Pro nvss_upfile,ra,dec,radius=radius,filename=filename,format=format ;+ ;NAME: ; nvss_upfile ;PURPOSE: ; write a upfile for NVSS matched source ;CALLING SEQUENCE: ; nvss_upfile,ra,dec,filename=filename ; ;INPUT: ; ra ----- RA for source in Unit:degree ; dec ----- DEC for source in Unit:degree ;OPTIONAL KEYWORD INPUT: ; radius ---- matched radius in Unit:arcsec ; default it,it will set it 15 arcsec ; format ---- if set it,it will output according to format ;OPTIONAL KEYWORD OUT: ; filename ---- upfile name ;EXAMPLE: ; IDL nvss_upfile,ra,dec,filename='NVSS_update.dat' ; ;REVISION HISTORY: ; Original by DL.Wang,Aug-30-2007 ;- if ( N_PARAMS() lt 2 ) then begin message,'Syntax:nvss_upfile,ra,dec, ' return endif if not keyword_set(radius) then radius=15 openw,lun,filename,/get_lun n=n_elements(ra) for i=0L,n-1 do begin if not keyword_set(format) then begin printf,lun,adstring(ra ,dec ,1),' ',radius,' ','0' endif else begin printf,lun,adstring(ra ,dec ,1),radius,'0',format=format endelse endfor free_lun,lun End
Pro write_2mass_upfile,ra,dec,radius=radius,name=name, $ filename=filename,format=format ;+ ;NAME: ; write_2mass_upfile ;PURPOSE: ; write a upfile for matched source list,matched with 2MASS ;CALLING SEQUENCE: ; write_2mass_upfile,ra,dec,radius=radius,filename=filename,format=format, ; /name ;INPUT: ; RA ----- RA for matched source list in Unit:degree ; DEC ----- DEC for matched source list in Unit:degree ;OPTIONAL KEYWORD INPUT: ; radius ----- match radius in Unit:arcsec ; default it,radius is 7.0 arcsec ; name ----- if set it,it will print source name. ; default it,it will print source sequence ;OPTIONAL KEYWORD OUTPUT: ; filename ----- name for output file ; default it,filename is '2mass_update.dat' ; format ----- format for output data ; ;EXAMPLE: ; IDL write_2mass_upfile,ra,dec,filename='rgb_2mass_update.dat' ; ;REVISION HISTORY: ; Original by DL,Wang,Aug-17-2007 ;- Npar = N_params() if ( Npar lt 2 ) then message, $ 'ERROR - RA and Declination do not have equal number of elements' if not keyword_set(radius) then radius=7.0 if not keyword_set(format) then format='(1x,A14,1x,F10.6,1x,F10.6,1x,F3.1)' if not keyword_set(filename) then filename='2mass_update.dat' openw,lun,filename,/get_lun printf,lun,'\ Example of cone search' printf,lun,"\EQUINOX = 'J2000.0'" printf,lun,'| objname | ra | dec | radius |' printf,lun,'| string | double | double | double |' printf,lun,'| unit | unit | unit | arcsec |' if not keyword_set(name) then begin for i=0L,n_elements(ra)-1 do begin printf,lun,i+1,ra ,dec ,radius,F=format endfor endif else begin for i=0L,n_elements(ra)-1 do begin printf,lun,name ,ra ,dec ,radius,F=format endfor endelse free_lun,lun End
http://www.chemistryviews.org/details/education/2709461/Tips_for_Writing_Better_Science_Papers_Titles_2.html Have you ever struggled to write up your results into a publishable paper only to get it rejected? Richard Threlfall, Managing Editor, Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry , gives some insider tips on how to improve each section of your article and increase your chances of getting published. Titles We're going to start right at the top with the title of your manuscript! The title of a paper is important because it is one of the first things that an editor/reviewer/reader sees when they look at your manuscript. Therefore, it is important to grab their attention right away and give them an idea of why your paper is a scientific breakthrough! Be specific, not too technical, and concise. The other thing to consider is that internet and scientific search tools often search by manuscript title, so if you want to get your paper read and cited, it is important to get some of the key aspects of the research into the title. A good tip is to think which search terms you would use to find your own paper through a web search. For a basic example, consider a (fictional) manuscript entitled "Effect of Metal Catalyst on the Outcome of Reactions with Aryl Alcohols". What is the effect? Which metal? What reaction? What type of aryl alcohols? The editor/reviewer/reader get nothing but questions out of this title! Much better might be: "Ruthenium Trichloride is the Most Efficient Catalyst for C–H Activation with 2,4-Disubstituted Aryl Alcohols". The editor/reviewer/reader immediately knows what the paper is about and will want to read more. Plus, someone who types in terms like "ruthenium", "C–H activation", or "2,4-disubstituted" into a search engine has a much higher chance of finding the second manuscript, but does not get any matches with the title of the first one. Finally, avoid adding every detail from the paper into the title—the title shouldn't be confused with or replace an abstract. The most read and most cited articles often have short and simple titles.
