前几天似乎想明白了点什么，仔细一想又不太明白。一些已经想通了的，先记在这里。后面的再继续想。（亦公布于本人 英文博客 。）其实跟先前的狼-羊博弈同属多层博弈，但不同之处在于这里存在‘结构’。例子估计很好懂。我觉得将博弈的任一方扩充为一个群体，并且考虑这一方存在的内部博弈，可能对细胞、生化层次的分子间博弈有一定的参考价值。不过进一步的内容就敬请期待下回分解了～ 2012年4月23日追记：昆明动物所王瑞武老师基于榕小蜂的一系列研究，已经包含了这个思路。参见这两篇论文Wang et al. 2009 ( doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007802 )， Wang et al. 2011 ( doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0063 )。 看来我还得思考得再远一些，才能写出点东西。 Let me begin with a story read from the Metro newspaper. A fee was charged by the government on water use, but strongly resisted by the residents who were supposed to pay it. Many of the residents went to complain, to demonstrate and/or anything relevant showing their resistance, and finally made the fee canceled by the government. What a success! However some of the residents who had been so obedient and had submitted the fee at the beginning, found themselves unable to claim their money back. One of the unfortunate, obedient people cried about this on the newspaper, but was quickly hit back by the other person who had fought for the cancellation. "You deserve that because you didn’t resist!" The water fee story ends here, and I am not talking about the rightness of a resident’s choice or of the government’s policy. Instead, I am talking about the gaming strategies here adopted by different people, and more importantly, by the government. Apparently, in a game like this, the residents have two candidate options, or strategies, i.e. to resist the fee, or to accept it and wait. However, in order to facilitate further discussion while avoiding some unnecessary misunderstanding in trivial things, I am modifying the scenario of the story here. All the residents have submitted the fee at the beginning, but then may choose to go on protest or to just wait, which are their two candidate strategies; meanwhile, the government will make a decision to pay the money back once some resident(s) go on protest, but also with two candidate strategies, i.e. to pay the exact amount only to those who have protested, or to everybody who have paid them . In the above case, the government chose the former strategy, and for residents obviously the optimal choice is to go to resist, because you will only lose if you give the money as required. But what if the government shows some ‘conscience’ by paying all the money back to all the residents once the fee is cancelled? Let’s assume (and agree) there is a cost or risk when you go on demonstration or whatever to resist the fee, then the optimal choice will become otherwise. You would rather stay at home/work as regularly and safely, wait until somebody else successfully makes the fee cancelled by the government. You have the chance to get your money back, and loose nothing when compared with other residents! Up to now, it is the gaming process between different residents. This is like a Boxed Pigs Game between multiple players, but there are no ‘big’ or ‘small’ pigs – all participants (residents) are equal in their cost and payoff with each strategy they may choose. Alternatively the case can also be seen as a multiple Prisoners' Dilemma, where the outcome is sometimes a typical Tragedy of the Commons. The government’s behavior is seen to have designed the rule of the game. However, if we consider the government as the other player, then the whole thing becomes a two players' game, but one of the players is a POPULATION instead of a single person. In this new game, we have to consider not only the interaction between the two players, the residents and the government, but also the interaction among different individuals within one part of the players – the residents. In this case, the government has two candidate strategies, i.e. to pay only the money back to those who have resisted (selfish), or to pay all the money back to everybody including those who had been obedient (show conscience), on the other hand each resident has two candidate strategies, i.e. to resist or to be obedient. We will see a straightforward outcome by letting both players ‘evolve’ naturally to find their ‘optimal’ or say ‘stable’ choices.The government will finally choose to ‘show conscience’, only because by doing this it has a higher opportunity to harvest an obedient population of residents where the money goes to the government's pocket.Correspondingly, the residents will all become obedient, because anybody who goes on protest will have a lower net payoff than other residents. As the result, although the government shows 'conscience', the residents will get nothing back because they don't resist. It's still a tragedy of the commons on behalf of the residents.At this state, the two players (the government and the