草甘膦与癌症 诸平 前面写过 “ 草甘膦除草剂:福兮祸兮? ” 的博文,今天想介绍草甘膦引起癌症的一些研究结 果 , Mae-Wan Ho ( 何梅灣 , 12 November 1941 – 24 March 2016 ) 博士 撰写的“ Glyphosate and Cancer”应该说是一篇值得关注的总结,特转载如下供大家参考。 何梅灣 博士是从 香港大学获得硕士和博士学位的一名遗传学家,曾经任社会科学研究所主任 ( Institute of Science in Society ),因为对于基因工程等持批评意见而名声大振,也曾经独著或者与人合著发表过多篇论文,出版过10部著作 ,2014年她被授予Prigogine奖章 ( 2014 Prigogine Medal )。 Glyphosate and Cancer New research shows that the low levels of glyphosate found in human urine can promote the growth of human breast cancer cells, confirming the carcinogenic potential of the herbicide known since the 1980s Dr. Mae-Wan Ho GM and herbicide cancer warning suppressed in retracted study Among the unsettling results of the Séralini study , which almost certainly lie behind its notorious retraction by the journal editor a year after it was published ( Retracting Seralini Study Violates Science Ethics , SiS 61), are cancers in rats fed GM maize and/or exposed to Roundup. Although the word ‘cancer’ was never used by the authors, they recorded three ‘metastases’ (i.e., cancers) - two in females and one in a male - plus two kidney Wilm’s tumours in male rats, which had to be euthanized a year early because the cancerous tumours grew to more than 25 % of body size. This makes a total of at least 5 cancers in the treatment groups, in addition to the excess of grotesquely large tumours, premature deaths, pituitary, kidney, liver, and other pathologies compared with the controls. The cancer cases certainly should not be ignored, and to make sure this important paper is not erased from public record, it is now freely available and permanently registered on thesparc a floating knowledge archive for the survival of people and planet. The findings are especially important in the light of new research and indeed, previous research on the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate (and GM food). Glyphosate promotes growth of human breast cancer cells at minute concentrations A research team in Thailand led by Jutamaad Satayavivad at the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology, Ministry of Education, and The Chulabhorn Graduate Institute in Bangkok, published a paper in the very same Journal from which the Séralini study was retracted. They found that glyphosate at minute concentrations enhanced the proliferation of human hormone-dependent breast cancer T47D cells, but not hormone-independent breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells. Their detailed experiments showed that glyphosate mimics the action of oestrogen, and uses the same molecular pathways as the natural hormone to promote proliferation of the cancer cells. They also found that glyphosate had synergistic effects in enhancing breast cancer cell growth in combination with genistein, a common phytoestrogen in soybean. Glyphosate at concentrations between 10 -12 and 10 -6 M (0.169 ng/L to 0.169 mg/L) boosted the proliferation of T47D cells by 15 to 30 %, about half as effectively as the most potent oestrogen, 17 b -estradiol (E2). The same low concentrations of glyphosate induced the activation of oestrogen response element (ERE) - a specific DNA sequence promoting gene expression with high affinity for the oestrogen receptor (ER) that binds oestrogen - thereby activating gene expression in response to oestrogen. Furthermore, this activation was inhibited by an oestrogen antagonist, ICI 182780, indicating that the estrogenic activity of glyphosate was mediated via ERs. The highest oestrogen mimicking effect was at 10 -9 M or 0.169 m g/L and the effect was half that of oestrogen, the most potent growth-promoter in hormone-dependent breast cancer cells. ICI 182780, a specific inhibitor of oestrogen at 1 nM reduced the proliferative effects of both glyphosate and E2. At 10 nM it completely inhibited the growth enhancing effects of glyphosate, suggesting that glyphosate acts via the oestrogen receptor ER. T47D-KBluc cells, with stably transfected triplet oestrogen response element (ERE) promoter–luciferase reporter gene construct, when treated with glyphosate at the concentration range of 10 -12 to 10 -6 M, proliferated at 5-13 fold of the controls without glyphosate or E2, less than half that induced by oestrogen. That is not all. Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used for soybean cultivation (especially for Roundup Ready GM soybean); and the researchers also found an additive oestrogenic effect between glyphosate and genistein, a soybean phytoestrogen. Genistein phytoestrogen is a major isoflavone in soybean. With a structure similar to E2, it acts like oestrogen via the ER pathways. At concentrations ranging between 10 -9 and 10 -4 M, genistein produced concentration-dependent proliferation effects in T47D cells (104 to 170 % of controls). Genistein also stimulated ERE-gene transcription activity at the concentration range of 10 -11 to 10 -6 M, to 5-25 fold the activity of controls. The concentration ranges of glyphosate and genistein inducing ERE activity more than 10 fold of control are individually 10 -11 to 10 -9 M and 10 -7 to 10 -5 M respectively. Glyphosate residues in soybean were found in the range of 0.1-5.6 m g/g, while genistein were in the range of 0.01-1.2 mg/g. As mentioned earlier, glyphosate concentrations in human urine could be 1.8 x 10 -8 to 1.4 x10 -6 M. Using these concentrations as a guide, the interaction range between the two oestrogenic mimics were set at genistein 10 -7 to 10 -5 M, and glyphosate 10 -11 to 10 -9 ; the concentrations were varied with a fixed ratio of both compounds. The results showed significant enhancement of ERE activation in the combination of 10 -10 glyphosate with 10 -6 M genistein and 10 -9 M glyphosate with 10 -5 M genistein. At 10 -7 M genistein and 10 -9 M glyphosate, cell proliferation was increased to 169 % of control, where individually, the promotion was 145 %. The important new finding is that glyphosate mimics oestrogen activity at minute concentrations; it may be inhibitory for oestrogen at high conentrations (while other toxicities also come into effect. Nonlinear concentration dependence is characteristic of environmental pollutants with endocrine disrupting effects (see ). Glyphosate in humans and animals within the range with carcinogenic potential The lab findings indicate that low, environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate have oestrogen-like activity. Glyphosate concentrations between 1.8 x 10 -8 to 1.4 x10 -6 M were found in human urine in the United States . Analysis of urine samples of 182 subjects from 18 European countries found that 80 (43.9 %) have glyphosate, with a mean of 0.21 m g/L ( 10 -12 M) and a maximum of 1.82 m g/L (10 -11 M). AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid), the main metabolite of glyphosate, was present in 65 (35.71 %), with a mean of 0.18 m g/L and a maximum of 2.63 m g/L. Malta, Latvia and UK have the highest values of glyphosate, Croatia, Belgium and Malta have the highest levels of AMPA. Glyphosate and AMPA do not correlate very well, probably dependent on the precise amounts of glyphosate and residue in people’s diet. A new study led by Monika Krüger at University of Leipzig finds glyphosate residues in livestock, wild life and humans in Germany and Denmark at average concentrations of 9-5.4 m g/L in urine and 35 m g/kg cow tissues, including intestine, liver, muscles spleen and kidney . Human urine samples average 5.4 + 11.5 m g/L (range 0.01 to 40 m g/L); those on predominantly organic food have significantly lower levels compared to those on conventional foods, and individuals with chronic diseases have significantly higher levels than healthy individuals. Cow urine samples average 35 + 50 m g/L (range 0 to 164 m g/L). Germany cow urine samples have significantly lower values than those of Danish cows, and cows from GM-Free areas also have significantly lower concentrations of glyphosate than cows under conventional husbandry. The tissues of cows from slaughter houses have average glyphosate concentrations of 20 + 26 m g/kg (range 4.7 to 108 m g/kg). Rabbit urine samples average 12.5 + 12.1 m g/L (range 3.17 to 42 m g/L); significantly higher than in those of hares. Carcinogenic potential of glyphosate known since the 1980s The carcinogenic potential of glyphosate has been known since the 1980s. An excellent review on glyphosate toxicity written by Caroline Cox of Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, Eugene, Oregon in the US published in 1995 showed that most if not all the toxic effects of glyphosate had already been demonstrated in laboratory studies . Glyphosate was not only acutely toxic to animals and human beings; subchronic studies showed that feeding glyphosate to animals for three months caused “reduced weight gain, diarrhea, and salivary gland lesion.” Lifetime feeding caused “excess growth and death of liver cells, cataracts and lens degeneration, and increase in the frequency of thyroid, pancreas and liver tumors.” Also documented were effects on fertility: reduced sperm counts in males and lengthening of the oestrus cycle in females. But the public were kept in the dark through a litany of outright fraud committed by testing companies working for the corporations, deception, and half-truths. On carcinogenicity, Cox wrote : “The potential of glyphosate to cause cancer has