汉语是联合国官方正式使用的 6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语! Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations. Not to discriminate against Chinese, please! 电磁波 依赖 参照系的 判定实验 一、判定实验的原理 我们地球表面,电磁屏蔽的大尺度内部空间,电场、磁场、电磁辐射都趋于0。 下面的点电荷是宏观点电荷。 如下图所示。两个一样的宏观点电荷,放置一定的空间距离。它们是否会自动振动? 宏观点电荷反电性,再次实验。总共4种搭配。 假如地表静止的宏观点电荷激发的电磁波能检测到,则该宏观点电荷会有昼夜等周期性的振动。 二、判定实验的解释 宏观电荷和其电磁场之间,到底是什么关系? (1)在上图里,假定观察者在月球、地球人造卫星等对地球有周期性加速运动的参照系里。根据经典电磁理论,这些参照系会观察到上图电荷激发的电磁波。 (2)假如这些电磁波与电荷之间存在相互作用,则上图两个电荷之间会有微弱的相互作用,如相对位置的变化、或扭转等。 (3)在地球表面的实验室里,能够观察到上图两个电荷之间位置等的微小变化? 三、意义 (1)在非惯性系里,电磁波是否会被“惯性系变化/坐标系变换”消去? (2)正弦交流电稳态分析里的“相量法”,与实际的交流电作用之间有没有微小的误差? 参考资料: 陈宜生,李增智. 大学物理(第三版) ,天津:天津大学出版社,2002年4月. 第 24 页. Phasor Diagrams: Phase Shift and Amplitude in AC Circuits. http://www.mit.edu/~custer/mult/mult.html Araújo, Tonidandel. Steinmetz and the Concept of Phasor: A Forgotten Story {J]. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, 2013, 24: 388–395. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40313-013-0030-5 相关链接: 中国科学院科学智慧火花,2012-04-12,SI基本单位中安培定义的两种可能缺陷 http://idea.cas.cn/viewdoc.action?docid=4681 2019-04-06, 经典电磁学实验的现代高精度、高稳定性再检验! http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1171840.html 2019-03-05, 宏观点电荷发出的磁场、电磁波判定实验原理 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1165792.html 2019-03-02, TA能发现这个电磁波吗? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1165197.html 2017-02-28,感谢中国科学院“科学智慧火花”贴出重建电磁理论的评论 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1036613.html 2019-04-22,感谢“中科院科学智慧火花”贴出评论:正负电子对在磁场中可能不是完全对称的镜像轨迹 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1174944.html 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
汉语是联合国官方正式使用的6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语! Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations. Not to discriminate against Chinese, please! 宏观点电荷发出的磁场、电磁波 判定实验原理 我们地球表面,电磁屏蔽的大尺度内部空间,电场、磁场、电磁辐射都趋于0。 (1)加入微弱的磁场。小磁针有固定的指向。慢慢移入一个宏观点电荷,小磁针静止后是否偏转角度变化。再慢慢移入一个宏观点电荷,再次检查小磁针静止后是否偏转。 宏观点电荷反电性,再次实验。总共4种搭配。 (2)两个一样的宏观点电荷,放置一定的空间距离。它们是否会自动振动或移动(扣除库仑定律的作用)。 宏观点电荷反电性,再次实验。总共4种搭配。 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关信息 !