residents) have achieved a Nash Equilibrium while all individual players within the resident population have achieved an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (also a type of Nash Equilibrium). Here I have used only coarse-grained language to show this pattern of game playing, and the outcome above is not always valid depending on the values of various parameters, e.g. the cost/risk of resistance, the responding threshold of the government, the competition stress imposed at different levels, etc. After all, such games with two players, one (or both) of which is actually a population where the intra-population game (actually competition in many cases) also happens, have provided a more complex game pattern. In such games, Nash Equilibriums have to be achieved at multiple levels to allow the whole system to stay at a steady state. This actually is a bridge between game theory and dynamical systems theory. And what’s more, in the special case here, it is a structured game where a population of one player can only interact with an individual of the other player. This pattern is also seen in the game between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, where many mitochondria can only interact with the nucleus in a single cell. I began thinking on the mito-nuclear issue around two years ago but only recently got some hint from the water fee case discussed on the newspaper in the last few weeks. I am yet dwelling on what molecular mechanisms may give rise to such a game, in terms of ATP production and allocation. More interesting points will be produced from this perspective, and advice is welcome from anyone. This may be a new pattern of game where at least one of the players is actually a population. I checked it within some textbooks of game theory and didn’t find it ever mentioned. However I may be re-inventing the wheels. It is highly appreciated if anyone could let me know if you have seen the same thing proposed anywhere else.
Michael Berridge The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK Head of Section: Cell Biology Cell Signalling 部分名著与科研绩效： http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enq=Michael+BerridgebtnG=Searchas_sdt=2000as_ylo=as_vis=0 MJ Berridge , RF Irvine - 1984 - nature.com There has recently been rapid progress in understanding receptors that generate intracellular signals from inositol lipids. One of these lipids, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, is hydrolysed to diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate as part of a signal transduction mechanism for ... Cited by 6585 - Related articles - All 5 versions Inositol phosphates and cell signalling MJ Berridge , RF Irvine - 1989 - nature.com Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is a second messenger which regulates intracellular calcium both by mobilizing calcium from internal stores and, perhaps indirectly, by stimulating calcium entry. In these actions it may function with its phosphorylated metabolite, inositol 1,3,4,5- ... Cited by 2310 - Related articles - All 5 versions Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol: two interacting second messengers MJ Berridge - Annual review of biochemistry, 1987 - Annual Reviews 1 Abbreviations used: DG, diacylglycerol; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Gp, G-protein responsi ble for stimulating phosphoinositidase; G G-protein responsible for stimulating adenylate cyclase; Gj , G-protein responsible for inhibiting adenylate cyclase; 5-HT, 5- ... Cited by 2570 - Related articles - All 4 versions Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers. nih.gov MJ Berridge - Biochemical Journal, 1984 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Introduction Hormones and neurotransmitters that use cal- cium as a second messenger specifically hydrolyse membrane phosphoinositides. This perturbation of membrane phospholipids may represent a fundamental transducing mechanism that initiates a signal cascade resulting ... Cited by 1995 - Related articles - All 6 versions The versatility and universality of calcium signalling mit.edu MJ Berridge , P Lipp, MD Bootman - Nature Reviews Molecular Cell , 2000 - nature.com Calcium (Ca 2+ ) is a ubiquitous intracellular signal responsible for controlling numerous cellular processes. At one level, its action is simple: cells at rest have a Ca 2+ concentration of 100 nM but are activated when this level rises to roughly 1000 nM (Fig. 1). The immediate ... Cited by 1880 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 16 versions Calcium-a life and death signal MJ Berridge , MD Bootman, P Lipp - Nature, 1998 - nature.com One of the most versatile and