been a controversial subject since the first lifetime feeding studies were analyzed in the early 1980s. The first study (1979-1981) found an increase in testicular interstitial tumors in male rats at the highest dose tested (30 mg/kg of body weight per day) , as well as an increase in the frequency of a thyroid cancer in females . The second study (completed in 1983) found dose-related increases in the frequency of a rare kidney tumor in male mice . The most recent study (1988-1990) found an increase in the number of pancreas and liver tumors in male rats together with an increase of the same thyroid cancer found in the 1983 study in females .” But the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) explained all that away. Cox continued : “All of these increases in tumor incidence are “not considered compound-related” according to EPA. In each case, different reasons are given for this conclusion. For the testicular tumors, EPA accepted the interpretation of an industry pathologist who said that the incidence in treated groups (12 percent) was similar to those observed in other control (not glyphosate-fed) rat feeding studies (4.5 percent) . For the thyroid cancer, EPA stated that it was not possible to consistently distinguish between cancers and tumors of this type, so that the incidences of the two should be considered together . The combined data are not statistically significant . For the kidney tumors, the registrants reexamined slides of kidney tissue, finding an additional tumor in untreated mice so that statistical significance was lost. This was despite a memo from EPA’s pathologist stating that the lesion in question was not really a tumor . For the pancreatic tumors, EPA stated that there was no dose-related trend and no progression to malignancy . For the liver tumors and the thyroid tumors, EPA stated that pairwise comparisons between treated and untreated animals were not statistically significant and there was no progression to malignancy .” (Comments between square brackets added). EPA concluded that glyphosate should be classified as Group E , “evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans.” They added that this classification “is based on the available evidence at the time of evaluation and should not be interpreted as a definitive conclusion that the agent will not be a carcinogen under any circumstances.” The EPA authorities went against the advice of their own scientists, as Cox revealed . An EPA statistician wrote in a memo concerning one of the carcinogenicity studies , “Viewpoint is a key issue. Our viewpoint is one of protecting the public health when we see suspicious data.” Unfortunately, EPA has not taken that viewpoint in its assessment of glyphosate's cancer-causing potential. Epidemiological evidence that pesticides are associated with cancer risks Studies dating back to the 1980s have indicated that despite the low overall mortality rate from heart disease, cancers of the lung, oesophagus, bladder and colon, farmers in many countries appear to have higher rates for Hodgkin’s disease, leukaemia, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and cancers of the lip, stomach, prostate, skin, brain, and connectives tissue compared with the general population. The strongest links of cancers in agricultural workers are to herbicides . In 1993, the National Cancer Institute Bethesda Maryland in the US launched a large prospective cohort study in North Carolina and Iowa on people most likely to be exposed to pesticides - farmers and pesticide applicators – identified when they applied for a pesticide applicator license and undergo training and testing . The 10-year Agricultural Health Study (1993-2003) was recently summarized to the press as the EPA proposes new safety rules for farm pesticide use : “Current medical research suggests that while farmers are generally healthier than the general U.S. population, they may have higher rates of some cancers, including leukemia, myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cancers of the lip, stomach, skin, brain, and prostate.” This finding is no different from when the Study began. The supreme irony is that the EPA has set new standards that drastically increase the amounts of glyphosate allowed : in oilseed crops such as flax, soybeans and canola, it is doubled from 20 ppm to 40 ppm, while in food crops, it is multiplied 30-fold, from 200 ppm to 6 000 ppm. So although pesticides as a group is acknowledged to be carcinogenic, glyphosate is still considered a non-carcinogen by the EPA, the same as in 1985 . But since 1994, the first year that GM crops were commercially grown, the use of glyphosate