美国科学院发布消息 , 邓兴旺 、 陈雪梅以及 Yang Wei 当选新科院士 , 而施一公 、 Che Chi-Ming 、 Lo Yuk-Ming Dennis 当选外籍院士 。 http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2013_04_30_NA Chen , Xuemei; investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, and professor, department of botany and plant sciences, University of California, Riverside . Deng, Xing-Wang; Daniel C. Eaton Chair of Plant Biology, department of molecular, cellular, and developmental biology, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. Yang, Wei; senior investigator and section chief, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. 外籍 院士 Che, Chi-Ming; Dr. Hui Wai-Haan Chair of Chemistry, department of chemistry, University of Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China . Shi, Yigong; Endowed Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and dean, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China . Lo, Yuk-Ming Dennis; Li Ka Shing Professor of Medicine and director, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (People’s Republic of China/United Kingdom) 双重国籍
美国科学院组织章程及细则 Governing Documents of NAS http://nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/ --------------------------------------- Constitution of NAS http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/governing-documents/constitution.html Preamble Article I. of Members Article II. of the Officers and Organization Article III. of the Meetings Article IV. of Elections and Regulations Article V. of Reports Article VI. of Trust Funds and their Administration Article VII. of Delegations of Authority Article VIII. of Additions and Amendments ------------------------------------------------------ Bylaws of NAS http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/leadership/governing-documents/bylaws.html Article I. of Members Article II. of the Officers and Organization Article III. of the Meetings Article IV. of Elections and Regulations Article V. of Scientific Communications and Reports Article VI. of Trust Funds Article VII. of Academy Property Article VIII. of Amendments Revised and adopted Apr. 25, 1950; amended Apr. 26, 1954; Apr. 28, 1959; Apr. 26, 1960; Apr. 24, 1962; Nov. 30, 1962; Oct. 12, 1964; Apr. 27, 1965; Oct. 11, 1965; Apr. 26, 1966; Oct. 17, 1966; Oct. 23, 1967; Apr. 23, 1968; Apr. 27, 1971; Oct. 25, 1971; Apr. 23, 1973; Oct. 23, 1973; Apr. 22, 1975; Apr. 27, 1976; Apr. 26, 1977; Apr. 25, 1978; Apr. 28, 1981; Apr. 26, 1983; Apr. 23, 1985; Apr. 28, 1987; Apr. 26, 1988; Apr. 30, 1991; Apr. 28, 1992; Apr. 25, 1995; Apr. 30, 1996; May 2, 2000; May 1, 2001; Apr. 30, 2002; Apr. 29, 2003; Apr. 20, 2004; May 3, 2005; April 25, 2006; May 1, 2007; May 3, 2011. Article I. of Members 1. The holders of the medal for eminence in the application of science to the public welfare shall be notified, like members, of the meetings of the Academy and invited to participate in its scientific sessions. 2. A member of the Academy who relinquishes United States citizenship shall become a foreign associate; a foreign associate of the Academy who becomes a citizen of the United States may remain a foreign associate, or may elect to become a member of the Academy. 3. A member who wishes to be relieved of the duties of active membership and requests emeritus status, or whose dues fall in arrears for three successive years, shall be transferred to the roll of emeritus members by action of the home secretary. 4. Emeritus members and foreign associates shall have the privilege of participating in the meetings of the Academy, and communicating papers, and shall be entitled to a copy of the publications of the Academy, but shall not be subject to its assessments. They shall neither vote nor sign instruments of election of members or officers of the Academy. 5. Resignations from membership shall be addressed to the home secretary, who will report them to the Council. Not earlier than four years after a member's resignation the Council, by a two-thirds vote, may provide for reinstatement to membership. Article II. of the Officers and Organization Council of the Academy ............ ------- 《古植物学的故事》资料