Guideline Research proposal How to write your research proposal A research proposal is an outline of the research project that will be the focus of your doctoral thesis. Your research proposal will be the core of your application and allows you to present your academic perspective and creativity. Successful proposals will address research questions that lie within our areas of research . The following guidelines may be of assistance in writing your proposal. However, keep in mind that a research proposal should always reflect your personal academic perspective and research interests. We appreciate being challenged by an innovative research question and approach! First, present a concrete issue . What is the issue? Why you have chosen this issue and why is it relevant? In relation to this issue, pose a central research question. This question is the focus of your project and should be specified clearly. What is the central question you aim to answer in your thesis? Why is your research question relevant for academic debate? Where is the gap in literature that you intend to address? What are some sub-questions or hypotheses relevant to answering your question? Address the specific theoretical perspective that you will use in analysing your issue. Why did you choose this specific theoretical perspective? How does current theory help to answer your question, both in general and specifically? Based on your theoretical foundation, detail your planned methodological approach . What kind of methodology will you use and why (e.g. qualitative or quantitative analyses, single case studies, process tracing, small or large N, discourse analysis, critical theory)? What are some relevant sources of information (e.g. document analysis, field research, data base, interviews with relevant stakeholders)? Finally, reflect on the content . What will be the main arguments of the thesis? What might be the outcome of, or answers to, these arguments? How will you structure your thesis and why? Please also enclose a timetable indicating the timing of the main steps of your project including periods for research, analysis and writing. Your proposal should be no longer than 5,000 words ; the quality of your text is more significant than the quantity.
Abstract Inflammation is a protective attempt by the organism to remove the injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing process. Initiation and progression of inflammation involves a complex cellular network, the predominant innate immune cell in inflammation is the monocyte-macrophage.The behavior of this cell type within the inflammation is heterogeneous and depends on the recruitment of diverse monocyte subsets.Recent efforts to elucidate the local tissue microenvironment offers polarization and activation signals which impact on macrophage phenotype . In this paper, we review the literature addressing the tissue factor in modulating macrophage heterogeneity and activation with adipose tissue, central nervous system ,aging. Key words : inflammation,tissue factor,macrophage heterogeneity and activation, adipose tissue,central nervous system Introduction Tissue macrophages have a broad role in the maintenance host defence,immunity, homeostasis, and act through several mechanisms by destroying bacteria,parasites, viruses and turmor cells,clearing necrotic debris ,apoptotic and senescent cells,processing antigens and presenting digested peptides to adoptive immunity, remodeling and repairing tissue damage(1,2, Jorge Lloberas et al.,2002,to cites or not to cited,not to cited at best) . M acrophage s undertaken so diverse burdens are tightly connected with their multiple characters.It has been known for decades that cytokines can alter macrophage functional responses( 1,3,4 i n Ro bert D.Stout et al.,2 005).Distinct functional phenotypes subsequently were reported to be generated by stimulating macrophages with a variety of agents,including IFN-r,IL-4,IL-10,TGFbeta( 4,5- 9).In addition,macrophages can reversibly and progressively shift their functional phenotype through a multitude of patterns in response to changes in microenvironmental influences( Ro bert D.Stout et al.,2 005). Macrophages are highly heterogeneous cells(10-12) that are able to respond to the specialization function of anatomical sites in tissues, primarily reflecting their local metabolic and immune microenvironment(Siamon Gordon et al.,2005). Such as in central nerve system , macrophages differ in cytoskeletal functions and migration towards specific CNS cell types under a variety of environmental cues (Elly JF Vereyken et al.,2011).High fat feeding- induced obesity leads to a phenotypic shift of adipose tissue macrophage(ATM) from an M2-polarized state that may protect aidpocytes from inflammation to an M1 proinflammatory state(Carey N.Lumeng et al.,2007, Justin I. Odegaard and Roberto R. Ricardo-Gonzalez et al.,2007) Aging associated malfunction of macrophages has contributed to a decline in the functional activity of the immune system(Jorge Lloberas et al.,2002, Julie Plowden et al.,2004 ). Th ese examples indicate that the tissue microenvironment can markedly influence the phenotype of tissue-resident macrophages (13) . Macrophages are a key cell component of the inflammatory reactions expressed at various pathological sites. Understanding the pathogenetic role played by polarized functions may pave the way for the identification of novel therapeutic approaches Macrophage activation and heterogeneity in inflammation (The spectrum of macrophage:macrophage population,Roles of macrophage in inflammation,2007) In response to cellular differentiation ,wide-spread tissue distribution and many endogenous and exogenous stimuli, Macrophages show significant heterogeneity in function(??14,15??)(14, 16). Different stimuli activate macrophages to express distinct patterns of chemokines, surface markers, and metabolic enzymes that ultimately generate the diversity of macrophage function seen in inflammatory and noninflammatory settings. Macrophage activation has been operationally defined across 2 separate activation status: interferon-r(IFN-r) mediated classically activated (CA/M1),pro-inflammatory, macrophages.Alternatively activated (AA/M2), growth promoting,macrophages, induced by the T helper 2(Th2) cytokines interleukin-4 and IL-13 (17,18) . These states have largely been defined in vitro, and tissue macrophages are likely activated along a continuum between these states in vivo(19,20,in Carey N.Lumeng et al.,2007).Mosser et al depict the spectrum showing the linear scale of the two macrophage designations.They propose three populations of macrophages based on their fundamental functions.(1) Classically activated macrophages,are vital components of host defence,predispose to cause host-tissue damage,autoimmune diseases.