herbicides has gone up enormously, with regulatory authorities putting up the allowable levels to track the upward trajectory . By 2007, glyphosate is the most commonly used pesticide in the agricultural sector, and second most commonly used in homes and garden as well as industry/commercial/ government sectors . In other words, its use has become pervasive; and everyone in whatever sector will be exposed to it, through air, water and food as recent measurements in Europe confirms (see above). Not surprisingly, it has proven difficult to link individual pesticides with specific cancers in the Agricultural Health Study, least of all to glyphosate, given that dozens of pesticides are typically used, and the general population probably as much exposed to glyphosate-herbicides and herbicide residues as farmers and agricultural workers. A review published in 2012 (ahead of EPA’s decision to increase allowable glyphosate levels) “found no consistent pattern of positive associations indicating a causal relationship between total cancer (in adults or children) or any site-specific cancer and exposure to glyphosate.” The lead author of the review has served as a paid consultant to Monsanto Company, and the research was supported by the Monsanto Company. Actually, there have been studies aimed at glyphosate in particular that found increased risks to specific cancers, which were explained away in the review. A Swedish study of 910 cancer cases and 1016 controls found a significant excess of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with the phenoxy herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorphenoxyactice acid (MCPA) OR (odds ratio) 2.1, and with glyphosate OR 2.02 . This confirmed the team’s earlier pooled analysis of two case control studies - one on NHL and another on hairy cell leukemia, a rare subtype of NHL- consisting of 515 cases and 1141 controls . Increased risks were found for subjects exposed to herbicides OR 1.75, insecticides OR1.43, fungicides OR 3.11, impregnating agents OR 1.48. Among herbicides, significant associations were found for glyphosate OR 3.04, and 4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) OR 2.62. In another study, associations between glyphosate exposure and cancer incidence was examined in a prospective cohort of 57 311 licensed pesticide applicators (mostly male middle-aged) in Iowa and North Carolina (part of the Agricultural Health Study). There was no association with all cancers, but there was increased risk for melanoma (OR 1.8) adjusted for age, which decreased to OR 1.6 adjusted for age, demographic and lifestyle factors, and other pesticides. Adjusted risk estimates for colon, rectum kidney and bladder cancers were elevated by 30 to 60 % but not statistically significant. However, there was more than 2-fold risk of multiple myeloma (OR 2.1) associated with ever-use of glyphosate . The situation is best summed up in a 2013 review with lead author Michael Alavanja who also led the Agricultural Health Study : “A growing number of well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies provide substantial evidence that the pesticides used in agricultural, commercial, and home and garden applications are associated with excess cancer risk….The literature does strongly suggest that the public health problem is real.” They strongly recommend reducing the use of pesticides as the best measure to counteract the problem, a recommendation that some countries in Europe such as Sweden and Denmark have already adopted since the late 1990s. Instead of reducing pesticide use, the US EPA has increased allowable glyphosate limits yet again, and by 30-fold . Why glyphosate should be banned The carcinogenicity of glyphosate is among the latest avalanche of damning evidence that makes a ban on glyphosate all the more compelling. Sri Lanka is the second country in the world to ban glyphosate after El Salvador. Having rejected GMOs back in 2003, it has now banned glyphosate on the strength of a study by Sri Lanka’s own scientists implicating glyphosate in an epidemic of deadly chronic kidney disease that has struck Sri Lanka and other poor farming countries (see Sri Lanka Bans Glyphosate for Deadly Kidney Disease Epidemic, SiS 62). Glyphosate is already implicated in the marked deterioration of the health status of the US population . The incidence of diseases and adverse conditions that have gone up in parallel with the increase in GM crops and the use of glyphosate herbicide since 1994 (first year of commercialization of GM crops) include thyroid cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, obesity, high blood pressure, hospitalizations for