universal signalling agents in the human body is the calcium ion, Ca 2+ . How does this simple ion act during cell birth, life and death, and how does it regulate so many different cellular processes? ... One of the most versatile and universal ... Cited by 1158 - Related articles - All 9 versions Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling pcu.ac.kr MJ Berridge , MD Bootman, HL Roderick - Nature Reviews Molecular , 2003 - nature.com Ca 2+ is a highly versatile intracellular signal that can regulate many different cellular functions 1, 2 . To achieve this versatility, the Ca 2+ -signalling system operates in many different ways to regulate cellular processes that function over a wide dynamic range (Fig. 1). At the ... Cited by 1412 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 12 versions Changes in the levels of inositol phosphates after agonist-dependent hydrolysis of membrane phosphoinositides. nih.gov MJ Berridge , RM Dawson, CP Downes, JP - Biochemical , 1983 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov The formation of inositol phosphates in response to agonists was studied in brain slices, parotid gland fragments and in the insect salivary gland. The tissues were first incubated with Neuronal Calcium Signaling Review rice.edu MJ Berridge - Neuron, 1998 - caam.rice.edu ... Neuronal Calcium Signaling Review Siegesmund, 1968; Takahashi and Wood, 1970; Henkart Michael J. Berridge et al., 1976). These subsurface cisternae have been clas- The Babraham Institute sified into different types depending on how closely they ... Cited by 1101 - Related articles - View as HTML - BL Direct - All 11 versions Elementary and global aspects of calcium signalling physoc.org MJ Berridge - Journal of Experimental Biology, 1997 - jeb.biologists.org The ubiquitous second messenger Ca2+ is responsible for regulating a wide range of cellular processes (Clapham, 1995). It is used at the beginning of life to mediate the process of fertilization and then is brought into play to regulate some of the cell cycle events during early ... Cited by 919 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions
科研学术生涯： http://f1000biology.com/about/biography/439926051458668 研究团队与实验室： http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/vumcdept/cellbio/gould/ 发表的论文与研究成果： http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/vumcdept/cellbio/gould/Pubs.html since 2006 Bohnert, K.A., Chen, J.-S., Clifford, D.M., VanderKooi, C.W. and Gould, K.L. (2009) A Link between Aurora Kinase and Clp1/Cdc14 Regulation Uncovered by the Identification of a Fission Yeast Borealin-like Protein. Mol. Biol.Cell , 20, 3646-3659 . Roberts-Galbraith, R.H., Chen, J.-S., Wang, J., and Gould, K.L. (2009) The SH3 domains of two PCH family members cooperate in assembly of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe contractile ring. J. Cell. Biol. 184(1): 113-127 Roberts-Galbraith, R.H. and Gould, K.L. (2008) Stepping into the ring: the SIN takes on contractile ring assembly. Genes Dev. 22(22): 3205-3216 Chen, C.T., Feoktistova, A., Chen, J.-S., Shim, Y.S., Clifford, D.M., Gould, K.L., and McCollum, D., (2008) The SIN kinase Sid2 regulates cytoplasmic retention of the S. pombe Cdc14-like phosphatase Clp1. Current Biol. 18(20): 1594-1599 Sczaniecka, M., Feoktistova, A., May, K.M., Chen, J.-S., Blyth, J., Gould, K.L., and Hardwick, K.G. The spindle checkpoint functions of Mad3 and Mad2 depend on a Mad3 KEN box-mediated interaction with Cdc20-anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C). J. Biol. Chem. 283(34) : 23039-47. Clifford, D.M., Chen, C.T., Roberts-Galbraith, R.H., Feoktistova, A., Wolfe, B.A., Chen, J.-S., McCollum, D., Gould, K.L. (2008) The role of Cdc14 phosphatases in the control of cell division. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 36(Pt 3): 436-8 Clifford, D.M., Wolfe, B.A., Roberts-Galbraith, R.H., McDonald, W.H., Yates, J.R., Gould, K.L. (2008) The Clp1/Cdc14 phosphatase contributes to the robustness of cytokinesis by association with anillin-related Mid1. J Cell Biol. 181(1): 79-88 Ohi, M.D., Feoktistiva, A., Ren, L., Yip, C., Cheng, Y., Chen J.-S., Yoon, H.J., Wall, J.S., Huang, Z., Penczek, P.A., Gould, K.L. and Walz, T. Structural organization of the anaphase-promoting complex bound to the mitotic activator Slp1. Mol Cell. 2007 Dec 14;28(5):871-85. Ohi, M.D., Ren, L., Wall, J.S., Gould, K.L., and Walz, T. (2007) Structural characterization of the fission yeast U5U2/U6 spliceosome complex. PNAS USA 104(9): 3195-3200 Yoon, H.