(2) Wound-healing macrophages,promote the production of extracellular matrix contributing to tissue repair and homeostasis,lead to fibrosis,exacerbate allergic responses.(3)Regulatory macrophages,dampen the immune response and limit inflammation,dysregulated action can contribute to the progression of neoplasia(Mosser and Edwards et al.,2008).Subsequently,Gordon et al argue that the definition on “alternative”form of activation is too loose in macrophage study. For searching potential therapeutic targets,it is required to( ##restrict the previous nomenclature,and ##)take into account the complex effects of the IL-4 and IL-13 dependence combined with cell differentiation, interactions,and local tissue microenvironment in modulating the macrophage pattern(Gordon et al et al.,2010). Key role of adipose tissue in the inflammation response An important initiator of the inflammatory response to obesity is adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is not merely an organ designed to passively store excess calories. Mature adipocytes synthesize and secrete numerous enzymes, growth factors, cytokines,chemokines and hormones that are involved in diverse processes in the body including lipid homeostasis and modulation of inflammatory responses.Adipocytes secreted termed adipocytokines or adipokines (21–23),that are recurrently reported over 50 different adipokines( http://themedicalbiochemistrypage.org/home.html ) . ###Give a general summary of these adipokines in Table 1#### Researchers found adipose tissues are infiltrated with increased numbers of macrophages in obese mice and human vensus lean counterparts,In addition,the content of these macrophages is in line with the level of obesity (25,26,27,28). Recently,Jerrold Olefsky and Christopher Glass contributed a wonderful review to summarize how adipose tissue modulates macrophage to propagate inflammation.They told a very interesting possibility that tissue cytokines in blood may “leak ”into the circulaton and impair insulin sensitivity in distal tissues in an endocrine fashion(29–31;Jerrold and Christopher et al.,2010). They also present activated T cells can modify macrophages behavior and contributed to insulin resistance(32).Th1 lymphocytes may participate macrophage migration and activation to raise the classical activated state ((33,34).While T-reg lymphocytes(Tregs) exert a protective effect to inhihit proinflammatory macrophages for a decrease in adipose tissue T-reg content in obesity(35,36). Another paper with leptin-de fi cient ob/ob mice,they induced TGF- β -dependent CD4+ latency-associated peptide positive Tregs found compromised status in inflammation,and decreased CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages and TNF- α in adipose tissue (Yaron Ilan and Ruth Maron et al.,2010).Although this furtherly confirms the role of Treg cells contributed to modulate macrophage activaity directly,as well as through cytokines,the molecular mechanisms underlying their contact-dependent interactions are poorly defined still. Organize below in a new detailed table.(cited from websites:) Table of Adipose Tissue Hormones and Cytokines Adipose tissue produces and releases a vast array of protein signal s including ( growth factor s, cy tokine s, chem oki nes, acut e phase prote ins, comp lement-like fac tors, and adhes ion mole cules,shape this table to new one ). The Table below describes several of the adipocyte proteins in more detail with leptin, adiponectin, and resistin discussed in greater detail in the following sections. The proteins of the various signaling processes are listed below. Factor Principal Source Major Action adiponectin also called adipocyte complement factor 1q-related protein (ACRP30), and adipoQ adipocytes see below adipsin (also called complement factor D) adipocytes, liver, monocytes, macrophages rate limiting enzyme in complement activation apelin adipocytes, vascular stromal cells, heart levels increase with increased insulin, exerts positive hemodynamic effects, may regulate insulin resistance by facilitating expression of BAT uncoupling proteins (e.g. UCP1, thermogenein) chemerin adipocytes, liver modulates expression of adipocyte genes involved in glucose and lipid homeostasis such as GLUT4 and fatty acid synthase (FAS); potent anti-inflammatory effects on macrophages expressing the chemerin receptor (chemokine-like receptor-1, CMKLR1) C-reactive protein (CRP) hepatocytes, adipocytes is a member of the pentraxin family of calcium-dependent ligand binding proteins; assists complement interaction with foreign and damaged cells; enhances phagocytosis by macrophages; levels of expression regulated by circulating IL-6; modulates endothelial cell functions by inducing expression of various cell adhesion molecules, e.g. ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and selectins; induces MCP-1 expression in endothelium; attenuates NO production by downregulating NOS expression; increase expression and activity of PAI-1 IL-6 adipocytes, hepatocytes, activated Th2 cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) acute phase response, B cell proliferation, thrombopoiesis, synergistic with IL-1 and TNF on T cells leptin predominantly adipocytes, mammary gland, intestine, muscle, placenta see below monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) leukocytes, adipocytes is a chemokine defined as CCL2 (C-C motif, ligand 2); recruits monocytes, T cells, and dendritic cells to sites of infection and tissue injury omentin visceral stromal vascular cells of omental adipose tissue the omentum is one of the peritoneal folds that connects the stomach to other abdominal tissues, enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport, levels in the blood inversely correlated with obesity and insulin resistance plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) adipocytes, monocytes, placenta, platelets, endometrium see the Blood Coagulation page for more details resistin adipocytes, spleen, monocytes, macrophages, lung, kidney, bone marrow, placenta see below TNFα primarily activated macrophages, adipocytes induces expression of other autocrine growth factors, increases cellular responsiveness to growth factors and induces signaling pathways that lead to proliferation vaspin visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue is a serine protease inhibitor, levels decrease with worsening diabetes, increase with obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity visfatin; also called pre-B cell-enhancing factor (PBEF); reported to be the extracellular version of the enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt or eNampt), however, the original paper claiming this has been retracted visceral white adipose tissue conflicting results relative to insulin receptor binding but blocking insulin receptor signaling interferes with effects of eNampt; changes in eNampt activity occur during fasting and positively regulate the activity of the