acute kidney injury, diabetes, and end stage renal disease. It is also a prime suspect in the rise of human male infertility worldwide ( Glyphosate/Roundup and Human Male Infertility , SiS 62), and implicated in coeliac sprue, an autoimmune gluten intolerance bowel disease . A recent test on 31 samples of GM glyphosate-tolerant soybean found average glyphosate level of 3.26mg/kg and average AMPA level of 5.74mg/kg , at the high end of oestrogenic concentrations reported here, which could easily account for the levels present in human urine . Glyphosate is well-known for its toxicities to cells and animals including livestock, crops and soil, and lethality to amphibians; it is also harmful to other wildlife ( Ban GMOs Now , I-SIS special report). The full extent of glyphosate’s eco-toxicity has emerged in new experiments. At concentrations of several parts per million, Roundup is lethal to the neotropical fish Piaractus mesopotamicus , a native to Brazil and Paraguay of considerable ecological and commercial value . Exposure of the freshwater fish Channa punctatus t0 similar concentrations of Roundup caused oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in blood and gill cells . As the retracted Séralini study and other research cited here make clear, the toxicities of glyphosate/Roundup are independent of and in addition to the toxicities of the GMOs, which is why a ban on both GMOs and glyphosate is in order. 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草甘膦除草剂 :福兮祸兮? 诸平 草甘膦( Glyphosate,化学名称为N-(膦酸甲基)甘氨酸,化学式:C 3 H 8 NO 5 P )是由美国孟山都公司开发的除草剂。又称:镇草宁、农达(Roundup)、草干膦、膦甘酸。纯品为非挥发性白色固体,比重为0.5,大约在230 ℃左右熔化,并伴随分解。25 ℃时在水中的溶解度为1.2%,不溶于一般有机溶剂,其异丙胺盐完全溶解于水。不可燃、不爆炸,常温贮存稳定。对中碳钢、镀锡铁皮(马口铁)有腐蚀作用。 1 应用广泛 草甘膦是一种非选择性、无残留灭生性除草剂,对多年生根杂草非常有效,广泛用于橡胶、桑、茶、果园及甘蔗地。主要抑制植物体内的烯醇丙酮基莽草素磷酸合成酶,从而抑制莽草素向苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸及色氨酸的转化,使蛋白质合成受到干扰,导致植物死亡。草甘膦是通过茎叶吸收后传导到植物各部位的,可防除单子叶和双子叶、一年生和多年生、草本和灌木等40多科的植物。草甘膦入土后很快与铁、铝等金属离子结合而失去活性,对土壤中潜藏的种子和土壤微生物无不良影响。 最初应用于橡胶园防除茅草及其他杂草,可使橡胶树提早1年割胶,老橡胶树增产。现逐步推广于林业、果园、桑园、茶园,稻麦、水稻和油菜轮作地等。各种杂草对草甘膦的敏感程度不同,因而用药量也不同。如稗、狗尾草、看麦娘、牛筋草、马唐、猪殃殃等一年生杂草,用药量以有效成分计为6~10.5 g/100m。对车前子、小飞蓬、鸭跖草等用药量以有效成分计为11.4~15 g/100 m。对白茅、硬骨草、芦苇等则需18~30 g/100 m,一般对水3~4.5 kg,对杂草茎叶均匀定向喷雾。一般阔叶杂草在萌芽早期或开花期,禾本科在拔节晚期或抽穗早期每亩用药量兑水20-30 kg喷雾。已割除茎叶的植株应待杂草并生至有足够的新生叶片时再施药。防除多年生杂草时一次药量分2次,间隔5 d施用能提高防效。 防除苹果园、桃园、葡萄园、梨园、茶园、桑园和农田休闲地杂草,对稗狗尾草、看麦娘、牛筋草、 马唐、苍耳、藜、繁缕、猪殃殃等 一年生杂草。 草甘膦接触绿色组织后才有杀伤作用。由于各种杂草对草甘膦的敏感度不同,因而用药量也不同。 1)果园、桑园等除草 防除一年生杂草每亩用10%水剂0.5-1.0 kg,防除多年生杂草每亩用10%水剂1.0-1.5 kg。兑水20-30 kg,对杂草茎叶定向喷雾即可。 2)农田除草 农田倒茬播种前防除田间已生长杂草,用药量可参照果园除草。棉花生长期用药,需采用带罩喷雾定向喷雾。每亩用10%水剂0.50-0.75 kg,兑水20-30 kg。 3)休闲地、田边、路边除草 于杂草4-6叶期,每亩用10%水剂0.5-1.0 kg,加柴油100 mL,兑水20-30 kg,对杂草喷雾。 4)对于一些恶性杂草,如香附子芦苇等,可每亩地按照200 g加入助剂,除草效果好。草甘膦的适用范围还包括: 茶园——一年生杂草、多年生恶性杂草; 春夏玉米田——行间杂草、一年生及多年生杂草; 冬菜油田——一年生杂草、多年生杂草; 防火隔离带、森林防火道——多年生杂草、杂灌; 非耕地——多年生杂草、行间杂草、一年生杂草; 甘蔗田——行间杂草、一年生及多年生杂草; 柑橘园、 梨园、 苹果园等 果园 ——多年生杂草、行间杂草、一年生杂草; 公路、铁路——路旁一年生及多年生杂草; 剑麻——一年生杂草、多年生恶性杂草; 棉花田——一年生和多年生杂草; 橡胶园、桑园——一年生杂草、多年生恶性杂草。 2 致癌性存在争议 关于草甘膦的致癌性存在争议: 2015年11月15日,欧盟食品安全监管机构(EFSA)公布一项评估报告认为,农药草甘膦“可能不会致癌”,这与2015年7月世界卫生组织(WHO)认定草甘膦可能致癌的结论正好相反,生产草甘膦农药的美国孟山都公司可能重新获得在欧洲的营销许可,但是法国一直是对其持反对态度,认为草甘膦对于大众健康有潜在威胁。 2015年初世界卫生组织曾公布了一份研究报告,认定孟山都的农药草甘膦,商品名“农达( Roundup)”可能致癌,这份研究报告来自WHO下属的国际癌症研究机构(IARC)官方网站。报告称,从2001年以来,该机构对美国、加拿大和瑞典的情况进行了调查,有足够的证据显示,草甘膦农药可能会引发淋巴腺癌和肺癌,这是WHO首次确认草甘膦与癌症有关联。 有关草甘膦与致癌性的相关研究: Glyphosate toxicity and carcinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Tarazona JV, Court-Marques D, Tiramani M, Reich H, Pfeil R, Istace F, Crivellente F. Arch Toxicol . 2017 Aug;91(8):2723-2743. doi: 10.1007/s00204-017-1962-5. Epub 2017 Apr 3. Review. PMID: 28374158 Free PMC Article Similar articles IARC use of oxidative stress as key mode of action characteristic for facilitating cancer classification: Glyphosate case example illustrating a lack of robustness in interpretative implementation. Bus JS. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol . 2017 Jun;86:157-166. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.004. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 28274811 Similar articles Passive exposure to agricultural pesticides and risk of childhood leukemia in an Italian community. Malagoli C, Costanzini S, Heck JE, Malavolti M, De Girolamo G, Oleari P, Palazzi G, Teggi S, Vinceti M. Int J Hyg Environ Health . 2016 Nov;219(8):742-748. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.09.015. Epub 2016 Sep 21. PMID: 27693118 Similar articles Glyphosate rodent carcinogenicity bioassay expert panel review. Williams GM, Berry C, Burns M, de Camargo JL, Greim H. Crit Rev Toxicol . 