汉语是联合国官方正式使用的6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语! Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations. Not to discriminate against Chinese, please! TA能发现这个电磁波吗? 在静止的惯性系,一个宏观电荷 Q (下图的 矩形 ) 做简 谐振动,如下图: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration 静止惯性系的观察者 A ,能够发现这个简谐振动的点电荷 Q 发出的电磁波。 问题: 假定另一个观察者 B 和该点电荷 Q (上图的 矩形 )绑定在一起, 由于观察者 B 和该点电荷 Q 保持了相对静止,根据库仑定律,观察者 B 能发现点电荷 Q 的静电场。 观察者 B 能发现点电荷 Q 激发的电磁波吗? 这可不是开玩笑。 相关链接: 科学出版社 ,2015-08-10, 科学上过分漂亮的结论很有可能是以无中生有的方式编造出来的 精选 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-528739-911890.html Vibration, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration 2018-8-28 , 关于电磁场“场”概念的局限性、电荷能量的偶感 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1131501.html 2016-10-13, 电磁学(物理学)的基础:磁场的起因 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1008502.html 2015-09-06,rainsnow 老师:我的担忧并没有消失!! http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-918874.html 中国科学院科学智慧火花,2012-04-12,SI基本单位中安培定义的两种可能缺陷 http://idea.cas.cn/viewdoc.action?docid=4681 Williams E R, Faller J E, Hill H A. New experimental test of Coulomb's law: a laboratory upper limit on the photon rest mass . Physics Review Letters, 1971, 26(12): 721-724. http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.721 上面的素材卡通下载自互联网,感谢原作者! 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
1. 引言 电波不是电磁波,它到底是什么呢?不妨从振荡电路谈一谈。 研究高频 振荡电路电波的发射,无非是对无线发射天线的辐射机制的再探讨,在今天,人们看来这种探讨属于多余和浪费,但作者认为,要对无线电波发射和接收做到真正了解,就得从源头开始,否则,物理图象永远象在雾里看花。 2. 电波 电波从电台发出过程中,输入天线振子的时变电场为简谐电流,由于电流元振子频率足够高(相比通常交流电频率 50 HZ 而言),这时发射天线的趋肤效应较为显著,这等效于使辐射体的电阻增加,增强了(发射)天线表面辐射效率,——导体内部辐射多为噪声。电流元振子表现出的不是作简谐振动,而是阻尼或近乎于临界阻尼振动,——优良发射天线的真实工作情况。天线振子的辐射强度,跟电路中输入的简谐电流 强弱 呈一种协变。即,电流强度:由 0 → 渐增大→ 最大→ 渐减小→ 0;所以, 天线辐射到空间的“能量子群”密度也与之对应。即,粒子密度:由 0 → 渐增大→ 最大→ 渐减小→ 0, 如图 1 所示。 图 1 电流、球形波阵面图示 图 1 中用明暗、稀密虚线圆环表示天线向空间辐射“粒子波”的强度分布,用红、绿相间虚线圆环( 球壳 )表示通过电流元振子正、反方向电流时,电荷(电子)跟金属晶体发生相互作用,振子向外发射的粒子波,——红、绿波阵面的能量是一样的,不同颜色仅为区分相邻波阵面是由正、反(方向)电流跟金属晶体发生相互作用而形成。不难看出,振荡电路天线的辐射与量子、波动光学观点一致。因此, 由 电 路振荡向外发射的(不可见)光 波 ,简称 电波 。 电波与磁没有必然联系,就象生物、化学热能一样。 见图1 并结合图2 分析,相邻的、由光粒子构成的球壳间的距离为一间隔长度,用符号d 表示,间隔长度d 因 制做天线振子的材料、谐 振频率等关联 。传播至真空或空气中的电波,每一波由若干(光子)球壳组成,其中,各球壳光子分布密度依次排榜:最小 C A → 渐大 C B → 最多→ 渐减小→最小 C N , C A 至 C N 间的距离用符号λ 表示,这个长度λ可理解为当今人们称谓的“波长”。 所以,若将 C A 、 C B 、…、 C N 分别比拟成军队建制的“集团军”, C A 至 C N 间(距离λ 0 内)的所有“集团军”统计为一集团军“群”。 依据图 2 ,为了习惯性假设,大数据的为“波峰”, 粒子数量为零的区域为“波谷”。于是将 波分为前、中(峰)和尾三部分,波前至波尾的空间距离 λ ,即相邻波谷之间的距离定义为一个波长,所以, λ=C .(T/2)。其中,λ 波长, C 为光速,T 为谐振周期。 图 2 电振子辐射与球形波阵面 λ = 波长, C A ,…, C N = 能量壳 赫兹实验的实质 :如图 3 所示,高频高压振荡天线是由小间隙的金属组成,当金属棒上带有异种电荷时,棒间隙处产生超强电场,在强电场作用下,间隙被击穿,——电子获得较高速度冲击带正电阳极。由近代原子能级理论,电子向低能态跃迁,动能转化为光辐射(包括不可见光),于是,间隙处向外发射闪光及不可见光—— 电波 。 由于线圈中输入的高频高压下,间隙瞬间被击穿而放电。 所以,在 A 、 B 电极交替受电子轰击而闪闪发光。显然,将图 3 设备封装在透明真空玻璃罩中,电波依旧向外辐射。 在真空中,辐射波的波阵面总是以光速 C 与传播时间 t 乘积为半径的球面。所以, 单个粒子作直线运动,粒子群则呈球面向外扩散 。 图 3 高频电波发射示意图 假设振荡电路周期 T 趋于无穷大,电荷在导体中定向流动且与金属晶格发生碰撞而生热。这个匀强直流电流产生的热辐射,即在空间是一匀强光场,宏观上不再呈现出一拨、一拨的波浪状态。所以,太阳光辐射、恒定电流热辐射、低频交流电热辐射等,不能作为通信电波发射台的内因所在。 3. 振荡电路对电波的接收 L 是电阻不计的线圈或电感器, C 是电容器, L - C 被人为设置成可与电波同频率的振荡电路,即经人为调整(改变 C 值) L - C 回路振荡频率与天线接收的电波频率相同时, L - C 回路产生共振而获得加强,俗称选台。——为了接收装置中 L - C 回路产生与电波台的发射频率相呼应,与之同步共振得到加强、放大。 图4 电波与 L- C 振荡电路 经上述分析,电台中发射出来的、强弱有序变化的光辐射,一旦作用在接收器天线上, 接收器天线上产生与电波强弱相对应的 内光电效应 。当 L - C 回路的振荡频率与 内光电效应 发生频率相同,便产生共振而得以加强,如图5 所示。 图5 接收天线中的 内光电效应示意图 所以,赫兹实验的实质,是振荡天线中向外发射不可见光波(能量),接收装置中接收到不可见光波(能量)并在接收天线(器件)上发生内光电效应,发射器辐射出电波能量有序涨落,接收装置中元器件回路发生的内光电效应与之呼应。当接收装置振荡频率与电波涨落频率相同而共振、加强,这便是当今无线电波通讯技术的基础。 4. 结束语 本文从电路中电流特征及电流子对原子系统的微观作用机制出发,对热辐射场的形成进行彻底探究。从科学史来看,麦克斯韦( Maxwell )理论大致这样,在振荡电路中(也称时变电磁场),电场变化引起周围磁场跟随变,反之亦然,这样由近及远地往复循环下去,被称著电磁波。作者对实践分析认为,电场离不开电荷体,而磁场本身就是电场物质的一种旋转运动所表现出来的一种物理效应——磁感效应。离开电荷而能够独立存在的电场或磁场,真有些让人虚脱。 E-mail: yangfacheng2006@163.com 作者: 杨发成 (References) 国家科技图书文献中心 《预印本》 登记发布 附录: 赫兹用来研究电磁波的装置(示意图) 图片来源( 中学教材 - 人教版 )
Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave 转载自http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm Electromagnetic waves are waves which can travel through the vacuum of outer space. Mechanical waves, unlike electromagnetic waves, require the presence of a material medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another. Sound waves are examples of mechanical waves while light waves are examples of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 10 8 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c ). The propagation of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium occurs at a net speed which is less than 3.00 x 10 8 m/s. This is depicted in the animation below. The mechanism of energy transport through a medium involves the absorption and reemission of the wave energy by the atoms of the material. When an electromagnetic wave impinges upon the atoms of a material, the energy of that wave is absorbed. The absorption of energy causes the electrons within the atoms to undergo vibrations. After a short period of vibrational motion, the vibrating electrons create a new electromagnetic wave with the same frequency as the first electromagnetic wave. While these vibrations occur for only a very short time, they delay the motion of the wave through the medium. Once the energy of the electromagnetic wave is reemitted by an atom, it travels through a small region of space between atoms. Once it reaches the next atom, the electromagnetic wave is absorbed, transformed into electron vibrations and then reemitted as an electromagnetic wave. While the electromagnetic wave will travel at a speed of c (3 x 10 8 m/s) through the vacuum of interatomic space, the absorption and reemission process causes the net speed of the electromagnetic wave to be less than c. This is observed in the animation below. The actual speed of an electromagnetic wave through a material medium is dependent upon the optical density of that medium. Different materials cause a different amount of delay due to the absorption and reemission process. Furthermore, different materials have their atoms more closely packed and thus the amount of distance between atoms is less. These two factors are dependent upon the nature of the material through which the electromagnetic wave is traveling. As a result, the speed of an electromagnetic wave is dependent upon the material through which it is traveling. 综上所述,介质中,电磁波传导速度变慢。