NAD + -dependent deacetylase SIRT1 leading to alterations in gene expression Central nervous system It is well-accepted that monocytes can replenish tissue-macrophage numbers,especially during inflammation. However, the origin of the cells involved in this process is unclear,because it’s very complicated to distinguish the relative importance between local expansion and recruitment of microglia progenitors from the bloodstream. Although Monocytes can enter the CNS to populate macrophages ( 37 , 38,Siamon Gordon et al.,2005 ).There are evidences suggest that maintenance and local expansion of microglia are solely dependent on the self-renewal of CNS resident cells( 19 : Ajmi B and Bennett JL et al.,2007). Macrophages are important mediators in bridging innate and acquired immunity during neuroinflammation.Which can shape their phenotype and physiology to adapt to the local tissue microenvironment (13,14,Lument et al.,2007). In tissues, the microenvironment of the macrophages is thought to determine the phenotype . In vitro , cytokines and other stimuli induce these activation phenotypes. Recently,Christine D Dijkstra and colleagues published a research article to describe the characteristics of these phenotypically different macrophages in the context of the CNS. Their experiments present classically activated(CA) and alternatively activated(AA) macrophages behave differently incubated with the conditional media of CNS cells. (show in table 2)###in addition,give a description shortly### Table 2:based on Elly JF Vereyken et al,.2011 summarize in detail,continue….. CA AA Control the low weight ( 10 kD) fraction of neuronal conditioned medium, attracted higher numbers by astrocyte- and oligodendrocyte conditioned medium. attracted Intrinsic motility Low(a) High(2a) adhesion to extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) enhanced activity of the GTPases RhoA and Rac (actin cytoskeleton ) greater expression of CR3/ MAC-1(Phagocytosis of myelin and neuronal fragments) increased Effect of aging on macrophages ( human macrophages AND on animal models) Macrophages originate in the bone marrow and migrate to body tissues through blood,and therefore,which generally provide a limited view of tissue macrophages.CD68 positive cells,the markers of macrophage population ,have a dramatic decrease observed in the bone marrow of elderly people(Ogawa et al.,2000). Cell lifespan can be regulated mainly by telomeres and telomerases (Iwama et al., 1998).Telomere length and activity serve as biological regulators of the limited division potential of human cells.While terminal differentiated cells do not express telomerase(Weng, 2001).In order to uncover the functional activities of macrophages,several experiments have been performed to check the capacity of these cells to produce cytokines or chemokines(Beharka et al.,2001; Gon et al., 1996; Roubenoff et al., 1998;O’Mahony et al., 1998; Sadeghi et al., 1999; Ahluwalia et al., 2001; Mariani et al., 2002).Unfortunately,these reports are very contradictory mutually.However,some other reports suggest a decrease expression of scavenger receptor and apolipoprotein E, low respiratory burst of monocytes and susceptibility to stress-induced apoptosis during aging (Alvarez and Santa Maria, 1996;Monti et al., 2000). Experiments on animal models show impaired TNF-a production, Norepinephrine-induced chemotaxis and transcription of IAb gene (Corsini et al., 1999; Ortega et al., 2000).Aged macrophages treated with IFN-g produce lower MHC class II gene IA Complex,and intracellular IA b protein and mRNA(Herrero et al., 2001).Whereas treated with LPS produce more TNF-a and prostaglandin I than those from young animals(Tang et al., 2000)These results suggest that aged macrophages don’t work normally as young,further studies to clearify the phenotypic alteration and disclose the key molecular mechanisms of macrophage in aging state are very appreciated. Concluding remarks Macrophages,Inflammation ,CAD.pdf
Use the link below, if you can: http://blogs.nature.com/nyc/2011/08/10/how-to-write-a-paper-one-possible-answer ? Posted by chris wiggins on Aug 10, 2011 how to write a paper a student recently asked me how to write a paper. here's an algorithm i'd suggest, with plenty of room for an individual to deviate. punchline(s) nickname *figures *references outline abstract (w) intro and outtro (w) middle show definite coauthors show possible coauthors acknowledgements title code submit and post punchline(s) readers, reviewers, and you in 5 years are going to want to have some pithy way of remembering that paper. what is the "main result"? what did you learn? if answering this takes a long time, maybe you don't understand the subject well yet, or maybe it's really 2 papers. nickname most of the projects i work on have a nickname for the project. sometimes it's just the name of the cvs/svn/github repository. it helps you and your collaborators define a bite-size quantum of research. figures decide what figures are necessary to illustrate the punchline. decide which are going in the mansucript and which in supplementary material. the * indicates that this is how people read the paper -- they'll skim the figures and references first references decide who you should cite to support the argument and set the background/context. see above for *. someone i know once said to me that the first thing she or he reads in a paper is the references to see if she or he is cited. i'm still not sure if she or he was serious. outline next write an outline. seriously you need to do this. don't just sit down and start writing stuff. abstract now you are allowed to write the abstract (w) intro now write the beginning of the paper. the (w) indicates that htis is the part of the alogirhtm most people think of when they think of "writing a paper" (w) outtro now write the conclusions, what you showed, what you'd like to do in subsequent papers, where to find the source code. (w) middle now write the rest show definite coauthors if you haven't already, make sure you show to people who are going to be coauthors show possible coauthors if you haven't already, show it to people who may or may not want to be coauthors. be generous acknowledgements think about everyone who helped you and funded you. be generous. also people from the above section who elected not to be coauthors should be acknowledged title code if your work is computational (including modeling and statistical work), upload all code + data to a neutral, 3rd party site (e.g., code.google.com, github.com, sourceforge.net ). For more on this see this blog post or this talk or this roundtable . submit post to arxiv.org I'm not sure which is supposed to come first, but it seems reasonable to me that one submit to the journal and, as soon as possible thereafter, post to arxiv.org, with a note saying "submitted for publication" in the comment field.