前面几个帖子介绍了 格雷克骗取文件、假造文件 的光辉事迹，人们会想，美国科学院不是选举制度很严格的吗？这种做事没有道德底线的人物怎么也会进入美国科学院？早在2008年，麻省理工学院教授、大气物理学家、美国科学院院士、“全球变暖”恐慌的反对者Richard Linzen就给出了答案。他在“ Climate Science: Is it currently designed to answer questions? ”（气候科学：其目前的设计是为了回答问题吗？）一文中说： …The situation with America’s National Academy of Science is somewhat more complicated. The Academy is divided into many disciplinary sections whose primary task is the nomination of candidates for membership in the Academy. Typically, support by more than 85% of the membership of any section is needed for nomination. However, once a candidate is elected, the candidate is free to affiliate with any section. The vetting procedure is generally rigorous, but for over 20 years, there was a Temporary Nominating Group for the Global Environment to provide a back door for the election of candidates who were environmental activists, bypassing the conventional vetting procedure. Members, so elected, proceeded to join existing sections where they hold a veto power over the election of any scientists unsympathetic to their position. Moreover, they are almost immediately appointed to positions on the executive council, and other influential bodies within the Academy. One of the members elected via the Temporary Nominating Group, Ralph Cicerone, is now president of the National Academy. Prior to that, he was on the nominating committee for the presidency. It should be added that there is generally only a single candidate for president. Others elected to the NAS via this route include James Hansen, Steven Schneider, John Holdren and Susan Solomon. 【翻译：美国科学院的形势某种程度上更加复杂。科学院分成很多学科，这些 学科 的主要任务是提名院士候选人。一般来说，得到任一 学科 85%以上的院士的支持，才能得到提名。而一旦候选人选上了，候选人就可以自由归属任何一个学科。审核程序通常很严格，但是最近20多年，出现了一个“ 全球环境临时提名组 ”，给候选人中的环保活动分子提供了一个后门，他们能够绕过通常的审核程序。这种方式选举出来的院士，就会加入已经存在的某些学科，在那里，他们对任何与之对立的科学家的选举都拥有否决的能量。此外，这些人会马上被任命到执行委员会、或者科学院中其它有影响力的实体。通过这个临时提名组当选的院士之一，就是 Ralph Cicerone，美国科学院现在的主席。在此之前，他就是主席提名委员会的成员。需要指出的是，通常只有一个主席候选人。其他一些走这条路选上的院士，包括James Hansen（“全球变暖” 教父——译注 ），Steven Schneider（1970年代“全球变冷”恐慌的鼓吹者，后来改为“全球变暖”恐慌的鼓吹者，2010年去世——译注），John Holdren（美国总统 奥巴马的“科学顾问” ， 马尔萨斯主义者 ；此次丑闻主角 格雷克的导师和文章共同作者——译注），以及 Susan Solomon。 】 这就解释了这些不着调的、名为“科学家”、实为生态恐慌分子的政治人物是怎么混进美国科学院、并把持了美国科学院的气候议题。 中国科学院的院士选举，好歹还没有这种后门吧。这段补充材料，是不是比去年国内媒体对 何毓琦 院士 的采访更全面？（不好意思——刚看到何院士也提到了： 二是国家科学院委员会向院士们提出建议候选人名单，或组建专门 临时提名小组 提名某个或某些领域的候选人。 ） 【补充：前次金冬雁“ 当选美国科学院院士的副教授 ”一文提到的 Gretchen Daily、 Sandra M. Diaz当选为美国科学院院士，我当时就认为 这和他们属于生态恐慌阵营有关 ，现在可以基本肯定属于这种情况。 】 （鸣谢： junkscience.com ）
我前几天写了一篇“ 中国大陆有哪些学者入选美国科学院外籍院士 ？”的博文，在这篇博文里列举了十五位当选美国外籍院士的中国大陆学者，其中不乏有像华罗庚、冯德培等世界一流学者入选，当然其中也有多位中科院和医科院的领导当选。 在博文后面有一个匿名老兄几次留言，说： 美国科学院的章程规定，在国际科学交流中有贡献的人也可当选外籍院士，所以，中国科学院的领导当美国科学院外籍院士的居多，不是因为学术突出。同时，美国科学院的章程又规定，外籍院士进入美国谋职，外籍院士的头衔作废，要重新和美国本土学者同台选举。这些人拿到美国的学术平台选举，肯定都落选，估计连个美国名校的助理教授都难当上。 这段话的后半段过于绝对，因为像华罗庚、冯德培、林可胜等在美国做名校教授应该没有任何问题，关键是前半段话是否有据可查。 刚才看到这位老兄又在博文下面留言，并给出了美国科学院院士章程有关外籍院士的规定。我又放狗搜了一下，果然如此。 美国科学院院士章程的链接网址： http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ABOUT_bylawsprinter_friendly=1#Article I 其中有关外籍院士的规定： Article I. of Members 2. A member of the Academy who relinquishes United States citizenship shall become a foreign associate; a foreign associate of the Academy who becomes a citizen of the United States may remain a foreign associate, or may elect to become a member of the Academy . 也就是说，外籍院士如果加入美国籍可以保留你的外籍院士称号，但如果想成为美国院士的话，还要进行重新选举。 PS： 科学网博主香港大学金冬雁教授、耶鲁博士王晓明老师、还有两个匿名老兄已经指出这句话博主理解错了，应该是本人可以选择改为院士，谢谢指正！