汉语是联合国官方正式使用的 6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语! Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations. Not to discriminate against Chinese, please! 三个想法 ( 安培定义 、 引力磁 、 电荷-能量关系 ) 一位 本科生课程《电工学》教师 的教学 思考 (1)安培定义(应为原始首创): 两个载流平行导线之间的电磁作用力(洛伦兹力),可能与这两个电流的方向有关。 实验基础: ① 初三(约1978年)前后,制作小直流电动机, 发现“螺旋管导线之间,加上直流电后不相互吸引。” ② 1971年Williams、Faller和Hill的实验表明:库仑定律在很大范围极其精确。 这是静止系的实验,没有发现磁场的相互作用。但宇航员、月球人、绝大多数外星人,会有不同的观察现象: 磁场是依赖观察者(坐标系、参照系)的。电磁波也是与坐标系有关的。 《 Williams E R, Faller J E, Hill H A. New experimental test of Coulomb's law: a laboratory upper limit on the photon rest mass . Physics Review Letters, 1971, 26(12): 721-724.》 (2)引力磁(超越洋人): 即 运动质量出现“引力磁”相互作用,类似电磁。 ① 爱因斯坦广义相对论的“引力磁”,至今没有可信的实验证据;且其统一场理论没有预期的成功。 ② 直接从经典框架引入“引力磁”统一,似乎也不成功。 《 Oliver Heaviside. A Gravitational and Electromagnetic Analogy Part I. The Electrician, 1893, 31: 281-282. 》 http://serg.fedosin.ru/Heavisid.htm 《 Oliver Heaviside. A Gravitational and Electromagnetic Analogy Part II. The Electrician, 1893, 31: 359.》 http://serg.fedosin.ru/Heavisid.htm 可能的隐患: ① 由于磁场依赖 坐标系、“电荷-能量关系”等,麦克 斯韦方程组只是个近似公式(包括在低速下),所以不能成功统一。 ② 应该用流体力学等改进麦克斯韦的电磁理论,以及爱因斯坦的相对论。 或者说,由于麦克斯韦方程和相对论都不够准确,所以目前没有成功地实现统一。 (3)“电荷-能量关系” (接过洋人的接力棒 ) : 的确需要实验检查。如: ① 有没有电子、质子电荷随能量变化的可信实验? ② 电子“荷质比”实验的精度有多高?和狭义相对论的预言有多大的误差? 物理学,归根到底是个实验科学。 由于逻辑系统的局限性,不宜过度夸大理论的能力。 没有 第谷 ,就没有 开普勒 ,更没有 牛顿 。 No Tycho Brahe, no Johannes Kepler , and more no Sir Isaac Newton . 思考过程(部分记录): 2012-04-12, 中国科学院科学智慧火花,《SI基本单位中安培定义的两种可能缺陷》 http://idea.cas.cn/viewdoc.action?docid=4681 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-558804.html 2012-04-23 ,《 平行导线间磁力大小,与电流方向的关系》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-552690-1-1.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-837340.html (2014-10-21更新版) 2013-10-14 ,《“修改安培定义”的一些新思考》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-732934.html 2013-12-21 ,《CN域名杯“科研梦,从这里起步”博客征文大赛:未获奖感言》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-751772.html 基础课的精华性(引力磁),《高教研究与探索》, 1997,2:pp34-36. 2009-08-01 ,《毁树容易种树难【笔会“高考 1981 ”】》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-246787.html 2011-06-03 ,《“引力磁”的优先权:请您表态》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-413159-1-1.html 2013-10-06 ,《暗能量的“引力磁”解释》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-1260699-1-1.html 电 工教 学中的“科学”发现与猜测(“电荷-能量关系”), 《高教研究 与探索》,1996,4:pp10-13. 2011-04-27 ,《 电子、质子、中子的内部结构》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-293685-1-1.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-437507.html 2012-12-12 ,《电荷真伟大(打油)》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-641876.html 2013-04-01 ,《 类星 体quasar 周围有静电场吗?》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/thread-1156115-1-1.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-675940.html
据英国广播公司( BBC ) 3 月 2 日报道,瑞典空间物理研究所 Bo Thide 教授和其意大利同事小组最近在意大利威尼斯的泻湖开展了一个引人注目的实验,证明利用电磁波的轨道角动量即通过扭曲电磁波,可大幅提升无线通信的容量。研究人员说,他们将实验地点特意选在 400 年前伽利略首次在威尼斯向权威们演示望远镜的地方,是因为他们在某种程度上也感受到了当年伽利略所面临的困惑:团体或圈子内的人不相信他们的想法,所以他们决定向公众演示他们的实验结果。 这项工作 3 月 2 日发表在 New Journal of Physics 杂志 上。在这项工作中,他们证明,通过对电磁波的不同轨道角动量进行编码,即使在现实环境中,也可实现同一频率(实际上是一个频带)传输多路信息,而通常情况下,同一频率只能传输一路信息。这就有可能大幅度提升现有的无线通信容量(带宽)。理论上,即使在不使用偏振或密集编码技术的情况下,这项新的无线技术也可在某一固定频带范围内实现无限多的信道传输,这对解决日益突出的无线通信带宽拥塞问题提供了一个全新的解决方案。随着近几年电信业务的迅速增长,无线频谱已变得难以置信的拥挤,新的信号传输方式几乎没有余地了,或者说现有的方式已很难扩充通信带宽。 瑞典空间物理研究所 Thide 教授和其意大利同事小组工作的意义在于发展了一种全新的物理机制,实现同一频带能够承载更大的传输容量。 Thide 教授发展的技术,其物理机制的核心在于电磁波的轨道和自旋角动量的差别。关于自旋和轨道角动量,可用地球 - 太阳系作一类比。地球绕它自身的轴旋转,表现出它有自旋角动量;同时它也绕太阳转动,表现出轨道角动量。光的“粒子”叫光子,可以携带自旋和轨道两类角动量。光子的自旋角动量与光的偏振相关,众所周知,一些太阳镜和 3-D 眼镜用到了光子的自旋角动量或偏振概念。