近日我写了一篇标题为 好论文的标准：“两性”兼备 的博文，赚了不少点击，也有不少网友参与评论，其中有一位半开玩笑的说我的这篇博文也是“两性”兼备，这便引出了本文的话题：好博文，尤其是科学网的好博文也要“两性”兼备！ 在上述博文中，我提到：好论文的标准中的 “两性”兼备是指 新颖性、有趣性 / 可读性。当然，不可否认，正如有的网友指出，这所谓的“两性”，应该是指“三性”，这个涉嫌玩标题党的标题当初也是为了吸引眼球。说 “两性”兼备，可能有许多人感兴趣，但是如果换成“三性” 兼备，我估计许多人就兴（性）趣寡淡了。我个人认为：上述博文似乎可以作为一个很好的例子可佐证本文我的主要观点：科学网的好博文也要“两性”兼备。下面会进一步分析，但是首先需要强调的是：我所认为的好博文的“两性”兼备和好论文的“两性”兼备不尽相同。 好博文的“两性”，我认为最重要的是要 ： 科学性 + 有趣性 ，和好论文对 新颖性（创新性）的要求不同，写博文毕竟不是发表论文，对于新颖性要求不高。下面就具体谈谈为何科学性和有趣性是科学网好博文的 缺一不可的必要条件，并且这两点几乎又是好博文的充分条件。 “科学性” ：毫无疑问，只要是真正的好论文，“科学性”那是必须的，对于“科学”网上的好博文而言，我觉得也需要有“科学性”，因为对于科学网上的网友，我相信大多数都有看具有科学性的文章的心理预期，热衷于八卦、情色、掐架、明星新闻的网友估计不会想着要来科学网搜搜、看看。为了迎合这种心理预期（这种“迎合”，似乎比一般的曲意迎合还是上了点档次），科学网的博文也有必要多少有点“科学性”。当然这个科学性的涵义，我个人认为需要适当外延，因为有些看起来和“科学”不大沾边的博文，比如有些摄影类的博文，似乎和科学有点距离，但是有些摄影高手，比如以科学网博主李学宽和孟津等老师为代表的一批高手，尽管他们不是职业摄影家，但是照片拍的却很有专业水准，所配图片的介绍和解释也往往妙趣横生，可以说和图片相得益彰，真正是图文并茂，在我看来，这类的博文的科学性同样很强，可以说是“很猛、很强大”。反之，有些看起来很有科学性的博文，但是文章本身笔误很多，或者文章有学术性的硬伤，再加上写的又无趣，自然算不上好博文。但是，如果一篇博文，只是为了有趣而有趣，插科打诨，而没有任何科学性可言，则同样算不上好博文，至少应该算不上科学网的好博文，毕竟科学网不是小品、相声的集中营。 有趣性 ：在博文有科学性的前提下，好博文要写的有趣，有趣并不意味着简单地搞笑，但是幽默风趣无疑会为博文增色，当然，我所理解的有趣性，还在于博主能够以引人入胜的方式表达自己的观点或者讲述自己的故事，所以博文要能吸引读者读下去，除了和文章本身内容有关，也更与作者如何写自己的博文有关。科学性再高的博文，如果读者压根就没有兴趣读下去，也是枉然。我觉得一个好的博文，首先要有一个好的吸引人眼球的标题，不谦虚的说，我自认为我的大多数博文的标题还算比较吸引人，我在写每一篇博文时，我的博文题目都会仔细考虑一下，以尽可能在反映文章内容的前提下，尽量更有趣。在现在这个几乎人人是博客写手的今天，要想有更多的读者点击阅读自己的博文，扩大影响，首先要有一个好的标题。 在科学网，科学性与有趣性兼备的博文有很多，这方面难捏的很好的博主也有不少，我个人认为这其中的出色代表之一为李福洋老师，他的一系列有关科普的博文大都堪称科学性与有趣性的完美结合，可以说是科学网博文中的精品中的精品。另外，我不知道科学网编辑的精选、置顶博文的标准具体是什么，但从过去近两个月的经验来看，科学网编辑们认为的好博文似乎也基本符合上述的“两性”标准。 另外，顺便谈点题外话，有些网友在我的博客留言或评论说我的博文篇篇被精选，这实在是抬举我了，我在科学网开博近两个月来，已写（包括以前在别的博客写的）博文 40 余篇，尽管大多数蒙科学网编辑抬爱被精选（其中一些甚至被置顶推荐），但是还有一些未被精选，在此澄清一下。还需要说明的是，尽管我的大多数博文被精选，但是我一没有给科学网编辑 MM 送过花，二没有给科学网编辑 GG 喝过酒。另外，我更想强调的是：我写博文并非是为了被精选（尽管被精选是令人高兴的事），如果只是为了被精选，写博文估计就没有多少乐趣了，我写博文最大原因或者因素是兴趣，写自己感兴趣的话题，写作过程本身就是一件愉快的事情，看到自己写的博文，尤其是关于英文论文写作方面的博文，对于年轻研究生们有点帮助，自然觉得很欣慰，从而也觉得自己是有福气之人，因为正如圣经所言：“给比受更有福”。 写博文最令我感到高兴，或者说最有收获的地方是：当自己写的博文贴出后， 有网友有精彩评论（这样的评论往往比我写的博文本身好的多）或者指出我的博文中学术上／科学上的硬伤／错误，从而自己得以学习和提高。这样的例子，对于我而言可以说是不胜枚举，其中一个例子：比如我在一篇涉及诺贝尔奖的博文中（点击参见： 全球史上被引用次数最多的论文—兼议诺贝儿奖 ） ，曾提到 田中耕一 ，在我的博文原文中曾有一句话“ 田中耕一 只有本科学历，这是诺贝儿奖百年历史上首次也是迄今唯一一次颁发给一个是只有本科文凭的科学家”，有位网友就质疑这句话，提出“ Please check Guglielmo Marconi, 1909 laureate for physics ”， Marconi 即为发明电报的马可尼， 1909 年获诺贝尔物理奖，我在网上一查（包括诺贝尔基金会官方网站），果然马可尼基本就没有接受过多少正规的学校教育，主要靠家庭（尤其是其母亲）教育。当然，我原文中那句对 田中耕一 的表述并非是自己的猜测，也是有根据的，在英文维基百科上关于 田中耕一 的介绍中有这么一句：“ As of 2008, he is the only person without a post-bachelor's degree to have won a Nobel Prize in a scientific field ”。而我的那篇博文对 诺贝尔奖的讨论只限科学类奖项，并且 2009, 2010 年 诺贝尔科学类三大奖的得主，都读过研究生，所以我才得出上述对 田中耕一 的错误论述，这件事，也看出维基百科的不靠谱之处，不过，瑕不掩瑜，维基百科的好处和优点还是要远远大于其不足之处。 当然，在这位网友质疑后，我根据自己的进一步网上查询结果，确定自己是错误之后，就立刻更正自己的博文，并致歉，我和那位网友也互相加为好友。但是在科学网上，我也看到有些博主，在别人对自己的博文提出质疑之后，或者死不认帐，或者对指出错误的网友冷嘲热讽，我觉得这样，一是表现出对自己、对自己博文没有足够的自信，也使自己丧失了非常好的学习、进步的机会。这一段，我这样说，并非想表明自己是多么的 NB 或者境界高 , 而是认为科学网的博客也可以（也应该）成为大家相互切磋、学习提高的平台。事实上，我最近就斗胆对一位博主的英文博文指出一些明显的错误，该博主不但不没有表现出反感，还对我的评论意见表示感谢，并对博文做了相应修改，还主动加我为好友，这种经历我是第一次，因为我即使看到别人的博文有错误，也不愿指出，怕别人不高兴，但我相信：像上述这位虚心的博主应该是科学网的主流和大多数。 当然，我写博文，并非都是上述愉快的经历，不爽的事情也发生过，科学网有位大侠级的博主曾提到，赞扬型的博文可称为“献花”，批评性博文可称为“放炮”，我就曾经写过一篇多少有点“放炮”性质的有关大学排名的博文，这篇博文，我尽管只是用数据说话，这通“放炮”还是炸着了自己，如同捅了马蜂窝，引来了不少谩骂和人身攻击，我当然没有对这些人以牙还牙，我觉得骂人不但伤害了别人还伤害了自己，甚至还会累及自己的母校或者工作单位（即使是匿名评论，留下的 IP 地址也大致暴露了自己的身份） 。最后，由于这些人坚持不懈地谩骂和攻击，该博文不得不被迫关闭了评论功能，这也是迄今为止，我的博文中唯一关闭了评论功能的。然而，这个不爽的经历也让我至少有两点收获：１）更加容易知足：现在写博文，只要不挨骂，我就很知足了；２）人人都喜欢别人“献花”，不喜欢被别人“放炮”，所以，我决定：以后多“献花”，少、乃至不“放炮”，“放炮”多了，是否炸了别人倒不一定，受伤的首先是自己。毕竟，正如一位博主所言，写博文，博的就是“心情”！有人将谩骂和人身攻击型的评论比喻为自己后花园的一坨 shi ，如果天天出门看到这玩意，还有心情写博文？！ 对上述 “两性”兼备话题之外的跑题，深表歉意！ （ 王守业写于 2011 年 6 月 3 日，图片来自网络，感谢作者。未经允许，请勿转载）