古植物学的故事（38）：美国科学院的古植物学院士与外籍院士 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.38): Members and foreign associates of National Academy of Sciences (USA) regarding palaeobotany (by Qigao Sun) Leopold, Estella （1974年当选） Andrews, Henry N.(1910—2002) （1975年当选） Banks, Harlan P.(1913---1998) （1980年当选） Dilcher, David L. （1989年当选） Knoll, Andrew H. （1991年当选） Taylor, Thomas N. （1994年当选） Schopf, J. William （1998年当选） Hayes, John M. （1998年当选） Phillips, Tom L. （1999年当选） Crane, Peter R. （ 2001年当选） Ralph W. Chaney曾是20世纪上半叶国际古植物学的学术领袖之一，他生前3次远赴中国进行科学考察，并与中国同仁开展实质性合作。 自1986年以来David L. Dilcher教授多次访问中国，堪称“古植物学大使”。他不辞劳苦，积极推动中美两国在古植物学领域的广泛合作。 David L. Dilcher教授荣获2009年度 中国政府 颁发的 “友谊奖”。 著名学者 Armen Takhtajan和 Peter R. Crane当选为美国科学院外籍院士，这是无可争议的事情。 俄国人 Armen Takhtajan亦是俄罗斯科学院院士，英国人 Peter R. Crane是英国皇家学会会员。美国科学院规定：外籍院士(foreign associate)只要加入美国国籍就可以转为有选举权的院士(member of NAS)。 有 8位院士和1位外籍院士已故去。美国科学院的官方网站提供了逝者的回忆录之链接。 在美国科学院的学科归类中，古植物学不是一个单独的 “disciplinary section”，古植物学研究领域的院士一般会分布在“ Evolutionary Biology”、“Plant Biology” 、 “Geology”和“ Environmental Sciences and Ecology”等 “ disciplinary sections”。需要说明的是，有的古植物学家兴趣广泛，如伟大的植物学家Armen Takhtajan不仅是著名的古植物学家，而且是著名的植物系统学家和植物地理学家等。（参见 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Takhtajan ） 院士和外籍院士是很崇高的学术称号和荣誉，他们常常是某一研究领域承前启后的代表人物，也是某一学科发展史上的重要节点。很多人非常关心美国科学院院士及外籍院士的遴选过程，这个过程极其重要，会直接影响选举结果的公平与公正。有些人认为当选为美国科学院外籍院士的中国科学家一般有足够的实力当选为中国科学院的院士，但这未必是理所当然的事情。科学研究的历史与文化过程充满着遗憾。由于种种原因有些很著名 的 学者或学术领袖没有当选为某国科学院的院士或外籍院士，这并不是很偶然的现象。例如，杰出的古植物学家 Jack Albert Wolfe（1936—2005）没有当选为美国科学院院士，但他依然受到学界的广泛尊重，因为他为推动古植物学研究的进步做出了不可磨灭的贡献。 回顾历史可以更好地展望未来。 从实力上看，我们可以预言在未来数年内最有希望成为美国科学院院士的古植物学家应该是俄亥俄大学的 Gar W. Rothwell教授。 特别致谢：在编写本期《古植物学的故事》的准备过程中，我得到了 David L. Dilcher教授的热情指教和王洪山博士的无私帮助，在此一并致谢。 孙启高 2010年5月20日晚 -------------- 附件 1 美国科学院古植物学院士与外籍院士清单 A list of members and foreign associates of National Academy of Sciences regarding palaeobotany (1863---2010) http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/750563972?pg=rslts 1. Newberry, J. S.（1822—1892） Date of Birth: Dec 22, 1822 Elected to NAS: 1863 (member) Date of Death: Dec 7, 1892 Biographical Memoir ------------------ 2. Lesquereux, Leo （1806---1889） http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1392598571?pg=rsltsv=blcmd=prevlcmd_cf = Date of Birth: Nov 18, 1806 Elected to NAS: 1864 (member) Date of Death: Oct 25, 1889 Biographical Memoir --------------------- David White July 1, 1862 - February 7, 1935 Election Year: 1912 Membership Type: Member Biographical Memoir 1934 NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences 1931 Mary Clark Thompson Medal http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000736.html ----------- 3. Berry, Edward W.（1875—1945） Date of Birth: Feb 10, 1875 Elected to NAS: 1922 (member) Date of Death: Sep 20, 1945 Biographical Memoir ----------- 4. Chaney, Ralph W.（1890—1971） Date of Birth: Aug 24, 1890 Elected to NAS: 1947 (member) Date of Death: Mar 3, 1971 Biographical Memoir ----------------- 5. Cloud, Preston （1912—1991） Date of Birth: Sep 26, 1912 Elected to NAS: 1961 (member) Date of Death: Jan 16, 1991 Biographical Memoir ----------------- 6. Barghoorn, Elso S.（1915---1984） Date of Birth: Jun 30, 1915 Elected to NAS: 1967 (member) Date of Death: Jan 27, 1984 Biographical Memoir ----------- 7. Takhtajan, Armen （1910—2009） Date of Birth: Jun 10, 1910 Elected to NAS: 1971 (foreign associate) Date of Death: Nov 13, 2009 --------------- 8. Leopold, Estella B. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/273187508?pg=rslts University of Washington Election Year: 1974 NAS Section: Environmental Sciences and Ecology Status: Member Research/Expertise: paleobotany/pollen and biogeography of the Cenozoic, North America and E. Asia, conservation and historical paleoecology ------------------ 9. Andrews, Henry N.(1910—2002) Date of Birth: Jun 15, 1910 Elected to NAS: 1975 (emeritus) Date of Death: Mar 3, 2002 Biographical Memoir ------------ 10. Banks, Harlan P.(1913---1998) Date of Birth: Sep 1, 1913 Elected to NAS: 1980 (member) Date of Death: Nov 22, 1998 ----------------- 11. Dilcher, David L. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1179686500?pg=rslts University of Florida Election Year: 1989 NAS Section: Plant Biology Status: Member Citation Dilcher has an uncanny ability to find hitherto missing reproductive organs of flowering plant fossils. Coupled with his pioneering of a multifaceted approach, his laboratory has demonstrated the morphology of the oldest angiosperms, provided invaluable clues to their early radiation, and stimulated hope in the search for their gymnospermous ancestors. ---------------------------- 12. Knoll, Andrew H. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1179686500?pg=rslts Harvard University Election Year: 1991 NAS Section: Geology Status: Member Research/Expertise: paleontology, geobiology, astrobiology, evolutionary biology Citation Knoll demonstrated that many of the differences between Precambrian fossil assemblages were responses to environmental changes rather than to evolution. He laid the foundation for understanding the complex environmental changes accompanying the evolution of plants and animals during the 300 million years preceding the explosive biological changes that characterized the Paleozoic era. -------------------- 13. Taylor, Thomas N. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1179686500?pg=rslts University of Kansas Election Year: 1994 NAS Section: Plant Biology Status: Member Research/Expertise: paleobiology, fossil plants and fungi, Antarctica, symbiosis Citation Taylor led paleobiology into the use of spore and pollen ultrastructure in extant and extinct plants to understand the evolution of major groups of plants. His research has elucidated the history of plant/animal interactions and plant/fungal relationships. He has made and is making valuable contributions to Antarctic paleobiology. ----------------------- 14. Schopf, J. William http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/1344998793?pg=rslts University of California, Los Angeles Election Year: 1998 NAS Section: Evolutionary Biology Status: Member Research/Expertise: Precambrian paleobiology and microfossils, organic geochemistry, paleobotany, biochemical and atmospheric evolution Citation Schopf is one of the world's leading expert in of Precambrian paleobiology. He has described much of the early microbial life that represents two-thirds of the Earth's history, and he has led efforts to elucidate the evolution of chemical systems and their organization into living organisms. Through his collaborative efforts, he has largely defined the entire science. -------------------- 15. Hayes, John M. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Election Year: 1998 NAS Section: Geology Status: Member Research/Expertise: biogeochemistry, isotopes, geomicrobiology, carbon cycle, evolution Citation Hayes is a geologist who has made important contributions to our understanding of the Earth's carbon cycle. He has demonstrated the importance of methanogenic bacteria in ancient ecosystems, discovered the large fluctuations in the isotopic composition of carbon in seawater just before the Cambrian evolutionary explosion, and pioneered exploitation of the isotopic composition of biomarkers in such studies. --------------------- 16. Phillips, Tom L. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Election Year: 1999 NAS Section: Plant Biology Status: Member Research/Expertise: paleobotany, paleoecology, evolution, tropical coal swamps, vascular plants, Pennsylvanian/Carboniferous coal age Citation Phillips changed the way we study complex biodiversity patterns in Pennsylvanian-age wetland plant communities. He found gradients of species persisting through time, averaging 10 percent turnovers, until they are removed by major extinction events related to global climate change. His research elucidated the history of early plant/animal interactions. --------------------- 17. Crane, Peter R. http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/750563972?pg=rslts Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Election Year: 2001 NAS Section: Evolutionary Biology Status: Foreign Associate Research/Expertise: plants, diversity, paleontology, phylogeny, conservation Citation From the United Kingdom, Crane's careful comparisons of fossil flowers with those of their living relatives provided insight into how different groups of flowering plants are interrelated and have changed through time. His analyses of the origin and early evolution of flowering plants opened up whole new areas of research on this dominant group