正如 3-D 眼镜的左眼和右眼“信号”可以利用光的不同偏振编码到光上,同样,利用光子的不同轨道角动量也可搭载更多的信号。让电磁波有轨道角动量或扭曲电磁波很容易做到,就像扭曲一个传送信号的盘子一样简单。 Thide 团队就是这样扭曲电磁波的,他们将一个标准的卫星接收天线盘的一侧开个口子,再将两边错开,这样,电磁波束周围的不同点相对于其他点就有了不同的波前。如果想象将这束电磁波冻结并图像化,它看起来就像一个螺丝锥。 其实, Thide 教授和其同事多年来一直在致力于探索这个问题,去年他们在 Nature Physics 杂志报道了他们在实验室的研究结果,证明旋转黑洞可以产生“扭曲的”光, nature 网站当时为此发表评论,说扭曲电磁波有可能带来电信领域的革命( Spiralling radio waves could revolutionize telecommunications )。今年他们在户外现实环境中的实验结果,朝着这个革命性的目标迈进了一大步。 相关文献和链接: 1. BBC News, 'Twisted' waves could boost capacity of wi-fi and TV , 2 Mar. 2012 2. Fabrizio Tamburini1 et al., Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: first experimental test , New J. Phys., 2012,14: 033001 3. Fabrizio Tamburini1 et al., Twisting of light around rotating black holes , Nature Physics, 2011, 7: 195 4. E. Cartlidge, Adding a twist to radio technology , Nature, Published online 22 February 2011 5. B. Thide et al., Utilization of Photon Orbital Angular Momentum in the Low-Frequency Radio Domain , Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99: 087701 6. 文双春博文, 涡旋电磁波:无线通信的革命 The orbital angular momentum of light may also manifest itself in what we see from black holes The relatively crude antenna could be replaced with more sophisticated signal processing
French Nobelist Escapes Intellectual Terror to Pursue Radical Ideas in China Martin Enserink PARIS Virologist and Nobel laureate Luc Montagnier announced earlier this month that, at age 78, he will take on the leadership of a new research institute at Jiaotong University in Shanghai. What has shocked many scientists, however, isn't Montagnier's departure from France but what he plans to study in China: electromagnetic waves that Montagnier says emanate from the highly diluted DNA of various pathogens. Montagnier, who won a 2008 Nobel Prize for his discovery of HIV, claims that those signalswhich he described in two little-noticed papers in 2009can reveal the bacterial or viral origins of many conditions, including autism and Alzheimer's disease. The work could But Montagnier's new direction evokes one of the most notorious affairs in French science: the water memory study by immunologist Jacques Benveniste. Benveniste, who died in 2004, claimed in a 1988 Nature paper that IgE antibodies have an effect on a certain cell type even after being diluted by a factor of 10 120 . His claim was interpreted by many as evidence for homeopathy, which uses extreme dilutions that most scientists say can't possibly have a biological effect. After a weeklong investigation at Benveniste's lab, Nature called the paper a delusion. Science talked to Montagnier, who is founder and president of the World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, last week. Questions and answers have been edited for brevity and clarity. Q: Why are you going to Shanghai? L.M.: I have been offered a professorship and a new institute, which will bear my name, to work on a new scientific movement at the crossroads of physics, biology, and medicine. The main topic will be this phenomenon of electromagnetic waves produced by DNA in water. We will study both the theoretical basis and the possible applications in medicine. Q: What exactly are these waves? L.M.: What we have found is that DNA produces structural changes in water, which persist