2016 Sep;46(sup1):44-55. PMID: 27677669 Similar articles Glyphosate epidemiology expert panel review: a weight of evidence systematic review of the relationship between glyphosate exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma. Acquavella J, Garabrant D, Marsh G, Sorahan T, Weed DL. Crit Rev Toxicol . 2016 Sep;46(sup1):28-43. PMID: 27677668 Similar articles A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels and comparison to the IARC assessment. Williams GM, Aardema M, Acquavella J, Berry SC, Brusick D, Burns MM, de Camargo JL, Garabrant D, Greim HA, Kier LD, Kirkland DJ, Marsh G, Solomon KR, Sorahan T, Roberts A, Weed DL. Crit Rev Toxicol . 2016 Sep;46(sup1):3-20. PMID: 27677666 Similar articles On the International Agency for Research on Cancer classification of glyphosate as a probable human carcinogen. Tarone RE. Eur J Cancer Prev . 2016 Aug 22. PMID: 27552246 Similar articles Systematic review and meta-analysis of glyphosate exposure and risk of lymphohematopoietic cancers. Chang ET, Delzell E. J Environ Sci Health B . 2016;51(6):402-34. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1142748. Epub 2016 Mar 25. PMID: 27015139 Free PMC Article Similar articles Differences in the carcinogenic evaluation of glyphosate between the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Portier CJ, Armstrong BK, Baguley BC, Baur X, Belyaev I, Bellé R, Belpoggi F, Biggeri A, Bosland MC, Bruzzi P, Budnik LT, Bugge MD, Burns K, Calaf GM, Carpenter DO, Carpenter HM, López-Carrillo L, Clapp R, Cocco P, Consonni D, Comba P, Craft E, Dalvie MA, Davis D, Demers PA, De Roos AJ, DeWitt J, Forastiere F, Freedman JH, Fritschi L, Gaus C, Gohlke JM, Goldberg M, Greiser E, Hansen J, Hardell L, Hauptmann M, Huang W, Huff J, James MO, Jameson CW, Kortenkamp A, Kopp-Schneider A, Kromhout H, Larramendy ML, Landrigan PJ, Lash LH, Leszczynski D, Lynch CF, Magnani C, Mandrioli D, Martin FL, Merler E, Michelozzi P, Miligi L, Miller AB, Mirabelli D, Mirer FE, Naidoo S, Perry MJ, Petronio MG, Pirastu R, Portier RJ, Ramos KS, Robertson LW, Rodriguez T, Röösli M, Ross MK, Roy D, Rusyn I, Saldiva P, Sass J, Savolainen K, Scheepers PT, Sergi C, Silbergeld EK, Smith MT, Stewart BW, Sutton P, Tateo F, Terracini B, Thielmann HW, Thomas DB, Vainio H, Vena JE, Vineis P, Weiderpass E, Weisenburger DD, Woodruff TJ, Yorifuji T, Yu IJ, Zambon P, Zeeb H, Zhou SF. 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PMID: 26941213 Free PMC Article Similar articles 更多信息见附件 : glyphosate and cancer - PubMed - NCBI.pdf 图1 1975-2017年PubMed数据库收录于草甘膦有关研究的文献变化 3 草甘膦除草剂产品在巴西的应用 孟山都 草甘膦除草剂 Roundup Ultra 2016 年 12 月下旬 被巴西批准用于柑橘、甘蔗和咖啡。该产品使用了 Transorb II 表面活性剂技术,此前已在巴西用于玉米、大豆、棉花和水稻。 Roundup Ultra 是一款粒状高浓度制剂,每公顷的使用量更小,便于储存、运输和处理包装。 Roundup Ultra 的制剂配方确保了产品的快速吸收,并能在阔叶和窄叶内转移。与其他产品相比,其耐雨水冲刷的能力更强。 孟山都南美植保主管 马塞洛 ·塞加拉( Marcelo Segalla ) 介绍说, “Transorb II 助剂技术确保了产品在不利温度和湿度条件下也能发挥卓越的性能,对于柑橘、咖啡和甘蔗种植者的可持续生产和增产来说将是一款重要的工具。 ” 马塞洛 ·塞加拉 还表示,在遇到复杂的杂草管理挑战后, Roundup Ultra 的特性优点就更能显现,除了处理效果以外,还表现在储存运输等方面。 4 2022 年是 法国禁用草甘膦除草剂的最后期限 据 法新社 2017 年 9 月 25 日 ( 周一 ) 提供的消息, 法国政府已经决定 在 2022 年 之前 逐步淘汰草甘膦 ( glyphosate ) 的使用 , 草甘膦是世界上使用最广泛的除草剂 , 也是除草剂中 备受争议的有效成分之一 。 草甘膦 是 由美国 农业 化学品巨头孟山都公司 ( Monsanto ) 生产的 最畅销的除草剂 Roundup 的 主要成分 , 但草甘膦 一直被认为 可能会导致癌症。 尽管 欧盟委员会 ( The European Commission) 已经 提出了 此化学品使用 许可证延长十年 , 但是 法国已表示将投票反对和试图阻止 使用。 法国 政府发言人克利斯 多 夫 ·卡斯塔勒( Christophe Castaner ) 告诉 RMC 电台( RMC radio ): “ 首相 … 已经决定草甘膦产品将 在法国本届政府 任期结束 时 被禁止在法国 使用 , 其中包括 其他类似的 对于 公共健康 构成 威胁 的产品。 ” 克利斯 多 夫 ·卡斯塔勒 表示 , 在总统 伊曼纽尔·马克龙( Emmanuel Macron )任期 的五年 内,法国 政府将拨出 50 亿欧元 ( 即 60 亿美元 ) 来 支持替代草甘膦的 新产品开发 。 更多信息请注意浏览相关报道: France to vote against EU renewal of weedkiller French government declares war on pesticides Popular weedkiller doesn't cause cancer: EU agency 草甘膦 可致癌,荷兰已 禁用 ! 英媒:美加州拟列 草甘膦 为致癌物 Test Yourself for Glyphosate and Join New Glyphosate Biobank Glyphosate Residue Free Certification Glyphosate in Popular American Foods 1o Things You Need to Know about Glyphosate France to ban glyphosate weedkiller by 2022: government September 25, 2017 France has decided to set 2022 as a deadline to phase out the use of glyphosate, the controversial active ingredient in one of the world's most widely used weedkillers, the government said on Monday. Glyphosate is the main component in the best-selling herbicide Roundup produced by the US agro-chemicals giant Monsanto, but there have been concerns it may cause cancer. The European Commission has proposed extending the license for the use of the chemical for 10 years, which France has said it will vote against and try to block. The prime minister ... has decided that this product will be banned in France by the end of the government's term, as well as others that are similar and which are a public health threat , government spokesman Christophe Castaner told RMC radio. Castaner said the government would set aside 5.0 billion euros ($6.0 billion) over President Emmanuel Macron's five-year term to support the development of an alternative to glyphosate.