-J., Feoktistova, A., Wolfe, B. A., Jennings, J.L., Link, A.J., and Gould, K.L. (2006) Role of Hcn1 and its phosphorylation in fission yeast APC/C function. J. Biol. Chem. 281(43): 32284-93 Wolfe, B.A., McDonald, W.H., Yates, Jr., J.R., and Gould, K.L. (2006) Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the Cdc14/Clp1 phosphatase delays mitotic events in S. pombe. Dev.Cell 11: 423-430 Rosenberg, J.A., Tomlin, G.C., McDonald, W.H., Snydsman, B.E., Muller, E.G., Yates, J.R. 3rd, Gould, K.L. (2006) Ppc89 Links Multiple Proteins, Including the Septation Initiation Network, to the Core of the Fission Yeast Spindle-Pole Body. Mol. Biol.Cell 17(9): 3793-805 Mehta, S. and Gould, K.L. (2006) Identification of functional domains within the SIN kinase Cdc7. J. Biol. Chem. 281(15): 9935-41 Vander Kooi, C.W., Ohi, M.D., Rosenberg, J.A., Oldham, M.L., Newcomer, M.E., Gould, K.L., Chazin, W.J. (2006) The Prp19 U-box Crystal Structure Suggests a Common Dimeric Architecture for a Class of Oligomeric E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. Biochemistr y 45(1 ):121-130 部分名著与科研绩效： K Burridge , K Fath, T Kelly, G Nuckolls, - Annual review of cell , 1988 - Annual Reviews ... the Extracellular Matrix and the Cytoskeleton Keith Burridge , Karl Fath, Thomas Kelly, Glen Nuckolls, and Christopher Turner Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, CB # 7090, 108 Swing Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 ... Cited by 1838 - Related articles - All 4 versions Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back ucsd.edu AJ Ridley, MA Schwartz, K Burridge , RA Firtel, MH - Science, 2003 - sciencemag.org 1 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, London W1W 7BS, UK. 2 Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Center and Mellon Prostate Cancer Research ... Cited by 1370 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 16 versions Interaction of plasma membrane fibronectin receptor with talina transmembrane linkage A Horwitz, K Duggan, C Buck, MC Beckerle, K Burridge - 1986 - nature.com Many observations suggest the presence of transmembrane linkages between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. In fibroblasts both light and electron microscopic observations reveal a co-alignment between actin filaments at the cell surface and extracellular fibronectin ... Cited by 892 - Related articles - All 4 versions Rho-stimulated contractility drives the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. rupress.org M Chrzanowska-Wodnicka, K Burridge - The Journal of cell biology, 1996 - jcb.rupress.org Abstract. Activated rhoA, a ras-related GTP-binding protein, stimulates the appearance of stress fibers, focal adhesions, and tyrosine phosphorylation in quiescent cells (Ridley, AJ, and A. Hall, 1992. Cell. 70:389-399). The pathway by which rho triggers these events has not ... Cited by 864 - Related articles - All 7 versions Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin and pp125FAK accompanies cell adhesion to extracellular matrix: a role in cytoskeletal assembly rupress.org K Burridge , CE Turner, LH Romer - Journal of Cell Biology, 1992 - jcb.rupress.org Abstract. Cells in culture reveal high levels of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in their focal adhesions, the regions where cells adhere to the underlying substra- tum. We have examined the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in response to plating cells on extracellular matrix ... Cited by 784 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 5 versions Rho and Rac take center stage utoronto.ca K Burridge , K Wennerberg - Cell, 2004 - Elsevier Many features of cell behavior are regulated by Rho family GTPases, but the most profound effects of these proteins are on the actin cytoskeleton and it was these that first drew attention to this family of signaling proteins. Focusing on Rho and Rac, we will discuss how their effectors ... Cited by 661 - Related articles - All 23 versions Bidirectional signaling between the cytoskeleton and integrins SM Schoenwaelder, K Burridge - Current opinion in cell biology, 1999 - Elsevier 276 Cell regulation bind Cdc42 . This targeting does require PAK binding to PIX (PAK interacting exchange factor), a GEF for Rac . This suggests that there is a complex formed between Rac or Cdc42; PAK (a downstream effector) and PIX (an upstream GEF). Mutations that ... Cited by 599 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 3 versions An interaction between alpha-actinin and the beta 1 integrin subunit in vitro rupress.org CA Otey, FM Pavalko, K Burridge - Journal of Cell Biology, 1990 - jcb.rupress.org Abstract. A number of cytoskeletal-associated pro- teins that are concentrated in focal contacts, namely ot-actinin, vinculin, talin, and integrin, have been shown to interact in vitro such that they suggest a potential link between actin filaments and the mem- brane. Because ... Cited by 564 - Related articles - All 4 versions -Actinin: Immunofluorescent localization of a muscle structural protein in nonmuscle cells E Lazarides, K Burridge - Cell, 1975 - Elsevier Antibodies specific for the skeletal muscle structural protein -actinin are used to localize this protein by indirect immunofluorescence in nonmuscle cells. 