# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz All these factors underline the importance of tadpole research and at the same time may demonstrate that anuran larvae are, to a certain extent, the “Achilles’ heel” of amphibians. Therefore, it is even more surprising that in the past, research on tadpoles has received less attention than that of adult amphibians (McDiarmid Altig 1999). Misidentifications can lead to error cascades and seriously affect studies in other disciplines, e.g., ecology, physiology, behaviour (Bortolus 2008). Recently, several studies on tadpole identification have been conducted using molecular tools alongside morphological data, notably in Madagascar (Thomas et al. 2005; Raharivololoniainaa et al. 2006; Randrianiaina et al. 2012). Studies of this kind are still underrepresented in the Neotropics (but see e.g., Schulze Jansen 2012, Kolenc et al. 2013) In Brazil, for example, taxonomic studies on amphibians have been increasing substantially, yielding a current total of about 946 described frog species (Segalla et al. 2013), but larvae are only known of about 60% of the species (Provete et al. 2012). In Bolivia, even less is known about the tadpoles of native species and only about 30% have been described, partly even from bordering countries. A recent study, however, revealed that hidden diversity exists on a regional level in the country’s eastern lowlands (Jansen et al. 2011). 所有这些因素都强调了蝌蚪研究的重要性,同时也可能证明蝌蚪在某种程度上是两栖动物研究的薄弱环节。因此,更令人惊讶的是,过去对蝌蚪的研究比两栖动物成体受到的关注要少( McDiarmid Altig 1999 )。错误的鉴定可能导致在此基础上的一系列学科的研究错误,如生态学、生理学、行为学( Bortolus 2008 )。最近,除了形态学数据外,还利用分子工具对蝌蚪的鉴定进行了一些研究,特别是在马达加斯加( Thomas et al. 2005; Raharivololoniainaa et al. 2006; Randrianiaina et al. 2012 )。这类研究在新热带地区仍然缺乏代表性( but see e.g., Schulze Jansen 2012, Kolenc et al. 2013 )例如,在巴西,两栖动物的分类研究大幅增加,目前共有 946 种蛙类新种被记述( Segalla et al. 2013 ),但其中只有 60% 的蝌蚪有明确记载( Provete et al. 2012 )。在玻利维亚,对本地物种的蝌蚪的了解甚至更少,只有大约 30% 的物种被描述过,部分甚至来自邻国。然而,最近的一项研究表明,该国东部低地在区域层面上存在隐藏的多样性( Jansen et al. 2011 )。 SCHULZE, A., M. JANSEN, G. KÖHLER (2015). Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa 4016(1): 1-111.
# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Tadpoles, the premetamorphic life stage of many frogs and toads, play a key role in anuran biology, and are the focus of various aspects of anuran research (McDiarmid Altig 1999). The usually aquatic larval stage and the corresponding adults are exposed to notably different selective regimes due to the biphasic life cycle of anurans (e.g., Haas Das 2011). Among terrestrial vertebrates, this unique free-living larval stage is considered a particularly suitable indicator of adaptive radiation processes in the evolutionary context of lineage diversification (Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2000; Roelants et al. 2011). Under the conditions of current climate change, anuran larvae are of interest, as numerous effects of varying abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, availability of water, ultraviolet radiation) can be observed in tadpoles and tadpole communities (Reading 2002; Blaustein et al. 2003; Blaustein et al. 2010). Furthermore, extended amplitudes in temperature are correlated with chytrid fungus infection in tadpoles (Hamilton et al. 2012), as the latter host and transport the pathogen on their external keratinous mouthparts (Marantelli et al. 2004; Wake Vredenburg 2008; Venesky et al. 2011). Given that larvae usually occupy different habitats than the adults, tadpoles are also important to conservation issues such as the global decline of amphibians that is attributed to habitat alteration (Becker et al. 2007). Properly characterising anuran larvae can assist with distinguishing species and inferring phylogenetic relationships (Eterovick Sazima 2000; Vences et al. 2010a). 蝌蚪是许多青蛙和蟾蜍的变态前生命阶段,在无尾类生物学中起着关键作用,是许多无尾类研究中关注的焦点( McDiarmid Altig 1999 )。由于无尾两栖动物的双相生命周期(如 Haas Das 2011 ),通常的水生幼体期和相应的成体暴露在选择机制明显不同的环境中。在陆生脊椎动物中,这种独特的自由生活幼体阶段被认为是在谱系多样化的进化背景下适应性辐射过程的一个特别合适的标志( Bossuyt Milinkovitch 2000; Roelants et al. 2011 )。在当前气候变化的条件下,由于在蝌蚪和蝌蚪群落中可以观察到许多不同的非生物因素(如温度、水的可利用性、紫外线辐射)的影响(阅读 2002 ; Blaustein et al. 2003; Blaustein et al. 2010 )。此外,温度的宽幅变动与蝌蚪乳糜真菌感染相关( Hamilton et al. 2012 ),后者作为宿主,进一步通过其外部角质口器传播病原体( Marantelli et al. 2004; Wake Vredenburg 2008; Venesky et al. 2011 )。考虑到蝌蚪通常与成体占据不同的栖息地,蝌蚪对一些保护问题也很重要,例如由于栖息地变化导致两栖动物的全球衰退( Becker et al. 2007 )。正确描述蝌蚪的特征有助于区分物种和推断其系统发育关系( Eterovick Sazima 2000; Vences et al. 2010a )。 SCHULZE, A., M. JANSEN, G. KÖHLER (2015). Tadpole diversity of Bolivia's lowland anuran communities: molecular identification, morphological characterisation, and ecological assignment. Zootaxa 4016(1): 1-111.