随着基因组编辑技术的发展,转基因大豆研发进入崭新的时代,研发适应耐性杂草出现的生态问题的新型转基因大豆,需要基础的技术手段:遗传转化技术、转基因分子鉴定手段、转基因表达分析手段,需要借助高效的转基因载体与基因表达筛选平台(基因功能验证体系),筛选适合的载体与目的基因,结合有效的表型鉴定手段,比如研发新型的除草剂耐性的生物学测定手段,进行多种除草剂耐性、多种除草剂施加的表型鉴定,等,从更加微观的角度对于除草剂耐性加以分析。细致到亚细胞器,细致到非靶标耐性机制的代谢通路上。 p 表型鉴定 :高效灵敏的生物学测定手段,应对单一除草剂到除草剂混合剂型;除草剂与抗虫剂等联合应用;单一除草剂耐性到多重除草剂耐性转基因大豆;除草剂耐性、抗虫、耐逆转基因产品;这种农药与转基因作物的发展趋势的需要,而必须建立的技术体系; p 转基因与载体筛选:建立高效而灵敏的转基因表达验证瞬时转化体系,是继基因挖掘之后,进行基因功能验证、转化载体、转化载体-基因组合功能验证的核心技术手段; p 外源基因遗传转化:建立高效稳定的转基因技术平台,采取非农杆菌介导、不受受体基因型限制的原位转化技术是解决受体基因型限制的一种有效策略;是转基因研发的基础; p 转基因切合度代价分析体系的建立:这是转基因田间释放环境安全性评价的重要组成部分。这部分的工作的重要性不言而喻,但却开展的不够深入;同时,期待高效的转基因鉴定手段:尽管转基因在一定程度上遵循生物体内基因的表达调控机制,但是,对于转基因整合、表达机制的研究,还不够深入,只有更深入的了解转基因产品本身,才能更好地设计、开发。 p 新型基因组工程作物的研发:随着田间耐性杂草的产生,开发作物内源抗性,调整作物甚至杂草基因组,制造与不同生态环境相适应的特异基因组工程产品,以保证环境安全性,将是未来耐除草剂转基因的研发的主流,研究人员将根据特定区域、环境评价之后,设计特异的产品,以满足千差万别的自然环境、以及多样的耕作系统。这其中的关键是深入探索植物(作物与杂草)耐除草剂机制、耐各种胁迫条件机制的基础研究。这更是基因挖掘与利用的工作基础。这是转基因研发的前沿和高端技术,也是未来技术制高点。 p 未来属于科学与技术创新的结合。
2013年8月16日,英国《自然》杂志发表一篇题为“Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds”(转基因作物向杂草传递益处)的新闻,称“Herbicide resistance could confer an advantage on plants in the wild”(抗杀草剂特性可给野生植物增添优势)。该文对中国复旦大学研究人员发表在《New Phytol.》的论文( ( http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12428)进行评论,能够在自然杂志发表,说明国际社会对抗杀草剂特性的蔓延还是相当关注的,因为抗生素滥用的后果人们是印象深刻的。 中国科学家的研究为转基因作物研发提供了一个重要线索,当人类利用了转基因的“利”,其弊端如何防控?利弊如何权衡? Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds Herbicide resistance could confer an advantage on plants in the wild. Jane Qiu 16 August 2013 Weedy rice can pick up transgenes from genetically modified crop rice through cross-pollination. Xiao Yang Article tools Print Email Rights Permissions Share/bookmark A genetic-modification technique used widely to make crops herbicide resistant has been shown to confer advantages on a weedy form of rice, even in the absence of the herbicide. The finding suggests that the effects of such modification have the potential to extend beyond farms and into the wild. Several types of crops have been genetically modified to be resistant to glyphosate, an herbicide first marketed under the trade name Roundup. This glyphosate resistance enables farmers to wipe out most weeds from the fields without damaging their crops. Glyphosate inhibits plant growth by blocking an enzyme known as EPSP synthase, which is involved in the production of certain amino acids and other molecules that account for as much as 35% of a plant’s mass. The genetic-modification technique — used, for instance, in the Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto, based in St Louis, Missouri — typically involves inserting genes into a crop’s genome to boost EPSP-synthase production. The genes are usually derived from bacteria that infect plants. Related stories Monsanto drops GM in Europe Hunt for mystery GM wheat hots up GM crop use makes minor pests major problem More related stories The extra EPSP synthase lets the plant withstand the effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to use genes from plants rather than bacteria to boost EPSP-synthase production, in part to exploit a loophole in US law that facilitates regulatory approval of organisms carrying transgenes not derived from bacterial pests. Few studies have tested whether transgenes such as those that confer glyphosate resistance can — once they get into weedy or wild relatives through cross-pollination — make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction. “The traditional expectation is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild in the absence of selection pressure, because the extra machinery would reduce the fitness,” says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside. But now a study led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist at Fudan University in Shanghai, challenges that view: it shows that a weedy form of the common rice crop, Oryza sativa, gets a significant fitness boost from glyphosate resistance, even when glyphosate is not applied. In their study, published this month in New Phytologist1, Lu and his colleagues genetically modified the cultivated rice species to overexpress its own EPSP synthase and cross-bred the modified rice with a weedy relative. The team then allowed the cross-bred offspring to breed with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical to one another except in the number of copies of the gene encoding EPSP synthase. As expected, those with more copies expressed higher levels of the enzyme and produced more