一些新发现，南亚和东南亚两栖动物物种的多样性仍然被低估，主要是由于两栖动物形态的同形性（ Stuart et al., 2006 ）。
蛙类的颞褶 Supratympanic foldof frogs By Bearjazz 颞褶 （ temporal fold,supratympanic fold ） : 自眼后经颞部背侧达肩部的皮肤增厚所形成之隆起（图 1 ）。英文的解释 “a distinct fold of skin (supratympanic fold) thatextends from the eye, around the posterior edge of the external ear (tympanum)to the shoulder.” 图 1 示蛙类颞褶（数字 1 所示位置）和背侧褶（数字 2 所示位置） 通常对于颞褶的描述主要有明显和不明显之分。颞褶明显的物种如 Leptolalaxzhangyapingi （图 2 ） , Leptolalax laui （图 3 ）等。不明显的如 Gracixalus lumarius （图 4 ）等。 图 2 Leptolalax zhangyapingi 具有明显的颞褶（ supratympanicfold distinct, from eye towards axillary gland ） 图 3 Leptolalax laui 具有明显的颞褶 图 4 Gracixalus lumarius 的颞褶不明显（ indistinct tympanumand supratympanic folds ） 参考文献 Fei, L., S. Hu,C. Ye, et al. FUANA SINICA Amphibiavol.2 Anura . 2009, Beijing. American Green Frog . Available from: http://www1.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/herp/html/4racla.html . Jiang, K., Y. Fang, C.Suwannapoom, et al. A new species of the genus Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae)from northern Thailand . AsianHerpetological Research, 2015. 4(2): 100-108. Yikhei, S., Y. Jianhuan, W.Yingyong. A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from southern China . Asian Herpetological Research,2015. 5(2): 80-90. Gracixalus lumarius Available from: http://amphibiaweb.org/species/8151 . 本文首发于 微信公众号 “明湖实验室”（2016年第1卷第1期），扫描以下微信二维码，关注更多动物学研究资讯！
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