在写此文前，偶然看到徐罡博士的博文： “ 英文论文撰写的 3C 原则，并感谢导师的教诲 ” （现在有的博文还提出 5C 原则），这 3C 分别是 Clear, Concise, and Critical ，有兴趣的网友可 点击查看看其博文 。我觉得这 3C 中 Clear 尤为重要，下面就详述原因（主要表现在两个方面）。 许多（如果不是绝大多数）科学家喜欢在实验室做实验，但是却讨厌写论文，其实事实上，写论文至少和做实验同样重要。撰写一篇清楚明了 (clear) 的论文对你的读者和你自己都是重要的。 “Write clearly” 是为了确保你的读者明白你的信息。作为作者，在写论文之前，最好先换位思考，作为一个读者，你想读到什么样的论文呢？很可能是短小、精悍、清楚明了的论文！事实上这样的文章才最有可能为读者所理解。你可以设想一下你的文章的可能的读者，当然最可能的是你的研究领域内的同行，但也不限于此，潜在的读者可能从刚从事科研的研究生到诺贝尔奖获得者，并且还要注意，读者还很有可能像你我一样来自非英语国家。所以你的文章要保证不但使英语国家的你研究领域内的同行可以很容易理解，还要使领域外的外行能够理解。另外，读者们也不会都在精神百倍的时候读你的文章，他／她可能是飞机上、公交车上、或在昏昏欲睡的深夜。因此，可以想象，使上述的读者都能在他们半清醒的状态下读你的文章时，还不至于不理解或误解你的文章，对作为作者的你显然是个挑战，但是你如果想让你的读者清楚无误的明白你的文章信息，你不得不使你的文章足够的让人明白。 但是， clarity 的标准是什么呢？套用公元一世纪的罗马修辞学家昆体良（ Quintilian ）的一句话： “ Clear writing is writing that is incapable of being misunderstood ” 。 也就是说 ”clear writing” 就是要不能被误解，这显然比能被理解是更高的标准。另一方面， “write clearly” 不仅仅是为了确保你的读者明白你的信息，同时也可以使你自己更加理清你的思路和想法。很多人认为，只要自己知道自己想说什么，将其写下来即可，但事实往往并非如此。写作可以帮助你发现你到底想表达什么。当你写论文时，你会经常发现你的思路方向变了，你可能最终回答了一个和你当初提出的有些不同的一个问题。这种思路的变化是写论文的一个很大的益处（事实上这也是写科学性很高的博文的一个好处）。另外一个好处就是，在你写论文时，可以发现错误的推理，因为当你读了你所写的，你将会发现一些问题，比如逻辑上前后不一致等等。这些问题迫使你重新考虑到底想表达什么。 因此，至少有两个很好的理由使你想 write clearly ，第一：确保你自己知道想表达什么；第二：使你的文章信息能使多种背景的读者都明白。所以 write clearly 确实很重要，如果说许多写论文的技巧都是像云雾一样令人捉摸不定，那么写的 “ 明白的 ” （请注意：此处采用东北话发音）才是真谛，正如那句名言所云： “ 明明白白才是真 ” 。 ［注：以上部分编译自一本专著 (1) ］ 那么到底如何才能 write clearly ，有个网站 ( 点击参考： How to Write Clearly - The 10 Most Important Principles ) 提出了十项原则（够多的！我党也才只是提出了四项基本原则） , 个人觉得非常好，实录如下，并补充一下自己的一点体会： 1. Use Short Sentences . 我们中国作者在英语的一个很大优势就是语法很强，所以往往句子写的很长，还没有语法错误，我最长就曾写过长达四、五行的一个句子。这种句子，读者和审稿人读起来会非常费劲，一定要避免，尽量使一句话只有 10-20 个单词。我们写论文的目的只是为了让审稿人和读者明白自己文章本身的内容，不是为了显摆自己的英语如何的 NB, 就算牛，作为来自非英语国家的老中，还能玩得过人家老美、老英？！ 2. Prefer the Simple to the Complex . 就是尽量用一些简单的词，别玩一些偏僻词，整得自己很有学问似的，其实老美，尤其是平常说话，用的基本都是非常简单的常用的词，但是很有沟通效果，也很生动。 3.Prefer the Familiar Word . 这个就无需多说了，当然用自己熟悉的词，不熟悉，我们也搞不定啊。 4. Avoid Unnecessary Words. 避免不必要的词，这一点很有必要，因为有的期刊是按字数收出版费的，另外文章的总字数，许多 SCI 国际期刊都有具体的不同规定和限制。 5. Use Action Verbs . 即尽量用动词，比较： "He drove very fast down the road." 和 “He sped down the road". 为何后者更好？！ 6. Write as you Talk . 就是说写论文要像平常说话一样让人通俗易懂，别故弄玄虚（参见文后11楼的评论） 。 7. Use Terms your Reader Can Picture . 别用太抽象的词 . 8. Connect with your Reader's Experience . 换位思考，上面已经详述。 9. Use Variety . 同一个意思，变换说法，别太单调。 10 .Write to Express not Impress . It is still all too often the case that people resort to unfamiliar, long words and meandering prose, especially when making formal announcements. Policemen say, "the thief was apprehended", not, "We caught the thief". Notices say, "Please refrain from smoking", rather than, "Please do not smoke". Nobody actually uses the word 'refrain' in normal conversation so why use it in a notice? It is done to sound important, make the notice sound official, done to impress, not express. 根据我的理解，简单的说，就是作者写论文要直接表达（Express)自己的意思，而不是拐弯抹角的给读者某种印象(Impress)或含蓄简洁地表达自己的观点或结果/意思，读者没有时间也没有耐心来猜哑谜，套用一句歌词：你的“意思”，我永远不懂！对于写论文，这绝对是要避免的（参见文后8楼的评论）。 参考文献 1. Zeiger M. Essentials of writing biomedical research papers ， 2 nd version, Mcgraw-Hill, 2000. 后记：感谢科学网编辑将本文置顶推荐，尤其是感谢将标题中的那点洋文改为 “ 如何让学术论文清楚明了？ ” 我当初采用又土又洋的标题，只是由于当时看到的英文专著是那麽说的，没有编辑的文采整成合适的中文标题，即：并非是为何显摆（再说也根本没有资本）。 （王守业草于 2010 年 11 月，修改于 2011 年 5 月 26 日，初稿曾贴于丁香园。必须得承认：本文的原创性不高，很多内容参考了上述的参考文献和网站内容。文中图片来自网络，感谢作者。引文地址： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=563591do=blogquickforward=1id=448316 ）
How to write abstract and introduction for a paper/conference paper: The abstract of a paper or a conference paper is normally one paragraph with 100-400 words. It is normally structured into several sentences. Each sentence should be able to answer the following questions: 1. what is this paper about- a general problem statement 2. Why is this important- what is the significance. This, on the other hand, explains why you conducted the research 3. What has been done before: state-of-the-art. 4. what is the shortcoming in what has been done before, why that is not good 5. What you have done in this research? 