of the amino acid tryptophan than their unmodified counterparts. The researchers also found that the transgenic hybrids had higher rates of photosynthesis, grew more shoots and flowers and produced 48–125% more seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids — in the absence of glyphosate. Making weedy rice more competitive could exacerbate the problems it causes for farmers around the world whose plots are invaded by the pest, Lu says. “If the EPSP-synthase gene gets into the wild rice species, their genetic diversity, which is really important to conserve, could be threatened because the genotype with the transgene would outcompete the normal species,” says Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK. “This is one of the most clear examples of extremely plausible damaging effects on the environment.” The study also challenges the public perception that genetically modified crops carrying extra copies of their own genes are safer than those containing genes from microorganisms. “Our study shows that this is not necessarily the case,” says Lu. The finding calls for a rethinking of future regulation of genetically modified crops, some researchers say. “Some people are now saying that biosafety regulation can be relaxed because we have a high level of comfort with two decades of genetic engineering,” says Ellstrand. “But the study shows that novel products still need careful evaluation.” Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517 References Wang, W. et al. New Phytol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12428 (2013).
我刚看了一个对长期研究饮食对健康影响的麻省理工科学家 Stephanie Seneff 博士的采访,讨论孟山都生产的,与转基因作物配合使用的除草剂 Roundup , 学名 Glyphosate 对人体健康的危害。 之所以除草剂 Glyphosate 需要和转基因配合使用,是因为只有转入了可以抑制 EPSPS 这种酶的活性的转基因植物才能抵抗住 Glyphosate 这种除草剂,其他的植物都会被杀死。 这个酶用于合成含有苯环结构的必需氨基酸,只有植物和微生物含有这种酶,动物没有,所以人们原以为抑制EPSPS酶活性并不会影响人,但是这样做缺会杀死人体内合成必需氨基酸 的益生菌,影响人类对必需氨基酸的摄取。 现在更多的研究结果显示, Glyphosate 并不像孟山都宣称的那样对人体无毒无害,相反,它可诱发多种慢性疾病,见下表: Autism Gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic diarrhea, colitis and Crohn's disease Obesity Allergies Cardiovascular disease Depression cancer Infertility Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease Multiple sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and more 致病机理目前认为可能有以下机制: Nutritional deficiencies, as glyphosate immobilizes certain nutrients and alters the nutritional composition of the treated crop Disruption of the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids (these are essential amino acids not produced in your body that must be supplied via your diet) Increased toxin exposure (this includes high levels of glyphosate and formaldehyde in the food itself) Impairment of sulfate transport and sulfur metabolism; sulfate deficiency Systemic toxicity—a side effect of extreme disruption of microbial function throughout your body; beneficial microbes in particular, allowing for overgrowth of pathogens Gut dysbiosis (imbalances in gut bacteria, inflammation, leaky gut, food allergies such as gluten intolerance) Enhancement of damaging effects of other food-borne chemical residues and environmental toxins as a result of glyphosate shutting down the function of detoxifying enzymes Creation of ammonia (a byproduct created when certain microbes break down glyphosate), which can lead to brain inflammation associated with autism and Alzheimer’s disease 采访视频和文字总结可见: http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/06/09/monsanto-roundup-herbicide.aspx Stephanie Seneff 实验室网页(含相关科研论文): http://people.csail.mit.edu/seneff/ 路透社对 Stephanie 的研究报道: Heavy use of herbicide Roundup linked to health dangers-U.S. study 如果有组织和个人,能把这些研究公布给更多个人知道,应该会是利国利民的好事。 ----- 另附: 在 Stephanie 的实验室网页上我看到一新闻:在去年法国发表孟山都转基因玉米诱发癌症的论文之后,发表该论文的杂志 Journal Food and Chemical Toxicology 于今年年初聘用了一名原先供职于孟山都的研究员为杂志的副主编(associate editor)Richard E. Goodman。 相关信息可见: http://earthopensource.org/index.php/news/148-former-monsanto-employee-put-in-charge-of-gmo-papers-at-journal Richard E. Goodman journal Food and Chemical Toxicolo journal Food and Chemical Toxicology
在去年的药械国际会议上做了一个报告《Pesticide residue control in China》,只是一个很简单的报告,报告完了也就过去了,算是交了会务组的差吧。当时有几个德国专家在场,报告结束后也有专家简单进行了交流,但基本没留下什么印象。当时中德示范农场的Bunge先生也在会场。 隔了不久,Bunge先生就与我取得了联系,中德农场在内蒙古甘河,他们遇到了一个比较麻烦的问题就是当地大面积土壤中除草剂残留严重,影响了后茬作物的种植。经过一些沟通,这几天我和何雄奎教授一起受甘河农场之邀,特意到内蒙呼伦贝尔参加大兴安岭农场管理局举办的中德示范场学术交流会,也算开了眼界,第一次走进如此广袤的土地。 示范农场距离齐齐哈尔机场还有四五个小时的车程,一路上都是黑土地,让我们这些看惯了黄土地的“内地”人很是享受!一眼望不到边的农田也是曾经记忆中的事了。 在农场做了报告“农药残留问题与后茬作物安全”,其他专家大多进行的是土壤营养相关内容,从这些报告中,再次体会到学科交叉的必要性。我从来没有考虑过施肥和农药残留还有联系,但施肥对于土壤pH或者微生物活动影响之显著,让我自然联系到农药残留的降解也间接受到了施肥的影响,甚至可以联想的是通过优化施肥方案是有可能在改变土壤性质的同时加快农残降解的。在农场的协助下,我们也就这一点开始初步试验探索,希望能在将来为农药残留的环境降解以及降低后茬影响做一点事情。 走出实验室,走进田间,也是很有乐趣的!