of organisms. ----------------------- 附件 2 1863年美国科学院第一批院士清单 http://www.nasonline.org/site/Dir/315887210?pg=rslts 1. Agassiz, Louis Date of Birth: May 28, 1807 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 14, 1873 Biographical Memoir 2. Alexander, John H. Date of Birth: Jun 26, 1812 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Mar 2, 1867 Biographical Memoir 3. Alexander, Stephen Date of Birth: Sep 1, 1806 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jun 25, 1883 Biographical Memoir 4. Bache, Alexander D. Date of Birth: Jul 19, 1806 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 17, 1867 Biographical Memoir 5. Barnard, Frederick A. P. Date of Birth: May 5, 1809 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Apr 27, 1889 Biographical Memoir 6. Barnard, John G. Date of Birth: May 19, 1815 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 14, 1882 Biographical Memoir 7. Bartlett, W. H. C. Date of Birth: Sep 1, 1804 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 11, 1893 Biographical Memoir 8. Caswell, Alexis Date of Birth: Jan 29, 1799 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jan 8, 1877 Biographical Memoir 9. Chauvenet, William Date of Birth: May 24, 1820 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 13, 1870 Biographical Memoir 10. Coffin, John H. Date of Birth: Sep 14, 1815 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jan 8, 1890 Biographical Memoir 11. Dana, James D. Date of Birth: Feb 12, 1813 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Apr 4, 1895 Biographical Memoir 12. Davis, Charles H. Date of Birth: Jan 16, 1807 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 18, 1877 Biographical Memoir 13. Engelmann, George Date of Birth: Feb 2, 1809 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 4, 1884 Biographical Memoir 14. Frazer, John F. Date of Birth: Jul 8, 1812 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Oct 12, 1872 Biographical Memoir 15. Gibbs, Wolcott Date of Birth: Feb 12, 1822 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 9, 1908 Biographical Memoir 16. Gilliss, James M. Date of Birth: Sep 6, 1811 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 9, 1865 Biographical Memoir 17. Gould, Augustus A. Date of Birth: Apr 23, 1805 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Sep 15, 1866 Biographical Memoir 18. Gould, Benjamin A. Date of Birth: Sep 27, 1824 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Nov 26, 1896 Biographical Memoir 19. Gray, Asa Date of Birth: Nov 18, 1810 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jan 30, 1888 Biographical Memoir 20. Guyot, Arnold Date of Birth: Sep 28, 1807 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 8, 1884 Biographical Memoir 21. Hall, James Date of Birth: Sep 12, 1811 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Aug 7, 1898 Biographical Memoir 22. Henry, Joseph Date of Birth: Dec 17, 1797 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 13, 1878 Biographical Memoir 23. Hilgard, Julius E. Date of Birth: Jan 7, 1825 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 8, 1891 Biographical Memoir 24. Hitchcock, Edward Date of Birth: May 24, 1793 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 27, 1864 Biographical Memoir 25. Hubbard, J. S. Date of Birth: Sep 7, 1823 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Aug 16, 1863 Biographical Memoir 26. Humphreys, Andrew A. Date of Birth: Nov 2, 1810 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 27, 1883 Biographical Memoir 27. Le Conte, John L. Date of Birth: May 13, 1825 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Nov 15, 1883 Biographical Memoir 28. Leidy, Joseph Date of Birth: Sep 9, 1823 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Apr 30, 1891 Biographical Memoir 29. Lesley, J. Peter Date of Birth: Sep 17, 1819 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jun 1, 1903 Biographical Memoir 30. Longstreth, Miers F. Date of Birth: Mar 15, 1819 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 