at very high dilutions, and which lead to resonant electromagnetic signals that we can measure. Not all DNA produces signals that we can detect with our device. The high-intensity signals come from bacterial and viral DNA. Q: What do you think are the potential medical applications? L.M.: I have found these signals coming from bacterial DNA in the plasma of many patients with autism, and also in most, if not all, patients with Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It seems that the bacteria we are detecting are coming from the gut. So it is quite possible that products from gut bacteria end up in the plasma and cause damage to the brain. The waves give us a biomarker to test for the presence of these bacteria, even when we can't detect them with classical techniques like PCR. So when we treat these diseases with antibiotics, our hope is to see the pathogen disappearing. One idea is to set up a clinical trial in autism here in France. We will first show that we can detect bacterial DNA in the plasma of autistic children and not in a healthy control group. Then, if we get agreement from an ethical committee, autistic children can be treated with antibiotics to see whether the DNA signal disappears and their clinical condition improves. In the future, we may use these findings not just for diagnostics but also for treatment. It's possible that electromagnetic waves at some frequency will kill the waves produced by bacterial DNA. Q: Many of your colleagues seem to be extremely skeptical. L.M.: Well, I was skeptical myself in the beginning. But these are facts. The findings are very reproducible and we are waiting for confirmation by other labs. Q: You have called Benveniste a modern Galileo. Why? L.M.: Benveniste was rejected by everybody, because he was too far ahead. He lost everything, his lab, his money. I think he was mostly right, but the problem was that his results weren't 100% reproducible. Q: Do you think there's something to homeopathy as well? L.M.: I can't say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules. We find that with DNA, we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy; we cannot go further than a 10 18 dilution, or we lose the signal. But even at 10 18 , you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left. And yet we detect a signal. Q: Can't you pursue this research in France? L.M.: I don't have much funding here. Because of French retirement laws, I'm no longer allowed to work at a public institute. I have applied for funding from other sources, but I have been turned down. There is a kind of fear around this topic in Europe. I am told that some people have reproduced Benveniste's results, but they are afraid to publish it because of the intellectual terror from people who don't understand it. Q: Are the Chinese more open to it? L.M.: I think so. I have visited Jiaotong University several times, and they are quite open-minded. The editor-in-chief of the journal in which I have published two papers on this topic, is based there as well. Q: Aren't you worried that your colleagues will think you have drifted into pseudoscience? L.M.: No, because it's not pseudoscience. It's not quackery. These are real phenomena which deserve further study.