6. how that (what you have achieved) improved related to the state-of-the-art Following the above six points, and in this logical order, you should be able to present a very excellent abstract As for the title of the paper: The title of a paper should not be too long, and should not be too specific. it normally has 7 words, (not counting 'of', 'the','a',etc) How to write an introduction: An introduction is an extended version of an abstract, so it should be formulated the same way as the abstract. Instead of stating each of the above-mentioned questions in one or two sentences, an introduction should be able to give more detailed information and provide a profound discussion. For an 8 pages conference paper, the introduction part is normally one page long with 4 paragraphs. to put the answers to the above 6 questions into 4 paragraphs, you need to: v in the first paragraph: what is this paper about general problem background introduction why is this important-this states the significance of you research v in the second paragraph: What has been done before- state-of-the-art. why that is not good enough, the shortcoming The second paragraph in the introduction is actually the literature review. As for how to write a good literature review, I need to learn further more and then come up with some good 'how to', and this part can be in one paragraph or if too much information, then 2 Normally, a paragraph in a formal paper is around 10 lines in a single column A4 paper. A sentence, starting from one full stop until the following next full stop is no longer than 4 lines. you can always use comma ',' to break the sentence (as to where to put the comma, you follow your own feeling when read through it, normally, a adverb clause, phrase, etc), so that readers or reviewers could have a (puff) rest when they find difficulty in absorbing the too-much information in the long sentence. two-line is the normal length, but on the other hand, do not keep all the sentences in two-line length, try to use long and short sentences alternatively (this is not the right word, I am afraid) and use various sentence structures. v in the third paragraph: based on the literature review in the second paragraph, identify the research question, and state what you have done in this study what you have found (your result, contributions what is good about your work) and how that improves/ relates to the current start-of-the-art v In the fourth paragraph: state the organisation/ strucuture of the paper/ framework/outline/or whatever you name it, such as: the reminder of this paper is organised as follows: How to write a conclusion: Most of the time, you will see people put conclusions all in one single paragraph. It is suggested that emphasize each aspect in separated paragraphs or using bulleted list. In conclusion, you do not need to state the general problem again, you can start with a introduction of what you have done in this research, and then use bulleted dots to present the significance of your research, its contributions to the practical problem, the advantages of the proposed method, the superior performance of the model, etc. Start a new paragraph stating the future work or further study. Research never stops at wherever you achieved. Further work shows the continuing work and also the significance of your study, otherwise, there is no point if you will stop doing this topic after this paper. What else can be done to further improve or can this method be applied somewhere else. This should be the final paragraph of the entire paper and it is suggested that you conclude with very strong point, so that the readers or the reviewers finish reading with very good impression. Another point worth mentioning is that always use up the full page limit for a conference, put as much information as you can as long as you can keep the consistence and the cohesion. Keep your paper as a logic story.
