# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz In addition to the strictly aquatic or semiaquatic habitat, four other adaptive zones can be recognized for ranid frogs: arboreal, rocky, fossorial, and torrential. This diversity indicates that various lineages of ranid frogs evolved adaptations that allowed them to shift to new adaptive zones which are comparable to those observed for plethodontid salamanders (36). A remarkable outcome of our analyses is that convergences of adult characters were often paralleled by convergences of other characters in the corresponding larvae. For example, some Asian rhacophorines (e.g., genus Philautus) and Madagascan species of the genus Mantidactylus that are adapted to the arboreal zone (green boxes, Fig. 2), also present larvae with direct development on trees (i.e., complete metamorphosis in the egg without free-swimming tadpole stage). 蛙类除了严格的水生或半水生栖息地外，还能找到其它四个适应性生境：树栖、岩石、洞穴和湍流。这种多样性表明，各种各样的蛙科支系进化出，使它们能够转移到新的适应区的适应能力，这与对蝾螈的观察差不多（ 36 ）。我们分析的一个显著结果是，成年性状的趋同常常与相应幼体中其他性状的趋同平行。例如，一些亚洲树蛙科动物（例如，小树蛙属）和马达加斯加螂指蛙属（ Mantidactylus ），它们适应于树栖区（绿箱注，图 2 ），它们的幼体也都在树上直接发育（即，完全卵内变态发育，没有自由游动的蝌蚪阶段）。 Bossuyt, F., M. C. Milinkovitch (2000). Convergent adaptive radiations in Madagascan and Asian ranid frogs reveal covariation between larval and adult traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(12): 6585-6590.
# 编者信息 熊荣川 明湖实验室 xiongrongchuan@126.com http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/Bearjazz Homoplasy Defined Homoplasy, on the other hand, describes a biological structure or characteristic that two or more different species have in common that was not inherited from a common ancestor. A homoplasy evolves independently, usually due to natural selection in similar environments or filling the same type of niche as the other species which also have that trait. A common example often cited is the eye, which developed independently in many different species. 异源同形定义 另一方面，异源同形（非同源相似）是指两个或两个以上不同物种具有相同生物结构或特征，而这些物种特征不是从共同祖先那里遗传的。异源同形独立进化，通常是由于在相似环境中的自然选择或与其他具有同一特性的物种一样占据相同类型的生态位。一个常见经常被引用的例子是眼睛，它在许多不同的物种中独立发展出来。 The Difference Between Homology and Homoplasy https://www.thoughtco.com/homology-vs-homoplasy-1224821
标签: 平行演化