27, 1891 Biographical Memoir 31. Mahan, D. H. Date of Birth: Apr 2, 1802 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Sep 16, 1871 Biographical Memoir 32. Newberry, J. S. Date of Birth: Dec 22, 1822 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Dec 7, 1892 Biographical Memoir 33. Newton, H. A. Date of Birth: Mar 19, 1830 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Aug 12, 1896 Biographical Memoir 34. Rodgers, John Date of Birth: Aug 8, 1812 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 5, 1882 Biographical Memoir 35. Rogers, Fairman Date of Birth: Nov 15, 1833 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Aug 22, 1900 Biographical Memoir 36. Rogers, Robert E. Date of Birth: Mar 29, 1813 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Sep 6, 1884 Biographical Memoir 37. Rogers, William B. Date of Birth: Dec 7, 1804 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 30, 1882 Biographical Memoir 38. Rutherford, Lewis M. Date of Birth: Nov 25, 1816 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: May 30, 1892 Biographical Memoir 39. Saxton, Joseph Date of Birth: Mar 22, 1799 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Oct 26, 1873 Biographical Memoir 40. Silliman, Benjamin, Jr. Date of Birth: Dec 4, 1816 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jan 14, 1885 Biographical Memoir 41. Silliman, Benjamin, Sr. Date of Birth: Aug 8, 1779 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Nov 24, 1864 Biographical Memoir 42. Strong, Theodore Date of Birth: Jul 26, 1790 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Feb 1, 1869 Biographical Memoir 43. Torrey, John Date of Birth: Aug 15, 1796 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Mar 10, 1873 Biographical Memoir 44. Totten, J. G. Date of Birth: Aug 23, 1788 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Apr 22, 1863 Biographical Memoir 45. Winlock, Joseph Date of Birth: Feb 6, 1826 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Jun 11, 1875 Biographical Memoir 46. Wyman, Jeffries Date of Birth: Aug 11, 1814 Elected to NAS: 1863 Date of Death: Sep 4, 1874 Biographical Memoir ------------------------------------ 附件 3 美国科学院的学科归类情况 http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=MEMBERS_Main Classes and Sections http://www.nasonline.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ABOUT_classes_sections The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is organized into six broadly defined Classes, further divided into 31 disciplinary Sections. The current organization of Classes and Sections is shown below. Class I: Physical and Mathematical Sciences Section 11: Mathematics Section 12: Astronomy Section 13: Physics Section 14: Chemistry Section 15: Geology Section 16: Geophysics Class II: Biological Sciences Section 21: Biochemistry Section 22: Cellular and Developmental Biology Section 23: Physiology and Pharmacology Section 24: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Section 25: Plant Biology Section 26: Genetics Section 27: Evolutionary Biology Section 28: Systems Neuroscience Section 29: Biophysics and Computational Biology Class III: Engineering and Applied Sciences Section 31: Engineering Sciences Section 32: Applied Mathematical Sciences Section 33: Applied Physical Sciences Section 34: Computer and Information Sciences Class IV: Biomedical Sciences Section 41: Medical Genetics, Hematology, and Oncology Section 42: Medical Physiology and Metabolism Section 43: Immunology Section 44: Microbial Biology Class V: Behavioral and Social Sciences Section 51: Anthropology Section 52: Psychology Section 53: Social and Political Sciences Section 54: Economic Sciences Class VI: Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences Section 61: Animal, Nutritional, and Applied Microbial Sciences Section 62: Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences Section 63: Environmental Sciences and Ecology Section 64: Human Environmental Sciences (End) ----------------
标签: 美国科学院