青蛙和蟾蜍是我们最为常见的2种小动物。不仅时下网络上流行着青蛙王子的称谓,更有朋友问我在网络上青蛙和癞蛤蟆代表什么?我一时语塞,不过网上真有课堂爆笑的答案。 生物课上老师提问:青蛙和癞蛤蟆有什么区别?张三回答:青蛙是保守派,坐井观天;而癞蛤蟆是革新派,想吃天鹅肉。哈哈,确实如此,癞蛤蟆想吃天鹅肉是华人共知的典故。 我国古人对这2种动物有着深刻的认识。文人以 鼃黾 (音:wā miǎn)来称呼青蛙和其它蛙(frog),如《周礼秋官蝈氏》:蝈氏掌去鼃黾。 晋 葛洪《抱朴子官理》:髫孺背千金而逐蛱蜨, 越人弃八珍而甘鼃黾。 清 李调元《罗阳试院久雨》诗:两月端州城,日见商羊舞。飘萧湿案牍,鼃黾进厅户。而在普通老百姓的口里,蛙被称为虾蟇。这个名字现在已不见于文章,所能见着正如我老家人,称之为蛤蟆。此外,《说文》记录:苏俗谓之田鸡, 扬州谓之水鸡,亦曰吠蛤。古人还进一步点出了青蛙和金线蛙的区别,当然此金线蛙不是今天生物分类中的金线蛙。如《本草》:今处处有之,似虾蟆而背靑绿色,尖觜细腹,俗谓之靑蛙。亦有背作黄路者,谓之金线蛙。 当然,鼃黾也用作比喻谗谀之人。如《楚辞七谏谬谏》:鸡鹜满堂坛兮,鼃黾游乎华池。 鼃黾二字各有所指,其中鼃就是指青蛙,《说文解字》:鼃,虾蟇也。黾,又读作měng,甲骨文字形,象蛙形。本义为蛙的一种。但古书上既指一种蚌。 蟾诸 ,是古代对蟾蜍(toad)的称号,简称蟾或蜍,又叫蚵蚾。俗称癞蛤蟆、疥蛤蟆,也有地方称去蚊、石蚌等等。如元 元好问《蟾池》:小蟾徐行腹如鼓。清 陈维崧《风流子》:天边蜍兔,去我堂堂。《淮南子原道训》:夫释大道而任小数,无以异于使蟹捕鼠,蟾蠩捕蚤。 古人对蛙和蟾认识颇精,如《本草》萧炳曰:腹下有丹书八字者,眞蟾蜍也。苏颂曰:蟾蜍多在人家下处,形大,背上多痱磊,行极迟缓,不能跳跃,亦不解鸣。虾蟇多在陂泽闲,形小,皮上多黑斑点,能跳接百虫,举动极急。二物虽一类,而功用稍别。 清 赵翼 《岭南物产图》诗:蛤蚧脰能鸣,蟾蜍眉有毒。 清 王应奎 《柳南随笔》卷二:﹝徐启新﹞为子延师而供膳甚菲。邨中四五月间人多食蛙者,然必从市中买之。启新 以蟾诸类蛙,而阶下颇伙,即命童子取以供师。《元中记》:蟾诸头生角者,食之寿千岁。《尔雅翼》:蟾蜍,今之蚵蚾,背上礧礧,好服墙阴壁下者,五月五日收之,谓之辟兵。 传说中月有蟾蜍,所以称月为蟾。如:蟾桂(神话中的月里蟾蜍和丹桂);蟾宫(指月亮中的宫殿)。有~宫(月亮),~轮(圆月)和~辉、~光、~魄(均指月光)等词及~宫折桂(古代喻科举考试登科)的成语。关于此,《广韵》《张衡灵宪》曰:羿请不死之药于西王母,姮娥窃之奔月宫,盖托身于月,是为蟾诸。 文人墨客也多以蟾蜍入诗词。唐 杜甫《八月十五夜月》诗之二:刁斗皆催晓,蟾蜍且自倾。 明 刘基《水龙吟夜闻铜瓶汤响作》词:玉釭开尽丹葩,画檐深宿蟾蜍影。 清 金农《东冈卧病》诗:蟾蜍两岁照秋林,忽忽奚堪百感侵。 蝌斗 ,就是蝌蚪,古时又称活东等,是蛙和蟾蜍的幼体,即虾蟇子。在我老家,人们将蝌蚪叫蛤蟆鱼,颇为形象。《尔雅释鱼》科斗,活东。《疏》虾蟇子。此虫一名科斗,一名活东,头圆大而尾细,古文似之,故孔安国皆云科斗文字是也。《本草》一名悬针,一名水仙子。《尔雅翼》月大尽生前两足,月小尽生后两足。《南史文学传卞彬》:蝌斗唯唯,群浮闇水。 明 李时珍 《本草纲目虫四蝌蚪》:蝌蚪生水中,虾蟇,青鼃之子也蝌蚪状如河豚,头圆,身上青黑色,始出有尾无足,稍大则足生尾脱。 清 陈维崧 《点绛唇夜宿临洺驿》词:晴髻离离, 太行 山势如蝌蚪。 此外,古人也以蝌蚪指笔画多、头大尾小、形如蝌蚪的字体,称蝌蚪书,又叫蝌蚪、蝌蚪文字、蝌蚪篆文、蝌蚪鸟迹、蝌蚪书。 不知道你们家乡把蛙蟾和蝌蚪又叫什么?! ____________________________________ The Tadpole and the Frog BE ashamed of yourself, said the frog. When I was a tadpole, I had no tail. Just what I thought! said the tadpole. You never were a tadpole. Fables - Robert Louis Stevenson - 1901 Edition