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Keith Burridge University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Head of Section: Cell Biology Cell Adhesion 部分名著与科研绩效： http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Keith+BurridgebtnG=Searchhl=enas_sdt=2000 K Burridge , K Fath, T Kelly, G Nuckolls, - Annual review of cell , 1988 - Annual Reviews ... the Extracellular Matrix and the Cytoskeleton Keith Burridge , Karl Fath, Thomas Kelly, Glen Nuckolls, and Christopher Turner Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, CB # 7090, 108 Swing Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 ... Cited by 1838 - Related articles - All 4 versions Cell migration: integrating signals from front to back ucsd.edu AJ Ridley, MA Schwartz, K Burridge , RA Firtel, MH - Science, 2003 - sciencemag.org 1 Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, London W1W 7BS, UK. 2 Departments of Microbiology and Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Center and Mellon Prostate Cancer Research ... Cited by 1370 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 16 versions Interaction of plasma membrane fibronectin receptor with talina transmembrane linkage A Horwitz, K Duggan, C Buck, MC Beckerle, K Burridge - 1986 - nature.com Many observations suggest the presence of transmembrane linkages between the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. In fibroblasts both light and electron microscopic observations reveal a co-alignment between actin filaments at the cell surface and extracellular fibronectin ... 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We have examined the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in response to plating cells on extracellular matrix ... Cited by 784 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 5 versions Rho and Rac take center stage utoronto.ca K Burridge , K Wennerberg - Cell, 2004 - Elsevier Many features of cell behavior are regulated by Rho family GTPases, but the most profound effects of these proteins are on the actin cytoskeleton and it was these that first drew attention to this family of signaling proteins. Focusing on Rho and Rac, we will discuss how their effectors ... Cited by 661 - Related articles - All 23 versions Bidirectional signaling between the cytoskeleton and integrins SM Schoenwaelder, K Burridge - Current opinion in cell biology, 1999 - Elsevier 276 Cell regulation bind Cdc42 . This targeting does require PAK binding to PIX (PAK interacting exchange factor), a GEF for Rac . This suggests that there is a complex formed between Rac or Cdc42; PAK (a downstream effector) and PIX (an upstream GEF). Mutations that ... Cited by 599 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 3 versions An interaction between alpha-actinin and the beta 1 integrin subunit in vitro rupress.org CA Otey, FM Pavalko, K Burridge - Journal of Cell Biology, 1990 - jcb.rupress.org Abstract. A number of cytoskeletal-associated pro- teins that are concentrated in focal contacts, namely ot-actinin, vinculin, talin, and integrin, have been shown to interact in vitro such that they suggest a potential link between actin filaments and the mem- brane. Because ... Cited by 564 - Related articles - All 4 versions -Actinin: Immunofluorescent localization of a muscle structural protein in nonmuscle cells E Lazarides, K Burridge - Cell, 1975 - Elsevier Antibodies specific for the skeletal muscle structural protein -actinin are used to localize this protein by indirect immunofluorescence in nonmuscle cells. In cultured nonmuscle cells, -actinin is localized along or between actin filament bundles producing an almost regular ... Cited by 443 - Related articles - All 6 versions Paxillin: a new vinculin-binding protein present in focal adhesions rupress.org CE Turner, JR Glenney Jr, K Burridge - Journal of Cell Biology, 1990 - jcb.rupress.org Abstract. The 68-kD protein (paxillin) is a cytoskele- tal component that localizes to the focal adhesions at the ends of actin stress fibers in chicken embryo fibroblasts. It is also present in the focal adhesions of Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) epithelial cells but is absent, like talin, from the ... Cited by 407 - Related articles - All 5 versions
标签: 细胞生物学