请连接 http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/howtowrite/ How to write science books In this focus Five top science book writers offer advice for budding authors in a series of interviews in Nature 's Books Arts section. Peter Atkins reveals the hard work behind a successful textbook; Carl Zimmer highlights how passion is essential for popular science; David Brin reveals how criticism improves his fiction writing; Georgina Ferry shares research tips for biographies; and Joanna Cole explains how to convey science to children. Image: Alex Staroseltsev/iStockphoto.com Books Arts QA: Joanna Cole on writing science books for kids Free access Joanna Cole has authored more than 100 science books for children, including the best-selling Magic School Bus series, the latest edition of which tackles the topic of climate change. In the last of our series of interviews with authors who write science books for different audiences, Cole reveals how clarity and colour can introduce even very young children to science. Nature 464 , 36 (4 March 2010) :10.1038/464036a :10.1038/464036a Full Text | Books Arts QA: Georgina Ferry on writing biography Free access Acclaimed biographer Georgina Ferry has chronicled the lives of two Nobel prizewinning chemists, Dorothy Hodgkin and Max Perutz. In the fourth in our series of five interviews with authors who each write science books for a different audience, Ferry reveals how detachment is needed to turn an attic's worth of personal letters into a compelling story. Nature 463 , 1025 (25 February 2010) :10.1038/4631025a :10.1038/4631025a Full Text | Books Arts QA: David Brin on writing fiction Free access After obtaining a PhD in planetary physics, David Brin found that he could make a better living as a science-fiction novelist than a researcher. In the third in our series of five interviews with authors who each write science books for a different audience, Brin reveals that criticism and a thick skin are the keys to good creative writing. Nature 463 , 883 (18 February 2010) :10.1038/463883a :10.1038/463883a Full Text | Books Arts QA: Carl Zimmer on writing popular-science books Free access Acclaimed essayist Carl Zimmer has eight popular-science books to his name, on topics from parasites and Escherichia coli to evolution. In the second in a series of five interviews with authors who each write science books for a different audience, Zimmer describes how passion breeds popular success. Nature 463 , 737 (11 February 2010) :10.1038/463737a :10.1038/463737a Full Text | Books Arts QA: Peter Atkins on writing textbooks Free access The success of Peter Atkins's classic textbook Physical Chemistry led him to trade research for full-time writing and teaching in the 1980s. In the first of a series of five interviews with authors who each write science books for a different audience, Atkins explains how the rewards for textbooks can be great, but the effort needed can affect your research. Nature 463 , 612 (5 February 2010) :10.1038/463612a :10.1038/463612a Full Text |
When I searched one article by google, I found the sciencenet and read many good articles. Then I decided to open a blog on the sciencenet too. Today after I searched one friend's information on the net, I then decided to make a detailed plan and work harder. More time on work and work-related things, less time on trivial things. In the past, I wrote many articles (or just pieces) in English. Will I write my blog in English too? Will people have patience to read them? Can I express my idea clearly in English? I am not sure but I'll try. I'll use here as a place to learn from others and improve myself . 第一次在这儿写博，战战兢兢，这里的高人这么多，只有多向他们多学习，多讨教！ 连在这里写什么都还没有规划，只是先开博，再根据情况而定吧！采用真名写博确实是需要勇气的。平时在其它地方用一个网名无论怎么胡言乱语都像没事，因为没有人知道我是谁。终于鼓起勇气走出第一步，也算不错吧！
This Second Edition of How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper will help both first-time writers and more experienced authors, in all biological and medical disciplines, to present their results effectively. Whilst retaining the easy-to-read and well-structured approach of the previous edition, it has been broadened to include comprehensive advice on writing compilation theses for doctoral degrees, and a detailed description of preparing case reports. Illustrations, particularly graphs, are discussed in detail, with poor examples redrawn for comparison. The reader is offered advice on how to present the paper, where and how to submit the manuscript, and finally, how to correct the proofs. Examples of both good and bad writing, selected from actual journal articles, illustrate the authors advice which has been developed through his extensive teaching experience in this accessible and informative guide. BJORN GUSTAVII has been teaching courses in scientific writing for doctoral (Ph.D.) students in medicine for 25 years.He brings his personal experience to this book, both from writing more than 100 of his own research papers and from his work as a journal editor. Published date: 2008 Pages: 180 Free Download: Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper.part1 Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper.part2
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